518:, Meselson then applied the density gradient method to studies of genetic recombination in the bacteriophage Lambda. The question was whether such recombination involved breakage of the recombining DNA molecules or cooperative synthesis of new molecules. The question could be answered by examining phage particles derived from co-infection of bacteria with genetically marked Lambda phages that were labeled with heavy isotopes (C and N). The density-gradient method allowed individual progeny phages to be characterized for their inheritance of parental DNA and of parental genetic makers. Meselson's initial demonstration of breakage-associated, replication-independent recombination was later found to reflect the activity of a special system that can recombine Lambda DNA at only one spot, normally used by the phage to insert itself into the chromosome of a host cell. Subsequently, variations of the experiment by Franklin Stahl revealed reciprocal dependencies between DNA replication and most genetic recombination. With Charles Radding, Meselson developed a model for recombination between DNA duplexes that guided research in the field for the decade from 1973 to 1983.
574:" was a Soviet toxin weapon being used against Hmong tribespeople in Laos. Citing the physical appearance and high pollen content of samples of the alleged agent; the resemblance of the alleged attacks to showers of feces from swarms of honeybees that he and entomologist Thomas Seeley documented during a 1983 field study in Thailand; the inability of US and UK government laboratories to corroborate initial reports of the presence of trichothecene mycotoxins in samples of the alleged agent and in biomedical samples from alleged victims; the lack of any supporting evidence from extensive interviews with Vietnamese military defectors and prisoners; and other considerations, Meselson and his colleagues argued that the allegations were mistaken.
503:
to have a density halfway between that of N DNA and N DNA. In successive generations, the fraction of DNA that was "half-heavy" fell by a factor of ½, as the total amount of DNA increased two-fold. When the half-heavy DNA was made single stranded by heating, it separated into two density species, one heavy (containing only N) and one light (containing only N). The experiment implied that, upon replication, the two complementary strands of the bacterial DNA separate, and that each of the single strands directs the synthesis of a new, complementary strand, a result that verified the suggestion for DNA replication put forward five years earlier by
586:
science and in public affairs. He has served on the
Council of the National Academy of Sciences, the Council of the Smithsonian Institution, the Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Advisory Board to the US Secretary of State and the Committee on International Security and Arms Control of the US National Academy of Sciences. He is past President of the Federation of American Scientists, and presently is co-director of the Harvard Sussex Program on Chemical and Biological Weapons and a member of the board of directors of the
426:, Meselson studied liberal arts including history and classics as an undergraduate from 1946 to 1949 after realizing upon arriving that the university had abolished bachelor's degrees in specialized field such as chemistry and physics. After completing his studies, Meselson spent half a year traveling in Europe. where he spent most of his time reading and making friends. The devastation of the war was still evident in Europe in 1949, as were the beginning tensions of the
33:
567:
pilot study of the ecological and health effects of the military use of herbicides. Upon returning to
Harvard, he and Robert Baughman developed an advanced mass-spectrometric method for analysis of the toxic herbicide contaminant dioxin and applied it to environmental and biomedical samples from the Vietnam and the US. In December 1970, President Richard Nixon ordered a "rapid but orderly" phase-out of herbicide operations in Vietnam.
498:, invented a method that separates macromolecules according to their buoyant density. The method, equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, was sufficiently sensitive that Meselson and Stahl were able to separate DNA containing the heavy isotope of nitrogen, N, from DNA made of the lighter isotope, N. In their classic experiment, described and analyzed in a book by science historian Frederic L. Holmes, they grew the bacterium
410:, Meselson attended summer school during summer vacations and received enough high school credits to graduate a year and a half ahead of time. When he attempted to acquire his diploma from the registrar at his high school, however, he was informed that in order to receive his high school diploma, he needed three full years of physical education, which he lacked. After searching for options, he enrolled at the
530:
methyl-directed mismatch repair, a process that enables cells to correct mistakes in replicating DNA. Meselson's current research is aimed at understanding the advantage of sexual reproduction in evolution. Meselson and his colleagues have recently demonstrated that
Bdelloid rotifers do, in fact, engage in sexual reproduction employing meiosis of an atypical sort.
