874:, Joostens repeatedly defended the rights of the missionaries of Belgian origin. He checked reports of attacks on Belgian manned missions and urged the Chinese government to repel the attacks of what used to be Boxer rebels. Finally Joostens also acted as a spokesman of the Belgian imperial lobby. Both in China and Belgium, he promoted several times the Belgian project. On several occasions Joostens highlighted for example the prospects of an investment in China and tried to convince investors and ordinary people to come to China and work in Belgian companies or invest in them. Despite the efforts of Joostens and other Belgian officials the Belgian presence would never be able to match the success of the pre-war era. The Boxer Rebellion had showed that an investment in China could be risky and from 1901 onwards the interest of Belgian investors further diminished.
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870:, the payment of the indemnities was still an unsolved problem and in this context Joostens tried to convince his government not to found a Belgian bank. In Joostens' opinion the Chinese indemnities for Belgium could also be paid to a foreign bank and subsequently be transferred to an already existing Belgian bank in Europe. Nevertheless, the Belgian government did found a Sino-Belgian Bank. A third important aspect of Joostens' diplomacy in China aimed at protecting the Belgian missionaries. Although the Belgian missionaries officially were French citizens as a result of the
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tangibility of the project for a great deal of people who had never heard of the activities of the
Belgian missionaries, Belgian investors and Belgian diplomats before. Finally the different receptions, dinners and ceremonies celebrating Joostens' return to Belgium tightened to bonds within the Belgian imperialist lobby. Since diplomats usually hided behind the curtains of diplomacy Joostens' public performance is very noteworthy.
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957:. During his Spanish years, Joostens would also be again in the center of the imperialist world theater. Spain was after all an important imperial power and the neighbourhood of Morocco posed both a lot of opportunities and problems. Joostens was first active in the Belgian imperialist penetration of Morocco through the establishment of Belgian companies in the country. Following the
866:. Despite the failed development of this concession because of a lack of interest from Belgian investors, Joostens succeeded to obtain this parcel despite the criticism of the other powers. Besides from this territorial achievement, Joostens also kept playing his role in the cases of finances and more specifically the indemnities. Even after the signature of the
828:. Belgian boots on Chinese soil offered in Joostens' eyes a big potential, but since the Belgian Legation Guard only consisted of about 20 soldiers, the guard can't possibly be seen as the fulfillment of Leopold II his military ambitions in China. Joostens diplomacy during the Conference is at best summarized as an execution of the orders of his minister
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Joostens' role in this transition from a royal
Belgian colonial empire towards a Belgian state-led colonialism would be his last achievement of importance. In his last years in the legation in Madrid, Joostens' health would further decline. When on a leave to recover in Belgium in 1910, Joostens died
770:. Although Joostens was not seen as one of the most important envoys present, the lack of cooperation between the different nations offered the possibility to have a certain influence. The Belgian envoy was for example the chairman of the Committee on the Indemnities and inspired by the losses of the
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marines, the
Belgian legation. Despite their efforts, they were not able to repel the rebels and had to retreat to first the French and later the British legation. In the meantime, the Belgian legation, which was located in an isolated corner in the Legation Quarter, was plundered and set on fire. On
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Although
Joostens' residence in Beijing was undoubtedly the most important and notable time in his career, it had also its side-effects. Because of the harsh living conditions in Beijing, Joostens unstable health fastly declined and in 1904 an emotionally and physically weak Joostens finally got the
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reached big audiences in the western world. Where diplomats were often depicted as lazy, money spoiling and useless bureaucrats, the siege had pointed out the dangers and usefulness of the job. Nevertheless, the coverage of
Joostens in Belgian and international press was quite one-sided and although
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This focus on his own person enabled
Joostens to use this attention to put the Belgian expansion on the agenda of the Belgian economic scene as pointed out before. On the other hand, the attention for Joostens also played a great part in the awareness of the Belgian presence in China and raised the
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where all the foreign legations were situated and in which there was a very distinctive diplomatic culture with its own practices and rules. In this context, Joostens could rely on a competent team of
Belgian lower-ranking diplomats and officials. The most remarkable members of the Belgian legation
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Thanks to fact that
Joostens was one of the diplomats who were sieged in the summer of 1900, the Belgian envoy became a prominent and well-known figure not only within diplomatic circles, but also within the public sphere. Whereas stories like these were not available in the European press before,
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had pointed out the atrocities in the king's private country in Africa, Leopold II could no longer resist or repel the criticism and he prepared to hand the Congo over to the
Belgian state. In this context Joostens was one of the architects of the Colonial Charter that settled this matter.
