70:
153:. The spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein which cleaves the RNA at the splicing site and recombines the exons of the RNA. Similar to polyadenylation, alternative splicing can occur, resulting in several possible proteins being translated from the same portion of DNA. See
128:
tail of about 200 adenylate residues is added by a nuclear polymerase post-transcriptionally. This is known as a Poly-A tail and is used for stability and guidance, so that the mRNA can exit the nucleus and find the ribosome. It is added at a polyadenylation site in the
107:
residue is attached to the 5'-terminal end of the primary transcripts.This is otherwise known as the GTP or 5' cap. The 5' cap is used to increase mRNA stability. Further, the 5' cap is used as an attachment point for
1481:
328:
133:
of the mRNA, cleaving the mRNA in the process. When there are multiple polyadenylation sites on the same mRNA molecule, alternative polyadenylation can occur. See
1232:
149:
removes the non-coding RNA introns leaving behind the exons, which are then spliced and joined together to form the mature mRNA. Splicing is conducted by the
638:
1294:
591:
710:
1059:
1049:
1429:
1816:
112:. Beyond this, the 5' cap has also been shown to have a role in exporting the mature mRNA from the nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
584:
1597:
1461:
577:
186:
1569:
239:
1844:
1723:
1667:
130:
569:
1662:
604:
203:
1991:
1750:
1681:
1422:
1809:
1486:
1254:
255:
519:
1701:
705:
600:
1996:
1745:
1533:
1446:
1415:
51:
1802:
1706:
1523:
1508:
1348:
55:
1711:
1636:
1528:
39:
2006:
1948:
1626:
1611:
1491:
1147:
1839:
1733:
1631:
1549:
623:
535:
8:
2011:
1559:
234:(Second ed.). Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK: Oxford University Press.
31:
1694:
1577:
953:
803:
555:
495:
470:
446:
413:
394:
371:
305:
270:
249:
381:
354:
2001:
1880:
1854:
907:
793:
752:
559:
547:
539:
500:
451:
433:
386:
310:
292:
235:
182:
104:
43:
1778:
398:
1958:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1210:
1188:
1087:
1006:
897:
874:
798:
770:
531:
490:
482:
441:
425:
376:
366:
300:
282:
1864:
1849:
1755:
1592:
1438:
1321:
1021:
912:
788:
747:
599:
134:
121:
1885:
1582:
1554:
1183:
1077:
1054:
996:
846:
828:
715:
681:
1985:
1943:
1938:
1783:
1470:
1202:
1129:
1105:
1044:
1039:
991:
986:
935:
892:
813:
757:
661:
543:
486:
437:
296:
2016:
1657:
1587:
1456:
1001:
818:
633:
618:
551:
504:
455:
314:
181:(Sixth ed.). Abingdon, UK: Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group.
154:
146:
390:
145:
Pre-mRNA has both introns and exons. As a part of the maturation process,
1963:
1953:
1760:
1689:
1123:
1082:
1011:
976:
971:
930:
902:
869:
851:
823:
676:
666:
656:
628:
429:
287:
150:
77:
Mature mRNA is also called "mature transcript", "mature RNA" or "mRNA".
1890:
1718:
1363:
1269:
1246:
1242:
1198:
1162:
1139:
922:
726:
692:
648:
27:
1968:
1392:
1305:
1115:
1034:
981:
945:
884:
861:
808:
739:
671:
125:
100:
47:
518:
Wilkinson, Max E.; Charenton, Clément; Nagai, Kiyoshi (2020-06-20).
1921:
1859:
1738:
1728:
1652:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1309:
1282:
1224:
1175:
1171:
1069:
1016:
838:
780:
762:
109:
1407:
69:
1931:
1926:
1825:
1474:
1340:
1332:
1313:
1286:
1097:
1371:
355:"Assembly of a processive messenger RNA polyadenylation complex"
269:
Ramanathan, Anand; Robb, G. Brett; Chan, Siu-Hong (2016-09-19).