578:
infected cattle was plausible but that there should be an independent on-site investigation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he was allowed to bring a team to
Sverdlovsk in 1992 and again in 1993. Their reports conclusively showed that the official Soviet explanation was wrong and that the outbreak was caused by the
502:
for many generations in medium containing N as the only nitrogen source and then switched the bacteria to growth medium containing N instead. They extracted DNA from bacteria prior to switching and, at intervals, for several generations thereafter. After one generation of growth, all the DNA was seen
585:
Meselson is a member of the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Académie des Sciences (Paris), the Royal Society (London) and the Russian Academy of Sciences and has received numerous awards and honors in the field of
549:
Concluding that biological weapons served no substantial military purpose for the US and that their proliferation would pose a serious threat and that, in years ahead, the exploitation of advanced biology for hostile purposes would be inimical to society generally, he worked to persuade members of
577:
In April 1980 Meselson served as a resident consultant to the CIA investigating a major outbreak of anthrax among people in the Soviet city of
Sverdlovsk. He concluded that on the basis of available evidence the official Soviet explanation that the outbreak was caused by consumption of meat from
566:
Meselson and his colleagues have undertaken three on-site investigations with implications for chemical and biological weapons arms control. During August and
September 1970, on behalf of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Meselson led a team in the Republic of Vietnam in a
529:
and
Meselson used the density-gradient method to demonstrate the existence of messenger RNA. In subsequent work, Meselson and his students demonstrated the enzymatic basis of host-directed restriction, a process by which cells recognize and destroy foreign DNA and then predicted and demonstrated
376:
for
Special Achievement in Medical Science. His laboratory at Harvard currently investigates the biological and evolutionary nature of sexual reproduction, genetic recombination, and aging. Many of his past students are notable biologists, including Nobel Laureate
405:
Meselson was born in Denver, Colorado, on May 24, 1930, and attended elementary and high school in Los
Angeles, California. While a young child he was interested in chemistry and physics, and conducted many experiments in the natural sciences at home. During
1673:
Meselson, M. and J.P. Robinson 2008. The Yellow Rain Affair: Lessons from a Discredited Allegation. Chapter 4 in Terrorism, War or Disease? Unraveling the Use of Biological Weapons. eds. S. Clunan, P. Levoy, S. Martin. Stanford University Press pp 72-96
542:, where he became interested in chemical and biological weapons programs and policies. Since then he has been involved in chemical and biological weapons defense and disarmament matters as a consultant to various US government agencies and through the
1404:
Radman, M., R.E. Wagner, Jr., B.W. Glickman, and M. Meselson 1980. DNA Methylation, Mismatch Correction and Genetic Stability. in Progress in Environmental Mutagenesis ed. M. Alacevic. Amsterdam, Elsevier/ North Holland Biomedical Press, pp. 121-130
441:
Meselson subsequently returned to the University of Chicago for a year to enroll in courses in chemistry, physics, and math, though he did not receive another degree. The following year, he was accepted into a graduate physics program at the
554:
in 1969 canceled the US BW offensive program and endorsed a UK proposal for an international ban, Meselson was among those who successfully advocated international agreements to ban biological and then chemical weapons, leading to the
1564:
348:
to renounce biological weapons, suspend chemical weapons production, and support an international treaty prohibiting the acquisition of biological agents for hostile purposes, which in 1972 became known as the
1940:
1546:
Statement at hearing: Chemical and Biological Warfare, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, secret hearing held April 30, 1969, sanitized and printed June 23, 1969, 50 pp. SUDOC: Y4.F76/2:W23/2
450:(he was friends with Pauling's son Peter and with his daughter Linda), and Pauling asked him what he intended to do the following year. Upon hearing Meselson respond that he intended to return to the
550:
the Executive Branch, the Congress and the public that the US had no need for such weapons and that there would be benefits in renouncing them and working for worldwide prohibition. After President
1930:
340:
Since 1963 he has been interested in chemical and biological defense and arms control, has served as a consultant on this subject to various government agencies. Meselson worked with
430:. The following year, Meselson returned to Caltech to begin freshman studies again, but disliked the pedagogical approach in most of the courses he took. He enrolled, however, in
818:
774:
210:
I. Equilibrium sedimentation of macromolecules in density gradients with application to the study of deoxyribonucleic acid. II. The crystal structure of N,N-dimethyl malonamide
1565:
https://www.amazon.com/One-Hundred-Years-Chemical-Warfare/dp/3319516639/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1509033228&sr=8-1-fkmr0&keywords=100+years+of+chemical+warfare
1925:
546:, an academic research organization based at Harvard and at the University of Sussex in the UK of which he and Julian Perry Robinson in the UK are co-directors.
