936:). A general rule of thumb is that fish higher up on the food chain, and with longer life spans will contain higher levels of mercury. Fish lower on the food chain and with shorter life spans will have lower metal content. However, it is important to note that the bioaccumulation of metals in fish is also dependent on geographical location, so it is hard to make global recommendations on specific fish species. An alternative to consuming fish is to use fish oil dietary supplements containing both EPA and DHA, or algae-derived DHA-only oils. The New York Times reported on a laboratory evaluation of 30 popular fish oil supplements. Some of those had less than the label claimed amounts of DHA. As for safety, "All of the products tested contained only very low levels of mercury, ranging from one to six parts per billion per serving. That range is far below the upper safety limit of 100 parts per billion set by the Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s, an industry trade group."
676:
diets. Undernourished women can benefit from having dietary education sessions and, balanced energy and protein supplements. A review showed that dietary education increased the mother's protein intake and helped the baby grow more inside the womb. The balanced protein and energy supplement lowered risk of stillbirth and small babies and increased weight gain for both the mother and baby. Although more research is needed into the longer term effects on the mothers' and infants' health, the short term effects look promising. A review conducted in 2018 found that there was a slight benefit for lipid-based nutritional supplements (LNS) for newborn birth weight, length, small for gestational age and stunting when compared with iron-folic acid (IFA). In the same study IFA and multiple micro-nutrients (MMN) reduced maternal anemia better than LNS but care is advised in interpreting and applying the results due to review limitations.
127:
essential before pregnancy for the production of hemoglobin. There is no evidence that a hemoglobin level of 7 grams/100 ml or higher is detrimental to pregnancy, but it must be acknowledged that maternal hemorrhage is a major source of maternal mortality worldwide, and a reserve capacity to carry oxygen is desirable. According to the
Cochrane review conclusions iron supplementation reduces the risk of maternal anaemia and iron deficiency in pregnancy but the positive effect on other maternal and infant outcomes is less clear.
892:
behavior problems, hearing loss and vision problems. Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and have trouble with alcohol and recreational drug use. Fetal alcohol syndrome usually occurs when a pregnant woman has more than four drinks per day. Milder symptoms have been found with two drinks per day during the early part of pregnancy. Evidence of harm from less than two drinks per day or 10 drinks per week is not clear.
5282:
5312:
5322:
31:
5302:
5292:
764:
meaningful information. A second
Cochrane review of 29 trials, published same year, reported on the same combination trials but added analysis of trials with vitamin C alone. The conclusion was that the data do not support routine vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements for the prevention of fetal or neonatal death, poor fetal growth, preterm birth or preeclampsia.
801:, so that newborn infants have a higher serum concentration than their mothers. What the mother-to-be consumes during the pregnancy is more important than her liver tissue stores, as it is recently absorbed vitamin content that more effectively reaches the placenta. Women who consume a small percentage of their diet from animal-sourced foods or who by choice consume
137:
Dietary
Allowances and PRIs = Population Reference Intakes) are set higher than what has been determined to be average requirements so as to address women who have above average needs. For some nutrients there is not enough information to set a recommendation, so the term Adequate Intake (AI) is used based on what appears to be sufficient.
686:, iodine, iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, and calcium over the amounts found in standard multi-vitamins. Currently there is insufficient evidence that zinc supplements during pregnancy result in improved neonatal or maternal outcomes. The World Health Organization does not routinely recommend zinc supplementation for all pregnant women.
690:
evidence also suggests that calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of the mother having the baby before 37th week of pregnancy (preterm birth). The protective effect of calcium supplementation is not clear and there is not enough good quality to research to suggest best doses and timing of calcium supplementation.
694:
childhood, suggesting a protective effect. Additionally, maternal intake of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) has been associated with a reduced risk of development of eczema in childhood and reduced likelihood to for infants exhibit sensitivity to foods in the first year of life.
