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operation of the one-way wall relies on an irreversible atomic and molecular process of absorption of a photon at a specific wavelength, followed by spontaneous emission to a different internal state. The irreversible process is coupled to a conservative force created by magnetic fields and/or light. Raizen and collaborators proposed using the one-way wall in order to reduce the entropy of an ensemble of atoms. In parallel, Gonzalo Muga and
Andreas Ruschhaupt independently developed a similar concept. Their "atom diode" was not proposed for cooling, but rather for regulating the flow of atoms. The Raizen Group demonstrated significant cooling of atoms with the one-way wall in a series of experiments in 2008. Subsequently, the operation of a one-way wall for atoms was demonstrated by Daniel Steck and collaborators later in 2008. Their experiment was based on the 2005 scheme for the one-way wall, and was not used for cooling. The cooling method realized by the Raizen Group was called "single-photon cooling", because only one photon on average is required in order to bring an atom to near-rest. This is in contrast to other
554:
entropy by applying feedback. The demon is based on two capacitively coupled single-electron devices, both integrated on the same electronic circuit. The operation of the demon is directly observed as a temperature drop in the system, with a simultaneous temperature rise in the demon arising from the thermodynamic cost of generating the mutual information. In 2016, Pekola et al. demonstrated a proof-of-principle of an autonomous demon in coupled single-electron circuits, showing a way to cool critical elements in a circuit with information as a fuel. Pekola et al. have also proposed that a simple qubit circuit, e.g., made of a superconducting circuit, could provide a basis to study a quantum
Szilard's engine.
171:... if we conceive of a being whose faculties are so sharpened that he can follow every molecule in its course, such a being, whose attributes are as essentially finite as our own, would be able to do what is impossible to us. For we have seen that molecules in a vessel full of air at uniform temperature are moving with velocities by no means uniform, though the mean velocity of any great number of them, arbitrarily selected, is almost exactly uniform. Now let us suppose that such a vessel is divided into two portions,
338:. Szilárd pointed out that a real-life Maxwell's demon would need to have some means of measuring molecular speed, and that the act of acquiring information would require an expenditure of energy. Since the demon and the gas are interacting, we must consider the total entropy of the gas and the demon combined. The expenditure of energy by the demon will cause an increase in the entropy of the demon, which will be larger than the lowering of the entropy of the gas.
20:
546:, does not result in a net decrease in entropy, and cannot be used to produce useful energy. This is because the process requires more energy from the laser beams than could be produced by the temperature difference generated. The atoms absorb low entropy photons from the laser beam and emit them in a random direction, thus increasing the entropy of the environment.
353:, this also meant that the recorded measurement must not be erased. In other words, to determine whether to let a molecule through, the demon must acquire information about the state of the molecule and either discard it or store it. Discarding it leads to immediate increase in entropy, but the demon cannot store it indefinitely. In 1982,
91:. Most scientists argue that, on theoretical grounds, no practical device can violate the second law in this way. Other researchers have implemented forms of Maxwell's demon in experiments, though they all differ from the thought experiment to some extent and none has been shown to violate the second law.
314:
will not actually be violated, if a more complete analysis is made of the whole system including the demon. The essence of the physical argument is to show, by calculation, that any demon must "generate" more entropy segregating the molecules than it could ever eliminate by the method described. That
537:
In 2006, Raizen, Muga, and
Ruschhaupt showed in a theoretical paper that as each atom crosses the one-way wall, it scatters one photon, and information is provided about the turning point and hence the energy of that particle. The entropy increase of the radiation field scattered from a directional
421:
for each subsystem should be modified, and for the case of external control a second-law like inequality and a generalized fluctuation theorem with mutual information are satisfied. For more general information processes including biological information processing, both inequality and equality with
357:
showed that, however well prepared, eventually the demon will run out of information storage space and must begin to erase the information it has previously gathered. Erasing information is a thermodynamically irreversible process that increases the entropy of a system. Although
Bennett had reached
392:
cannot be violated by the demon, and derive further properties of the demon from this assumption, including the necessity of consuming energy when erasing information, etc. It would therefore be circular to invoke these derived properties to defend the second law from the demonic argument. Bennett
55:
In the thought experiment, a demon controls a door between two chambers containing gas. As individual gas molecules (or atoms) approach the door, the demon quickly opens and closes the door to allow only fast-moving molecules to pass through in one direction, and only slow-moving molecules to pass
449:
exists, Zurab
Silagadze proposes that demons can be envisaged, "which can act like perpetuum mobiles of the second kind: extract heat energy from only one reservoir, use it to do work and be isolated from the rest of ordinary world. Yet the Second Law is not violated because the demons pay their
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et al. demonstrated an experimental realization of a Szilárd engine. Only a year later and based on an earlier theoretical proposal, the same group presented the first experimental realization of an autonomous
Maxwell's demon, which extracts microscopic information from a system and reduces its
529:
developed a laser atomic cooling technique which realizes the process
Maxwell envisioned of sorting individual atoms in a gas into different containers based on their energy. The new concept is a one-way wall for atoms or molecules that allows them to move in one direction, but not go back. The
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pre-eminent in this class) as tending to reverse this process, a
Maxwell's demon of history. Adams made many attempts to respond to the criticism of his formulation from his scientific colleagues, but the work remained incomplete at his death in 1918 and was published posthumously.