1935:
458:
in chemistry at the California Institute of Technology (1953-1957), Meselson's doctoral dissertation was on equilibrium density gradient centrifugation and on
1015:
Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA. A History of "The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology", Frederic Lawrence Holmes, Yale University Press (2001).
756:
Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA. A History of "The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology", Frederic Lawrence Holmes, Yale University Press (2001).
1945:
1555:
Meselson, M. (2017) "From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam" in Friedrich
1955:
649:
1726:
Meselson, M.; Guillemin, J.; Hugh-Jones, M.; Langmuir, A.; Popova, I.; Shelokov, A.; Yampolskaya, O. (1994). "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979".
1920:
1895:
1204:
Brenner, S.; Jacob, F.; Meselson, M. (1961). "An Unstable Intermediate Carrying Information from Genes to Ribosomes for Protein Synthesis".
1789:
454:, Pauling immediately asked him to come to Caltech to begin graduate studies with him, to which Meselson agreed. As a graduate student of
609:
494:) showed that DNA replicates semi-conservatively. In order to test hypotheses for how DNA replicates, Meselson and Stahl, together with
1905:
474:. Meselson then served as Assistant Professor of Physical Chemistry and then Senior Research Fellow at Caltech until he joined the
539:
302:, Meselson became a Professor at Harvard University in 1960, where he has remained today as Professor of the Natural Sciences.
1910:
1840:
443:
1950:
1915:
1880:
1845:
299:
77:
1773:
1679:
875:
666:
624:
361:
446:
where he remained for a year. In the summer of 1953, Meselson was at a swimming pool party at the Pauling home in
329:
in 1961. Meselson has investigated DNA repair in cells and how cells recognize and destroy foreign DNA, and, with
414:
at the age of 16 in 1946 intending to study chemistry, since it did not require a high school diploma to attend.
590:
Center for Science and International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
1410:
1020:
761:
603:
1885:
556:
350:
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108:
91:
1900:
600:
365:
357:
288:
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655:
560:
193:
132:
1831:
Xapiens Podcast Ending Biological Warfare, COVID, Henry Kissinger, mRNA, Meselson-Stahl, Mathew Meselson
1576:
1890:
732:
He married three times, first to Katherine Kaynis, then to Sarah Page, with whom he had two daughters,
642:
128:
867:
Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA: A History of "The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology"
1528:
Meselson, M.; Constable, J. (1971). "The Ecological Impact of Large Scale Defoliation in Vietnam".
689:
659:
447:
434:'s freshman chemistry course, which he loved, and worked on a project for Pauling the same year on
369:
136:
1768:
Guillemin, J. 2001. Anthrax, investigation of a deadly outbreak. University of California Press.
1639:
Seeley, T.D.; Nowicke, J.W.; Meselson, M.; Guillemin, J.; Akratanakul, P. (1985). "Yellow Rain".
1424:"Effects of High Levels of DNA Adenine Methylation on Methyl-Directed Mismatch Repair in E. coli"
682:
579:
1875:
543:
865:
615:
459:
451:
423:
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72:
1870:
1826:
Diplomacy Light Podcast #3 BWC at Fifty: Matthew Meselson, John Walker, and Sergey Batsonov
1735:
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1304:
1213:
1158:
1086:
970:
911:
390:
8:
1473:"Allele Sharing and Evidence for Sexuality in a Mitochondrial Clade of Bdelloid Rotifers"
471:
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334:
276:
244:
103:
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1652:
1601:
1363:
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1217:
1162:
1090:
974:
915:
1708:
1660:
1621:
1505:
1448:
1423:
1328:
1237:
1131:
Stahl, F. W. (1998) Recombination in phage λ: one geneticist's historical perspective"
861:
475:
280:
187:
1812:"Obituaries: Amy Meselson, 46, Immigrant Defender," The New York Times, August 8, 2018
1691:
Pribbenow, Merle L. (2006). "'Yellow Rain': Lessons from an Earlier WMD Controversy".