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and the
Belgian investments backed by Leopold II, Joostens was able to show his feel for the diplomatic game in this episode and obtain the appreciation of the king. Next to the royal visit of prince Albert and the Beijing-Hankou Railway, the remarkable plan to make the
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Joostens was for the first time in his career promoted to be the highest-ranking official in a legation of a traditional European power. Since the living conditions in such a wealthy city were far better than in Beijing the promotion took Joostens wishes into account.
403:. Shortly after his displacement to Egypt, Joostens was again promoted. This time he became first-class secretary in the highly ranked legation in London. There he could further develop his diplomatic skills both on the European and the imperial diplomatic theatre.
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As showed before Joostens was as a Belgian envoy in Madrid still very active in the imperialist schemes of Leopold II. The king even appointed him during his yearly holidays in Belgium as a member of the diplomatic team that had to negotiate the transfer of
583:, of which the first features showed in the winter of 1899, would reach its peak. This rebellion had anti-foreign, anti-Christian and mystical features and had among other things its origins in a crop failure in 1899, decades of frustrations about the
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saw in this trip a great opportunity to tighten the Belgian-American relations on the imperialistic scene. By order of Leopold II, Joostens used the allure of the royal visit to attract investors for a Belgian-American cooperation to build the
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The first years of Joostens' stay in Spain were characterized by a focus on the improvement of the Belgian-Spanish economic relations. Joostens was for example very active in the preparations of the Spanish pavilion at the
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was also attacked and several Belgian engineers, missionaries and officials were killed. During the first quarrels in the streets of the Legation Quarters Joostens was accused of having killed several rebels, but since the
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Only fourteen years after his first application to the Belgian ministry of foreign affairs, Joostens was promoted in the winter of 1899 to the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the court of the
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settled these matters, Joostens succeeded to conquer his place at the negotiation table. He was able to do so thanks to his active role since the first meeting on 26 October 1900 and the support of French envoy
1926:
De Belgische mondiale expansie (1831-1914). Een systematisch onderzoek naar de determinanten, actoren en evolutie van de Belgische koloniale en de financieel-industriële expansie, vanaf Leopold I tot de eerste
734:(Prince Qing) wanted to reach a settlement over the Chinese responsibility in the rebellion. The negotiations that took place in this context, between 26 October 1900 and 7 September 1901, are known as the
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and he obtained his degree in arts. Before he pursued a career in the diplomacy, Joostens shortly followed in the footsteps of his father being active in the Antwerp banking scene where he had a job at the
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and the Belgian arms factories in general. The most important contribution of Joostens from a Belgian perspective was his role in the compilation of the Belgian indemnities. Cooperating very closely with
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and this was the start of his diplomatic career. First, he was, from April 1886 until January 1889, the second-class secretary at the legation in Madrid, then headed by Edouard Anspach, the brother of
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to this group. This was because of the commercial and imperialist agenda of this voyage, not only was Alberts visit a way for the future king to learn the country better, his uncle
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489:. During this conference Joostens could gain more experience in the field of international relations under the guidance of delegation leader and well-known disarmament advocate
778:, he proposed to include also indirect losses of companies and societies in the indemnity claims. Next to that, Joostens also persuaded his colleagues to lower the proposed
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but later faced towards the foreign presence in China. Since the Belgians were not unlike the other foreign investments deemed unwanted elements in the Chinese society, the
932:(the former building, located outside the Quarter proper, had been demolished during the 1900 siege). The new location was previously occupied by the residence of Xu Tong,
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1999:
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During his holidays in Belgium recovering from an uninterrupted three years stay in the United States, Joostens was named secretary for the Belgian delegation for the
317:. The wealth and influence of the Joostens family had, according to the legend, their origins in a lucky investment that Mathias Joostens had made during the age of
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As a result of an internal reorganisation in the Belgian diplomatic corps, Joostens was able to further develop his career. The new minister for foreign affairs
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some media covered also the diplomatic work of the Belgian envoy, the main focus was put on his role during the siege. Joostens remarkable performance at the
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on 21 July, Belgium's national holiday, suffering from a heart stroke despite the fact that his sister Alice had been taking care of him for several weeks.
