Medieval art - Knowledge

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noses, and long beards. By including these attributes in the portrayal of Jews in art, Christians succeeded in 'othering' Jews more than they already were and made them seem even more ostracised and segregated from the general population than they already were. Not only were these attributes added into depictions of Jewish People, they were generally portrayed as villainous and monstrous because of their supposed murder of Christ as well their rejection of Christ as the messiah. This, coupled with the fact that they lived in largely insular groups separated them greatly from their Christian neighbours and caused a lasting rift between the groups that are reflected in the medieval art.

3219: 3615: 1366: 2737: 3411: 1416: 2968:, but Gothic painting had already made great progress in the naturalistic depiction of distance and volume, though it did not usually regard them as essential features of a work if other aims conflicted with them, and late Gothic sculpture was increasingly naturalistic. In the mid-15th century Burgundian miniature (right) the artist seems keen to show his skill at representing buildings and blocks of stone obliquely, and managing scenes at different distances. But his general attempt to reduce the size of more distant elements is unsystematic. Sections of the composition are at a similar scale, with relative distance shown by overlapping, 3243: 2317: 1439: 1968: 1821: 1992: 2767: 2008: 2469: 3181: 1797: 2683: 3201: 2655: 2297: 1980: 1677: 3281: 2908: 33: 1937:, and its anti-classical energy was extremely important in the formation of later medieval styles. In most Late Antique manuscripts text and decoration were kept clearly apart, though some initials began to be enlarged and elaborated, but major insular manuscripts sometimes take a whole page for a single initial or the first few words (see illustration) at beginnings of gospels or other sections in a book. Allowing decoration a "right to roam" was to be very influential on Romanesque and Gothic art in all media. 2568: 3453: 1864: 1026: 2094: 1550: 1075: 2329: 970: 2976: 9159: 6051: 3564: 1836: 6041: 1470: 949:, early Christian and "barbarian" art. Apart from the formal aspects of classicism, there was a continuous tradition of realistic depiction of objects that survived in Byzantine art throughout the period, while in the West it appears intermittently, combining and sometimes competing with new expressionist possibilities developed in Western Europe and the Northern legacy of energetic decorative elements. The period ended with the self-perceived 2192: 2842: 2371: 1149: 6061: 4081: 2024: 3126:, a type of manuscript normally owned by laymen, or even more often, laywomen, became the type of manuscript most often heavily illustrated from the 14th century onwards, and also by this period, the lead in producing miniatures had passed to lay artists, also very often women. In the most important centres of illumination, Paris and in the 15th century the cities of 3731: 1956:"Franco-Saxon" is a term for a school of late Carolingian illumination in north-eastern France that used insular-style decoration, including super-large initials, sometimes in combination with figurative images typical of contemporary French styles. The "most tenacious of all the Carolingian styles", it continued until as late as the 11th century. 3639:, Debra Higgs Strickland argues that negative portrayals of Jews in medieval art can be divided into three categories: art that focused on physical descriptions, art that featured signs of damnation, and images that depicted Jews as monsters. Physical depictions of Jewish people in medieval Christian art were often men with pointed 3479:, dominated by Germany and France, concentrated heavily on medieval art and was soon very productive in cataloguing and dating the surviving works, and analysing the development of medieval styles and iconography; though the Late Antique and pre-Carolingian period remained a less explored "no-man's land" until the 20th century. 2600:

incidents seen as pre-figurations of aspects of the life of Christ, and shown paired with their corresponding New Testament episode. Often the iconography of the New Testament scene was based on traditions and models originating in Late Antiquity, but the iconography of the Old Testament episode had

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continued, especially during the earlier centuries, keeping some contacts with Europe. There was an early formative stage from 600-900 and the development of regional styles from 900 onwards. Early Islamic art used mosaic artists and sculptors trained in the Byzantine and Coptic traditions. Instead

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during the Middle Ages falls outside the scope of this article, but it was widely imported and admired by European elites, and its influence needs mention. Islamic art covers a wide variety of media including calligraphy, illustrated manuscripts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork and glass, and refers to

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At the start of the medieval period most significant works of art were very rare and costly objects associated with secular elites, monasteries or major churches and, if religious, largely produced by monks. By the end of the Middle Ages works of considerable artistic interest could be found in small

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The reasons for these negative depictions of Jews can be traced back to many sources, but mainly stem from the Jews being charged with deicide, their religious and cultural differences from their cultural neighbours, and how the antichrist was often depicted as Jewish in medieval writings and texts.

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In Medieval Europe between the 5th and 15th century many Christians viewed Jews as enemies and outsiders due to a variety of factors. They also tended to hate them for being both culturally and religiously different as well as because of religious teachings that held negative views of Jewish people

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on panels had been much more common in Byzantine art than in the West, although many now lost panel paintings made in the West are documented from much earlier periods, and initially Western painters on panel were very largely under the sway of Byzantine models, especially in Italy, from where most

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is a term for architecture and to some extent pictorial and portable art found initially in Southern Europe (Spain, Italy and Southern France) between the Late Antique period to the start of the Romanesque period in the 11th century. Northern European art gradually forms part of the movement after

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Art in the Middle Ages is a broad subject and art historians traditionally divide it in several large-scale phases, styles or periods. The period of the Middle Ages neither begins nor ends neatly at any particular date, nor at the same time in all regions, and the same is true for the major phases

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and long beards, which was done as a derogatory symbol and to separate Jews from Christians in a clear manner. This portrayal would grow more virulent over time, however Jewish women lacked similar distinctive physical descriptions in high medieval Christian art. Art that depicted Jewish people in

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Most Gothic wall-paintings have also disappeared; these remained very common, though in parish churches often rather crudely executed. Secular buildings also often had wall-paintings, although royalty preferred the much more expensive tapestries, which were carried along as they travelled between

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The majority of Romanesque cathedrals and large churches were replaced by Gothic buildings, at least in those places benefiting from the economic growth of the period—Romanesque architecture is now best seen in areas that were subsequently relatively depressed, like many southern regions of France

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Romanesque art developed in the period between about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century, in conjunction with the rise of monasticism in Western Europe. The style developed initially in France, but spread to Christian Spain, England, Flanders, Germany, Italy, and elsewhere to become

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also remaining important. The strong emphasis on the suffering of Christ and other sacred figures entered Western art in this period, a feature that strongly distinguishes it from both Byzantine and classical art for the remainder of the Middle Ages and beyond. The Gero Cross of 965-970, at the

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were, however, not wealthier), with many passing through Venice. However, for the most part luxury products of the court culture such as silks, ivory, precious stones and jewels were imported to Europe only in an unfinished form and manufactured into the end product labelled as "eastern" by local

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arose from indigenous Egyptian conceptions, with a non-realist style, often with large-eyed figures floating on unpainted backgrounds. Coptic decoration used intricate geometric designs, which Islamic art later followed. Because of the exceptionally good preservation of Egyptian burials, we know

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Byzantine art was extremely conservative, for religious and cultural reasons, but retained a continuous tradition of Greek realism, which contended with a strong anti-realist and hieratic impulse. After the resumption of icon production in 843 until 1453 the Byzantine art tradition continued with

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Byzantine art is the art of the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire formed after the division of the Roman Empire between Eastern and Western halves, and sometimes of parts of Italy under Byzantine rule. It emerges from Late Antiquity in about 500 CE and soon formed a tradition distinct from that of

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Figures are mostly seen frontally staring out at the viewer, where classical art tended to show a profile view - the change was eventually seen even on coins. The individuality of portraits, a great strength of Roman art, declines sharply, and the anatomy and drapery of figures is shown with much

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Most churches have been rebuilt, often several times, but medieval palaces and large houses have been lost at a far greater rate, which is also true of their fittings and decoration. In England, churches survive largely intact from every century since the 7th, and in considerable numbers for the

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The impression may be left by the surviving works that almost all medieval art was religious. This is far from the case; though the church became very wealthy over the Middle Ages and was prepared at times to spend lavishly on art, there was also much secular art of equivalent quality which has

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Tensions between Jews and Christians were often high and this caused various stereotypes about Jews to form and become commonplace in their artistic depiction. Some of the attributes seen distinguishing Jews from their Christian counterparts in pieces of art are pointed hats, hooked and crooked

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But in the cloister, in the sight of the reading monks, what is the point of such ridiculous monstrosity, the strange kind of shapely shapelessness? Why these unsightly monkeys, why these fierce lions, why the monstrous centaurs, why semi-humans, why spotted tigers, why fighting soldiers, why

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in about 500. There continue to be different views as to when the medieval period begins during this time, both in terms of general history and specifically art history, but it is most often placed late in the period. In the course of the 4th century Christianity went from being a persecuted

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Jewish people were sometimes seen as outsiders in Christian dominated societies, which Strickland states developed into the belief that Jews were barbarians, which eventually expanded into the idea that Jewish people were monsters that rejected the "True Faith". Some art from this time period

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is estimated to have reached a low point of about 18 million in 650, to have doubled around the year 1000, and to have reached over 70 million by 1340, just before the Black Death. In 1450 it was still only 50 million. To these figures, Northern Europe, especially Britain, contributed a lower

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textiles, often woven or embroidered with designs of both animal and human figures, the former often reflecting traditions originating much further east, were unexcelled in the Christian world until almost the end of the Empire. These were produced, but probably not entirely so, in Imperial

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proportion than today, and Southern Europe, including France, a higher one. The increase in prosperity, for those who survived, was much less affected by the Black Death. Until about the 11th century most of Europe was short of agricultural labour, with large amounts of unused land, and the

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The great majority of narrative religious medieval art depicted events from the Bible, where the majority of persons shown had been Jewish. But the extent to which this was emphasised in their depictions varied greatly. During the Middle Ages some Christian art was used as a way to express

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The buildings of the monasteries for which the insular gospel books were made were then small and could fairly be called primitive, especially in Ireland. There increasingly were other decorations to churches, where possible in precious metals, and a handful of these survive, like the

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went through a strikingly "baroque" phase, and then largely abandoned classical style and Greek realism in favour of a more mystical and hieratic style—a process that was well underway before Christianity became a major influence on imperial art. Influences from Eastern parts of the

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suffered from a far higher rate of wear and tear, loss and destruction. The Middle Ages generally lacked the concept of preserving older works for their artistic merit, as opposed to their association with a saint or founder figure, and the following periods of the Renaissance and

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and Italy, or northern Spain. The new architecture allowed for much larger windows, and stained glass of a quality never excelled is perhaps the type of art most associated in the popular mind with the Gothic, although churches with nearly all their original glass, like the

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of Christian Spain had strong Islamic influence, and a complete lack of interest in realism in its brilliantly coloured miniatures, where figures are presented as entirely flat patterns. Both of these were to influence the formation in France of the Romanesque style.

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contains "three elements in exactly equal proportions — the Roman, the Lombard, and Arab. It is the central building of the world. ... the history of Gothic architecture is the history of the refinement and spiritualisation of Northern work under its influence".

4164:, William Collins & Sons, London 1981, p. 440: "If medieval Islam towered over the Old Continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific for centuries on end, it was because no state (Byzantium apart) could compete with its gold and silver money ..."; and Vol 3: 1728:. Most artworks were small and portable and those surviving are mostly jewellery and metalwork, with the art expressed in geometric or schematic designs, often beautifully conceived and made, with few human figures and no attempt at realism. The early Anglo-Saxon 4228:

for Christian Western Europe, 430 for Islamic North Africa, 450 for Islamic Spain and 425 for Islamic Portugal, while only Islamic Egypt and the Christian Byzantine Empire had significantly higher GDP per capita than Western Europe (550 and 680–770 respectively)

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Catholic Europe but with great influence over it. In the early medieval period the best Byzantine art, often from the large Imperial workshops, represented an ideal of sophistication and technique which European patrons tried to emulate. During the period of

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Byzantine art exercised a continuous trickle of influence on Western European art, and the splendours of the Byzantine court and monasteries, even at the end of the Empire, provided a model for Western rulers and secular and clerical patrons. For example,

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around 1350, which is estimated to have killed at least a third of the overall population in Europe, with generally higher rates in the south and lower in the north. Many regions did not regain their former population levels until the 17th century. The

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to miniatures in manuscripts and panel paintings. Many objects using precious metals were made in the knowledge that their bullion value might be realised at a future point—only near the end of the period could money be invested other than in

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alone has 40 medieval churches—but of the dozens of royal palaces none survive from earlier than the 11th century, and only a handful of remnants from the rest of the period. The situation is similar in most of Europe, though the 14th century

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permitted the sale of works of art by monasteries, and it is clear that throughout the period monks might produce art, including secular works, commercially for a lay market, and monasteries would equally hire lay specialists where necessary.

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seems to show considerable influence from Islamic art, though the results are little like contemporary Islamic works. Islamic influence can also be traced in the mainstream of Western medieval art, for example in the Romanesque portal at

945:. These sources were mixed with the vigorous "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to produce a remarkable artistic legacy. Indeed, the history of medieval art can be seen as the history of the interplay between the elements of 1534:, although some art historians have questioned the assumption, still commonly made, that all work of the best quality with no indication as to origin was produced in the capital. Byzantine art's crowning achievement were the monumental 2736: 2433:. Reliefs are much more common than free-standing statues in stone, but Romanesque relief became much higher, with some elements fully detached from the wall behind. Large carvings also became important, especially painted wooden 3367:(1817). This began to change with a vengeance by the mid-19th century, as appreciation of medieval sculpture and its painting, known as Italian or Flemish "Primitives", became fashionable under the influence of writers including 2707: 3644:

scenes that featured signs of damnation is believed to have stemmed from the Christian belief that Jews were responsible for the murder of Christ, which has led to some artistic representations featured Jews crucifying Christ.