1575:
Richard Lyons, New York Times, December 26, 1970 "Military to Curb Use of Herbicides"
1382:
1347:
1181:
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1109:
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1114:
1055:
1016:
998:
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871:
843:
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171:
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526:
318:
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1700:
1656:
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1166:
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988:
978:
929:
919:
833:
789:
737:
221:
1471:
Signorovitch, Ana; Hur, Jae; Gladyshev, Eugene; Meselson, Matthew (June 1, 2015).
1439:
1272:
1256:
511:
and lent important early support for the Watson-Crick model of the DNA molecule.
495:
467:
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386:
341:
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378:
345:
326:
295:
248:
226:
97:
1825:
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1372:
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labeling that DNA is replicated semi-conservatively. In addition, Meselson,
1785:
1588:
Nowicke, J.; Meselson, M. (1984). "Yellow Rain: A Palynological Analysis".
1514:
1422:
Pukkila, P.J.; Peterson, J.; Herman, G.; Modrich, P.; Meselson, M. (1983).
1281:
1233:
1118:
1059:
1002:
943:
847:
803:
733:
672:
629:
1975 Alumni Distinguished Service Award, California Institute of Technology
504:
407:
382:
373:
330:
236:
209:
166:
140:
1755:
1617:
1457:
1391:
1324:
1190:
1171:
1099:
983:
924:
533:
1075:"Chromosome Breakage Accompanying Genetic Recombination in Bacteriophage"
571:
515:
491:
310:
114:
32:
838:
794:
435:
272:
1316:
1295:
Meselson, M.; Yuan, R. (1968). "DNA Restriction Enzyme from E. coli".
1609:
1577:
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/12/27/82609457.pdf
1225:
1050:
1033:
1725:
462:. Besides Pauling, Meselson's dissertation committee also included
427:
161:
1941:
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1034:"Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid"
959:"Equilibrium Sedimentation of Macromolecules in Density Gradients"
1841:
Video of a talk by Meselson titled "Linus Pauling as an Educator"
1561:
100 Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences
314:
1470:
203:
60:
1638:
356:
Meselson has received the Award in Molecular Biology from the
1693:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1421:
620:
1971 Alumni Medal, University of Chicago Alumni Association
1790:"The man who stopped America's biological weapons program"
570:
During the 1980s, Meselson investigated allegations that "
1931:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
538:
In 1963 Meselson served as a resident consultant in the
534:
Chemical and biological weapons defense and disarmament
16:
American geneticist and molecular biologist (born 1930)
956:
678:
2005 Life Member of the New York Academy of Sciences.
638:
1983 Presidential Award, New York Academy of Sciences
344:
under the Nixon administration to convince President
1203:
1352:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
1151:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
1079:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
963:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
904:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
650:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
372:of the Genetics Society of America, as well as the
1926:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
648:1990 Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award,
1527:
870:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 265.
635:1978 Leo Szilard Award, American Physical Society
1862:
1836:Matthew Meselson's bio at Harvard Kennedy School
1587:
1144:
632:1975 Lehman Award, New York Academy of Sciences
582:at a military biological facility in the city.
1348:"Repair Tracts in Mismatch DNA Heteroduplexes"
1345:
1072:
957:Meselson, M.; Stahl, F.; Vinograd, J. (1957).
854:
1936:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1846:iBio The Semi-Conservative Replication of DNA
897:
610:Eli Lilly Award in Microbiology or Immunology
1294:
696:
1946:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1147:"A General Model for Genetic Recombination"
1031:
400:
1956:California Institute of Technology fellows
675:for Special Achievement in Medical Science
143:for Special Achievement in Medical Science
31:
1921:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1690:
1504:
1447:
1381:
1371:
1271:
1180:
1170:
1135:223: 95-102 10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00246-7
1108:
1098:
1049:
992:
982:
933:
923:
837:
793:
1856:Conversations in Genetics Interview 2016
1254:
816:
772:
1032:Watson, J. D.; Crick, F. H. C. (1953).
333:, was responsible for the discovery of
1863:
1851:McGill Honorary Doctorate Address 2013
1563:, Springer International pp. 325-338.