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and they would among other things focus on the indemnities on the one hand and the punishment of the leaders of the rebellion on the other hand. Although
341:. Besides from the influence and capital of his family Joostens had also other assets to become a diplomat. His trip to Egypt with his influential uncle
817:
for a visit to Belgium. Since the prince proposed this visit himself, he accepted the offer but when he was in Germany to convey his regrets to the
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offered to protect the Belgian legation, it is more likely that these soldiers have fired these shots. After the assassination of the German envoy
984:. Leopold II told Joostens that he was not allowed to gain any profits for Belgium at the conference and Joostens loyally followed these orders.
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Joostens was active in almost every aspect of this task. He verified the indemnity claims, he communicated and negotiated with the French envoys
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who to Joostens his great regret died during the American-Belgian negotiations. Although he didn't succeed to forge a cooperation between the
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682:, the Boxer Rebellion came to an end, but this meant by no means the end of instability in China. Nevertheless, both the foreign powers (
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became ill and the prince had to cancel the rest of his trip to Europe. Joostens was also very active to claim the right to install the
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During his stay in Beijing Joostens also supervised the construction of a new Belgian legation building, erected on grounds within the
766:, a reflection of the quite unimportant status of Belgium in Europe and the omnipresent influence of his minister for foreign affairs
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In the margin of the Conference of Peking, Joostens was also active in other cases. In cooperation with Henri Ketels, the consul in
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2004:
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the development of the press as a mass medium throughout the nineteenth century had made possible that the messages concerning the
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are for example prime examples of his fascination for foreign countries. In the meantime Joostens had completed his studies at the
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The island and the storm : a social-cultural history of the Belgian diplomatic corps in times of democratization, 1885–1935
871:
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was put in place. Shortly after the rebels sieged the Legation Quarter, the foreign powers gathered their forces and formed the
321:. He accidentally put an extra '0' on an order and bought 5,000 instead of 500 bales of coffee. Because of inflation during the
1619:. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiteit Antwerpen, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of History. pp. 210–251.
1382:
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333:. The family was subsequently able to rise among the ranks of the Antwerp bourgeoisie and Maurice Joostens his grandfather
1874:"Prins Albert op verkenning in Noord-Amerika (1898). Het merkwaardige reisdagboek van een toekomstig Belgisch staatshoofd"
1616:
The island and the storm: a social-cultural history of the Belgian diplomatic corps in times of democratization, 1885–1935
1822:
Duchesne, A (1948). "'Quand les Belges devaient partir pour la Chine. Un projet d'expedition contre les Boxeurs, 1900'".
620:, and in this context, Joostens had to defend from 13 June until 16 June 1900, together with the other Belgians and the
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De commerciële ruggengraat van China gebroken. De Boksersaanval op de Belgische spoorwegconcessie Peking-Hankow in 1900
453:
1705:
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Rahimlou, Y. (1988). "Aspects de l'expansion belge en Egypte sous le régime d'occupation britannique (1882–1914)'".