2904:, who is traditionally regarded as the starting point for the development of Renaissance painting. Most panel painting remained more conservative than miniature painting however, partly because it was seen by a wide public. 2949:. Outside Italy Renaissance styles appeared in some works in courts and some wealthy cities while other works, and all work beyond these centres of innovation, continued late Gothic styles for a period of some decades. The 2813:

originates in France around 1144 and spread throughout Europe, becoming by the 13th century the international style, replacing Romanesque, though in sculpture and painting the transition was not as sharp as in architecture.

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Insular art refers to the distinct style found in Ireland and Britain from about the 7th century, to about the 10th century, lasting later in Ireland, and parts of Scotland. The style saw a fusion between the traditions of

3218: 2548:—the subjects chosen and their treatment. Though many features absorbed from classical art form part of the Romanesque style, Romanesque artists rarely intended to achieve any sort of classical effect, except perhaps in 2344: 1396: 1119:

The use of valuable materials is a constant in medieval art; until the end of the period, far more was typically spent on buying them than on paying the artists, even if these were not monks performing their duties.

2972:, and further objects being higher than nearer ones, though the workmen at left do show finer adjustment of size. But this is abandoned on the right where the most important figure is much larger than the mason. 2316: 3493:, though he could not be called a specialist in medieval art, was an important figure in developing the understanding of it. Medieval art was now heavily collected, both by museums and private collectors like 1415: 3527:(1881–1943), until the Nazi period, when a large number of important figures emigrated, mostly to Britain or America, where the academic study of art history was still developing. These included the elderly 3161:. It begins to be possible to distinguish much greater numbers of individual artists, some of whom had international reputations. Art collectors begin to appear, of manuscripts among the great nobles, like 4378:, p. 149, says the bronze column at Hildesheim of c. 1020 "cannot be said to be Romanesque ... It stands apart as a curious Ottonian pastiche of a Roman monument ... never to be repeated" 3485:

was the first to name and describe Carolingian art in 1837; like many art historians of the period he sought to find and promote the national spirit of his own nation in art history, a search begun by

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Sara Lipton has argued that some portrayals, such as depictions of Jewish blindness in the presence of Jesus, were meant to serve as a form of self-reflection rather than be explicitly anti-Semitic.

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and the rise of a wealthy urban middle class, led by merchants, began to transform the old social context of art, with the revival of realistic portraiture and the appearance of printmaking and the

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as an implausible fake, and small free-standing secular bronze sculptures are so rare that the date, origin and even authenticity of both of the two best examples has been argued over for decades.

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could rarely be recycled for another work, the number of survivals is relatively high—the same is true of manuscript pages, although these were often re-cycled by scraping, whereupon they become

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survives largely intact. Many of the longest running scholarly disputes over the date and origin of individual works relate to secular pieces, because they are so much rarer - the Anglo-Saxon

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for some centuries. Since a revival of interest and understanding in the 19th century it has been seen as a period of enormous achievement that underlies the development of later Western art.

3320:, or sit unregarded in monastic or royal libraries, but paintings were mostly of interest if they had historical associations with royalty or others. The long period of mistreatment of the 2032: 1967: 1617:, seem to have had influence even in Western Europe. For example, figurative monumental sculpture on the outside of churches appears here some centuries before it is seen in the West. 3595:

art and propaganda that served the purpose of discrediting both Jews and their religious beliefs as well as spreading these beliefs even further into society. Late medieval images of

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from 1848 both rejected the values of at least the later Renaissance, but in practice, and despite sometimes depicting medieval scenes, their work draws its influences mostly from the

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less realism. The models from which medieval Northern Europe in particular formed its idea of "Roman" style were nearly all portable Late Antique works, and the Late Antique carved

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Medieval art had little sense of its own art history, and this disinterest was continued in later periods. The Renaissance generally dismissed it as a "barbarous" product of the "

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the first medieval style found all over Europe, though with regional differences. The arrival of the style coincided with a great increase in church-building, and in the size of

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Often overlooked in reviews of medieval art are the works of the African continent. Among these are the arts of Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia. After the African churches refused the

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of the 7th and 8th centuries suddenly and permanently removed all of North Africa from the Western world, and over the rest of the period Islamic peoples gradually took over the

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became a significant art-form in the period, though little Romanesque glass survives. In illuminated manuscripts the bible became a new focus of intensive decoration, with the

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By the later 19th century many book-illustrators and producers of decorative art of various kinds had learned to use medieval styles successfully from the new museums like the

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cusp of Ottonian and Romanesque art, has been called the first work to exhibit this. The end of the Romanesque period saw the start of the greatly increased emphasis on the

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trumpeting huntsmen? ... In short there is such a variety and such a diversity of strange shapes everywhere that we may prefer to read the marbles rather than the books.

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combined these concepts and morphed the stereotypical Jewish beard and pointed hat imagery with that of monsters, creating art that made the Jew synonymous with a monster.

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in England, from about 900, was expressive in a very different way, with agitated figures and even drapery perhaps best shown in the many pen drawings in manuscripts. The

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in Europe — up to about 800 AD - saw a decrease in prosperity, stability, and population, followed by a fairly steady and general increase until the massive setback of the

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and is an art of the court circle and a few monastic centres under Imperial patronage, that consciously sought to revive "Roman" styles and standards as befitted the new

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Art historians attempt to classify medieval art into major periods and styles, often with some difficulty. A generally accepted scheme includes the later phases of

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workshops in Constantinople, about whose operations we know next to nothing—similar workshops are often conjectured for other arts, with even less evidence. The

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their many palaces and castles, or taken with them on military campaigns—the finest collection of late-medieval textile art comes from the Swiss booty at the

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more about the textiles used by the less well-off in Egypt than anywhere else. These were often elaborately decorated with figurative and patterned designs.

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9002 created at the end of the 1300s. Some of these images of Mary can be viewed at the Princeton Ethiopian, Eritrean and Egyptian Miracles of Mary project.

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style in mosaics, icons and manuscript miniatures was common across Europe by the Gothic period. Some other decorative arts were less developed; Byzantine

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As mentioned in the previous section, the Gothic period coincided with a greatly increased emphasis on the Virgin Mary, and it was in this period that the

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and parts of the British Isles includes work from both pagan and Christian backgrounds, and was one of the last flowerings of this broad group of styles.

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The Byzantine Empire produced much of the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with court production centred on

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for the covers have survived in far greater numbers than complete covers, which have mostly been stripped off for their valuable materials at some point.

6006: 4216:, p. 382, table A.7. and Maddison, Angus (2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press, 3945:

Belcher, Wendy Laura, Jeremy Brown, Mehari Worku, Dawit Muluneh, and Evgeniia Lambrinaki. "The Ethiopian Stories about the Miracles of the Virgin Mary (

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The medieval period eventually saw the falling away of the invasions and incursions from outside the area that characterised the first millennium. The

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surrounded by musicians, which was to become a common feature of Western heavenly scenes, and probably derives from images of Islamic kings on their

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is of similar date to the Paris Psalter, but very different in style), were a speciality, as was relief decoration on bowls and other metal objects.

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as well as geometric motifs derived from classical art. By this period the animal style had reached a much more abstracted form than in earlier

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Kitzinger (throughout), Hinks (especially Part 1) and Henderson (Chapters 1, 2 & 4) in particular are concerned with this perennial theme.

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and larger churches; many of these were rebuilt in subsequent periods, but often reached roughly their present size in the Romanesque period.

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with figures remained a taboo in Byzantine art; hardly any exceptions are known. But small ivory reliefs, almost all in the iconic mode (the

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is one of the best known works of International Gothic. The transition to the Renaissance occurred at different times in different places -

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The Jews were recently blamed for the death of Christ and were thus negatively depicted by the Christians in both art and scripture alike.

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is recorded for the first time, and depiction of the human figure in narrative scenes became confident for the first time in Northern art.

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use of Insular styles, the anti-realist and expressive elements of medieval art have still proved an inspiration for many modern artists.

1979: 7989: 4598: 3861:, according to which sheep required only one third as much land per page as calves. 1,600 calves seems to be the standard estimate, see 3091: 3002:("devotional images") influenced by new religious trends of the period. These were images of moments detached from the narrative of the 2133:

in southern France, where it shows in both decorative elements, like the scalloped edges to the doorway, the circular decorations on the

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the art of Muslim countries in the Near East, Islamic Spain, and Northern Africa, though by no means always Muslim artists or craftsmen.

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As for larger works, there are references to Anglo-Saxon wooden pagan statues, all now lost, and in Norse art the tradition of carved

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in southern Italy by Italian painters trained by Greeks illustrates the continuing predominance of Byzantine style in much of Italy.

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pottery wares of Spain were first produced in Al-Andaluz, but Muslim potters then seem to have emigrated to the area of Christian

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found all over the former Roman Empire; the determination to find earlier "purer" classical models, was a key element in the art

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Lipton, Sara (2008). "Where Are the Gothic Jewish Women? On the Non-Iconography of the Jewess in the Cantigas de Santa Maria".

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in Paris, Hinks, 125-7; and the 12th(?)-century bronze of a man wrestling with a lion, variously considered English, German or

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Heslop, T. A. (Sandy), in Dormer, Peter (ed.), "How strange the change from major to minor; hierarchies and medieval art", in

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walls. The "greatest surviving monument of Romanesque wall painting", much reduced from what was originally there, is in the

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was used for objects for churches and palaces, personal jewellery and the fittings of clothes, and—fixed to the back of glass

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has many of the best pieces, and these and others were shown in an exhibition on Philip in Bern, Bruges and Vienna in 2008-9.

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in a letter of 1519 to characterise all that had come between the demise of Classical art and its supposed 'rebirth' in the

3099:, c. 1440, with Catherine kneeling before the Virgin and Child, surrounded by her family heraldry. Opposite is the start of 2938: 2322:

Another Carolingian evangelist portrait in Greek/Byzantine realist style, probably by a Greek artist, also late 8th century.

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shows designers completely unused to depicting a head in profile grappling with the problem in a variety of different ways.

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Karkov, Catherine E. (2016), "Hardham Wall Paintings", in Paul E. Szarmach; M. Teresa Tavormina; Joel T. Rosenthal (eds.),

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often provided an end point for the Gothic tradition in areas that went Protestant, as it was associated with Catholicism.

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Islamic rulers controlled at various points parts of Southern Italy and most of modern Spain and Portugal, as well as the

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Li, H.; Ku, T. (2002). "Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Periods in Eastern China as Read from the Speleothem Records".

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Rather than along religious lines, the divide was between east and west, with the rich countries all lying east of the

4180: 4079: 3592: 3464: 2270: 6453: 5427: 2413:

Figurative sculpture, originally colourfully painted, plays an integral and important part in these buildings, in the

8212: 8207: 7052: 6543: 6064: 6026: 5556: 5390: 5317: 5295: 5258: 5240: 5219: 5196: 5155: 5046: 4997: 4976: 4946: 4928: 4900: 4869: 4852: 4832: 4803: 4785: 4641: 4610: 4571: 4173: 4153: 4121: 3874: 3328:

is an example; until the 19th century it was only regarded as a useful piece of timber. But their large portrait of

2039: 1542:

inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the appropriation of churches to

17: 3583:

such as portrayals of the Antichrist as Jewish. The Jewish people's economic position as moneylenders, coupled with

3312:. The term was subsequently adopted and popularised in the mid 16th century by the Florentine artist and historian, 1313:

art, covers the period from about 200 (before which no distinct Christian art survives), until the onset of a fully

6470: 3817:, the most significant medieval remains from an unfortified royal palace. Royal apartments survive in some castles. 7218: 3359:

rather than art. The understanding of the succession of styles was still very weak, as suggested by the title of

8638: 8111: 6402: 6318: 5524: 3757: 3665: 3445:, also a discriminating collector of medieval art, absorbed medieval style more thoroughly into his work, as did 2809:

did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. A

2743: 1945:, together with a larger number of extremely ornate and finely made pieces of secular high-status jewellery, the 793: 8391: 7940: 7799: 7563: 6583: 6419: 6128: 6083: 5890: 5830: 5802: 5561: 5334: 5023: 4916: 4820: 4741: 4711: 4208:(2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press, 3376: 3191: 2773:

c. 1220; the best High Gothic sculpture had largely rediscovered the art of naturalistic figure representation.

2286: 1502: 1290: 3169:

brought art in an approximation of the latest style even into the homes of peasants by the late 15th century.

2013:

Typical Gothic pen flourishes in an unillustrated working copy of John's gospel in English, late 14th century.

