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543:(SRT). The system has a maximum field-of-view of about 100 square degrees and a collecting area of approximately 27400 square meters and is capable of providing up to 22880 beams, each 4 by 4 arcminutes wide. Tracking the sequence of beams that are illuminated, makes it possible for the system to track with a higher level of detail, with respect to the single-beam systems, the
402:
antennas. This installation will have an effective area much larger than any other remote LOFAR station. If extended to the whole 22000 square meters area of the east–west arm, this single element effective area of 20 standard remote LOFAR stations. The resulting system will provide significant improvement in observation sensitivity.
401:
SuperStation, due to the good performances of a cylindrical-parabolic antenna in the 100–700 MHz frequency range. Since LOFAR operates in the 120–240 MHz range, some of the sensors on the
Northern Cross Radio Telescope, optimized for 408 MHz, will have to be replaced with broadband
440:-funded SKADS (SKA Design Studies) programme. The project started in 2005 and finished in 2009. It involved the installation of the new receivers on some reflectors of the north–south section (and later east–west section) of the Northern Cross telescope, along with new analog
534:
The
Northern Cross radio telescope has also been part of space debris tracking studies, utilized as a multiple-beam receiver for a bistatic radar system. The first tested configuration is a quasi-monostatic radar system with a 3 m dish as the transmitter, located in
924:
378:, the amount of radiation that can be gathered with the Northern Cross is much greater, proportional to the mirror surface of approximately 27400 square meters. Northern Cross represents the largest UHF-band antenna in the
925:
Pupillo, G. and
Salerno, E. and Bartolini, M. and Di Martino, M. and Mattana, A. and Montebugnoli, S. and Portelli, C. and Pluchino, S. and Schilliro, F. and Konovalenko, A. and Nabatov, A. and Nechaeva, M. (2012).
499:, where the transmitting and receiving antennas are kept fixed at a given position and the debris pass in and out of the observed area. The measurements obtain through such a system can be used to determine object
487:, where an emitter located in a different location sends a signal, which bounces off objects in orbit and the echo is picked up by a receiver. The 32-meter dish acts as a receiver, while usually the
511:
and target rotation. In one of the carried-out tests, Yevpatoria-Medicina system was able to detect an object with an estimated radar cross-section of 0.0002 square meters, which was created by the
429:
input for the SKA. The
Medicina Radio Observatory is studying all problems related to "antenna array implementation" through a prototype installation called MAD (Medicina Array Demonstrator).
1931:
669:
335:), corresponding to 73.5 cm wavelength. The older receivers of the telescope function with a 2.5 MHz wide frequency band, while the upgraded parts have a 16 MHz
1047:
539:– 20 km from the receiver. The second configuration was a simulation of a true bistatic radar system with 7 m dish as the transmitter located at the site of the
547:
of a transiting object. The
Northern Cross radio telescope in a bistatic radar configuration is also part of the Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) segment of the
1589:
1481:
670:
A. Morselli and R. Armellin and P. Di Lizia and F. Bernelli-Zazzera and E. Salerno and G. Bianchi and S. Montebugnoli and A. Magro and K.Z. Adami (2014).
524:
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495:, functions as a transmitter. The systems can either actively track debris to determine their orbit more precisely or utilize a technique called
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390:. This allows the Northern Cross to identify and measure extremely faint sources, making the telescope is particularly suitable to
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425:. The work is focused on studying the amplification and filtering of signals between the LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) output and the
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339:. The telescope is steerable only in declination, meaning that it can solely observe objects that are culminating on the local
50:
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in
Italian) is one of the largest transit radio telescopes in the world. Observations are focused around 408 MHz (
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in the north–south direction, and 4 arcminutes in the east–west direction. While less than the resolution of large
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digital finks from the front-end receiver boxes to the back-ends. The BEST project was divided in three parts:
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672:"Orbit determination of space debris using a bi-static radar configuration with a multiple-beam receiver"
426:
398:
1905:
824:
Montebugnoli, S. and
Bianchi, G. and Monari, J. and Naldi, G. and Perini, F. and Schiaffino, M. (2009).
714:"Electromagnetic development of broadband antenna feeding arrays for the Northern Cross Radio Telescope"
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optimized for 120–240 MHz, along with 18 receivers were installed on part of the east–west arm.