1989:
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De Lichtervelde, B. (1955). ‘Joostens (Adolphe-Marie-Maurice)’, Biographie Coloniale Belge, IV, Brussel, 448–450.
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On 7 December 1885, Joostens filed his request at the Belgian ministry for foreign affairs to become a so-called
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on the trade and production of arms to a span of only two years and by doing so, he favoured the interests of
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together with his physician L. Melis and Harry Jungbluth. For this occasion Joostens was named the diplomatic
1768:, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiteit Antwerpen, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of History.
1630:
Viaene, V. (2008). "'King Leopold's Imperialism and the Origins of the Belgian Colonial Party, 1860–1905'".
954:
1994:
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Léopold II et les groupes financiers belges en Chine: la politique royale et ses prolongements (1895–1914)
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Léopold II et les groupes financiers belges en Chine: la politique royale et ses prolongements (1895–1914)
941:
1929:, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of History.
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Handelingen van de Koninklijke Commissie voor Geschiedenis / Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire
1511:. Unpublished master's thesis, Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of History.
1984:
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near the Belgian legation and the refusal of the foreign diplomats to leave the Legation Quarter after
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424:
980:. The international meeting was installed to figure out a solution for the German contestation of the
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and questioned the claims of other countries in order to safeguard the payment of the Belgian claims.
746:, respectively the British and German envoy, preferred from the start on that only the members of the
325:
he suddenly had a fortune in his hands and was no longer a modest merchant. This story even inspired
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1979:
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462:
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Maurice Joostens was born in one of the richest and most prominent families of the Belgian city of
1969:
1310:. unpublished master's thesis, KU Leuven, Faculty of Arts, Department of History. pp. 17–57.
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588:
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From then on, Joostens nevertheless was not able to have strong voice. This was a result of the
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1889:
Otte, T. G. (2002). "Not Proficient in Table-Thumping: Sir Ernest Satow at Peking, 1900–1906".
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For business, pleasure and education. De reis van prins Albert naar de Verenigde Staten in 1898
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For business, pleasure and education. De reis van prins Albert naar de Verenigde Staten in 1898
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Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War
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936:, who committed suicide in 1900. The new building, still extant today, was designed by
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gave Joostens the hereditary title of baron as a final reward for his time in Beijing.
739:
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326:
318:
448:. It was in this context that Joostens had several contacts with the American senator
1934:‘King Leopold’s Imperialism and the Origins of the Belgian Colonial Party, 1860–1905’
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The 1899 Hague Peace Conference: "The Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World
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Other projects in which Joostens was involved were, for example, the plan to invite
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301:. Throughout his career, Joostens was able to gain the absolute confidence of king
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1868:, Unpublished master's thesis, KU Leuven, Faculty of Arts, Department of History.
1854:, Unpublished master's thesis, KU Leuven, Faculty of Arts, Department of History.
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1573:. Unpublished master's thesis, KU Leuven, Faculty of Arts, Department of History.
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Joostens showed remarkable diplomatic skill. In 1898 the Belgian the then prince
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Blumberg, A. (1972). "Belgium and a Philippine protectorate: a stillborn plan".
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displacement he had been asking for since 1902. Being appointed as the envoy in
650:. Leopold II had also been very keen to participate and even privately funded a
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ordered them to do so, the rebellion reached a turning point. From now on, the
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and the chaos and internal struggles at the Chinese court following the failed
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30:
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1958:
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Maurice Joostens en het Bokserprotocol. Marionet op het diplomatieke theater?
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Maurice Joostens en het Bokserprotocol. Marionet op het diplomatieke theater?
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highlighting the return of Maurice Joostens to his hometown Antwerp in 1902.
1843:
La Belgique et la Chine, Relations diplomatiques et economiques (1839–1909)
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49:
Belgian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to China and Siam
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719:
346:
1919:
The China Question: Great Power Rivalry and British Isolation, 1894-1905
1809:
Duchesne, A (1950). "La dissolution de la legion belge en Chine, 1900".