891:
are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. The most severe form of the condition is known as fetal alcohol syndrome. Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence,
859:
concur that habitual caffeine consumption up to 200 mg per day by pregnant women does not give rise to safety concerns for the fetus. The United
Kingdom Food Standards Agency had recommended that pregnant women should limit their caffeine intake to less than 300 mg of caffeine a day, but in
126:
is needed for the healthy growth of the fetus and placenta, especially during the second and third trimesters. It is recommended that the first and third trimester retain concentrations greater than 11 grams/deciliter and that the second trimester has levels above 10.5 grams per deciliter. It is also
41:
refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy. Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason, the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception (probably several months before) as well as throughout pregnancy and
61:
As with most diets, there are chances of over-supplementing, however, as general advice, both state and medical recommendations are that mothers follow instructions listed on particular vitamin packaging as to the correct or recommended daily allowance (RDA). Daily prenatal use of iron substantially
45:
An inadequate or excessive amount of some nutrients may cause malformations or medical problems in the fetus, and neurological disorders and handicaps are a risk that is run by mothers who are malnourished. An estimated 24% of babies worldwide are born with lower than optimal weights at birth due to
675:
Multiple micronutrient supplements taken with iron and folic acid may improve birth outcomes for women in low income countries. These supplements reduce numbers of low birth weight babies, small for gestational age babies and stillbirths in women who may not have many micronutrients in their usual
136:
The United States and the
European Union have established vitamin and mineral recommendations for during pregnancy and lactation. The amounts in the table below are the higher of the two. The citations separately list recommendations for pregnancy and lactation. Recommendations (RDAs = Recommended
746:
or any other maternal or infant outcomes, either in healthy women or those considered at risk for pregnancy complications. Antioxidant vitamins as dietary supplements had been proposed as having benefits if consumed during pregnancy. For the combination of vitamin E with vitamin C supplemented to
689:
Approximately 30 grams (1.1 oz) of calcium is accumulated during pregnancy, almost all of it in the fetal skeleton (25 g). For women with low calcium diets, there is low quality evidence to suggest that calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of preeclampsia. Low-quality
780:
for pregnancy is 2.6 μg/day, for lactation 2.8 μg/day. Determination of these values was based on RDA of 2.4 μg/day for non-pregnant women plus what will be transferred to the fetus during pregnancy and what will be delivered in breast milk. However, looking at the same scientific
101:
levels vary with exposure to sunlight. While it was assumed that supplementation was necessary only in areas of high latitudes, recent studies of
Vitamin D levels throughout the United States and many other countries have shown a large number of women with low levels. For this reason, there is a
52:
consumption during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss. The available research favors the notion that the benefits of fish consumption during pregnancy outweigh the risks; however, the type of fish is important. Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the vitamin
895:
The
American Academy of Pediatrics established a conservative set of recommendations in 2015: "During pregnancy:no amount of alcohol intake should be considered safe; there is no safe trimester to drink alcohol; all forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk; and binge
693:
A mother's nutritional intake during pregnancy is believed to influence and possibly offer protective effects against the development of allergenic diseases and asthma in children. Maternal intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, and zinc have all been associated with a lower likelihood of wheezing in
927:
Due to risks of heavy-metal toxicity on fetal neurodevelopment, many mothers are concerned about eating fish during pregnancy. Overall, current research favors the notion that the benefits of fish consumption during pregnancy outweigh the risks; however, the type of fish is important. Current
763:
or any other maternal or infant outcomes, either in healthy women or those considered at risk for pregnancy complications. The review identified only three small trials in which vitamin E was supplemented without co-supplementation with vitamin C. None of these trials reported any clinically
963:
During lactation, water intake may need to be increased. Human milk is made of 88% water, and the IOM recommends that breastfeeding women increase their water intake by about 300 mL/day to a total volume of 3000 mL/day (from food and drink), approximately 2,400 mL/day from fluids.
747:
pregnant women, a
Cochrane review of 21 clinical trials concluded that the data do not support vitamin E supplementation – majority of trials alpha-tocopherol at 400 IU/day plus vitamin C at 1000 mg/day – as being efficacious for reducing risk of
2030:
Beckhaus AA, Garcia-Marcos L, Forno E, Pacheco-Gonzalez RM, Celedón JC, Castro-Rodriguez JA (December 2015). "Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and risk of asthma, wheeze, and atopic diseases during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
814:
Pregnant women are advised to pay attention to the foods they eat during pregnancy in order to reduce the risk of exposure to substances or bacteria that may be harmful to the developing fetus. This can include potentially harmful pathogens such as
42:
breastfeeding. An ever-increasing number of studies have shown that the nutrition of the mother will have an effect on the child, up to and including the risk for cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes throughout life.
805:
are at higher risk than those consuming higher amounts of animal-sourced foods for becoming vitamin depleted during pregnancy, which can lead to anemia, and also an increased risk that their breastfed infants become vitamin deficient.
2754:
Soltani S, Salari-Moghaddam A, Saneei P, Askari M, Larijani B, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A (July 2021). "Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies".
839:
recommends an increase of 300 mL per day compared to the normal intake for non-pregnant women, taking the total adequate water intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone.
46:
lack of proper nutrition. Personal habits such as consumption of alcohol or large amounts of caffeine can negatively and irreversibly affect the development of the baby, which happens in the early stages of pregnancy.