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There is an ongoing effort to use the 32-meter dish as a receiver for radar-based tracking of
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of 55.47 degrees (east–west) by 1.8 degrees (north–south). The resolution is around 4–5
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BEST-1 – 4 new receivers were installed on a single reflector of the north–south arm.
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The observatory staff have also built new receiver demonstrators for the SKA called
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2020:
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928:"The INAF contribution to the ASI Space Debris program: observational activities"
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The telescope can provide 22880 possible theoretical independent beams and has a
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BEST-2 – 32 receivers were installed on 8 reflectors of the north–south arm.
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cylindrical-parabolic transit radio telescope for observing at 408
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BEST-3lo focused on lower frequencies – between 120 and 240 MHz.
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835:
Wide Field
Astronomy & Technology for the Square Kilometre Array
2080:
1932:
Special
Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
1822:
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76:
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528:
492:
217:
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248:. It is operated by the Institute for Radio Astronomy of the
646:"ATel #16130: Four new bursts from FRB 20220912A at 408 MHz"
397:
There are plans upgrade of the east–west arm telescope to a
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294:
282:
267:. The 32-m antenna is used as a single-dish instrument for
249:
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548:
311:
264:
1590:
Combined Array for
Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
971:"Europe's Radar Space Surveillance and Tracking Sensors"
327:(also known as the Medicina Northern Cross (MNC)) (and
244:
is an astronomical observatory located 30 km from
935:
Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana Supplementi
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304:
564 by 640 m (30000 square meter) multi-element
1226:
421:
The Cross is currently used as a pathfinder for the
405:
306:
525:Ventspils Starptautiskais Radioastronomijas Centrs
196:
1694:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
386:of 60%, making it second in the world, after the
318:
2361:
358:N/S (north–south) arm – Array of 64 reflectors
1580:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
1193:Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory
679:International Astronautical Congress, IAC 2014
665:
663:
661:
659:
519:using the 32-meter receivers at Medicina, the
513:Iridium 33 and Kosmos-2251 satellite collision
436:(Basic Element for SKA Training), part of the
1264:
1041:
619:
617:
615:
343:. The telescope is T-shaped and consists of:
1570:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
955:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
847:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16:Astronomical observatory near Bologna, Italy
1364:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1011:Medicina Radio Astronomical Station website
656:
1271:
1257:
1178:Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory
1048:
1034:
963:
612:
171:
151:
60:
28:
796:
751:
1684:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
1521:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
777:
775:
466:
409:
1123:Helmut Ullrich Astronomical Observatory
1098:Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
347:E/W (east–west) arm – Single reflector
2362:
918:
564:Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
263:for observing between 1.4 and 23
205:Location of Medicina Radio Observatory
51:Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
2385:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2185:Cosmic microwave background radiation
1922:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
1644:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
1252:
1029:
772:
552:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2250:
1898:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1792:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
827:BEST: Basic Element for SKA Training
515:. The system can also function as a
285:experiments and radar monitoring of
169:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
2380:Buildings and structures in Bologna
2375:Astronomical observatories in Italy
1890:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
1278:
1208:Astronomical Observatory of Trieste
1063:Astronomical observatories in Italy
252:(INAF) of the government of Italy.
250:National Institute for Astrophysics
56:National Institute for Astrophysics
13:
1724:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
1128:International Latitude Observatory
1118:European Gravitational Observatory
14:
2401:
1560:Australia Telescope Compact Array
1382:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
1325:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
1103:Catania Astrophysical Observatory
992:
804:"Receiver Design and Development"
681:. Toronto, Canada. pp. 1–11.
406:Square Kilometre Array pathfinder
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2249:
2240:
2239:
1229:
1198:Sormano Astronomical Observatory
1168:Palermo Astronomical Observatory
1078:Asiago Astrophysical Observatory
1057:
998:
271:observations (such as water and
216:
195:
188:
1614:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1482:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
1143:Merate Astronomical Observatory
897:
876:
855:
817:
1714:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
1550:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1088:Brera Astronomical Observatory
730:
706:
685:
638:
591:
325:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
319:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
1:
1113:Collurania-Teramo Observatory
584:
166:Medicina 32-m radio telescope
2164:Gravitational-wave astronomy
1742:Primeval Structure Telescope
937:. Vol. 20. p. 43.