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This technique is widely described as a "Maxwell's demon" because it realizes
Maxwell's process of creating a temperature difference by sorting high and low energy atoms into different containers. However, scientists have pointed out that it does not violate the
156:, when brought into contact with each other and isolated from the rest of the Universe, will evolve to a thermodynamic equilibrium in which both bodies have approximately the same temperature. The second law is also expressed as the assertion that in an
417:) between the engine and the demon increases, decreasing the entropy of the system in an amount given by the mutual information. If the correlation changes, thermodynamic relations such as the second law of thermodynamics and the
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1017:
Szilard, Leo (1929). "Ăśber die
Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen (On the reduction of entropy in a thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings)".
508:
Leigh made a minor change to the axle so that if a light is shone on the device, the center of the axle will thicken, restricting the motion of the ring. It keeps the ring from moving, however, only if it is at
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and get stuck there, creating an imbalance in the system. In his experiments, Leigh was able to take a pot of "billions of these devices" from 50:50 equilibrium to a 70:30 imbalance within a few minutes.
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for small fluctuating systems has provided deeper insight on each information process with each subsystem. From this viewpoint, the measurement process is regarded as a process where the correlation (
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have their entropy-lowering effects duly balanced by increase of entropy elsewhere. Molecular-sized mechanisms are no longer found only in biology; they are also the subject of the emerging field of
497:. Particles from either site would bump into the ring and move it from end to end. If a large collection of these devices were placed in a system, half of the devices had the ring at site
358:
the same conclusion as Szilard's 1929 paper, that a Maxwellian demon could not violate the second law because entropy would be created, he had reached it for different reasons. Regarding
179:, by a division in which there is a small hole, and that a being, who can see the individual molecules, opens and closes this hole, so as to allow only the swifter molecules to pass from
126:
In his letters and books, Maxwell described the agent opening the door between the chambers as a "finite being". Being a deeply religious man, he never used the word "demon". Instead,
60:
of a gas depends on the velocities of its constituent molecules, the demon's actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total
405:
Although the argument by Landauer and Bennett only answers the consistency between the second law of thermodynamics and the whole cyclic process of the entire system of a
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The demon must allow molecules to pass in both directions in order to produce only a temperature difference; one-way passage only of faster-than-average molecules from
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2002:
Bissell, Richard A; CĂłrdova, Emilio; Kaifer, Angel E.; Stoddart, J. Fraser (12 May 1994). "A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle".
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Koski, J.V.; Kutvonen, A.; Khaymovich, I.M.; Ala-Nissila, T.; Pekola, J.P. (2015). "On-Chip Maxwell's Demon as an Information-Powered Refrigerator".
442:. Single-atom traps used by particle physicists allow an experimenter to control the state of individual quanta in a way similar to Maxwell's demon.
349:. He suggested these "reversible" measurements could be used to sort the molecules, violating the Second Law. However, due to the connection between
167:
Maxwell conceived a thought experiment as a way of furthering the understanding of the second law. His description of the experiment is as follows:
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350:
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in 1867. In his first letter, Maxwell referred to the entity as a "finite being" or a "being who can play a game of skill with the molecules".
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raised an exception to this argument. He realized that some measuring processes need not increase thermodynamic entropy as long as they were
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is, it would take more thermodynamic work to gauge the speed of the molecules and selectively allow them to pass through the opening between
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confirmed that in order to approach the Landauer's limit, the system must asymptotically approach zero processing speed. Recently,
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laser into a random direction is exactly balanced by the entropy reduction of the atoms as they are trapped by the one-way wall.