860:
540:US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
1784:
1346:Wagner, R. Jr.; Meselson, M. (1976).
1896:Foreign members of the Royal Society
740:, with whom he shares two stepsons.
444:University of California at Berkeley
283:, known for his demonstration, with
900:"The Replication of DNA in E. coli"
736:and Zoe. His third marriage was to
417:
294:. After completing his Ph.D. under
13:
1661:10.1038/scientificamerican0985-128
1145:Meselson, M.; Radding, C. (1975).
593:
360:, the Public Service Award of the
300:California Institute of Technology
78:California Institute of Technology
14:
1967:
1819:
1073:Meselson, M.; Weigle, J. (1961).
819:"Interview with Matthew Meselson"
775:"Interview with Matthew Meselson"
692:Award for helping ban bioweapons.
667:American Society for Cell Biology
625:Federation of American Scientists
362:Federation of American Scientists
1906:21st-century American biologists
898:Meselson, M.; Stahl, F. (1958).
727:
364:, the Presidential Award of the
1806:
1778:
1762:
1719:
1684:
1667:
1632:
1581:
1569:
1549:
1540:
1521:
1464:
1415:
1398:
1339:
1288:
1248:
1197:
1138:
1125:
1066:
1025:
1009:
950:
891:
810:
766:
750:
313:demonstrated through nitrogen
1:
743:
580:release of an anthrax aerosol
557:Biological Weapons Convention
351:Biological Weapons Convention
109:Biological Weapons Convention
1911:University of Chicago alumni
1273:10.1016/j.resmic.2014.05.004
717:2003 Northwestern University
601:National Academy of Sciences
366:New York Academy of Sciences
358:National Academy of Sciences
325:discovered the existence of
139:for lifetime contributions,
7:
1489:10.1534/genetics.115.176719
723:2017 Rockefeller University
685:of the UK Genetics Society.
665:2002 Public Service Award,
656:Genetics Society of America
623:1972 Public Service Award,
604:Prize for Molecular Biology
561:Chemical Weapons Convention
481:
194:Central Intelligence Agency
133:Genetics Society of America
10:
1972:
1951:21st-century American Jews
1916:Harvard University faculty
1881:Jewish American scientists
1440:10.1093/genetics/104.4.571
708:1975 University of Chicago
662:for lifetime contributions
1705:10.1080/08850600600656525
862:Holmes, Frederic Lawrence
714:1988 Princeton University
697:Honorary doctoral degrees
643:MacArthur Fellows Program
307:Meselson–Stahl experiment
271:(born May 24, 1930) is a
262:
232:
220:
202:
180:
154:
147:
129:MacArthur Fellows Program
123:
92:Meselson–Stahl experiment
84:
68:
39:
30:
23:
1260:Research in Microbiology
705:1971 Columbia University
660:Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
401:Early life and education
370:Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
269:Matthew Stanley Meselson
137:Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
44:Matthew Stanley Meselson
1748:10.1126/science.7973702
1373:10.1073/pnas.73.11.4135
702:1966 Oakland University
127:Guggenheim Fellowship,
720:2013 McGill University
544:Harvard Sussex Program
514:In collaboration with
486:In 1957, Meselson and
1172:10.1073/pnas.72.1.358
1100:10.1073/pnas.47.6.857
984:10.1073/pnas.43.7.581
925:10.1073/pnas.44.7.671
817:Meselson, M. (2003).
773:Meselson, M. (2003).
616:Guggenheim Fellowship
460:x-ray crystallography
452:University of Chicago
424:University of Chicago
412:University of Chicago
73:University of Chicago
1886:American geneticists
1530:Sierra Club Bulletin
1255:Meselson, M (2014).
711:1987 Yale University
391:Stephen F. Heinemann
1901:History of genetics
1740:1994Sci...266.1202M
1734:(5188): 1202–1208.
1653:1985SciAm.253c.128S
1641:Scientific American
1602:1984Natur.309..205N
1364:1976PNAS...73.4135W
1309:1968Natur.217.1110M
1303:(5134): 1110–1114.