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The location of the Belgian Legation in the Legation Quarter during the
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1902:
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and eventually he became one of the monarch's favourite diplomats.
274:
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Maurice Joostens, fourth from the left, during the signing of the
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strongly opposed this idea and the king had to give up this plan.
395:, where he served the Belgian imperial interests of, for example,
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position of Belgium because of the lack of military input in the
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Belgian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain
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History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
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History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
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A forgotten conference: the negotiations at Peking, 1900–1901
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A forgotten conference: the negotiations at Peking, 1900–1901
726:) and the pro-foreign officials at the Chinese court such as
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When Beijing (Peking) was relieved on 14 August 1901 by the
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Boxer Rebellion and the Siege of the International Legations
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did not pass unnoticed at the Belgian royal court. In 1904
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with the addition of personal initiatives within a typical
297:, Joostens was an important Belgian diplomat in the age of
559:, who would become the Belgian ambassador to both China.
629:, the Legation Quarter and with this act the so-called
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20 June 1901, the rebels sieged, in collaboration with
391:. In 1889, Joostens made promotion to the legation in
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Foreigners within the Gates: The Legations at Peking
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Portrait of Joostens published in the French review
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The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
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The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study
1339:
497:in 1909 for his presence at The Hague Conventions.
477:. This conference was an initiative of the Russian
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1370:
423:or advisor of the legation. Under the auspices of
273:(23 September 1862 – 21 July 1910), was a Belgian
2000:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
329:to fictionalize this anecdote and write the book
1956:
1267:
982:growing French and Spanish control over Morocco
465:was a third case in which Joostens was active.
1800:België en zijn buitenlandse politiek 1830–2015
519:. When Joostens arrived in Beijing to replace
1706:"Liège 1905 – Section Internationale – Halls"
591:. The wrath of the rebels was first aimed at
928:that were granted to Belgium following the
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1220:"Maurice Joostens, Du Caire au Tropique".
772:Societé d’Étude de chemins de fer en Chine
29:
1771:Bickers, R.A. en Tiedemann, R.G. (2007).
1340:Eeyffinger, A.; Kooijmans, P. H. (1999).
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1445:. London and New York. pp. 120–206.
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1201:Geerts, G. (1980). "Eene "0" te veel'".
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115:1 November 1903 – 17 April 1904
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233:Mathilde Josephine Pauline De Boe
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1276:. No. Tome IV. pp. 448–450.
579:Shortly after Joostens' arrival, the
60:8 May 1900 – 22 January 1901
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1669:. University of Ottawa. p. 108.
1411:
934:Grand Secretary of the Tiren Cabinet
897:Siege of the International Legations
631:Siege of the International Legations
573:Siege of the International Legations
481:and is one of the prime examples of
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547:, who would become director of the
163:1 July 1904 – 21 July 1910
13:
2010:Ambassadors of Belgium to Thailand
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1725:Léopold II et le Maroc (1885–1906)
1525:Kurgan-Van Hentenryck, G. (1972).
1270:"Joostens (Adolphe Marie Maurice)"
1027: : Knight Grand Cross of the
454:American China Development Company
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849:The Belgian concession in Tianjin
826:Belgian Legation Guard in Beijing
774:, the Belgian company behind the
461:a Belgian protectorate after the
337:became a senator for the Belgian
231:Joseph Edmond Constantin Joostens
1773:The Boxers, China, and the World
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528:in this time were, for example,
493:. The latter would even win the
2015:Ambassadors of Belgium to Spain
2005:Ambassadors of Belgium to China
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1112:Order of Isabella the Catholic
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618:war with the foreign countries
557:Emile de Cartier de Marchienne
475:Hague Peace Conference of 1899
271:Adolphe Marie Maurice Joostens
126:Emile de Cartier de Marchienne
94:Emile de Cartier de Marchienne
1:
1938:The Journal of Modern History
1667:Diplomatic Quarter in Peiping
1632:The Journal of Modern History
1344:. Den Haag. pp. 133–136.