7480: 7233: 5976: 5807: 5419: 4113: 3806: 3467:, the subject of much controversy since their discovery in 1944, and now generally dated to the 10th century. 2872:

became such a hallmark of Catholic art. Saints were also portrayed far more often, and many of the range of

2722: 1557: 1236:

became available in the last centuries of the period, but was also extremely expensive by today's standards;

2258:

After the collapse of the dynasty there was a hiatus before a new dynasty brought a revival in Germany with

9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 8862: 8234: 8075: 7903: 6708: 6620: 6593: 3096: 3062: 2942: 2389: 2335: 1253: 1063:

tended to disparage medieval art. Most luxury illuminated manuscripts of the Early Middle Ages had lavish

1046:

homes in towns, and their production was in many places an important local industry, with artists from the

9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 8523: 8224: 6890: 5986: 4063: 3472: 3399: 1083: 8177: 828:

covers a vast scope of time and place, with over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at certain periods in

8820: 8436: 8259: 7633: 7247: 7223: 6776: 6735: 6448: 5981: 5971: 5935: 5777: 5679: 3430: 3410: 3297: 2892:

early Western panel paintings come. The process of establishing a distinct Western style was begun by

1630: 1510: 1215: 958: 7171: 2921:

describes courtly Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art begins to merge into the

1700:

from about 300-700; the blanket term covers a wide range of ethnic or regional styles including early

36:

Byzantine monumental Church mosaics are one of the great achievements of medieval art. These are from

8019: 7898: 7854: 7262: 6905: 6873: 6771: 6257: 5704: 5467: 4478: 2622: 2173:, which made them easy to accept in the West, indeed by the late Middle Ages there was a fashion for 1583: 1509:

relatively few changes, despite, or because of, the slow decline of the Empire. There was a notable

574: 260: 124: 5437: 3718:

Heslop traces the beginning of the change to "around the twelfth century", quoted, 54; Zarnecki, 234

2613:

was an especially refined regional style, with much superb metalwork surviving, often combined with

8783: 8766: 8421: 8264: 8249: 8060: 7930: 7804: 7596: 7551: 7512: 7453: 7424: 6824: 6165: 6075: 5955: 4964: 2797:

of churches the location of the most important sculpture, until the late period, when large carved

2777:

Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with the

2534: 2248: 2082: 1934: 1326:, but by the end there were a number of lavish mosaics in churches built under Imperial patronage. 211: 159: 7960: 7920: 3372: 3365:

An Attempt to discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation

2169:

medieval artisans. They were free from depictions of religious scenes and normally decorated with

1183:, was used lavishly in the Gothic period, more often for the traditional blue outer mantle of the 8944: 8281: 8121: 7876: 7485: 7431: 7035: 6878: 6793: 6720: 6659: 5659: 5629: 5447: 4225: 3486: 3301: 3292:

and defended by ladies, was a popular subject for Gothic ivory mirror-cases. Paris, 14th century.

3026:

in the mid-14th century was at least partly responsible for the popularity of themes such as the

2446: 2422: 2403: 2374: 2170: 1998: 1903: 704: 407: 365: 298: 8053: 7871: 7363: 5442: 5056:

Pathways of Portability: Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century

4257:

Pathways of Portability: Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century

3519:

German-speaking art historians continued to dominate medieval art history, despite figures like

2648:

in theology, literature and so also art that was to reach its full extent in the Gothic period.

9162: 9055: 8703: 8653: 8613: 8576: 8476: 8116: 7436: 7414: 7274: 6242: 6016: 5772: 5546: 3618: 3614: 3404: 2950: 2596:

became the dominant approach in theological literature and art to interpreting the bible, with

2552:. As art became seen by a wider section of the population, and because of challenges from new 2414: 2307: 1752: 1744: 1015: 942: 887: 497: 134: 2544:

Romanesque sculpture and painting is often vigorous and expressive, and inventive in terms of

1835: 1318:

popular sect to the official religion of the Empire, adapting existing Roman styles and often

9183: 8693: 8668: 8633: 8603: 8569: 8491: 8269: 8244: 7859: 7738: 7643: 6202: 6124: 5835: 5727: 5684: 5027: 4731: 4701: 3864: 3596: 3588: 3567: 3329: 2790: 2718: 2493: 2418: 2378: 2278: 2235:. Some centres of Carolingian production also pioneered expressive styles in works like the 2204: 1655: 1157: 1003: 938: 752: 589: 7121: 4595: 2907: 2120:

is mainly a hybrid of Catholic and Byzantine styles, with little Islamic influence, but the

9248: 8815: 8396: 8165: 8070: 7864: 7794: 7710: 7584: 7387: 7213: 7013: 6703: 6538: 6443: 6377: 6308: 6227: 6217: 6207: 6054: 5996: 5792: 5699: 5669: 5654: 5460: 4141: 3779: 3670: 3571: 3502: 3482: 3260: 3142:'s guild was typically among the richest in a city, and painters were members of a special 3131: 3073: 2918: 2782: 2766: 2561: 2407: 2244: 1888: 1671: 1626: 1520: 1490: 1342:

and beyond, and also a robust "Italic" vernacular tradition, contributed to this process.

1008: 927: 844: 651: 352: 327: 285: 255: 240: 4329:

A complicated subject, covered in Dodwell (1993), 175, 223, 258 among many other passages.

2876:

developed to identify them visually for a still largely illiterate public first appeared.

1609:

and elsewhere showed generally less sophistication, but often more vigour than the art of

8: 9038: 8623: 8539: 8508: 8386: 8349: 8150: 8036: 7883: 7556: 7242: 7228: 6834: 6757: 6635: 6555: 6533: 5940: 5920: 5900: 5865: 5797: 5709: 5576: 5420:

Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century

3695: 3675: 3548: 3356: 3321: 3162: 2961: 2778: 2593: 2572: 2557: 2498: 2406:

is dominated by thick walls, massive structures conceived as a single organic form, with

2354:, from the Ottonian Reichenau School, achieves monumentality in a small scale. 1000–1020. 2303: 1927: 1923: 1867: 1658:

were especially likely to be illustrated, as demonstrated by a royal manuscript known as

1524: 1372: 1305:

are taken from a monument of nearly 200 years earlier, which maintains a classical style.

1294: 1285: 1051: 986: 840: 689: 9117: 8361: 6895: 4162:

Civilization & Capitalism, 15-18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life

4068: 3783: 3746: 3080:, together with the decline of forms like stained glass and the illuminated manuscript. 9080: 8688: 8628: 8371: 8293: 8229: 8043: 8004: 7847: 7748: 7675: 7502: 7289: 7064: 6938: 6868: 6730: 6725: 6502: 6267: 6232: 6044: 5880: 5855: 5757: 5634: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5509: 5035: 4859: 4682: 4674: 3936:

Atroshenko and Judith Collins cover the Eastern influences on Romanesque art in detail.

3897:

Dates are discussed in Calkins (1979), xix-xx, Kitzinger (1955), 1, Beckwith (1964), 9.

3528: 3187: 2957: 2770: 2669: 2630: 2351: 1450: 1383: 235: 164: 80: 9138: 8319: 7999: 4233:(2006): "An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium around Year 1000", 4020:

The Art of the Umayyad Period in Spain (711–1031), Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline

4019: 3888:

Campbell (1998), 29 – the following pages describe gold, pigments and other materials.

2929:, with a return to classical principles of composition and realism, with the sculptor 2850: 1697: 8808: 8761: 8731: 8591: 8461: 8376: 8366: 8031: 8014: 7888: 7507: 7470: 7441: 7394: 7257: 7203: 7193: 7183: 7074: 6752: 6664: 6654: 6641: 6630: 6293: 6222: 6197: 6153: 6040: 5782: 5752: 5742: 5732: 5649: 5639: 5624: 5491: 5408: 5386: 5366: 5330: 5313: 5291: 5254: 5236: 5215: 5209: 5192: 5186: 5173: 5151: 5120: 5102: 5063: 5042: 5019: 4993: 4987: 4972: 4942: 4924: 4896: 4889: 4865: 4848: 4840: 4828: 4799: 4781: 4737: 4707: 4686: 4637: 4614: 4606: 4567: 4536: 4459: 4429: 4395: 4264: 4217: 4209: 4169: 4149: 4117: 3870: 3831: 3498: 3434: 3426: 3403:(1831). Early collectors of the "Primitives", then still relatively cheap, included 3347:" found in architecture, once the style had finally died off in Germany, England and 3325: 3003: 2727: 2481: 2383: 2232: 2142: 1973:

Carolingian version of Insular style—compare the "Liber generationis ..." above.

1875: 1756: 1633:, their art developed in new directions, related to Byzantium but different from it. 1606: 1425: 1323: 914:. Especially in the early part of the period, works in the so-called "minor arts" or 661: 545: 467: 457: 277: 7045: 6465: 1778:

before and after conversion, and the distinctive Anglo-Saxon and Irish tradition of

9144: 9090: 9048: 8751: 8544: 8182: 8089: 7967: 7680: 7663: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7529: 7475: 7198: 7143: 7040: 7008: 6979: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6819: 6681: 6676: 6353: 6114: 6001: 5950: 5945: 5885: 5850: 5762: 5719: 5689: 5611: 5529: 5499: 5348: 4666: 4230: 3700: 3690: 3532: 3490: 3268: 3143: 3015: 2995: 2869: 2835: 2831: 2810: 2786: 2468: 2274: 2216: 2157: 2097: 1676: 1647: 1402: 1245: 1192: 1101: 1079: 1064: 1019: 982: 953:

recovery of the skills and values of classical art, and the artistic legacy of the

579: 550: 191: 8872: 4845:

Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World

3963: 3280: 2805:, usually in painted and gilded wood, became an important focus in many churches. 2586: 2426: 1725: 1591: 1276:

of art within the period. The major phases are covered in the following sections.

32: 9065: 8922: 8897: 8847: 8771: 8596: 8586: 8481: 8466: 8446: 8329: 8239: 8202: 8187: 7935: 7842: 7784: 7606: 7601: 7358: 7327: 7279: 6969: 6900: 6885: 6713: 6691: 6612: 6560: 6550: 6522: 6475: 6458: 6382: 6323: 6313: 6252: 6011: 5925: 5895: 5619: 5536: 5305: 5205: 5085: 4812: 4631: 4602: 4510: 4184: 4157: 4085: 4075: 4026: 3858: 3810: 3753: 3735: 3608: 3600: 3536: 3520: 3344: 3229: 3158: 2922: 2873: 2857: 2827: 2819: 2806: 2614: 2567: 2430: 2282: 2236: 2227:, especially modern France and Germany, from roughly 780-900 takes its name from 2224: 2220: 2161: 2150: 1906:, and stylised animal decoration, with forms derived from secular metalwork like 1892: 1713: 1701: 1378: 1219: 919: 915: 872: 833: 482: 462: 395: 154: 139: 97: 65: 6949: 4191:

show Iran and Iraq as having the world's highest per capita GDP in the year 1000

3848: 1654:, among the earliest illustrated biblical manuscripts anywhere. Works about the 1218:

planned to create three copies of the bible in 692—of which one survives as the

9127: 9095: 9043: 8991: 8974: 8964: 8892: 8554: 8431: 8401: 8298: 8286: 8160: 8094: 8026: 7893: 7789: 7492: 7188: 7128: 7069: 6933: 6863: 6570: 6492: 6409: 6262: 5915: 5860: 5814: 5767: 5747: 5591: 5514: 5283: 5228: 4424: 4205: 4188: 3680: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3524: 3513: 3509: 3494: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3418: 3414: 3360: 3352: 3333: 3313: 3208: 3081: 3028: 3007: 2999: 2987: 2969: 2880: 2606: 2601:

to be invented in this period, for lack of precedents. New themes such as the

2487: 2365: 2066: 1942: 1863: 1775: 1705: 1651: 1610: 1587: 1566: 1531: 1406: 1310: 1153: 1113: 1025: 882:

Medieval art was produced in many media, and works survive in large numbers in

860: 779: 759: 646: 567: 380: 370: 360: 201: 196: 85: 51: 8708: 6577: 4923:, National Gallery Catalogues (new series), New Haven: Yale University Press, 4670: 2998:; along with small panel paintings these were frequently used for the emotive 2093: 1222:—the first step necessary was to plan to breed the cattle to supply the 1,600 1067:

book-covers in precious metal, ivory and jewels; the re-bound pages and ivory

9177: 9028: 8996: 8857: 8852: 8835: 8663: 8658: 8643: 8618: 8608: 8559: 8219: 8197: 8128: 7994: 7823: 7726: 7702: 7685: 7653: 7638: 7419: 7409: 7404: 7308: 7057: 7018: 6957: 6783: 6740: 6509: 6438: 6370: 6212: 6190: 6106: 5674: 3964:"Home | Princeton Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Egyptian Miracles of Mary Project" 3814: 3233: 3123: 3104: 3085: 3077: 2930: 2714: 2636: 2602: 2597: 2502: 2458: 2450: 2121: 2049: 1946: 1915: 1740: 1643: 1549: 1514: 1481: 1469: 1464: 1314: 1301:, with squat figures of size varying with status, is of that date, while the 1223: 1109: 1074: 946: 891: 848: 825: 774: 614: 602: 477: 419: 390: 385: 340: 303: 179: 149: 119: 8513: 7658: 7320: 5134: 4177: 3756:

Josiah Russell's figures - all estimates are of course very imprecise. See

2449:. Royalty and the higher clergy began to commission life-size effigies for 9107: 9060: 9016: 9006: 8969: 8939: 8902: 8877: 8867: 8830: 8673: 8456: 8324: 8048: 7977: 7774: 7697: 7448: 7399: 7303: 7284: 7252: 7149: 7089: 7084: 6829: 6649: 6487: 6328: 6288: 6283: 6237: 6175: 5737: 5541: 4816: 3604: 3438: 3384: 3249: 3150: 3052: 3034: 3019: 2747: 2518: 2259: 2240: 2196: 2174: 2117: 1721: 1717: 1614: 1421: 1176: 1030: 829: 764: 747: 737: 714: 619: 609: 584: 487: 452: 437: 432: 412: 310: 9102: 6963: 5251:

Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art

2609:

became more acceptable. The vast majority of surviving art is religious.