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they will have slowed down on average. Since average molecular speed corresponds to temperature, the temperature decreases in
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Armen E Allahverdyan, Dominik Janzing and Guenter Mahler (2009). "Thermodynamic efficiency of information and heat flow".
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of measurements, which takes into account the reduction of information due to the correlation between the measurements.
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mutual information hold. When repeated measurements are performed, the entropy reduction of the system is given by the
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913:
743:
127:
1602:
Takahiro Sagawa & Masahito Ueda (2010). "Generalized Jarzynski Equality under Nonequilibrium Feedback Control".
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Naoto Shiraishi & Takahiro Sagawa (2015). "Fluctuation theorem for partially masked nonequilibrium dynamics".
2189:
1353:
Bennett, Charles H. (2002–2003). "Notes on Landauer's principle, reversible computation, and Maxwell's demon".
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2221:"Experimental Observation of the Role of Mutual Information in the Nonequilibrium Dynamics of a Maxwell Demon"
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
1824:
Ruiz-Pino, Natalia; Villarrubia-Moreno, Daniel; Prados, Antonio; Cao-GarcĂa, Francisco J. (2023-09-12).
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The second law of thermodynamics ensures (through statistical probability) that two bodies of different
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Pekola, J.P.; Golubev, D.S.; Averin, D.V. (5 Jan 2016). "Maxwell's demon based on a single qubit".
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have argued that Szilárd and Landauer's explanations of Maxwell's demon begin by assuming that the
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362:, the minimum energy dissipated by deleting information was experimentally measured by Eric Lutz
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565:, generally processes that run on servers to respond to users, are named for Maxwell's demon.
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explains the mechanism by which real systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.
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76:
69:
1951:
Serreli, V; Lee, CF; Kay, ER; Leigh, DA (February 2007). "A molecular information ratchet".
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techniques which use the momentum of the photon and require a two-level cycling transition.
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2831:"Exorcist XIV: The Wrath of Maxwell's Demon. Part II. From Szilard to Landauer and Beyond"
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1313:"Exorcist XIV: The Wrath of Maxwell's Demon. Part II. From Szilard to Landauer and Beyond"
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has also been invoked to resolve an apparently unrelated paradox of statistical physics,
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later acknowledged the validity of Earman and Norton's argument, while maintaining that
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entropy cost in the hidden (mirror) sector of the world by emitting mirror photons."
83:, which continues to the present day. It stimulated work on the relationship between
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Hugo Touchette & Seth Lloyd (2000). "Information-Theoretic Limits of Control".
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582:, though he misunderstood and misapplied the original principle. Adams interpreted
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guards a trapdoor between the two parts. When a faster-than-average molecule from
144:, a supernatural being working in the background, rather than a malevolent being.
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409:(a composite system of the engine and the demon), a recent approach based on the
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3050:"Breaking the Law – Can quantum mechanics + thermodynamics = perpetual motion?"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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flies towards the trapdoor, the demon opens it, and the molecule will fly from
116:
84:
1201:
3063:
2952:"Eaters of the lotus: Landauer's principle and the return of Maxwell's demon"
2795:"Exorcist XIV: The Wrath of Maxwell's Demon. Part I. From Maxwell to Szilard"
1900:
1454:
1271:"Exorcist XIV: The Wrath of Maxwell's Demon. Part I. From Maxwell to Szilard"
637:
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446:
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Real-life versions of Maxwellian demons occur, but all such "real demons" or
342:
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2320:
2099:
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Raizen, Mark G. (2011) "Demons, Entropy, and the Quest for Absolute Zero",
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2162:
2107:
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Raizen, Mark G. (June 12, 2009). "Comprehensive Control of Atomic Motion".
1980:
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One of the most famous responses to this question was suggested in 1929 by
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in 1871, before it was presented to the public in Maxwell's 1872 book on
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Maxwell's Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing
1972:
1928:
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In other words, Maxwell imagines one container divided into two parts,
2353:
Strasberg, P.; Schaller, G.; Brandes, T.; Esposito, M. (24 Jan 2013).
195:. He will thus, without expenditure of work, raise the temperature of
75:
The concept of Maxwell's demon has provoked substantial debate in the
2693:
2286:"Experimental realization of a Szilard engine with a single electron"
2023:
1914:
Silagadze, Z. K (2007). "Maxwell's demon through the looking glass".