1268:Van Lichtervelde, B. (1955).
1187:
955:world's fair in Liège in 1905
864:Belgian concession in Tianjin
363:Université libre de Bruxelles
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246:Catholic University of Leuven
1727:. Brussel. pp. 222–239.
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872:French Protectorate in China
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146:Edmond de Gaiffier d'Hestroy
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942:Gothic Revival architecture
652:Belgian Expeditionary Corps
602:Austro-Hungarian government
545:Adrien de Mélotte de Lavaux
250:Free University of Brussels
10:
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1891:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1841:Frochisse, J.-.M. (1936).
1529:. Brussel. p. passim.
1377:. Hong Kong and New York.
1274:Biographie Coloniale Belge
1162:Order of the Double Dragon
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961:Joostens was appointed by
886:Conmemorative page in the
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419:where he would be the new
1924:Van den Eede, M. (2006).
1414:Mandarijn Paul Splingaerd
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1789:Kurgan-Van Hentenryk, G.
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415:promoted him in 1896 to
277:. As a signatory of the
1990:Congo Free State people
1834:Elliott, J. E. (2002).
1824:Carnet de la Fourragère
1811:Carnet de la Fourragère
1687:. Charleroi. 1902-09-11
1665:Chu, Chia Chen (1944).
1416:. Brussel. p. 162.
637:to crush the rebellion
425:Gontran de Lichtervelde
281:, the final act at the
1951:, Londen and New York.
997:to Belgium. After the
891:
855:
808:Beijing-Hankou Railway
776:Beijing-Hankou Railway
675:
597:Beijing-Hankou Railway
576:
575:in the summer of 1900.
446:Beijing–Hankou Railway
1857:Kelly, J. S. (1963).
1798:Coolsaet, R. (2014).
1723:Duchesne, A. (1965).
1584:Kelly, J. S. (1963).
1478:. New York. pp.
1470:Cohen, P. A. (1997).
1239:Joostens, M. (1885).
1141:Grand Officer of the
1063:Grand Officer of the
959:First Moroccan Crisis
885:
847:
764:Eight-Nation Alliance
748:Eight-Nation Alliance
680:Eight-Nation Alliance
669:
635:Eight-Nation Alliance
627:Imperial Chinese Army
570:
523:, he ended up in the
441:Leopold II of Belgium
401:Tramways d'Alexandrie
345:in 1882 and Joostens
303:Leopold II of Belgium
172:Leopold II of Belgium
69:Leopold II of Belgium
37:La Revue Diplomatique
1917:Otte, T. G. (2007).
1848:Huskens, G. (2016).
1685:Gazette de Charleroi
1507:Brosens, G. (2003).
1241:Du Caire au Tropique
1100:Order of Charles III
1074:Hereditary title of
967:Algeciras Conference
902:Conference of Peking
822:Empress Dowager Cixi
815:Zaifeng, Prince Chun
736:Conference of Peking
662:Conference of Peking
610:Empress Dowager Cixi
606:Klemens von Ketteler
589:Hundred Days' Reform
463:Spanish–American War
431:made a visit to the
359:University of Leuven
351:Du Caire au Tropique
323:Continental Blockade
283:Algeciras Conference
1995:People from Berchem
1932:Viaene, V. (2008),
1872:Luyckx, J. (2013).
1864:Luyckx, J. (2007).
1764:Auwers, M. (2014).
1681:"Chronique du jour"
1613:Auwers, M. (2014).
1567:Huskens, G (2016).
1306:Luyckx, J. (2007).
1179:Grand Cross of the
971:Conrad de Buisseret
851:(yellow) along the
674:on 7 September 1901
530:Alphonse Splingaerd
385:attaché de légation
355:University of Paris
343:Arthur Van Den Nest
335:Constantin Joostens
242:University of Paris
1947:Xiang, L. (2003).