1384:
1336:
1278:
1220:
963:
735:
63:
1496:
1029:
700:
80:
The production of a mature mRNA molecule occurs in 3 steps:
1794:
59:
35:
1466:
1322:
4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
471:"Introns: The Functional Benefits of Introns in Genomes"
517:
353:
Bienroth, S.; Keller, W.; Wahle, E. (February 1993).
271:"mRNA capping: biological functions and applications"
352:
1295:p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
268:
1983:
414:"Alternative polyadenylation of mRNA precursors"
195:
172:
170:
1810:
1423:
585:
1255:Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation
412:Tian, Bin; Manley, James L. (January 2017).
201:
225:
223:
167:
1817:
1803:
1578:Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA)
1430:
1416:
592:
578:
411:
229:
494:
445:
380:
370:
304:
286:
220:
68:
1349:Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation
321:
176:
58:, mature mRNA consists exclusively of
1984:
469:Jo, Bong-Seok; Choi, Sun Shim (2015).
468:
1798:
1598:Histone acetylation and deacetylation
1411:
1233:Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation
573:
536:10.1146/annurev-biochem-091719-064225
462:
418:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
94:
1663:Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC)
1437:
706:Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)
230:Toole, Glenn; Toole, Susan (2015).
13:
372:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05690.x
115:
14:
2028:
1017:Oxidative deamination to aldehyde
520:"RNA Splicing by the Spliceosome"
232:AQA biology A level. Student book
329:"Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing"
1845:Post-translational modification
1668:Post-translational modification
605:posttranslational modifications
140:
511:
405:
346:
262:
208:. NPG Education: Cambridge, MA
1:
524:Annual Review of Biochemistry
179:Molecular biology of the cell
160:
87:Polyadenylation of the 3' end
30:RNA transcript that has been
1824:
7:
824:Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
90:RNA Splicing of the introns
10:
2033:
1886:Protein structural domains
475:Genomics & Informatics
205:Essentials of Cell Biology
1899:
1873:
1832:
1771:
1680:
1645:
1619:
1610:
1568:
1542:
1516:
1507:
1445:
1361:
1331:
1304:
1277:
1268:Crosslinks between three
1267:
1241:
1219:
1197:
1170:
1160:
1138:
1114:
1096:
1068:
962:
944:
921:
883:
860:
837:
779:
734:
724:
691:
647:
611:
601:Protein primary structure
16:Eukaryotic RNA transcript
1729:sequestration (P-bodies)
1362:Crosslinks between four
487:10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.112
254:: CS1 maint: location (
202:O'Connor, Clare (2010).
1707:Gene regulatory network
1161:Crosslinks between two
177:Alberts, Bruce (2015).
56:precursor messenger RNA
22:, often abbreviated as
1712:cis-regulatory element
809:Porphyrin ring linkage
275:Nucleic Acids Research
131:3' untranslated region
74:
73:The Maturation of mRNA
50:RNA immediately after
1949:Photoreceptor protein
870:Succinimide formation
157:for further details.
137:for further details.
84:Capping of the 5' end
72:
1992:Protein biosynthesis
1840:Protein biosynthesis
1734:alternative splicing
1724:Post-transcriptional
1550:Transcription factor
624:Protein biosynthesis
430:10.1038/nrm.2016.116
20:Mature messenger RNA
1658:Transfer RNA (tRNA)
1772:Influential people
1751:Post-translational
1570:Post-transcription
954:Transglutamination
288:10.1093/nar/gkw551
95:Capping the 5' End
75:
1979:
1978:
1881:Protein structure
1855:Protein targeting
1792:
1791:
1676:
1675:
1606:
1605:
1482:Special transfers
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1357:
1356:
1263:
1262:
1156:
1155:
908:Polyglutamylation
794:Dephosphorylation
753:Dephosphorylation
281:(16): 7511–7526.
