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that is defined by a set of mathematical theorems and laws, properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects. Abstract structures are studied not only in
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An abstract structure may be represented (perhaps with some degree of approximation) by one or more physical objects – this is called an implementation or
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of the abstract structure. But the abstract structure itself is defined in a way that is not dependent on the properties of any particular implementation.
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