1441:Xiang, L. (2003).
1065:Order of the Crown
1029:Order of the Crown
938:Louis Delacenserie
892:
856:
836:imperial mindset.
740:Ernest Mason Satow
676:
593:Chinese Christians
577:
485:in the eve of the
327:Hendrik Conscience
319:Napoleon Bonaparte
1985:Belgian diplomats
1903:10.1080/714000310
1412:Spae, J. (1986).
1384:978-0-19-585702-3
1181:Order of St. Olav
1143:Order of Medjidie
1131:Order of Osmanieh
1129:Commander of the
1110:Commander of the
1003:Edmund Dene Morel
549:Sino-Belgian Bank
495:Nobel Peace Prize
491:Auguste Beernaert
429:Albert of Belgium
374:Diplomatic career
267:
266:
197:23 September 1862
135:
132:chargé d'affaires
104:
101:chargé d'affaires
2022:
1914:
1885:
1831:
1818:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:: 278–279. 1886.
1217:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1128:
1109:
1097:
1073:
1062:
1053:Order of Leopold
1050:
1041:Order of Leopold
1038:
995:Congo Free State
979:
926:Legation Quarter
840:Other activities
830:Paul de Favereau
801:
789:Paul de Favereau
768:Paul de Favereau
648:
622:Austro-Hungarian
534:Belgian Mandarin
525:Legation Quarter
413:Paul de Favereau
291:Congo Free State
287:Colonial Charter
217:
196:
194:
182:Personal details
161:
142:
129:
122:
113:
98:
96:
89:
77:
58:
33:
23:Maurice Joostens
19:
18:
16:Belgian diplomat
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
1980:Boxer Rebellion
1955:
1954:
1761:
1759:Further reading
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1485:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1262:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1121:
1090:
1085:
1051:Officer of the
1021:
1016:
990:
973:
950:
880:
842:
795:
708:Austria-Hungary
664:
642:
581:Boxer Rebellion
565:
537:Paul Splingaerd
513:Chinese emperor
508:
503:
487:First World War
479:Tsar Nicolas II
471:
450:Calvin S. Brice
417:Washington D.C.
409:
407:Washington D.C.
381:
376:
311:
299:New Imperialism
248:
244:
232:
219:
215:
198:
192:
190:
162:
157:
140:
128:
120:
114:
109:
97:
92:
87:
75:
59:
54:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Belgian barons
1967:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1897:(2): 161–200.
1886:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1744:
1715:
1697:
1672:
1657:
1644:10.1086/591110
1638:(4): 741–790.
1622:
1605:
1576:
1546:
1514:
1499:
1462:
1433:
1404:
1383:
1361:
1332:
1313:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1231:
1212:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1151:
1150:Chinese Empire
1148:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1120:
1119:Ottoman Empire
1117:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1098:Knight of the
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1056:
1044:
1039:Knight of the
1032:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
989:
986:
969:together with
965:to attend the
949:
946:
930:Boxer Protocol
879:
876:
868:Boxer Protocol
841:
838:
804:Stephen Pichon
753:Stephen Pichon
700:United Kingdom
672:Boxer Protocol
663:
660:
614:Chinese Empire
564:
561:
507:
504:
502:
499:
470:
467:
408:
405:
397:Édouard Empain
380:
377:
375:
372:
331:Eene 0 te veel
310:
307:
279:Boxer Protocol
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
218:(aged 47)
212:
208:
207:
188:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
154:
153:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
123:
117:
116:
106:
105:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1751:RD 26.12.1931
1748:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1323:Asian Studies
1317:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1289:Civilisations
1283:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1076:Belgian baron
1072:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:End of career
985:
983:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
913:
909:
907:
903:
898:
889:
884:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
850:
846:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:United States
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
668:
659:
657:
653:
649:
646:
641:
640:manu militari
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:, son of the
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
433:United States
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Jules Anspach
386:
371:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Liberal Party
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:was ceded to
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
230:
226:
222:
213:
209:
205:
201:
189:
185:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
160:
155:
150:
147:
144:
138:
133:
127:
124:
118:
112:
107:
102:
95:
91:
85:
82:
79:
73:
70:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1927:wereldoorlog
1925:
1918:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1838:, Hong Kong.