1560:

shares in more homely form the anti-realist style of Byzantine iconic art.

926:

using precious metals, were probably more highly valued than paintings or

769: 9023: 8986: 8927: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8741: 8736: 8678: 8581: 8518: 8471: 8411: 8381: 8303: 8145: 7983: 7972: 7945: 7915: 7779: 7753: 7670: 7591: 7579: 7534: 7524: 7519: 7497: 7458: 7294: 7269: 7154: 7116: 7023: 6991: 6943: 6671: 6599: 6392: 6333: 6247: 6185: 6145: 5991: 5694: 5601: 5483: 5073: 3685: 3476: 3394: 3380: 3368: 3348: 3317: 3309: 3304:

was invented as a deliberately pejorative one, first used by the painter

3264: 3115: 3023: 2861: 2699: 2645: 2545: 2442: 2228: 2146: 2078: 2044: 1950: 1919: 1911: 1871: 1858: 1841: 1827: 1787: 1575: 1571: 1319: 1260:

basin in Poland, from where it was shipped down the river and across the

1196: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1161: 1138: 1087: 998: 994: 969: 954: 950: 852: 742: 719: 709: 699: 636: 504: 320: 293: 270: 265: 250: 245: 169: 129: 70: 5448:

Illuminated manuscript project at the National Gallery of Art (NGA) site

4678: 2975: 2251:

produced larger buildings than had been seen since Roman times, and the

1930:—and these were crude, even when closely following Late Antique models. 1922:

devoted to such designs, and the development of the large decorated and

902:, all of which have had a higher survival rate than other media such as 9070: 8882: 8842: 8788: 8756: 8648: 8486: 8441: 8334: 8140: 7950: 7818: 7539: 7341: 7133: 6974: 6762: 6528: 6433: 6397: 6387: 6365: 6180: 6170: 6158: 6110: 5566: 5452: 5353: 3640: 3563: 3225: 3043: 3006:

designed for meditation on his sufferings, or those of the Virgin: the

2853: 2798: 2761: 2533:

and other areas retain most of their paintings. An equivalent cycle in

2462: 2438: 2200: 2125: 2057: 1896: 1884: 1783: 1779: 1733: 1729: 1709: 1681: 1636: 1554: 1473: 1347: 1261: 1208: 923: 876: 864: 656: 555: 516: 492: 447: 442: 427: 335: 315: 144: 90: 3437:

rather than the Gothic or earlier periods - the early graphic work of

2585:

He might well have known the miniature at left, which was produced at

9132: 9122: 9085: 8917: 8907: 8887: 8713: 8683: 8416: 8339: 7758: 7544: 7381: 7138: 6839: 6788: 6686: 6497: 6303: 6274: 5875: 5644: 5443:

Database of medieval painted manuscripts, at the British Library site

3475:

set up for this purpose. At the same time the new academic field of

3139: 3039: 2983: 2946: 2884: 2781:

which developed in France from about 1137 with the rebuilding of the

2665: 2661: 2610: 2575:

with men slaying a monster, from a theological manuscript. 1110–1115

2549: 2399: 2191: 1933:

The insular manuscript style was transmitted to the continent by the

1767: 1693: 1330: 1265: 1241: 1133: 1043: 934: 895: 883: 684: 666: 631: 560: 521: 472: 345: 102: 6105: 3489:

in the 18th century. Kugler's pupil, the great Swiss art historian

2841: 2746:, are part of the 'Lewes Group' of Romanesque paintings created for 9112: 9033: 8981: 8912: 8825: 8746: 8698: 8564: 8549: 8406: 8344: 8276: 8170: 8155: 7829: 7743: 7733: 7721: 7465: 6928: 6625: 6565: 5910: 5787: 5664: 5139:

The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century

3154: 3127: 2965: 2926: 2553: 2514: 2434: 2252: 2112:, all of which retained large Christian populations. The Christian 2070: 1579: 1445: 1302: 1269: 1125: 911: 641: 531: 526: 511: 375: 37: 3011: 2370: 1770:

was maintained after their conversion to Christianity. The Celtic

8451: 8254: 8192: 8009: 7908: 7648: 7375: 7208: 6814: 6414: 6298: 5551: 4178:

Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD

3953:, ed. Christine Sciacca. Baltimore, MD: Walters Art Museum. 2024. 3622: 3389: 3305: 3166: 3110: 3047: 2893: 2802: 2673: 2640: 2626: 2530: 2130: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2074: 2028: 1598: 1543: 1498: 1257: 1237: 1200: 1169: 1148: 1105: 1096: 1060: 694: 402: 206: 174: 109: 7370: 5433:

Medieval Art and the Cloisters at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

5310:

Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest

2956:

The invention of a comprehensive mathematically based system of

1428:, in a bold monumental style with little attempt at classicism; 933:

Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic heritage of the

9075: 8934: 8426: 8356: 7925: 7837: 7692: 6923: 3835: 3460: 3289: 3100: 2934: 2901: 2897: 2846: 2822:

in Paris, are extremely rare anywhere, and unknown in Britain.

2794: 2617:, and elements of classicism rare in Romanesque art, as in the 2454: 2266: 2134: 2086: 2053: 1907: 1845: 1811: 1684:, Anglo-Saxon, c. 620. Interlaced biting snakes and confronted 1539: 1535: 1382:, c. 400, with many elements of classical style remaining. See 1298: 1227: 1204: 1129: 1068: 1047: 978: 903: 899: 868: 184: 114: 41: 4246:

The subject of Mack's book; the Introduction gives an overview

3558: 2479:

Most churches were extensively frescoed; a typical scheme had

2177:

imitations of Arabic script used decoratively in Western art.

1878::"Liber generationis Jesu Christi filii David, filii Abraham". 7159: 5346:

Kessler, Herbert L., "On the State of Medieval Art History",

4733:

Saracens, Demons, & Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art

4703:

Saracens, Demons, & Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art

4586:

Rose, Christine, "The Jewish Mother-in-law; Synagoga and the

4420: 3337: 3332:

was well looked after, like another portrait of Richard, the

3135: 2689: 2589:

before the young Bernard was transferred from there in 1115.

2538: 2526: 2473: 2263: 1803: 1771: 1760: 1602: 1429: 1339: 1335: 1233: 1214:

Even these basic materials were costly: when the Anglo-Saxon

1188: 1142: 1034: 5268:

Saracens, Demons, and Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art,

4761:

Saracens, Demons, and Jews: Making Monsters in Medieval Art,

4633:

Dark Mirror: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Jewish Iconography

4563:

The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous

3809:

was started in 1078, and some later royal apartments in the

2023: 1665: 9011: 7813: 4201: 2888: 2695: 2564:, who famously denounced such distractions in monasteries: 2522: 2506: 2165: 2062: 2056:

speciality throughout the period, and Christian art, as in

1926:. There were very few human figures—most often these were 1807: 1748: 1685: 1494: 1477: 1121: 5117:

Bazaar to piazza: Islamic trade and italian art, 1300–1600

4513:, stylistically very different from the finished painting. 3915:

Hinks, chapters 1 & 2, and Kitzinger, 1955, chapter 1.

3114:. The typical exuberantly decorated margins descend from 2633:, whose services were sought across north-western Europe. 1874:, c. 715; decoration invades the text of the beginning of 1826:

Parts of a Norwegian wooden doorway, 12th century, in the

871:

or cultures, had its own distinct artistic style, such as

9002:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1249: 5060:

Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World

4261:

Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World

3060:) and typological verse summaries of the bible like the 5101:(nb, 1st ed.), Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 4592:

Chaucer and the Jews : Sources, Contexts, Meanings

3869:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 14, 2457:

doors decorated with narrative relief panels, like the

1279: 5428:

Medieval art collection at the Cleveland Museum of Art

4811: 4535:

Holcomb, Barbara Drake; Holcomb, Melanie (June 2008).

4018:

Hoffman, 324; Mack, Chapter 1, and passim throughout;

2986:

with hand colour, c. 1455–58, an early example of the

2887:

and smaller works became newly important. Previously

2556:, art became more didactic, and the local church the " 2441:

from the very start of the period, and figures of the

4861:

Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque

3118:, and are unlike anything in the Byzantine tradition. 2945:

is poised between the two, as is the Italian painter

5282: 2960:

is a defining achievement of the early-15th-century

2491:

at the west end over the doors, and scenes from the

3228:Schutzmantelmadonna", painted limewood of ca 1480, 3149:Secular works, often using subjects concerned with 2789:as an integral part of the style, with even larger 1688:(end sections) are depicted entirely schematically. 5385:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1993. 5034: 4888: 3838:in origin, discussed by Henderson (1977), 135–139. 3343:There was no equivalent for pictorial art of the " 3259:) from a Netherlandish Book of Hours collected by 2925:that had begun to form itself in Italy during the 2785:. As with Romanesque architecture, this included 1160:, c. 1400, with stamped gold backgrounds and much 5352:, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 166–187, 5141:(English trans. of 3rd ed.), London: Collins 4957:Painting the Soul; Icons, Death Masks and Shrouds 4775: 2994:The end of the period includes new media such as 1448:, probably for a lay owner, with scenes from the 1309:Early Christian art, more generally described as 9175: 5358: 4939:Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons 4736:. Princeton University Press. pp. 241–247. 3951:Ethiopia at the Crossroads: Exhibition Catalogue 2619:Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 2153:generally were more important than in the West. 1814:head, holding cross; reverse, wolf-headed snake. 1272:ports, before being seasoned for several years. 1240:sold to ordinary pilgrims at shrines were often 4796:Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work 3796:Dodwell (1982), pp. 22–23, and Chapter III 2018: 2001:, "inhabited" with figures, England, 1190–1200. 1692:Migration Period art describes the art of the " 1484:, a classicising work of the Macedonian period. 29:Art during the Middle Ages in Europe and beyond 4910:Image on the edge: the margins of medieval art 4534: 2310:, using a Late Antique model, late 8th century 2219:as it assimilates post-classical styles. The 2077:), which also spread to Europe. According to 6091: 5468: 5072: 4921:The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings 4755: 4753: 4560:Mittman, Asa Simon; Dendle, Peter J. (2013). 4559: 4441: 4371: 4050: 4038: 3579:prejudices and commonly held negative views. 3050:, works such as that illustrated (left), the 801: 5365:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4882:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press 3769: 3363:'s pioneering book on English architecture: 2061:of wall-paintings, Islamic art used painted 1910:, spread boldly across manuscripts, usually 1513:in works of 10th century court art like the 5424:New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979. 4971:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 4825:The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art, 966–1066 4776:Atroshenko, V. I.; Collins, Judith (1985), 3559:Jewish portrayals in medieval Christian art 3186:The oldest Byzantine icon of Mary, c. 600, 2410:roofs and round-headed windows and arches. 906:wall-paintings, work in precious metals or 6098: 6084: 5475: 5461: 4750: 4729: 4706:. Princeton University Press. p. 99. 4699: 4108:Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, (eds); 3997:, pp. 16–27 on early Anglo-Saxon art. 1949:probably worn mainly by men, of which the 1578:rarely rise above the level of attractive 1195:to religious objects such as book-covers, 808: 794: 5410:Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture 5362:The wild man: medieval myth and symbolism 5233:Selected Papers, volume 2, Romanesque Art 5084: 5005: 4793: 4522: 4350: 4308: 4292: 3986: 3924: 3585:royal protections that were given to them 2912:Reconstruction of the temple of Jerusalem 2417:of columns, as well as around impressive 1666:Migration Period through Christianisation 5482: 5382:The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200 5273: 5248: 5227: 5204: 5166:The Book of Hours of Catherine of Cleves 5119:, University of California Press, 2002, 5090:Early Medieval Art at the British Museum 4989:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200 4915: 4857: 4566:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 383. 4375: 4338: 4096: 3847:Grocock, Chris has some calculations in 3613: 3562: 3451: 3417:' design for the Summer Smoking Room at 3409: 3279: 3275: 3090: 2974: 2906: 2840: 2765: 2629:, one of a number of surviving works by 2566: 2511:Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe 2467: 2369: 2190: 2104:, 1430-1450, Diameter: 14 in. (35.56 cm) 2092: 2022: 1862: 1675: 1548: 1468: 1289: 1147: 1141:, except at great risk or by committing 1073: 1024: 1011:benefited agriculture until about 1315. 968: 31: 5329:, 1984, Arts Council of Great Britain, 5312:, Woodstock, New York: Overlook Press, 5270:New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 5163: 5010:(rev. ed.), Harmondsworth: Penguin 4985: 4963: 4954: 4936: 4886: 4877: 4490: 4419:Dodwell (1993), 212–214. The MS is the 4387: 4296: 4259:, pp.324f., in: Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.): 4009:, pp. 74(quote)–75, and see index. 4006: 3990: 1650:, with one important example being the 1620: 14: 9176: 8779:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 5304: 4763:New Jersey: Princeton University Press 4656: 4629: 4537:"Jews and the Arts in Medieval Europe" 4453: 3994: 3850:Mayo of the Saxons and Anglican Jarrow 3599:represented the Christian doctrine of 2937:as especially formative figures. The 2838:, and captured all his baggage train. 1297:, Rome, completed 315: The lower long 1256:of the 15th century was felled in the 6799:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 6079: 5456: 5145: 5096: 5032: 5018:, 1997, Manchester University Press, 4725: 4723: 4590:", pp. 8-11, in Delany, Sheila (ed), 4388:Harpham, Geoffrey Galt (2006-01-01), 4288: 4148:, 224-226, 2nd edn. 1981, Pan Books, 3813:survive, as do the hall and parts of 2605:were devised, and representations of 2453:. Some churches had massive pairs of 2180: 1895:and the Christian forms of the book, 5184: 5172: 5148:Book Illumination in the Middle Ages 5133: 4992:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 4880:Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages 4798:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 4237:, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 449–470 (468)) 3862: 3194:retains much of Greek realist style. 1280:Early Christian and Late Antique art 1042:villages and significant numbers of 918:, such as metalwork, ivory carving, 6060: 5505:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 5301:(trans of Le Icone, Montadori 1981) 5168:, New York: Pierpont Morgan Library 3555:had immigrated as a child in 1907. 3206:Romanesque statue of the Virgin as 2187:Pre-Romanesque art and architecture 2116:equally ruled Islamic populations. 1985:Franco-Saxon "In principio", 871-3. 993:The first several centuries of the 24: 8134:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 6985:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 5597:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 5406: 5340: 5188:Medieval Art, a topical dictionary 5076:; Fleming, John (1982), "Honour", 4969:Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective 4720: 4320:Dodwell, 56 & Beckwith, 39-43. 4146:An Unfinished History of the World 2939:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 2031:—see text. Detail of the tympanum 25: 9260: 8208:American Figurative Expressionism 6544:International Gothic art in Italy 6027:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5438:Collections at the Musée de Cluny 5400: 5327:English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200 4456:Medieval England: An Encyclopedia 3852:, Evidence for a Monastic Economy 3441:being something of an exception. 2359: 2065:, from as early as 862-3 (at the 2040:Islamic influences on Western art 1782:may reflect earlier pagan works. 1586:and the impressive future in the 9158: 9157: 7717:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 6059: 6050: 6049: 6039: 5266:Strickland, Debra Higgs (2003), 5211:Byzantine Style and Civilization 5041:, University of Michigan Press, 4759:Strickland, Debra Higgs (2003), 4730:Strickland, Debra Higgs (2003). 4700:Strickland, Debra Higgs (2003). 4132:Caiger-Smith, chapters 6 & 7 4078:; discussed pp. 49–56 here 3241: 3217: 3199: 3179: 2914:, Burgundian miniature, c. 1460. 2830:, when they defeated and killed 2735: 2706: 2681: 2653: 2343: 2327: 2315: 2295: 2006: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1834: 1819: 1795: 1739:As the "barbarian" peoples were 1493:in 730-843 the vast majority of 1458: 1444:Late 14th century French Gothic 1437: 1414: 1409:506, in fully Late Antique style 1395: 1364: 8639:Tunisian collaborative painting 8112:International Typographic Style 5525:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5520:Decline of Hellenistic religion 5286:; Chatzidakis, Manolis (1982), 5253:, London: Chatto & Windus, 5235:, London: Chatto & Windus, 4827:, British Museum Publications, 4693: 4650: 4623: 4580: 4553: 4528: 4516: 4496: 4484: 4471: 4447: 4435: 4413: 4381: 4365: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4302: 4282: 4273: 4249: 4240: 4194: 4135: 4126: 4102: 4090: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4012: 4000: 3980: 3956: 3939: 3930: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3866:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England 3828:Equestrian Statue of an Emperor 3758:Consequences of the Black Death 3666:List of illuminated manuscripts 2203:Spain, before 672. Part of the 1759:types. Early coinage like the 1716:, all of which made use of the 1613:, and sometimes, especially in 1329:Over this period imperial Late 1050:now the exception. However the 8392:The Caribbean Artists Movement 5803:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 5191:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 5092:(2nd ed.), British Museum 4374:, pp. 277 & 284–288. 3882: 3841: 3820: 3799: 3790: 3763: 3740: 3721: 3712: 3531:and younger figures including 1902:Extremely detailed geometric, 1852: 1248:has revealed that most of the 1037:mirror-case. Paris, 1300–1330. 975:The Effects of Good Government 13: 1: 6748:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 5977:Disability in the Middle Ages 5650:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 5582:Rise of the Venetian Republic 5325:Zarnecki, George and others; 5180:(3rd ed.), Penguin Books 5058:, in: Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.): 4778:The Origins of the Romanesque 4769: 4224:, p. 185, table 4.2 give 425 4114:Arts Council of Great Britain 3807:White Tower (Tower of London) 3626: 3286:Assault on the Castle of Love 3253: 3046:) and images cut in a single 2755: 2472:Painted ceiling of a Spanish 2338:miniature, late 10th century. 1751:, which attempted to emulate 1736:are among the best examples. 8863:Modern European ink painting 8235:Bay Area Figurative Movement 4794:Alexander, Jonathan (1992), 4166:The Perspective of the World 3473:Victoria & Albert Museum 3097:Hours of Catherine of Cleves 3063:Speculum Humanae Salvationis 2980:Death comes for the Cardinal 2943:Early Netherlandish painting 2744:St Botolph's Church, England 2742:The 12th-century frescos in 2425:above the main doors, as at 2019:The influence of Islamic art 1780:large outdoor carved crosses 1594:and other types of pottery. 1254:Early Netherlandish painting 7: 8524:Artificial intelligence art 5278:, London: Burns & Oates 5006:Henderson, George (1977) , 4912:. Harvard University Press. 4887:Calkins, Robert G. (1979), 4878:Calkins, Robert G. (1983), 4630:Lipton, Sara (2014-11-04). 4394:, Davies Group Publishers, 4235:Review of Income and Wealth 3659: 3400:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame 3383:of literary works like Sir 3192:Saint Catherine's Monastery 2485:at the east (altar) end, a 1503:Saint Catherine's Monastery 1128:—as a solid background for 1084:Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram 964: 10: 9265: 8437:Post-painterly abstraction 8260:Situationist International 7634:Pennsylvania Impressionism 5778:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5413:, University of Pittsburgh 5290:, London: Evans Brothers, 4780:, London: Lund Humphries, 4541:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4458:, Routledge, p. 337, 4353:, pp. 190(quote)–195. 4226:1990 International Dollars 4069:chapter 1, paras 25 and 29 3772:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 3637:Saracens, Demons, and Jews 3431:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 3379:, as well as the romantic 2759: 2363: 2184: 2137:above, and also in having 2052:, for example, remained a 2037: 1899:and liturgical metalwork. 1856: 1669: 1631:Oriental Orthodox Churches 1597:Other local traditions in 1558:icon of Jesus and an abbot 1511:revival of classical style 1462: 1283: 1216:Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey 9189:Art by period of creation 9153: 8957: 8722: 8532: 8312: 8104: 8088: 8020:California Scene Painting 7899:California Scene Painting 7855:Figurative Constructivism 7767: 7572: 7351: 7340: 7170: 7107: 7000: 6916: 6906:Poussinists and Rubenists 6807: 6611: 6344: 6144: 6135: 6122: 6035: 5964: 5823: 5718: 5705:Mongol invasion of Europe 5610: 5490: 5359:Husband, Timothy (1986). 5274:Syndicus, Eduard (1962), 5150:, London: Harvey Miller, 4941:, London: George Philip, 4891:Monuments of Medieval Art 4671:10.1007/s10835-007-9056-1 4479:Historical Museum of Bern 4442:Honour & Fleming 1982 4372:Honour & Fleming 1982 4051:Honour & Fleming 1982 4039:Honour & Fleming 1982 3826:the small Carolingian(?) 3508:After the decline of the 3425:Among artists the German 3070:) were the most popular. 3068:Mirror of Human Salvation 2811:Gothic style in sculpture 2793:and other figures on the 2623:Shrine of the Three Kings 2273:, above all those of the 2027:The Romanesque portal at 1953:is the most spectacular. 1244:size or smaller. Modern 1226:to give the skin for the 9118:Prehistoric European art 8767:Contemporary African art 8250:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 8178:Generación de la Ruptura 7805:Universal Constructivism 7597:California Impressionism 7552:American Barbizon school 5249:Schapiro, Meyer (1980), 5062:, Blackwell Publishing, 5054:Hoffman, Eva R. (2007): 4959:, London: Reaktion Books 4847:(Faber and Faber, 1985) 4636:. Macmillan. p. 5. 