1614:
874:. It found that the current scientific evidence does not support moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy as safe, and advised pregnant women and women contemplating pregnancy to avoid caffeine.
3045:
Coriale G, Fiorentino D, Di Lauro F, Marchitelli R, Scalese B, Fiore M, et al. (2013). "Fetal
Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment".
2080:"Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic disease outcomes in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials"
3429:
Milman N, Byg KE, Bergholt T, Eriksen L, Hvas AM (September 2006). "Body iron and individual iron prophylaxis in pregnancy--should the iron dose be adjusted according to serum ferritin?".
2426:"Associations of Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration in Pregnancy With the Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data"
1533:
Rahmati S, Azami M, Badfar G, Parizad N, Sayehmiri K (August 2020). "The relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy with preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
710:(NTDs). Women who had 0.4 mg of folic acid in their systems due to supplementing 3 months before childbirth significantly reduced the risk of NTDs. More than 80 countries use
908:
Fish consumption during pregnancy is encouraged by
European, Australian, and American guidelines. The reason given is that fat-containing fish such as salmon and tuna contain
85:
of pregnancy, 0.6 mg/day through the pregnancy, and 0.5 mg/day while breastfeeding in addition to eating foods rich in folic acid such as green leafy vegetables.
863:
High doses of caffeine intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage and some major negative pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth or low birth weight.
851:
consumption during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of pregnancy loss and increased risk of low birth weight, defined as below 2500 grams (5.5 pounds). The
2601:
Li J, Zhao H, Song JM, Zhang J, Tang YL, Xin CM (August 2015). "A meta-analysis of risk of pregnancy loss and caffeine and coffee consumption during pregnancy".
1662:
1625:
866:
A 2020 review called into question the safe levels proposed by the European Food Safety Authority, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the
1371:"Association between maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
900:
recommends that alcohol should be avoided entirely during pregnancy, given the relatively unknown effects of even small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.
924:, and are considered as important for fetal neurodevelopment. Additionally, fish are good sources of vitamins A, D, and B12, as well as the mineral iodine.
856:
793:, defined as serum concentration less than 148 pmol/L, increases the risk of miscarriage, newborn low birth weight and preterm birth. During pregnancy the
120:(EPA), are beneficial for fetal development. Several studies have shown lower risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight in mothers with higher intakes.
3252:"Scientific Opinion on health benefits of seafood (fish and shellfish) consumption in relation to health risks associated with exposure to methylmercury"
2558:
Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (2004).
2829:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (August 2010). "ACOG CommitteeOpinion No. 462: Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy".
3301:
1736:
Ota E, Hori H, Mori R, Tobe-Gai R, Farrar D (June 2015). "Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake".
3519:
3141:
Henderson J, Gray R, Brocklehurst P (March 2007). "Systematic review of effects of low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcome".
1453:"Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy on maternal, infant, and child health outcomes: a systematic review"
91:
levels are frequently too low in pregnant women, and iodine is necessary for normal thyroid function and mental development of the fetus, even
4135:
2705:"Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with risk of low birth weight: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis"
1113:"Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies"
667:†Not established. EU has not identified an AI for sodium or chloride, and does not consider chromium to be an essential mineral nutrient.
4104:
3100:
3360:
Bosch AC, O'Neill B, Sigge GO, Kerwath SE, Hoffman LC (January 2016). "Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: a review".
944:
Proper nutrition is important after delivery to help the mother recover, and to provide enough food energy and nutrients for a woman to
4811:
2408:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
1656:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
5152:
2646:"Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies"
2476:
Sebastiani G, Herranz Barbero A, Borrás-Novell C, Alsina Casanova M, Aldecoa-Bilbao V, Andreu-Fernández V, et al. (March 2019).
2931:"Maternal caffeine consumption and pregnancy outcomes: a narrative review with implications for advice to mothers and mothers-to-be"
4751:
1053:
1869:
4300:
4230:
2330:
1910:
1092:
1037:
4445:
2145:"Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate"
1337:
5051:
3805:
1419:
1980:"Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes"
5351:
4404:
3572:
1576:
Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T (July 2015). "Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy".
1304:
5187:
4529:
4270:
3023:
932:
containing fish per week in pregnancy is both safe and beneficial. Mercury accumulates in fish through their own diet (
17:
2407:
1655:
4305:
4170:
3094:
1429:
1347:
1314:
4409:
4109:
3634:
871:
4461:
4175:
973:
888:
3404:
5305:
5177:
4611:
4225:
852:
836:
782:
4250:
4157:
3659:
2527:
5157:
4255:
4215:
3714:
4801:
4084:
3895:
3868:
1256:"Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis"
921:
102:
growing movement to recommend supplementation with 1000 IU of Vitamin D daily throughout pregnancy.