1835:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1765:
1747:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1689:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1585:
1579:
1569:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1473:
1465:
1442:
1436:
1413:
1407:
1372:
1364:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1263:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1024:
1008:
991:
951:
923:
914:
910:
893:
887:
857:
834:Leopoldistic
812:
771:
757:
728:Li Hongzhang
677:
638:
578:
533:
517:king of Siam
509:
472:
420:
410:
400:
384:
382:
379:Early career
367:
350:
330:
312:
270:
268:
216:(1910-07-21)
214:21 July 1910
158:
141:Succeeded by
131:
110:
100:
88:Succeeded by
55:
36:
1975:1862 births
1965:1910 deaths
1845:, Brussels.
1795:, Brussels.
1785:, New York.
1243:. Brussels.
974: [
796: [
760:small state
720:Netherlands
654:but Kaiser
643: [
541:Merghelynck
459:Philippines
368:Handelsbank
347:orientalist
121:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
1959:Categories
1944:, 741–790.
1884:: 297–358.
1817:: 193–216.
1791:, (1972).
1710:Worldfairs
1691:2021-02-27
1295:: 101–178.
1203:Polderheem
1188:References
963:Leopold II
906:Leopold II
888:Guldenboek
784:FN Herstal
656:Wilhelm II
539:, Leopold
309:Background
256:Occupation
193:1862-09-23
1921:. Oxford.
1911:155895249
1861:, Genève.
1802:, Leuven.
1779:Cohen, P.
1775:. Lanham.
1733:cite book
1652:144513498
1594:cite book
1588:. Genève.
1535:cite book
1488:cite book
1451:cite book
1422:cite book
1393:cite book
1350:cite book
1249:cite book
878:Aftermath
853:Hai River
793:Paul Beau
469:The Hague
289:in which
238:Education
228:Parent(s)
223:, Belgium
206:, Belgium
159:In office
111:In office
56:In office
1781:(1997).
1209:: 13–16.
1078:. (1904)
553:Shanghai
515:and the
483:pacifism
399:and the
361:and the
285:and the
275:diplomat
259:Diplomat
1830:: 1–45.
1083:Foreign
1019:Belgium
1014:Honours
1001:led by
860:Tianjin
780:embargo
732:Yikuang
716:Belgium
688:Germany
616:was at
506:Arrival
501:Beijing
437:attaché
349:report
315:Antwerp
295:Belgium
221:Antwerp
204:Antwerp
200:Berchem
168:Monarch
65:Monarch
39:in 1904
1909:
1650:
1381:
1329:: 340.
1183:(1907)
1169:Norway
1164:(1903)
1145:(1891)
1133:(1890)
1114:(1890)
1102:(1887)
1055:(1900)
1043:(1898)
948:Madrid
918:Madrid
819:Kaiser
718:, The
704:Russia
684:France
555:, and
357:, the
269:Baron
1907:S2CID
1648:S2CID
1480:14–56
1088:Spain
978:]
800:]
724:Spain
712:Italy
692:Japan
647:]
393:Cairo
1739:link
1600:link
1541:link
1494:link
1457:link
1428:link
1399:link
1379:ISBN
1356:link
1255:link
1025:1931
802:and
742:and
730:and
722:and
211:Died
187:Born
130:(as
99:(as
1899:doi
1882:179
1640:doi
551:in
1961::
1942:80
1940:,
1936:,
1905:.
1895:13
1893:.
1880:.
1876:.
1826:.
1813:.
1735:}}
1731:{{
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1901::
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1459:)
1430:)
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1358:)
1257:)
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195:)
191:(
134:)
103:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