1478:"Second Law of Thermodynamics with Discrete Quantum Feedback Control"
1192:
Ball, Philip (2012). "The unavoidable cost of computation revealed".
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2284:
Koski, J.V.; Maisi, V.F.; Pekola, J.P.; Averin, D.V. (23 Sep 2014).
19:
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2534:
2432:
2219:
Koski, J.V.; Maisi, V.F.; Sagava, T.; Pekola, J.P. (14 July 2014).
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Jarillo, Javier; Tangarife, Tomás; Cao, Francisco J. (2016-01-22).
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at equal temperatures and placed next to each other. Observing the
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Several physicists have presented calculations that show that the
2355:"Thermodynamics of a Physical Model Implementing a Maxwell Demon"
591:
583:
161:
61:
2352:
2927:" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Autumn 2009 Edition)
1228:"The reversibility paradox: Role of the velocity reversal step"
324:
141:
2045:
Katharine Sanderson (31 January 2007). "A demon of a device".
1715:
1068:"Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process"
130:
was the first to use it for Maxwell's concept, in the journal
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in this case) and therefore does not violate thermodynamics.
475:
298:
will cause higher temperature and pressure to develop on the
252:
2742:
Bennett, C. H. (1987) "Demons, Engines and the Second Law",
2001:
1779:"Efficiency at maximum power of a discrete feedback ratchet"
1601:
327:
gained by the difference of temperature caused by doing so.
243:
flies towards the trapdoor, the demon will let it pass from
470:. Leigh's device is able to drive a chemical system out of
987:
Bennett, Charles H.; Schumacher, Benjamin (August 2011).
963:
Thermodynamics of Information Processing in Small Systems
843:
Nineteenth Century Science: a Selection of Original Texts
216:
2756:
Binder, P.-M. (2008). "Reflections on a Wall of Light".
1540:
1227:
1052:
cited in Bennett 1987. English translation available as
1665:
Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment
489:
which could be placed on an axle connecting two sites,
203:, in contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics.
2283:
2218:
966:. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 9–14.
586:
as a process moving towards "equilibrium", but he saw
513:. Over time, therefore, the rings will be bumped from
111:
on 11 December 1867. It appeared again in a letter to
72:, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics.
23:
Schematic figure of Maxwell's demon thought experiment
716:
481:
Previously, researchers including Nobel Prize winner
462:
announced the creation of a nano-device based on the
239:. Likewise, when a slower-than-average molecule from
2828:
2792:
3037:
Does Nature Break the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
2738:
How Maxwell's Demon Continues to Startle Scientists
2572:
2519:
2044:
1776:
1355:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
1320:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
1278:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
578:, attempted to use Maxwell's demon as a historical
271:, contrary to the second law of thermodynamics. A
2866:
2638:Daub, E. E. (1967). "Atomism and Thermodynamics".
2599:, pp. 640–647; see also Daub (1970), reprinted in
2481:"Maxwell's demons realized in electronic circuits"
2131:"Demons, Entropy, and the Quest for Absolute Zero"
1950:
1883:Physics in mind : a quantum view of the brain
2925:"Information Processing and Thermodynamic Entropy
2688:Leff, Harvey S. & Andrew F. Rex, ed. (2002).
2669:Leff, Harvey S. & Andrew F. Rex, ed. (1990).
986:
94:
3061:
2671:Maxwell's Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing
980:
719:"Quote from undated letter from Maxwell to Tait"
628:Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory
474:, but it must be powered by an external source (
351:entropy in thermodynamics and information theory
2346:
2190:"Single-Photon Cooling: Making Maxwell's Demon"
1476:Sagawa, Takahiro; Ueda, Masahito (2008-02-26).
1413:"Thermodynamics of feedback controlled systems"
2930:
2864:
2479:Koski, J.V.; Pekola, J.P. (16 December 2016).
723:Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait
147:
3095:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics
2755:
748:"Kinetic theory of the dissipation of energy"
187:, and only the slower molecules to pass from
2891:
1352:
1310:
1268:
1233:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
1127:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
1120:"The thermodynamics of computation—a review"
876:
305:
3039:"; Scientific American, October 2008 :
2478:
1880:
1311:Earman, John & Norton, John D. (1999).
1269:Earman, John & Norton, John D. (1998).