105:7-methylguanosine
44:protein synthesis
42:in the course of
38:and is ready for
2024:
1959:Phycobiliprotein
1917:Globular protein
1912:Membrane protein
1907:List of proteins
1819:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1617:
1616:
1514:
1513:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1369:
1368:
1275:
1274:
1211:Sulfilimine bond
1189:ADP-ribosylation
1168:
1167:
1088:ADP-ribosylation
1007:ADP-ribosylation
898:ADP-ribosylation
875:ADP-ribosylation
799:ADP-ribosylation
771:ADP-ribosylation
732:
731:
725:Single specific
594:
587:
580:
571:
570:
564:
563:
515:
509:
508:
498:
466:
460:
459:
449:
409:
403:
402:
384:
374:
359:The EMBO Journal
350:
344:
343:
341:
339:
325:
319:
318:
308:
290:
266:
260:
259:
253:
245:
227:
218:
217:
215:
213:
199:
193:
192:
174:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1997:Gene expression
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1939:Fibrous protein
1895:
1869:
1865:Protein methods
1850:Protein folding
1828:
1823:
1793:
1788:
1767:
1702:Transcriptional
1672:
1641:
1602:
1593:Polyadenylation
1564:
1538:
1503:
1497:Protein→Protein
1448:
1441:
1439:Gene expression
1436:
1406:
1397:
1353:
1327:
1300:
1259:
1237:
1215:
1193:
1152:
1148:C-mannosylation
1134:
1110:
1092:
1064:
1030:Imine formation
958:
940:
917:
913:Polyglycylation
879:
856:
833:
789:Phosphorylation
775:
748:Phosphorylation
720:
687:
643:
607:
598:
568:
567:
516:
512:
467:
463:
410:
406:
351:
347:
337:
335:
327:
326:
322:
267:
263:
247:
246:
242:
228:
221:
211:
209:
200:
196:
189:
175:
168:
163:
143:
135:polyadenylation
122:polyadenylation
118:
116:Polyadenylation
97:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:François Jacob
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:RNA polymerase
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:Disulfide bond
1180:
1178:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Citrullination
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1055:Propionylation
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:-glycosylation
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Ubiquitination
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
950:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
927:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
887:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
847:Palmitoylation
843:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
829:Detyrosination
826:
821:
819:Flavin linkage
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
785:
783:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
760:
755:
750:
744:
742:
729:
722:
721:
719:
718:
716:Detyrosination
713:
708:
703:
697:
695:
689:
688:
686:
685:
682:Myristoylation
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
639:N–O acyl shift
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
613:
609:
608:
597:
596:
589:
582:
574:
566:
565:
530:(1): 359–388.
510:
461:
404:
365:(2): 585–594.
345:
320:
261:
240:
219:
194:
188:978-0815344643
187:
165:
164:
162:
159:
142:
139:
117:
114:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
85:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Chromoprotein
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1785:
1784:Jacques Monod
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Translational
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Transcription
1506:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:Central dogma
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:(chromophore)
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:(chromophore)
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1203:Hydroxylysine
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:Adenylylation
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1106:Hydroxylation
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Succinylation
1043:
1041:
1040:Carbamylation
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Hydroxylation
990:
988:
987:Adenylylation
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
951:
949:
947:
943:
937:
936:Glycosylation
934:
932:
929:
928:
926:
924:
920:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:Carboxylation
891:
890:
888:
886:
882:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:
859:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
842:
840:
836:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:Adenylylation
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
782:
778:
772:
769:
767:
765:
761:
759:
758:Glycosylation
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
730:
728:
723:
717:
714:
712:
711:O-methylation
709:
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699:
698:
696:
694:
690:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:Carbamylation
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
650:
646:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
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583:
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557:
553:
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541:
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529:
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480:
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465:
457:
453:
448:
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419:
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408:
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388:
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368:
364:
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349:
334:
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241:9780198351771
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106:
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89:
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83:
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81:
78:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:transcription
49:
46:. Unlike the
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2007:Biosynthesis
1761:irreversible
1646:Key elements
1543:Key elements
1457:Genetic code
1447:Introduction
1060:Butyrylation
1022:
763:
634:Racemization
619:Peptide bond
527:
523:
513:
481:(4): 112–8.
478:
474:
464:
424:(1): 18–30.