4263:, Blackwell Publishing, 4255:Hoffman, Eva R. (2007): 3706: 3607:had replaced the Jewish 3603:, whereby the Christian 3042:with text (often in the 2783:Abbey Church of St Denis 2249:Carolingian architecture 1935:Hiberno-Scottish mission 1786:from later centuries in 1646:was a vital part of the 1168:The even more expensive 1086:, c. 870, a Carolingian 8945:Walking Artists Network 8282:Letterist International 8122:Washington Color School 7036:Arts in the Philippines 5660:Investiture Controversy 5630:Second Bulgarian Empire 4986:Dodwell, C. R. (1993), 4982:(US edn. Cornell, 1985) 4955:Cormack, Robin (1997), 4937:Cormack, Robin (1985), 4864:, Thames & Hudson, 4858:Beckwith, John (1964), 4362:Dodwell (1993), 167-169 4029:Retrieved April 1, 2011 3487:Johann Gottfried Herder 3459:from the Byzantinesque 3263:. For the complicated 2883:for altarpieces, often 2447:Golden Madonna of Essen 2421:, usually centred on a 2404:Romanesque architecture 2255:and other innovations. 1095:later ones—the city of 939:iconographic traditions 888:illuminated manuscripts 9056:Illuminated manuscript 8704:The Designers Republic 8654:Neue Slowenische Kunst 8577:Pattern and Decoration 8477:Institutional critique 8117:Abstract expressionism 7097:Latin American Baroque 7053:Colonial Asian Baroque 6017:Post-classical history 5773:Fall of Constantinople 5680:Capet–Plantagenet feud 5547:First Bulgarian Empire 5214:, Baltimore: Penguin, 5164:Plummer, John (1964), 5078:A World History of Art 5033:Hinks, Roger (1974) , 4525:, pp. 1(quote)–2. 4291:, Parts II & III; 3632: 3619:Circumcision of Christ 3575: 3468: 3429:from 1809 and English 3422: 3293: 3119: 2991: 2951:Protestant Reformation 2915: 2865: 2774: 2692:swallowed by the whale 2583: 2576: 2476: 2394: 2308:Codex Aureus of Lorsch 2208: 2105: 2035: 1879: 1753:Roman provincial coins 1745:illuminated manuscript 1689: 1584:Ancient Greek heritage 1561: 1485: 1306: 1165: 1091: 1038: 990: 943:early Christian church 230:Art of the Middle East 45: 8694:Artist-run initiative 8669:Young British Artists 8634:New European Painting 8570:Moscow Conceptualists 8492:Feminist art movement 8270:Ukrainian underground 8245:Gutai Art Association 7644:Ten American Painters 7148:Western influence in 6125:List of art movements 5185:Ross, Leslie (1996), 5097:Lasko, Peter (1972), 3617: 3597:Ecclesia and Synagoga 3568:Ecclesia and Synagoga 3566: 3455: 3413: 3373:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 3330:Richard II of England 3283: 3276:Subsequent reputation 3248:"Hunt of the Unicorn 3132:Nottingham alabasters 3107:, illustrated by the 3094: 2978: 2910: 2845:The central panel of 2844: 2769: 2730:, English, 1120–1145. 2578: 2570: 2535:Sant'Angelo in Formis 2471: 2379:Saint-Julien-de-Jonzy 2373: 2279:Pericopes of Henry II 2271:manuscript miniatures 2205:Treasure of Guarrazar 2194: 2096: 2026: 1866: 1679: 1552: 1472: 1293: 1179:obtainable only from 1158:Richard II of England 1151: 1077: 1028: 972: 353:Art of Southeast Asia 60:Periods and movements 35: 8504:Saqqakhaneh movement 8397:Chicano art movement 8265:Soviet Nonconformist 8071:Boston Expressionism 8054:Abstraction-Création 7872:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 7865:Cologne Progressives 7585:Art Nouveau in Milan 7388:Anglo-Japanese style 7364:National romanticism 6794:Fontainebleau School 6704:Northern Renaissance 6539:International Gothic 5997:Medieval reenactment 5793:Renaissance Humanism 5700:Medieval Warm Period 5670:Republic of Florence 5484:European Middle Ages 5146:Pächt, Otto (1986), 5016:The Culture of Craft 4908:Camille, M. (1992). 4895:, New York: Dutton, 4064:The Stones of Venice 3906:Henderson (1977), 8. 3671:European art history 3572:Notre Dame Cathedral 3503:John Pierpont Morgan 3483:Franz Theodor Kugler 3261:John Pierpont Morgan 3232:type. Attributed to 3074:Renaissance Humanism 3022:. The trauma of the 2919:International Gothic 2562:Bernard of Clairvaux 2517:, where the rounded 2381:, mid-12th century. 2281:(1002–1012). Later 2245:monumental sculpture 1928:Evangelist portraits 1889:Migration period art 1680:Shoulder-clasp from 1672:Migration Period art 1627:Council of Chalcedon 1621:African Medieval Art 1521:Monumental sculpture 1491:Byzantine iconoclasm 1480:in the 10th century 1354:of the Renaissance. 1009:Medieval Warm Period 1004:population of Europe 928:monumental sculpture 845:Migration Period art 9244:15th century in art 9239:14th century in art 9234:13th century in art 9229:12th century in art 9224:11th century in art 9219:10th century in art 9039:Hierarchy of genres 8604:Saint Soleil School 8540:Post-conceptual art 8509:The Stars Art Group 8387:Black Arts Movement 8350:Neo-Dada Organizers 8151:Lyrical abstraction 7884:Australian tonalism 7557:California Tonalism 7229:Hudson River School 7032:Colonial Asian art 6772:English Renaissance 6721:Ghent–Bruges school 6709:Early Netherlandish 6621:Italian Renaissance 6534:Gothic art in Milan 5710:Kingdom of Portugal 5577:Old Church Slavonic 5562:Anglo-Saxon England 5276:Early Christian Art 5099:Ars Sacra, 800–1200 5080:, London: Macmillan 4594:, 2002, Routledge, 4341:, pp. 145–149. 4099:, pp. 206–209. 4041:, pp. 256–262. 3863:John, Eric (1996), 3784:2002AGUFMPP71C..09L 3696:History of painting 3676:Medieval literature 3549:Richard Krautheimer 3357:Gothic Architecture 3322:Westminster Retable 3163:John, Duke of Berry 2962:Italian Renaissance 2900:, and completed by 2879:During this period 2779:Gothic architecture 2573:historiated initial 2304:Evangelist portrait 2149:, ornament and the 1924:historiated initial 1868:Book of Lindisfarne 1802:Anglo-Saxon silver 1553:6th or 7th century 1525:Harbaville Triptych 1501:etc.), or Egypt at 1373:Ascension of Christ 1295:Arch of Constantine 1286:Early Christian art 1252:for panels used in 1175:, made from ground 1112:was refused by the 1052:Rule of St Benedict 987:Ambrogio Lorenzetti 841:Early Christian art 539:Art of the Americas 278:Art of Central Asia 44:, late 12th century 9214:9th century in art 9209:8th century in art 9204:7th century in art 9199:6th century in art 9194:5th century in art 9081:Landscape painting 8689:New Leipzig School 8629:Neo-conceptual art 8377:Art & Language 8372:Capitalist realism 8294:Florida Highwaymen 8230:Hard-edge painting 8044:Streamline Moderne 8005:Harlem Renaissance 7848:Novecento Italiano 7676:Deutscher Werkbund 7503:Post-Impressionism 7065:Latin American art 6869:Guild of Romanists 6731:German Renaissance 6726:Northern Mannerism 5891:In popular culture 5856:Crusading movement 5728:Hundred Years' War 5587:Civitas Schinesghe 5572:Carolingian Empire 5557:Kingdom of Croatia 5510:Barbarian kingdoms 5174:Rice, David Talbot 5008:Early Medieval Art 4841:Caiger-Smith, Alan 4601:2022-11-23 at the 4509:2019-07-31 at the 4299:, chs 11 & 12. 4183:2019-02-16 at the 4084:2022-11-23 at the 4074:2013-12-24 at the 4025:2019-07-17 at the 3968:pemm.princeton.edu 3857:2012-02-26 at the 3752:2014-10-29 at the 3747:Fordham University 3734:2022-10-27 at the 3633: 3576: 3529:Adolph Goldschmidt 3469: 3423: 3294: 3120: 2992: 2958:linear perspective 2916: 2866: 2775: 2771:Chartres cathedral 2670:Nicholas of Verdun 2660:The classicism of 2631:Nicholas of Verdun 2592:During the period 2577: 2477: 2395: 2352:Bamberg Apocalypse 2233:Empire of the West 2209: 2181:Pre-Romanesque art 2106: 2036: 1880: 1690: 1562: 1486: 1451:Life of the Virgin 1384:Drogo Sacramentary 1307: 1166: 1152:The small private 1092: 1039: 991: 983:City Hall of Siena 165:Post-Impressionism 46: 9171: 9170: 8953: 8952: 8809:Corporate Memphis 8762:Classical Realism 8732:Amazonian pop art 8624:Appropriation art 8592:Neo-expressionism 8462:Environmental art 8367:Nouvelle tendance 8084: 8083: 8032:Socialist realism 7889:Dresden Secession 7508:Neo-Impressionism 7471:Decadent movement 7442:Heidelberg School 7336: 7335: 7234:American luminism 7219:Düsseldorf School 7214:Shoreham Ancients 7204:Nazarene movement 7194:Danish Golden Age 7075:Indochristian art 6753:Antwerp Mannerism 6642:Pittura infamante 6636:Florentine School 6631:Proto-Renaissance 6073: 6072: 5982:Basic topics list 5783:Swiss mercenaries 5733:Wars of the Roses 5640:Kingdom of Poland 5625:Holy Roman Empire 5492:Early Middle Ages 5417:Weitzmann, Kurt, 5407:Stones, Allison, 5372:978-0-87099-254-4 5125:978-0-520-22131-4 5108:978-0-300-05367-8 5068:978-1-4051-2071-5 5026:, 9780719046186, 4619:978-0-415-93882-2 4588:Man of Law's Tale 4465:978-1-138-06208-5 4430:Gregory the Great 4401:978-1-888570-85-4 4311:, pp. 75–77. 4269:978-1-4051-2071-5 4231:Milanovic, Branko 4222:978-0-19-922721-1 4214:978-0-19-922721-1 4110:The Arts of Islam 3993:, chs 8 & 9; 3927:, pp. 57–60. 3832:Carnavalet Museum 3760:for more details. 3635:In her 2013 book 3551:and many others. 3499:Rothschild family 3435:Early Renaissance 3427:Nazarene movement 3326:Westminster Abbey 3095:Opening from the 3088:of the well-off. 3004:Passion of Christ 2982:, from a printed 2728:St Albans Psalter 2694:, capital in the 2482:Christ in Majesty 2384:Christ in Majesty 2139:Christ in Majesty 2124:of Christians in 1774:of Scotland also 1426:Magdeburg Ivories 1324:catacombs of Rome 1193:consular diptychs 1016:Islamic conquests 818: 817: 328:Art of South Asia 18:Medieval painting 16:(Redirected from 9256: 9161: 9160: 9145:Western painting 9091:Modern sculpture 9049:History painting 8752:Art intervention 8545:Installation art 8362:Nouveau réalisme 8102: 8101: 8076:Leningrad School 7968:Mexican muralism 7941:Grosvenor School 7681:American Realism 7664:Der Blaue Reiter 7622:Berlin Secession 7617:Vienna Secession 7612:Munich Secession 7530:Pont-Aven School 7349: 7348: 7199:Troubadour style 7177:(c. 1770 – 1862) 7144:Qing handicrafts 7110:Western elements 7041:Letras y figuras 7014:African-American 7009:African diaspora 6980:Directoire style 6891:Heptanese school 6874:Dutch Golden Age 6859:Stroganov School 6852:Lutheran Baroque 6847:Louis XIII style 6820:Baroque in Milan 6682:Bolognese School 6677:High Renaissance 6660:Forlivese School 6655:Ferrarese School 6378:Migration Period 6142: 6141: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6043: 6002:Medieval studies 5846:Church and State 5720:Late Middle Ages 5612:High Middle Ages 5530:Christianization 5500:Migration Period 5477: 5470: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5414: 5396: 5376: 5349:The Art Bulletin 5322: 5306:Wilson, David M. 5300: 5279: 5263: 5245: 5224: 5206:Runciman, Steven 5201: 5181: 5169: 5160: 5142: 5115:Mack, Rosamond, 5111: 5093: 5086:Kitzinger, Ernst 5081: 5051: 5040: 5011: 5002: 4981: 4960: 4951: 4933: 4905: 4894: 4883: 4874: 4837: 4813:Backhouse, Janet 4808: 4790: 4764: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4665:(1/2): 139–177. 4654: 4648: 4647: 4627: 4621: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4391:Bernard's letter 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4198: 4192: 4158:Braudel, Fernand 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3947:Täˀammərä Maryam 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3845: 3839: 3824: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3767: 3761: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3701:Western painting 3691:Medieval theatre 3631: 3628: 3533:Nikolaus Pevsner 3523:(1862–1954) and 3491:Jacob Burckhardt 3355:long focused on 3269:Hortus conclusus 3258: 3255: 3245: 3221: 3203: 3183: 3155:knightly heroism 3146:in many places. 3144:Guild of St Luke 3109:Annunciation to 3038:. In the cheap 3016:Veil of Veronica 2933:and the painter 2870:Virgin and Child 2836:Duke of Burgundy 2832:Charles the Bold 2739: 2710: 2685: 2657: 2558:Poor Man's Bible 2347: 2331: 2319: 2299: 2275:Reichenau School 2217:Christianisation 2158:Hispano-Moresque 2098:Hispano-Moresque 2050:Glass production 2010: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1838: 1823: 1799: 1698:Migration Period 1441: 1418: 1403:Consular diptych 1399: 1390:450 years later. 1368: 1246:dendrochronology 1187:than for skies. 1132:, or applied as 1102:Palais des Papes 1065:treasure binding 1020:Byzantine Empire 810: 803: 796: 286:Art of East Asia 48: 47: 21: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9149: 9066:Interactive art 8949: 8923:SoFlo Superflat 8848:Kitsch movement 8772:Africanfuturism 8724: 8718: 8597:Transavantgarde 8528: 8482:Light and Space 8467:Performance art 8447:Psychedelic art 8330:Nueva Presencia 8320:Otra Figuración 8308: 8240:Les Plasticiens 8225:New York School 8203:Action painting 8188:Metcalf Chateau 8097: 8092: 8080: 8000:Cercle et Carré 7936:New Objectivity 7843:Return to order 7785:School of Paris 7763: 7607:School of Paris 7568: 7454:Arts and Crafts 7359:Neo-romanticism 7344: 7332: 7328:Etching revival 7280:Barbizon school 7224:Pre-Raphaelites 7176: 7173: 7166: 7109: 7103: 6996: 6970:Louis XVI style 6912: 6901:Louis XIV style 6864:Animal painting 6825:Flemish Baroque 6803: 6714:World landscape 6665:Venetian School 6607: 6594:Majorcan school 6561:Novgorod School 6551:Lucchese School 6523:Opus Anglicanum 6515:Norman-Sicilian 6459:Italo-Byzantine 6359:Early Christian 6340: 6324:Pompeian Styles 6137: 6131: 6118: 6104: 6074: 6069: 6031: 6012:Neo-medievalism 5960: 5896:Itinerant court 5819: 5714: 5635:Georgian Empire 5620:Norman Conquest 5606: 5552:Frankish Empire 5486: 5481: 5403: 5393: 5379: 5373: 5343: 5341:Further reading 5320: 5298: 5284:Weitzmann, Kurt 5261: 5243: 5229:Schapiro, Meyer 5222: 5199: 5158: 5109: 5049: 5037:Carolingian Art 5000: 4979: 4949: 4931: 4917:Campbell, Lorne 4903: 4872: 4835: 4823:, eds. (1984), 4821:Webster, Leslie 4806: 4788: 4772: 4767: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4603:Wayback Machine 4585: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4511:Wayback Machine 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4206:Maddison, Angus 4199: 4195: 4185:Wayback Machine 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086:Wayback Machine 4076:Wayback Machine 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4027:Wayback Machine 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3859:Wayback Machine 3846: 3842: 3825: 3821: 3811:Tower of London 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3768: 3764: 3754:Wayback Machine 3745: 3741: 3736:Wayback Machine 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3662: 3629: 3609:Mosaic covenant 3601:supersessionism 3561: 3537:Ernst Kitzinger 3345:Gothic survival 3278: 3271: 3256: 3246: 3237: 3230:Virgin of Mercy 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3184: 3082:Donor portraits 2923:Renaissance art 2858:Siena Cathedral 2828:Battle of Nancy 2820:Sainte-Chapelle 2807:Gothic painting 2764: 2758: 2751: 2740: 2731: 2717:announcing the 2711: 2702: 2686: 2677: 2658: 2431:Autun Cathedral 2368: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2339: 2332: 2323: 2320: 2311: 2300: 2283:Anglo-Saxon art 2237:Utrecht Psalter 2225:Frankish Empire 2221:Carolingian art 2189: 2183: 2151:decorative arts 2042: 2021: 2014: 2011: 2002: 1995: 1986: 1983: 1974: 1971: 1947:Celtic brooches 1887:, the Germanic 1861: 1855: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1824: 1815: 1800: 1714:Merovingian art 1702:Anglo-Saxon art 1674: 1668: 1648:Aksumite empire 1629:and became the 1623: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1442: 1433: 1424:panel from the 1419: 1410: 1400: 1391: 1379:Noli