1218:1961Natur.190..576B
1163:1975PNAS...72..358M
1091:1961PNAS...47..857M
975:1957PNAS...43..581M
916:1958PNAS...44..671M
472:Harden M. McConnell
395:Richard I. Morimoto
335:restriction enzymes
277:molecular biologist
245:Richard I. Morimoto
104:restriction enzymes
839:10.1002/bies.10374
795:10.1002/bies.10374
281:Harvard University
188:Harvard University
1891:MacArthur Fellows
1788:(April 9, 2019),
1596:(5965): 205–206.
1358:(11): 4135–4139.
1317:10.1038/2171110a0
1257:"François and X."
1212:(4776): 576–581.
1044:(4361): 964–967.
832:(12): 1236–1246.
788:(12): 1236–1246.
478:faculty in 1960.
289:semi-conservative
266:
265:
172:Molecular biology
149:Scientific career
1963:
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1610:10.1038/309205a0
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1226:10.1038/190576a0
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1051:10.1038/171964a0
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797:
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764:
754:
738:Jeanne Guillemin
559:of 1972 and the
500:Escherichia coli
490:(as part of the
418:Higher education
233:Notable students
222:Doctoral advisor
216:
63:, Colorado, U.S.
57:
53:
51:
35:
25:Matthew Meselson
21:
20:
1971:
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1966:
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468:Richard Feynman
464:Jerome Vinograd
420:
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387:Susan Lindquist
342:Henry Kissinger
309:of 1958 he and
292:DNA replication
257:Steven Henikoff
241:Susan Lindquist
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69:Alma mater
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96:Discovery of
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683:Mendel Medal
673:Lasker Award
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505:James Watson
499:
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448:Sierra Madre
440:
421:
408:World War II
404:
383:Mark Ptashne
374:Lasker Award
355:
339:
331:Werner Arber
304:
268:
267:
237:Mark Ptashne
208:
181:Institutions
167:Biochemistry
148:
141:Lasker Award
54:May 24, 1930
18:
1871:1930 births
572:yellow rain
516:Jean Weigle
492:phage group
438:structure.
368:, the 1995
311:Frank Stahl
115:Yellow rain
1865:Categories
1411:044480241X
1021:0300085400
762:0300085400
744:References
645:Fellowship
436:hemoglobin
273:geneticist
50:1930-05-24
1713:153913163
1497:0016-6731
826:BioEssays
782:BioEssays
563:of 1993.
521:In 1961,
1799:March 2,
1626:38336939
1515:25977472
1477:Genetics
1428:Genetics
1282:24853970
1234:20446365
1119:13769766
1060:13063483
1003:16590059
944:16590258
883:June 28,
864:(2001).
848:14635259
804:14635259
599:1963 US
482:Research
428:Cold War
162:Genetics
1756:7973702
1736:Bibcode
1728:Science
1649:Bibcode
1618:6717598
1598:Bibcode
1506:4492381
1458:6225697
1449:1202127
1392:1069303
1360:Bibcode
1333:4172829
1325:4868368
1305:Bibcode
1242:4200865
1214:Bibcode
1191:1054510
1159:Bibcode
1087:Bibcode
971:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
476:Harvard
422:At the
315:isotope
298:at the
1772:
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1711:
1678:
1624:
1616:
1590:Nature
1557:et al.
1536:: 4–9.
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1038:Nature
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935:528642
932:
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846:
802:
760:
588:Belfer
470:, and
393:, and
321:, and
215:(1957)
213:
204:Thesis
155:Fields
124:Awards
111:(1972)
61:Denver
1709:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1559:eds.
1329:S2CID
1238:S2CID
822:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
688:2019
681:2008
671:2004
654:1995
641:1984
614:1966
608:1964
287:, of
1801:2022
1770:ISBN
1752:PMID
1676:ISBN
1614:PMID
1511:PMID
1493:ISSN
1454:PMID
1407:ISBN
1388:PMID
1321:PMID
1278:PMID
1230:PMID
1187:PMID
1133:Gene
1115:PMID
1056:PMID
1017:ISBN
999:PMID
940:PMID
885:2023
872:ISBN
844:PMID
800:PMID
758:ISBN
507:and
275:and
40:Born
1794:Vox
1744:doi
1732:266
1701:doi
1657:doi
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1606:doi
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1501:PMC
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