421:
417:
407:
362:
358:
348:
338:November 11,
336:. Retrieved
333:Khan Academy
332:
323:
278:
274:
264:
231:
212:November 11,
210:. Retrieved
204:
197:
178:
155:RNA Splicing
147:RNA splicing
144:
141:RNA Splicing
119:
98:
79:
76:
62:and has all
23:
19:
18:
1964:Phytochrome
1954:Biliprotein
1612:Translation
1449:to genetics
1124:Diphthamide
1083:Methylation
1050:Lactylation
1012:Deamination
1002:Sumoylation
977:Acetylation
972:Methylation
931:Deamidation
903:Methylation
852:Prenylation
677:Methylation
667:Formylation
657:Acetylation
629:Proteolysis
151:spliceosome
40:translation
24:mature mRNA
2012:Metabolism
1986:Categories
1891:Proteasome
1874:Structures
1756:reversible
1719:lac operon
1695:imprinting
1690:Epigenetic
1682:Regulation
1637:Eukaryotic
1583:5' capping
1534:Eukaryotic
1247:Tryptophan
1243:Tryptophan
1199:Methionine
1140:Tryptophan
923:Asparagine
693:C terminus
649:N terminus
161:References
48:eukaryotic
28:eukaryotic
1969:Lipocalin
1833:Processes
1627:Bacterial
1524:Bacterial
1393:Desmosine
1306:Histidine
1126:formation
1116:Histidine
1035:Glycation
982:Acylation
946:Glutamine
885:Glutamate
862:Aspartate
804:Sulfation
740:Threonine
701:Amidation
672:Glycation
560:208626110
544:0066-4154
438:1471-0072
297:0305-1048
250:cite book
126:adenosine
124:, a poly-
110:ribosomes
66:removed.
54:known as
36:processed
2002:Proteins
1922:Globulin
1860:Proteome
1826:Proteins
1739:microRNA
1653:Ribosome
1632:Archaeal
1588:Splicing
1560:Promoter
1529:Archaeal
1473: →
1469: →
1381:Allysine
1377:Allysine
1373:Allysine
1310:Tyrosine
1283:Tyrosine
1225:Tyrosine
1176:Cysteine
1172:Cysteine
1070:Arginine
839:Cysteine
781:Tyrosine
552:31794245
505:26865841
456:27677860
399:31439224
315:27317694
1932:Albumin
1927:Edestin
1492:RNA→DNA
1487:RNA→RNA
1475:Protein
1341:Glycine
1333:Alanine
1314:Glycine
1287:Glycine
1098:Proline
766:-GlcNAc
612:General
496:4742320
447:5483950
391:8440247
306:5027499
101:capping
99:During
64:introns
32:spliced
1385:Lysine
1337:Serine
1279:Serine
1221:Lysine
964:Lysine
736:Serine
558:
550:
542:
503:
493:
454:
444:
436:
397:
389:
382:413241
379:
313:
303:
295:
238:
185:
1900:Types
1620:Types
1517:Types
684:(Gly)
556:S2CID
395:S2CID
60:exons
26:is a
603:and
548:PMID
540:ISSN
501:PMID
452:PMID
434:ISSN
387:PMID
340:2021
311:PMID
293:ISSN
256:link
236:ISBN
214:2021
183:ISBN
103:, a
34:and
2017:RNA
1471:RNA
1467:DNA
1364:AAs
1270:AAs
1163:AAs
727:AAs
532:doi
491:PMC
483:doi
442:PMC
426:doi
377:PMC
367:doi
301:PMC
283:doi
120:In
1988::
554:.
546:.
538:.
528:89
526:.
522:.
499:.
489:.
479:13
477:.
473:.
450:.
440:.
432:.
422:18
420:.
416:.
393:.
385:.
375:.
363:12
361:.
357:.
331:.
309:.
299:.
291:.
279:44
277:.
273:.
252:}}
248:{{
222:^
169:^
1818:e
1811:t
1804:v
1431:e
1424:t
1417:v
1383:–
1379:–
1375:–
1339:–
1335:–
1312:–
1308:–
1285:–
1281:–
1245:–
1223:–
1201:–
1174:–
1023:O
764:O
738:/
593:e
586:t
579:v
562:.
534::
507:.
485::
458:.
428::
401:.
369::
342:.
317:.
285::
258:)
244:.
216:.
191:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