740:. Medicina Radio Observatory
695:. Medicina Radio Observatory
627:. Medicina Radio Observatory
601:. Medicina Radio Observatory
483:. The system functions as a
81:Metropolitan City of Bologna
7:
2076:Christiaan Alexander Muller
1942:Vermilion River Observatory
1850:Algonquin Radio Observatory
1315:Astronomical interferometer
1108:Cima Ekar Observing Station
557:
503:, time of peak occurrence,
427:analog-to-digital converter
10:
2406:
2390:Interferometric telescopes
1416:Large Millimeter Telescope
1138:Medicina Radio Observatory
1005:Medicina Radio Observatory
362:23.5 m (4096 dipoles)
242:Medicina Radio Observatory
23:Medicina Radio Observatory
2235:
2172:
2134:
1988:
1953:
1840:
1805:
1704:Murchison Widefield Array
1624:Green Bank Interferometer
1532:
1448:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
1354:
1339:
1331:Astronomical radio source
1286:
1224:
1068:
833:. SKADS Conference 2009.
759:"Technology Developments"
650:The Astronomer's Telegram
227:
214:
183:
159:
130:
91:
72:
43:
27:
1914:Onsala Space Observatory
1906:Nançay Radio Observatory
1882:Jodrell Bank Observatory
1782:Very Long Baseline Array
1458:Sardinia Radio Telescope
1158:Orioloromano Observatory
579:Sardinia Radio Telescope
569:List of radio telescopes
541:Sardinia Radio Telescope
222:Related media on Commons
2144:Submillimetre astronomy
1756:Australia, South Africa
1608:Event Horizon Telescope
1188:San Vittore Observatory
1148:Monte Mario Observatory
388:Arecibo radio telescope
293:mode it functions as a
1866:Green Bank Observatory
1752:Square Kilometre Array
1163:Osservatorio Ximeniano
1153:Noto Radio Observatory
1021:Northern Cross website
574:Noto Radio Observatory
521:Noto Radio Observatory
423:Square Kilometre Array
418:
392:extragalactic research
2159:High-energy astronomy
2046:Sebastian von Hoerner
1654:Long Wavelength Array
1600:European VLBI Network
1540:Allen Telescope Array
1440:Qitai Radio Telescope
973:. ESA. Archived from
473:artificial satellites
467:Space debris tracking
460:Log periodic antennas
413:
299:European VLBI Network
297:station, part of the
2227:Solar radio emission
2016:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
1874:Haystack Observatory
1408:Green Bank Telescope
1392:Effelsberg Telescope
1213:Observatory of Turin
1093:Cagliari Observatory
1007:at Wikimedia Commons
693:"LOFAR SuperStation"
2200:Pulsar timing array
2006:Edward George Bowen
1996:Elizabeth Alexander
1858:Arecibo Observatory
1762:Submillimeter Array
1664:Low-Frequency Array
1634:Korean VLBI Network
1500:Southern Hemisphere
1411:(West Virginia, US)
1218:Vatican Observatory
1173:Panzano Observatory
1073:Arcetri Observatory
943:2012MSAIS..20...43P
837:. pp. 331–336.