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864:
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136:in 1874, and implied that he intended the
3044:Historical development of Maxwell's demon
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485:had created ring-shaped molecules called
275:operating between the thermal reservoirs
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18:
2713:The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma
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1075:IBM Journal of Research and Development
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1010:
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738:
736:
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2077:
1222:
959:
215:. Both parts are filled with the same
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1995:
1944:
1907:
1881:Loewenstein, Werner R. (2013-01-29).
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1404:
1402:
1346:
1304:
1262:
1185:
944:
883:"Demons, Engines, and the Second Law"
881:Bennett, Charles H. (November 1987).
840:
2939:, reprinted (2001) New York: Dover,
2937:. London, New York Longmans, Green.
2865:Feynman, R. P.; et al. (1996).
2829:Earman, J. & Norton, J. (1999).
2793:Earman, J. & Norton, J. (1998).
1411:Cao, F. J.; Feito, M. (2009-04-10).
1191:
1100:Vol. 44, No. 1, January 2000, p. 261
989:"Maxwell's demons appear in the lab"
931:
834:
794:
733:
710:
575:The Rule of Phase Applied to History
453:
782:
38:. It was proposed by the physicist
13:
1826:"Information in feedback ratchets"
1399:
910:10.1038/scientificamerican1187-108
648:Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
400:
287:from this temperature difference.
56:through in the other. Because the
14:
3111:
2894:Henry Adams: Scientific Historian
2731:
2155:10.1038/scientificamerican0311-54
68:, seemingly without applying any
3006:from the original on 2006-09-01.
2687:
2668:
2600:
2188:Orzel, Chad (January 25, 2010).
1695:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/09/P09011
938:
788:
2869:Feynman Lectures on Computation
1817:
1770:
1469:
1216:
505:, at any given moment in time.
429:
3100:Thought experiments in physics
3026:"Scientists build nanomachine"
2450:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.260602
2389:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.040601
2255:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.030601
2129:Raizen, Mark G. (March 2011).
1634:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.090602
1512:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.080403
802:"The sorting demon of Maxwell"
717:Cargill Gilston Knott (1911).
557:
411:non-equilibrium thermodynamics
95:Origin and history of the idea
1:
2858:10.1016/s1355-2198(98)00026-4
2822:10.1016/S1355-2198(98)00023-9
2621:
1385:10.1016/S1355-2198(03)00039-X
1340:10.1016/s1355-2198(98)00026-4
1298:10.1016/s1355-2198(98)00023-9
937:Maxwell (1871), reprinted in
259:will have increased while in
128:William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
34:that appears to disprove the
688:Second law of thermodynamics
544:second law of thermodynamics
390:second law of thermodynamics
347:thermodynamically reversible
312:second law of thermodynamics
223:on both sides, an imaginary
36:second law of thermodynamics
7:
2989:10.1016/j.shpsb.2004.12.002
2873:. Addison-Wesley. pp.
2631:Henry Adams and his Friends
1860:10.1103/PhysRevE.108.034112
1573:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1156
598:
366:in 2012. Furthermore, Lutz
148:Original thought experiment
103:first appeared in a letter
10:
3116:
2923:Maroney, O. J. E. (2009) "
2710:
2629:Cater, H. D., ed. (1947).
2628:
2612:
2596:
2552:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.024501
2506:10.1016/j.crhy.2016.08.011
1803:10.1103/PhysRevE.93.012142
1748:10.1103/PhysRevE.91.012130
1447:10.1103/PhysRevE.79.041118
1255:10.1007/s10773-023-05458-x
727:Cambridge University Press
16:Thought experiment of 1867
2637:
1885:. New York: Basic Books.
1202:10.1038/nature.2012.10186
960:Sagawa, Takahiro (2012).
306:Criticism and development
2673:. Bristol: Adam-Hilger.
2361:(Submitted manuscript).
1129:(Submitted manuscript).
1054:NASA document TT F-16723
704:
623:Dispersive mass transfer
2931:Maxwell, J. C. (1871).
2770:10.1126/science.1166681
2715:. New York: Kessinger.
2485:Comptes Rendus Physique
2420:Physical Review Letters
2359:Physical Review Letters
2321:10.1073/pnas.1406966111
2225:Physical Review Letters
2100:10.1126/science.1171506
1916:Acta Physica Polonica B
1604:Physical Review Letters
1543:Physical Review Letters
1482:Physical Review Letters
1118:Bennett, C. H. (1982).