4781:
4290:
4127:
3885:
3810:
3780:
3526:
1771:
Das JK, Hoodbhoy Z, Salam RA, Bhutta AZ, Valenzuela-Rubio NG, Weise Prinzo Z, Bhutta ZA (August 2018).
1082:
109:, but supplementation has not yet been shown to improve pregnancy outcome or the health of the newborn.
5210:
4340:
3952:
3692:
3616:
1931:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems"
1873:
897:
3089:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 527.
2864:
1306:
Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Handbook of Prescription Drugs and Comparative Risk Assessment
5002:
4924:
4919:
4839:
4599:
3702:
2424:
Rogne T, Tielemans MJ, Chong MF, Yajnik CS, Krishnaveni GV, Poston L, et al. (February 2017).
777:
2478:"The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring"
4982:
4956:
4275:
3878:
3639:
3606:
3565:
957:
867:
802:
2567:
4574:
4522:
4394:
4210:
3775:
3654:
1978:
Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Ngamjarus C, Laopaiboon M, Medley N (February 2015).
1173:"Fish intake during pregnancy and foetal neurodevelopment--a systematic review of the evidence"
3084:
2797:
2306:
5225:
5111:
5084:
5057:
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983:
909:
883:
117:
2119:
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4435:
4295:
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3649:
3369:
2657:
1003:
913:
113:
8:
5325:
5267:
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4909:
4626:
4399:
4310:
4265:
4165:
4024:
3942:
3925:
3890:
3745:
3666:
3626:
1773:"Lipid-based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes"
1369:
Aghajafari F, Nagulesapillai T, Ronksley PE, Tough SC, O'Beirne M, Rabi DM (March 2013).
827:. Intake of large amounts of retinol has been linked to birth defects and abnormalities.
707:
3373:
3336:
2661:
2004:
1979:
1139:
1112:
5346:
5215:
5172:
5162:
4951:
4904:
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4004:
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3765:
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3166:
2996:
2979:
2955:
2930:
2780:
2731:
2704:
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2626:
2504:
2477:
2450:
2425:
2384:
2359:
2274:
2249:
2225:
2200:
2171:
2144:
2056:
1955:
1930:
1846:
1821:
1797:
1772:
1708:
1683:
1558:
1400:
1280:
1255:
1199:
1172:
1057:
978:
917:
711:
284:
78:
1877:
730:
supplemented to pregnant women does not appear to be efficacious for reducing risk of
5311:
5285:
5167:
5137:
5116:
5079:
5062:
4977:
4941:
4931:
4826:
4746:
4690:
4653:
4638:
4579:
4546:
4515:
4364:
4240:
3979:
3920:
3760:
3740:
3735:
3489:
3446:
3385:
3317:"Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013) | National Health and Medical Research Council"
3283:
3207:
3158:
3154:
3123:
3090:
3062:
3001:
2960:
2908:
2846:
2784:
2772:
2736:
2685:
2618:
2509:
2475:
2455:
2389:
2326:
2279:
2230:
2176:
2101:
2048:
2009:
1960:
1906:
1851:
1802:
1753:
1713:
1593:
1550:
1515:
1474:
1469:
1452:
1425:
1392:
1343:
1310:
1285:
1240:
1204:
1144:
1088:
1033:
679:
3501:
3458:
3219:
3170:
3086:
Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk
2630:
2360:"Cobalamin Status from Pregnancy to Early Childhood: Lessons from Global Experience"
1562:
706:, is critical both in pre-and peri-conception. Deficiencies in folic acid may cause
5295:
4987:
4972:
4849:
4724:
4680:
4335:
3947:
3820:
3815:
3709:
3481:
3438:
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3263:
3197:
3150:
3054:
2991:
2950:
2942:
2898:
2838:
2828:
2811:
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2726:
2716:
2675:
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2610:
2581:
2499:
2489:
2445:
2437:
2379:
2371:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2166:
2156:
2091:
2060:
2040:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1749:
1745:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1589:
1585:
1542:
1505:
1464:
1404:
1382:
1275:
1267:
1236:
1194:
1184:
1134:
1124:
305:
63:
2768:
1546:
27:
Nutrient intake and dietary planning undertaken before, during and after pregnancy
5315:
5260:
5121:
5106:
5089:
5029:
5024:
4968:
4946:
4643:
4589:
4569:
4384:
4099:
3994:
3863:
3755:
3644:
3593:
2842:
2670:
1900:
933:
835:
During pregnancy, a woman's mass increases by about 12 kg (26 lb). The
2799:
5147:
5101:
4914:
4844:
4663:
4430:
4345:
4051:
3999:
3697:
2946:
2903:
2886:
2614:
2075:
752:
735:
387:
3442:
3233:
2721:
2161:
1510:
1493:
1421:
Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk
1129:
73:
supplementation is recommended prior to conception, to prevent development of
5340:
5230:
5019:
5014:
4876:
4816:
4719:
4440:
4330:
4119:
4094:
3846:
3687:
3601:
3472:
Sethi V, Kapil U (April 2004). "Iodine deficiency and development of brain".