501:radar cross-section
489:Yevpatoria 70 meter
384:aperture efficiency
380:Northern hemisphere
255:The site includes:
115:44.5208°N 11.6469°E
111: /
24:
2180:Aperture synthesis
2149:Infrared astronomy
2086:Joseph Lade Pawsey
2056:Kenneth Kellermann
2026:Nan Dieter-Conklin
1734:One-Mile Telescope
1513:Parkes Observatory
419:
376:optical telescopes
341:celestial meridian
287:Near Earth Objects
259:32-metre diameter
22:
2263:
2262:
2205:Radio propagation
2154:Optical astronomy
2051:Karl Guthe Jansky
1861:(Puerto Rico, US)
1836:
1835:
1628:West Virginia, US
1377:(Puerto Rico, US)
1374:Arecibo Telescope
1246:
1245:
1133:La Specola, Padua
1083:Bassano Bresciano
1003:Media related to
523:in Italy and the
517:multistatic radar
261:parabolic antenna
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2220:HD 164595 signal
2195:Odd radio circle
2173:Related articles
2091:Ruby Payne-Scott
2021:Arthur Covington
2011:Ronald Bracewell
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2096:Arno Penzias
2036:Cyril Hazard
1678:South Africa
1469:(Uzbekistan)
1309:Radio window
1237:Italy portal
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979:. Retrieved
975:the original
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44:Organization
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2306:Spaceflight
2215:Wow! signal
2106:Martin Ryle
2101:Grote Reber
2031:Frank Drake
1972:(Australia)
1806:Space-based
1796:Netherlands
1668:Netherlands
1638:South Korea
1516:(Australia)
1466:Suffa RT-70
719:. IEIIT-CNR
599:"Home page"
491:located in
481:Earth orbit
442:fiber-optic
416:Paolo Monti
118: /
93:Coordinates
36:Paolo Monti
19:Observatory
2364:Categories
2137:EM methods
1357:telescopes
1355:Individual
981:2015-05-04
911:2015-05-22
907:. IRA-INAF
905:"BEST-3lo"
890:2015-05-22
886:. IRA-INAF
869:2015-05-22
865:. IRA-INAF
810:2015-05-02
806:. IRA-INAF
789:2015-05-22
785:. IRA-INAF
765:2015-05-02
761:. IRA-INAF
744:2015-04-30
723:2015-04-30
699:2015-05-02
631:2015-04-30
605:2015-04-30
585:References
382:, with an
372:arcminutes
160:Telescopes
106:11°38′49″E
103:44°31′15″N
2342:Education
2282:Astronomy
2121:Paul Wild
1954:Multi-use
1934:(SAORAS,
1708:Australia
1696:(MERLIN,
1688:Australia
1574:Australia
1564:Australia
1493:(Ukraine)
1485:(Ukraine)
1395:(Germany)
951:cite news
497:beam park
414:Photo by
337:bandwidth
34:Photo by
2245:Category
2081:Jan Oort
1980:(Canada)
1964:(Canada)
1917:(Sweden)
1909:(France)
1853:(Canada)
1823:Spektr-R
1666:(LOFAR,
1646:(LLAMA,
1603:(Europe)
1592:(CARMA,
1582:(CHIME,
1572:(ASKAP,
1419:(Mexico)
1403:(Russia)
1287:Concepts
884:"BEST-2"
863:"BEST-1"
558:See also
333:UHF band
273:methanol
73:Location
2354:Science
2268:Portals
2255:Commons
1794:(WSRT,
1784:(VLBA,
1744:(PaST,
1686:(MOST,
1674:MeerKAT
1616:(GMRT,
1562:(ATCA,
1552:(ALMA,
1505:HartRAO
1477:(Japan)
1461:(Italy)
1443:(China)
1435:(India)
1366:(FAST,
1319:History
1293:Units (
939:Bibcode
554:(SSA).
537:Bagnara
446:coaxial
360:640 m x
353:dipoles
349:560 m x
131:Website
87:, Italy
77:Bologna
1989:People
1936:Russia
1926:Russia
1827:Russia
1774:(VLA,
1764:(SMA,
1754:(SKA,
1728:France
1706:(MWA,
1656:(LWA,
1636:(KVN,
1626:(GBI,
1584:Canada
1542:(ATA,
1452:Russia
1384:(CSO,
1327:(VLBI)
1299:jansky
529:Latvia
493:Crimea
301:(EVN).
289:. In
215:
146:/index
58:
38:, 1974
2294:Stars
1817:Japan
1813:HALCA
1746:China
1718:Italy
1618:India
1610:(EHT)
1554:Chile
1368:China
931:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
717:(PDF)
675:(PDF)
399:LOFAR
276:maser
229:[
148:.html
142:.inaf
2210:SETI
1977:PARL
1961:DRAO
1945:(US)
1901:(US)
1893:(UK)
1885:(UK)
1877:(US)
1869:(US)
1737:(UK)
1524:(NZ)
1427:(UK)
1346:List
1297:and
1295:watt
957:link
849:link
475:and
444:and
434:BEST
323:The
295:VLBI
283:SETI
240:The
140:.ira
138:.med
549:ESA
527:in
479:in
312:MHz
281:),
265:GHz
144:.it
136:www
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1698:UK
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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