841:Weber, Alan S. (2000).
424:entropy of the sequence
46:would later call it a "
2578:"Take Our Word for It"
1020:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik
663:Laws of thermodynamics
205:
24:
2892:Jordy, W. H. (1952).
2601:Leff & Rex (1990)
2057:10.1038/news070129-10
1066:Landauer, R. (1961).
939:Leff & Rex (1990)
789:Leff & Rex (2002)
283:could extract useful
169:
77:philosophy of science
22:
2194:Uncertain Principles
673:Photoelectric effect
653:Joule–Thomson effect
617:Chance and Necessity
572:, in his manuscript
563:Daemons in computing
395:Landauer's principle
372:Landauer's principle
360:Landauer's principle
255:of the molecules in
140:interpretation of a
3080:James Clerk Maxwell
3013:Scientific American
2971:2005SHPMP..36..375N
2950:Norton, J. (2005).
2850:1999SHPMP..30....1E
2814:1998SHPMP..29..435E
2764:(5906): 1334–1335.
2745:Scientific American
2574:Fernando J. CorbatĂł
2544:2016PhRvB..93b4501P
2497:2016CRPhy..17.1130K
2442:2015PhRvL.115z0602K
2381:2013PhRvL.110d0601S
2312:2014PNAS..11113786K
2247:2014PhRvL.113c0601K
2147:2011SciAm.304c..54R
2135:Scientific American
2092:2009Sci...324.1403R
2086:(5933): 1403–1406.
2016:1994Natur.369..133B
1973:10.1038/nature05452
1965:2007Natur.445..523S
1938:2007AcPPB..38..101S
1852:2023PhRvE.108c4112R
1795:2016PhRvE..93a2142J
1740:2015PhRvE..91a2130S
1687:2009JSMTE..09..011A
1626:2010PhRvL.104i0602S
1565:2000PhRvL..84.1156T
1504:2008PhRvL.100h0403S
1439:2009PhRvE..79d1118C
1377:2003SHPMP..34..501B
1332:1999SHPMP..30....1E
1290:1998SHPMP..29..435E
1246:2023IJTP...62..200B
1139:1982IJTP...21..905B
1032:1929ZPhy...53..840S
919:on December 3, 2020
902:1987SciAm.257e.108B
890:Scientific American
818:1879Natur..20Q.126.
766:1874Natur...9..441T
729:. pp. 213–215.
693:Thermionic emission
419:fluctuation theorem
376:Loschmidt’s paradox
323:than the amount of
113:John William Strutt
81:theoretical physics
58:kinetic temperature
40:James Clerk Maxwell
3070:1867 introductions
3032:, February 1, 2007
3024:Reaney, Patricia.
2711:Adams, H. (1919).
1157:10.1007/BF02084158
1105:2016-03-03 at the
1087:10.1147/rd.53.0183
1040:10.1007/bf01341281
1026:(11–12): 840–856.
812:(501): 126. 1879.
678:Quantum tunnelling
570:Henry Brooks Adams
415:mutual information
199:and lower that of
109:Peter Guthrie Tait
101:thought experiment
89:information theory
32:thought experiment
25:
3056:, October 7, 2000
3042:Splasho (2008) –
3035:Rubi, J Miguel, "
2913:"Maxwell's Demon"
2903:978-0-685-26683-0
2884:978-0-14-028451-5
2722:978-1-4179-1598-9
2703:978-0-7503-0759-8
2680:978-0-7503-0057-5
2522:Physical Review B
2491:(10): 1130–1138.
2010:(6476): 133–137.
1959:(7127): 523–527.
1830:Physical Review E
1783:Physical Review E
1718:Physical Review E
1417:Physical Review E
683:Schrödinger's cat
668:Mass spectrometry
590:nations (he felt
454:Experimental work
267:and increases in
164:never decreases.
3107:
3090:Perpetual motion
3075:Fictional demons
3007:
3005:
2982:
2956:
2938:
2920:
2915:. Archived from
2907:
2888:
2872:
2861:
2835:
2825:
2799:
2789:
2726:
2707:
2684:
2665:
2634:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2537:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2374:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2305:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2240:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2185:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:10.1038/369133a0
1999:
1993:
1992:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1845:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1619:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1556:chao-dyn/9905039
1549:(6): 1156–1159.