me tangere 1369: 1315:Byzantine style 1288: 1282: 1220:Codex Amiatinus 967: 920:vitreous enamel 916:decorative arts 873:Anglo-Saxon art 834:Northern Africa 814: 785: 784: 733: 725: 724: 680: 672: 671: 605: 595: 594: 423: 356: 331: 289: 281: 232: 227: 219: 218: 140:Pre-Raphaelites 61: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9262: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9096:Late modernism 9093: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9044:Genre painting 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8994: 8992:Ballets Russes 8989: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8975:Asemic writing 8967: 8965:History of art 8961: 8959: 8958:Related topics 8955: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8893:Relational art 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8816:Hypermodernism 8813: 8812: 8811: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8557: 8555:Postminimalism 8552: 8547: 8542: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8432:Generative art 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8402:Conceptual art 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8299:Cybernetic art 8296: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8287:Ultra-Lettrist 8284: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8161:Arte Informale 8158: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8099: 8098:(1945–present) 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8027:Heroic realism 8024: 8023: 8022: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7961:Latin American 7958: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7931:Group of Seven 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7901: 7896: 7894:Social realism 7891: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7877:November Group 7869: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7800:Latin American 7795:Constructivism 7792: 7790:Crystal Cubism 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7500: 7495: 7493:Volcano School 7490: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7355: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7248:Norwich School 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7189:Fairy painting 7180: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7080:Chilote School 7072: 7070:Casta painting 7062: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7046:Tipos del País 7043: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7016: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6934:Louis XV style 6931: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6736:Cologne School 6728: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6589:Italian school 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6571:Sienese School 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6481:Pre-Romanesque 6478: 6473: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6417: 6412: 6410:Donor portrait 6407: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6319:Julio-Claudian 6316: 6311: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6268:Greco-Buddhist 6260: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6208:Protogeometric 6205: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6150: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6047: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:Misconceptions 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5815:Little Ice Age 5812: 5811: 5810: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Western Schism 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5517: 5515:Late antiquity 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5415: 5402: 5401:External links 5399: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5377: 5371: 5356: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5323: 5318: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5246: 5241: 5225: 5220: 5202: 5197: 5182: 5170: 5161: 5156: 5143: 5131: 5113: 5107: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5052: 5047: 5030: 5012: 5003: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4965:Dodwell, C. R. 4961: 4952: 4947: 4934: 4929: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4884: 4875: 4870: 4855: 4838: 4833: 4809: 4804: 4791: 4786: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4749: 4742: 4719: 4712: 4692: 4659:Jewish History 4649: 4642: 4622: 4579: 4572: 4552: 4527: 4523:Kitzinger 1955 4515: 4502:In works like 4495: 4483: 4470: 4464: 4446: 4444:, p. 271. 4434: 4425:Moralia in Job 4412: 4400: 4380: 4364: 4355: 4351:Henderson 1977 4343: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4309:Kitzinger 1955 4301: 4293:Kitzinger 1955 4281: 4272: 4248: 4239: 4193: 4189:Angus Maddison 4134: 4125: 4101: 4089: 4055: 4053:, p. 269. 4043: 4031: 4011: 3999: 3987:Henderson 1977 3979: 3955: 3938: 3929: 3925:Kitzinger 1955 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3875: 3840: 3819: 3798: 3789: 3762: 3739: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3681:Medieval music 3678: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3560: 3557: 3553:Meyer Schapiro 3545:Kurt Weitzmann 3541:Erwin Panofsky 3525:Henri Focillon 3514:Celtic Revival 3510:Gothic Revival 3495:George Salting 3457:Joseph's Dream 3447:William Burges 3443:William Morris 3419:Cardiff Castle 3415:William Burges 3361:Thomas Rickman 3353:Gothic Revival 3334:Wilton Diptych 3314:Giorgio Vasari 3288:, attacked by 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3212:, 12th century 3209:Seat of Wisdom 3205: 3198: 3196: 3185: 3178: 3086:tomb monuments 3029:Dance of Death 3008:Man of Sorrows 3000:andachtsbilder 2988:Dance of Death 2970:foreshortening 2881:panel painting 2760:Main article: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2659: 2652: 2607:God the Father 2505:scenes on the 2494:Life of Christ 2488:Last Judgement 2451:tomb monuments 2366:Romanesque art 2364:Main article: 2361: 2360:Romanesque art 2358: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2301: 2294: 2277:, such as the 2212:Pre-Romanesque 2185:Main article: 2182: 2179: 2038:Main article: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1960:Giant initials 1943:Ardagh Chalice 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1794: 1706:Visigothic art 1670:Main article: 1667: 1664: 1652:Garima Gospels 1622: 1619: 1611:Constantinople 1582:, despite the 1567:Byzantine silk 1532:Constantinople 1463:Main article: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1407:Constantinople 1401: 1394: 1392: 1386:for a similar 1370: 1363: 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1154:Wilton Diptych 1114:British Museum 1080:jewelled cover 966: 963: 861:Romanesque art 857:Pre-Romanesque 816: 815: 813: 812: 805: 798: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 756: 755: 745: 740: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 628: 627: 622: 612: 606: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 582: 577: 568:Art of Oceania 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 535: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 399: 398: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 349: 348: 343: 338: 324: 323: 318: 313: 308: 307: 306: 301: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 189: 188: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 106: 105: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 81:Pre-Romanesque 73: 68: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 52:History of art 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9261: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9164: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029:Fantastic art 9027: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997:Christian art 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8898:Skeuomorphism 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:Massurrealism 8856: 8854: 8853:Lightpainting 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8836:Post-Internet 8834: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8709:Grunge design 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8664:Retrofuturism 8662: 8660: 8659:Scratch video 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8644:Memphis Group 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8619:Telematic art 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8609:Guerrilla art 8607: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560:Endurance art 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220:New media art 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8198:Nanyang Style 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8129:Visionary art 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7995:Scuola Romana 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7921:Anthropophagy 7919: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7904:Functionalism 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7824:Neoplasticism 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7727:Cubo-Futurism 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7686:Ashcan School 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7654:Expressionism 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7639:Mir iskusstva 7637: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7425:Boston School 7423: 7421: 7420:Hoosier Group 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7410:Impressionism 7408: 7406: 7405:Peredvizhniki 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Beuron School 7393: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7309:Munich School 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108:Art borrowing 7106: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7058:Company style 7056: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6958:Neoclassicism 6956: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784:Cretan School 6782: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6741:Danube school 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:Orientalizing 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203:Sub-Mycenaean 6201: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117:art movements 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6066: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Scholasticism 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5537:Rise of Islam 5535: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5392:0-87099-685-1 5388: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5319:0-87951-976-2 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5297:0-237-45645-1 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260:0-7011-2514-4 5256: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5242:0-7011-2239-0 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5221:0-14-021827-0 5217: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5198:0-313-29329-5 5194: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5178:Byzantine Art 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5157:0-19-921060-8 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048:0-472-06071-6 5044: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4999:0-300-06493-4 4995: 4991: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4978:0-7190-0926-X 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4948:0-540-01085-5 4944: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4930:1-85709-171-X 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4902:0-525-47561-3 4898: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4871:0-500-20019-X 4867: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4853:0-571-13507-2 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4834:0-7141-0532-5 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4817:Turner, D. H. 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805:0-300-05689-3 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4787:0-85331-487-X 4783: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4643:9780805079104 4639: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611:0-415-93882-1 4608: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4573:9781472418012 4569: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4493:, plates 1–2. 4492: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4376:Beckwith 1964 4373: 4368: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4339:Beckwith 1964 4335: 4326: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4174:0-00-216133-8 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154:0-330-26458-3 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4122:0-7287-0081-6 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4097:Beckwith 1964 4093: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3878: 3876:0-7190-5053-7 3872: 3868: 3867: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3816: 3815:Eltham Palace 3812: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3405:Prince Albert 3402: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302:term "Gothic" 3299: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3234:Michel Erhart 3231: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124:book of hours 3117: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3105:Little Office 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078:self-portrait 3075: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931:Nicola Pisano 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715:Mary Magdalen 2709: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2637:Stained glass 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Tree of Jesse 2599: 2598:Old Testament 2595: 2590: 2588: 2587:Cîteaux Abbey 2582: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Old Testament 2500: 2499:typologically 2496: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459:Gniezno Doors 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427:Vézelay Abbey 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2287:Mozarabic art 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2243:. Christian 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2122:Mozarabic art 2119: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2083:Doge's Palace 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918:, with whole 1917: 1916:Book of Kells 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:carved stones 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747:, and indeed 1746: 1742: 1741:Christianised 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:La Tène style 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Ethiopian art 1641: 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459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 422: 421: 420:Art of Europe 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 397: 394: 