1538:
1532:
1531:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1432:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1167:. Archived from
1150:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
993:
984:
978:
977:
957:
942:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
918:
912:. Archived from
887:
878:
851:
850:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:10.1038/020126a0
798:
792:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:10.1038/009441c0
760:(232): 441–444.
746:(9 April 1874).
744:Thomson, William
740:
731:
730:
714:
606:Brownian ratchet
464:Brownian ratchet
445:If hypothetical
436:molecular demons
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3060:
3059:
3003:
2980:10.1.1.468.3017
2954:
2904:
2885:
2833:
2797:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2704:
2681:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2518:
2514:
2477:
2473:
2416:
2412:
2351:
2347:
2296:(38): 13786–9.
2282:
2278:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2127:
2123:
2076:
2072:
2043:
2039:
2000:
1996:
1949:
1945:
1929:physics/0608114
1912:
1908:
1893:
1879:
1875:
1822:
1818:
1775:
1771:
1714:
1710:
1661:
1657:
1600:
1596:
1539:
1535:
1474:
1470:
1409:
1400:
1368:physics/0210005
1351:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1221:
1217:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1148:10.1.1.655.5610
1133:(12): 905–940.
1122:
1116:
1112:
1107:Wayback Machine
1091:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
991:
985:
981:
974:
958:
945:
936:
932:
922:
920:
916:
885:
879:
854:
847:Broadview Press
839:
835:
800:
799:
795:
787:
783:
741:
734:
715:
711:
707:
702:
658:Laplace's demon
601:
560:
483:Fraser Stoddart
468:Richard Feynman
466:popularized by
456:
432:
403:
401:Recent progress
355:Charles Bennett
334:, and later by
308:
158:isolated system
150:
138:Greek mythology
97:
28:Maxwell's demon
17:
12:
11:
5:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Nanotechnology
3082:
3077:
3072:
3058:
3057:
3048:Weiss, Peter.
3046:
3040:
3033:
3022:
3008:
2965:(2): 375–411.
2947:
2934:Theory of Heat
2928:
2921:
2919:on 2010-03-17.
2911:Khan, Salman.
2908:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2862:
2826:
2808:(4): 435–471.
2790:
2753:
2740:
2733:
2732:External links
2730:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2708:
2702:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2654:10.1086/350264
2648:(3): 293–303.
2635:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2589:
2576:(2002-01-23).
2565:
2512:
2471:
2426:(26): 260602.
2410:
2345:
2276:
2211:
2175:
2121:
2070:
2037:
1994:
1943:
1922:(1): 101–126.
1906:
1891:
1873:
1816:
1769:
1708:
1655:
1594:
1533:
1468:
1398:
1361:(3): 501–510.
1345:
1303:
1261:
1215:
1184:
1110:
1081:(3): 183–191.
1058:
1056:published 1976
1009:
996:Nikkei Science
979:
973:978-4431541677
972:
943:
930:
896:(5): 108–116.
852:
849:. p. 300.
833:
793:
781:
732:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
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650:
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635:
630:
625:
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613:
608:
602:
600:
597:
559:
556:
527:Mark G. Raizen
455:
452:
440:nanotechnology
431:
428:
407:Szilard engine
402:
399:
386:John D. Norton
336:LĂ©on Brillouin
307:
304:
251:. The average
149:
146:
121:Theory of Heat
117:thermodynamics
96:
93:
85:thermodynamics
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3112:
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3088:
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3068:
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3055:
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3031:
3027:
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3016:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2998:
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2945:0-486-41735-2
2942:
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2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:. New Haven.
2895:
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2880:
2876:
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2575:
2569:
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2549:
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2541:
2536:
2531:
2528:(2): 024501.
2527:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2365:(4): 040601.
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2231:(3): 030601.
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:9780465029846
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1836:(3): 034112.
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(1): 012142.
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1724:(1): 012130.
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1671:(9): P09011.
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1610:(9): 090602.
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
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1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1488:(8): 080403.
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1423:(4): 041118.
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1299:
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1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
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1256:
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1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1174:on 2014-10-14
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:reprinted in
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
997:
990:
983:
975:
969:
965:
964:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
940:
934:
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907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
877:
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871:
869:
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863:
861:
859:
857:
848:
844:
837:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
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797:
790:
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776:
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724:
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671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
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646:
644:
641:
639:
638:Gibbs paradox
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
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581:
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566:
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545:
539:
535:
533:
532:laser cooling
528:
523:
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516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
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451:
448:
447:mirror matter
443:
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427:
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