393: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 357: 355: 354: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 330: 329: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 291: 290: 288: 287: 282: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 261:South Arabian 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 231: 223: 222: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:Conceptualism 200: 198: 195: 194: 193: 190: 186: 183: 181: 180:Expressionism 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 150:Impressionism 148: 147: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Neoclassicism 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 43: 39: 34: 27: 19: 9184:Medieval art 9139:Trompe-l'œil 9137: 9108:Outsider art 9061:Illustration 9017:Lutheran art 9007:Catholic art 8970:Abstract art 8940:Unilalianism 8903:Software art 8878:Neosymbolism 8868:Neo-futurism 8831:Internet art 8821:Hyperrealism 8674:Superfiction 8457:Photorealism 8325:Afrofuturism 8090:Contemporary 8066:Dimensionism 8049:Concrete art 7982: 7978:Precisionism 7828: 7775:Sosaku-hanga 7749:Productivism 7739:Metaphysical 7709: 7698:Proto-Cubism 7602:Secessionism 7564:Costumbrismo 7449:Aestheticism 7400:Hague School 7380: 7304:Academic art 7285:Costumbrismo 7253:Empire style 7090:Quito School 7085:Cusco School 7001:Colonial art 6962: 6950:Fête galante 6948: 6917:18th century 6879:Delft School 6830:Caravaggisti 6808:17th century 6693: 6650:Quattrocento 6640: 6598: 6521: 6424: 6354:Late antique 6345: 6238:Severe style 6228:Black-figure 6115:Contemporary 5840: 5836:Architecture 5808:Great Famine 5798:Universities 5738:Hussite Wars 5655:Great Schism 5542:Papal States 5418: 5409: 5381: 5361: 5347: 5326: 5309: 5287: 5275: 5267: 5250: 5232: 5210: 5187: 5177: 5165: 5147: 5138: 5129:google books 5116: 5098: 5089: 5077: 5074:Honour, Hugh 5059: 5055: 5036: 5028:google books 5015: 5007: 4988: 4968: 4956: 4938: 4920: 4909: 4890: 4879: 4860: 4844: 4824: 4795: 4777: 4760: 4732: 4702: 4695: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4632: 4625: 4596:google books 4591: 4587: 4582: 4562: 4555: 4544:. Retrieved 4540: 4530: 4518: 4498: 4491:Plummer 1964 4486: 4473: 4455: 4449: 4437: 4423: 4415: 4405:, retrieved 4390: 4383: 4367: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4304: 4297:Calkins 1979 4284: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4242: 4234: 4196: 4187:compiled by 4165: 4161: 4145: 4137: 4128: 4109: 4104: 4092: 4062: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4014: 4007:Dodwell 1993 4002: 3991:Calkins 1979 3982: 3971:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3950: 3949:)" (with ). 3946: 3941: 3932: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3865: 3849: 3843: 3827: 3822: 3801: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3742: 3729:Google books 3723: 3714: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3605:New Covenant 3593:anti-Judaism 3581: 3577: 3570:at the 3518: 3507: 3481: 3470: 3465:Castelseprio 3456: 3439:John Millais 3424: 3398: 3388: 3385:Walter Scott 3364: 3342: 3318:antiquarians 3295: 3285: 3250:Annunciation 3226:Ravensburger 3207: 3172: 3171: 3151:courtly love 3148: 3121: 3108: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3058:Art of Dying 3057: 3053:Ars Moriendi 3051: 3035:Memento mori 3033: 3027: 3020:Arma Christi 2993: 2979: 2955: 2917: 2911: 2878: 2867: 2824: 2816: 2776: 2748:Lewes Priory 2719:Resurrection 2713: 2688: 2635: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2543: 2519:barrel vault 2492: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2461:or those at 2412: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2302:Carolingian 2260:Ottonian art 2257: 2241:Ebbo Gospels 2211: 2210: 2197:votive crown 2195:Detail of a 2175:pseudo-Kufic 2155: 2138: 2118:Crusader art 2107: 2067:Great Mosque 2058:Coptic Egypt 2043: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1939: 1932: 1920:carpet pages 1912:gospel books 1901: 1897:high crosses 1893:Anglo-Saxons 1881: 1765: 1738: 1722:Scythian art 1718:animal style 1691: 1642: 1635: 1624: 1615:architecture 1596: 1563: 1529: 1519: 1507: 1487: 1449: 1387: 1377: 1371: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1328: 1311:Late Antique 1308: 1274: 1232: 1213: 1177:lapis lazuli 1167: 1118: 1093: 1057: 1040: 1033:on a lady's 1031:courtly love 1013: 992: 974: 935:Roman Empire 932: 910:, including 881: 838: 830:Western Asia 822:medieval art 821: 819: 748:Art movement 715:Graphic arts 705:Architecture 580:Cook Islands 566: 565: 537: 536: 503: 502: 418: 417: 351: 350: 326: 325: 284: 283: 276: 275: 236:Mesopotamian 229: 192:Contemporary 75: 26: 9249:Middle Ages 9024:Digital art 8987:Avant-garde 8928:Superstroke 8804:Flat design 8799:Fictive art 8794:Excessivism 8742:Art for art 8737:Altermodern 8679:Taring Padi 8614:Lowbrow art 8582:Pliontanism 8519:Yoru no Kai 8472:Process art 8412:Systems art 8382:Arte Povera 8304:Antipodeans 8213:in New York 8183:Jikken Kōbō 8146:Color field 8015:Regionalism 7984:Aeropittura 7973:Neo-Fauvism 7946:Neues Sehen 7916:Kinetic art 7780:Suprematism 7754:Synchromism 7671:Noucentisme 7592:Primitivism 7580:Art Nouveau 7535:Cloisonnism 7525:Pointillism 7520:Divisionism 7498:Incoherents 7459:Art pottery 7345:(1863–1944) 7295:Macchiaioli 7270:Biedermeier 7258:Historicism 7243:Orientalism 7184:Romanticism 7155:Akita ranga 7007:Art of the 6992:Picturesque 6944:Chinoiserie 6939:Frederician 6777:Tudor court 6672:Cinquecento 6613:Renaissance 6600:Mappa mundi 6584:cartography 6476:Carolingian 6471:Merovingian 6454:Palaeologan 6426:Repoblación 6383:Anglo-Saxon 6314:Gallo-Roman 6253:Hellenistic 6248:Kerch style 6186:Minyan ware 6065:WikiProject 5992:Medievalism 5831:Agriculture 5695:Manorialism 5690:Communalism 5685:Monasticism 5602:Reconquista 5592:Kievan Rus' 5135:Mâle, Emile 4142:Hugh Thomas 4116:, 9, 1976, 3995:Wilson 1984 3686:Paleography 3641:Jewish hats 3630: 1340 3589:antisemitic 3477:art history 3395:Victor Hugo 3393:(1819) and 3381:medievalism 3369:John Ruskin 3349:Scandinavia 3310:Renaissance 3300:", and the 3265:iconography 3257: 1500 3173:Virgin Mary 3138:system—the 3116:insular art 3024:Black Death 2885:polyptyches 2862:gold ground 2799:altarpieces 2700:Mozac Abbey 2646:Virgin Mary 2546:iconography 2443:Virgin Mary 2390:Last Supper 2387:above, the 2229:Charlemagne 2147:Calligraphy 2079:John Ruskin 2045:Islamic art 1997:Romanesque 1951:Tara Brooch 1872:Northumbria 1859:Insular art 1853:Insular art 1842:Image-stone 1828:Urnes style 1788:Scandinavia 1730:grave goods 1656:Virgin Mary 1592:İznik wares 1572:gold ground 1320:iconography 1209:palimpsests 1197:reliquaries 1185:Virgin Mary 1181:Afghanistan 1173:ultramarine 1162:ultramarine 1139:real estate 1088:Gospel book 999:Black Death 995:Middle Ages 955:Middle Ages 951:Renaissance 853:Insular art 743:Art history 720:Digital art 710:Photography 700:Calligraphy 483:Anglo-Saxon 463:Hellenistic 408:Singaporean 170:Art Nouveau 130:Romanticism 98:Renaissance 66:Prehistoric 9178:Categories 9071:Jewish art 8883:Passionism 8843:iPhone art 8789:Cyborg art 8784:Crypto art 8757:Brandalism 8649:Cyberdelic 8514:Tropicália 8487:Street art 8442:Intermedia 8422:Minimalism 8141:Spatialism 8095:Postmodern 7951:Surrealism 7819:Shin-hanga 7659:Die Brücke 7627:Sonderbund 7540:Synthetism 7263:Revivalism 7172:Transition 7129:Manichaean 6975:Adam style 6896:Classicism 6835:in Utrecht 6763:Still life 6493:Romanesque 6449:Macedonian 6444:Iconoclast 6403:Visigothic 6309:Republican 6263:Indo-Greek 6233:Red-figure 5987:Land terms 5941:Technology 5921:Philosophy 5901:Literature 5866:Demography 5567:Viking Age 5335:0728703866 5024:0719046181 4770:References 4743:0691057192 4713:0691057192 4546:2017-11-28 4407:2011-06-11 4289:Hinks 1974 3973:2024-05-05 3521:Émile Mâle 3512:, and the 3351:, and the 3044:vernacular 3040:blockbooks 2874:attributes 2854:altarpiece 2762:Gothic art 2756:Gothic art 2463:Hildesheim 2439:Gero Cross 2435:crucifixes 2400:cathedrals 2334:Mozarabic 2201:Visigothic 2126:Al Andaluz 2073:in modern 1885:Celtic art 1810:, c. 720. 1784:Viking art 1768:runestones 1734:Sutton Hoo 1710:Viking art 1682:Sutton Hoo 1637:Coptic art 1590:period of 1476:plays the 1474:King David 1352:all'antica 1348:sarcophagi 1266:North Seas 1230:required. 1029:Scenes of 973:Detail of 959:disparaged 924:embroidery 877:Viking art 865:Gothic art 780:Naturalist 760:Figurative 679:Techniques 647:Manichaean 625:Protestant 575:Australian 371:Vietnamese 361:Indonesian 266:Phoenician 212:Minimalism 197:Postmodern 160:Decorative 125:Revivalism 86:Romanesque 9133:Shock art 9123:Queer art 9103:Naïve art 9086:Modernism 8918:Superflat 8908:Sound art 8888:Post-YBAs 8873:Neomodern 8714:Verdadism 8684:Superflat 8533:1970–1999 8497:in the US 8417:Video art 8340:Happening 8313:1960–1969 8105:1945–1959 7768:1915–1944 7759:Vorticism 7711:A Nyolcak 7573:1900–1914 7545:Les Nabis 7476:Symbolism 7432:Amsterdam 7382:Japonisme 7352:1863–1899 7314:in Greece 7174:to modern 7019:Caribbean 6964:Goût grec 6886:Capriccio 6840:Tenebrism 6789:Turquerie 6687:Mannerism 6582:Medieval 6439:Byzantine 6420:Mozarabic 6371:Ethiopian 6275:Neo-Attic 6258:"Baroque" 6243:Classical 6213:Geometric 6191:Mycenaean 6138:(Western) 6136:Premodern 6107:Premodern 5972:Dark Ages 5881:Household 5876:Hastilude 5645:Feudalism 5088:(1955) , 4687:159967778 4295:, ch. 2; 3989:, ch. 2; 3298:Dark Ages 3188:encaustic 3140:goldsmith 2984:blockbook 2947:Pisanello 2860:, with a 2787:sculpture 2666:Reliquary 2662:Mosan art 2621:, or the 2611:Mosan art 2550:Mosan art 2501:matching 2445:like the 2437:like the 2306:from the 2114:Crusaders 1999:interlace 1914:like the 1904:interlace 1757:Byzantine 1694:barbarian 1388:Ascension 1331:Roman art 1242:matchbook 1134:gold leaf 1044:bourgeois 957:was then 947:classical 896:metalwork 884:sculpture 775:Narrative 685:Sculpture 615:Christian 603:Religions 478:Byzantine 391:Cambodian 386:Malaysian 341:Bhutanese 299:Hong Kong 155:Symbolism 103:Mannerism 9163:Category 9113:Portrait 9034:Folk art 8982:Anti-art 8913:Stuckism 8826:Idea art 8747:Art game 8699:Artivism 8587:Punk art 8565:Sots Art 8550:Artscene 8407:Land art 8345:Neo-Dada 8277:Lettrism 8171:Nuagisme 8156:Tachisme 8037:Nazi art 7830:De Stijl 7744:Rayonism 7734:Art Deco 7722:Futurism 7513:Luminism 7481:Romanian 7466:Tonalism 7437:Canadian 7415:American 7321:Neo-Grec 6929:Rocaille 6758:Romanism 6692:Counter- 6626:Trecento 6566:Duecento 6556:Crusades 6488:Ottonian 6466:Frankish 6346:Medieval 6329:Trajanic 6289:Scythian 6284:Etruscan 6176:Cycladic 6154:Thracian 6055:Category 6022:Timeline 5911:Minstrel 5906:Medicine 5788:Chivalry 5743:Burgundy 5665:Crusades 5308:(1984), 5288:The Icon 5231:(1977), 5208:(1975), 5176:(1968), 5137:(1913), 4967:(1982), 4919:(1998), 4679:40345545 4599:Archived 4507:Archived 4181:Archived 4168:, 1984, 4082:Archived 4072:Archived 4023:Archived 3855:Archived 3836:Sicilian 3750:Archived 3732:Archived 3660:See also 3421:, 1860s. 3167:woodcuts 3128:Flanders 2966:Florence 2927:Trecento 2849:'s huge 2723:Apostles 2594:typology 2554:heresies 2515:Poitiers 2423:tympanum 2415:capitals 2375:Tympanum 2253:westwork 2171:ornament 2162:Valencia 2071:Kairouan 1908:brooches 1812:Diademed 1580:folk art 1576:ceramics 1446:triptych 1432:962–973. 1422:Ottonian 1303:roundels 1238:woodcuts 1201:croziers 1126:tesserae 965:Overview 937:and the 912:tapestry 908:textiles 765:Funerary 738:Abstract 690:Painting 620:Catholic 610:Buddhist 585:Hawaiian 488:Ottonian 453:Scythian 438:Etruscan 433:Cycladic 413:Bruneian 366:Filipino 311:Japanese 241:Egyptian 76:Medieval 38:Monreale 9128:Realism 8725:present 8452:Nut Art 8255:Pop art 8193:Mono-ha 8061:The Ten 8010:Kapists 7956:Iranian 7909:Bauhaus 7703:Orphism 7649:Fauvism 7486:Russian 7376:Nihonga 7290:Verismo 7275:Realism 7209:Purismo 7122:Moorish 7117:Islamic 7024:Haitian 6815:Baroque 6694:Maniera 6578:Mudéjar 6503:Spanish 6415:Pictish 6398:Lombard 6393:Insular 6334:Severan 6299:Gaulish 6294:Iberian 6223:Archaic 6166:Nuragic 6146:Ancient 6129:periods 5965:Related 5951:Warfare 5946:Theatre 5936:Slavery 5931:Science 5886:Hunting 5851:Cuisine 5824:Culture 5763:Castile 5758:England 4279:Mack, 4 3830:in the 3780:Bibcode 3623:Austria 3574:, Paris 3461:frescos 3390:Ivanhoe 3306:Raphael 3290:knights 3111:Joachim 3103:in the 3048:woodcut 2894:Cimabue 2803:reredos 2795:facades 2791:portals 2721:to the 2676:, 1205. 2674:Tournai 2641:psalter 2627:Cologne 2571:French 2531:portico 2521:of the 2497:facing 2419:portals 2408:vaulted 2267:reliefs 2223:of the 2131:Moissac 2110:Balkans 2102:Manises 2075:Tunisia 2029:Moissac 1891:of the 1876:Matthew 1607:Georgia 1599:Armenia 1588:Ottoman 1544:mosques 1540:mosaics 1536:frescos 1499:Ravenna 1334:Empire— 1270:Flemish 1258:Vistula 1170:pigment 1130:mosaics 1106:Avignon 1097:Norwich 1082:of the 1069:reliefs 1061:Baroque 989:, 1338. 981:in the 941:of the 900:mosaics 869:nations 824:of the 695:Pottery 637:Islamic 468:Iberian 381:Myanmar 321:Tibetan 294:Chinese 271:Ottoman 256:Arabian 251:Persian 246:Hittite 226:Regions 175:Fauvism 135:Realism 110:Baroque 71:Ancient 9076:Kitsch 8935:Toyism 8427:Fluxus 8357:Op art 7926:Mingei 7860:Stupid 7838:Purism 7693:Cubism 7342:Modern 7134:Mughal 6924:Rococo 6529:Gothic 6510:Norman 6434:Viking 6388:Hunnic 6366:Coptic 6181:Minoan 6171:Aegean 6159:Dacian 6111:Modern 6045:Portal 5926:Poetry 5753:France 5389: 5369: 5333: 5316: 5294: 5257: 5239: 5218: 5195: 5154: 5123: 5105: 5066: 5045: 5022: 4996: 4975: 4945: 4927: 4899: 4868: 4851: 4831: 4802: 4784: 4740: 4710: 4685: 4677: 4640: 4617: 4609: 4570: 4462: 4398: 4267: 4220: 4212: 4172: 4152: 4120: 3873: 3497:, the 3375:, and 3338:relics 3267:, see 3101:Matins 2996:prints 2935:Giotto 2902:Giotto 2898:Duccio 2851:Maestà 2847:Duccio 2615:enamel 2525:, the 2455:bronze 2393:below. 2336:Beatus 2135:lintel 2100:dish, 2087:Venice 2081:, the 2054:Jewish 1846:Sweden 1712:, and 1555:Coptic 1299:relief 1262:Baltic 1228:vellum 1224:calves 1205:relief 1048:clergy 979:fresco 904:fresco 863:, and 657:Taoist 590:Papuan 556:Muisca 517:Yoruba 493:Viking 448:Celtic 443:Dacian 428:Minoan 336:Indian 316:Korean 304:Taiwan 185:Cubism 145:Modern 115:Rococo 91:Gothic 42:Sicily 8723:2000– 8166:COBRA 7160:Uki-e 7150:Japan 7139:Qajar 6498:Mosan 6304:Roman 6198:Greek 5956:Women 5916:Music 5871:Domes 5861:Dance 5748:Milan 5354:JSTOR 4683:S2CID 4675:JSTOR 4421:Dijon 3707:Notes 3377:Pugin 3224:The " 3190:, at 3136:guild 3012:Pietà 2889:icons 2690:Jonah 2539:Capua 2527:crypt 2513:near 2474:crypt 2264:ivory 2199:from 2143:diwan 2063:tiles 1844:from 1804:sceat 1772:Picts 1761:sceat 1749:coins 1732:from 1686:boars 1603:Syria 1495:icons 1430:Milan 1340:Syria 1336:Egypt 1234:Paper 1189:Ivory 1143:usury 1035:ivory 770:Naïve 732:Types 667:Vodun 662:Vodou 632:Hindu 561:Inuit 522:Benin 473:Roman 458:Greek 396:Khmer 346:Newar 9012:Icon 8335:ZERO 8093:and 7990:Asso 7814:Dada 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