3287:
3268:
3251:
3019:
2815:
2586:
2569:
945:
929:
820:
756:
739:
3314:
2703:
Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM (September 2014).
2096:
2079:
5235:
5220:
5046:
4771:
4621:
4606:
4552:
4476:
4056:
4009:
3957:
3915:
3550:
3493:
3450:
3389:
3211:
3202:
3185:
3162:
3127:
3066:
3005:
2964:
2912:
2850:
2776:
2740:
2689:
2622:
2555:
2513:
2459:
2393:
2283:
2234:
2180:
2105:
2052:
2013:
1964:
1855:
1806:
1757:
1717:
1597:
1554:
1519:
1478:
1396:
1289:
1254:
Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, Spiegelman D, Ezzati M, Fawzi WW (June 2013).
1208:
1148:
760:
743:
74:
2375:
2029:
5094:
5039:
4936:
4791:
4766:
4584:
4466:
4061:
4019:
3937:
2568:
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) (2010).
2441:
1450:
789:μg/day for pregnancy and 5.0 μg/day for lactation. Low maternal vitamin B
773:
106:
2865:"Food Standards Agency publishes new caffeine advice for pregnant women"
860:
2009 revised that downward to less than 200 mg of caffeine a day.
105:
A large number of pregnant women have been found to have low levels of
30:
5182:
5067:
5034:
4806:
4756:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4714:
4704:
4471:
3989:
3911:
3790:
3585:
3485:
3278:
3058:
2798:
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2015).
2494:
1977:
824:
748:
731:
683:
584:
568:
326:
263:
225:
82:
70:
3381:
2248:
Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA (September 2015).
2044:
1575:
1387:
1370:
1271:
1189:
1111:
Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM (May 2016).
81:. It should be taken as at least 0.4 mg/day throughout the first
5255:
4997:
4992:
4856:
4834:
4709:
4673:
3581:
3250:
EFSA Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) (2014-07-01).
1451:
Imhoff-Kunsch B, Briggs V, Goldenberg T, Ramakrishnan U (July 2012).
1368:
727:
723:
600:
552:
536:
209:
193:
177:
161:
98:
92:
3044:
2315:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
2199:
Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA (September 2015).
4761:
4538:
4350:
4066:
2753:
1684:"Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy"
1622:
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
949:
848:
816:
794:
616:
488:
456:
440:
49:
2325:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 306–356.
5240:
4700:
4668:
4561:
3873:
3114:"Pregnancy and alcohol: occasional, light drinking may be safe".
2644:
Rhee J, Kim R, Kim Y, Tam M, Lai Y, Keum N, Oldenburg CE (2015).
1822:"Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome"
424:
408:
242:
95:. Pregnant women should take prenatal vitamins containing iodine.
3525:. USDA NAL Food and Nutrition Information Center. Archived from
4379:
3841:
3836:
896:
drinking poses dose-related risk to the developing fetus." The
703:
632:
504:
472:
366:
345:
88:
1929:
Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR (October 2018).
4425:
4089:
3858:
3359:
2358:
Obeid R, Murphy M, Solé-Navais P, Yajnik C (November 2017).
2357:
1170:
4507:
3315:
National Health and Medical Research Council (2013-02-07).
1928:
1494:"Effects of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation"
953:
714:
with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs.
648:
520:
123:
2570:"Scientific Opinion on Dietary reference values for water"
1253:
1171:
Starling P, Charlton K, McMahon AT, Lucas C (March 2015).
3234:"Framework for alcohol policy in the WHO European Region"
3140:
2423:
1532:
3520:"Nutrition During Pregnancy Resource List for Consumers"
3428:
2247:
62:
improves birth weight, potentially reducing the risk of
1056:. World Health Organization. 2011-03-15. Archived from
702:
Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the vitamin
3249:
2702:
2198:
1770:
1110:
2301:
2073:
1535:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
112:
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically
53:
folate, is critical both in pre-and peri-conception.
2884:
1924:
1922:
1682:
Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA (March 2019).
1681:
1084:
Pregnancy: The Ultimate Week-by-Week Pregnancy Guide
857:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
2603:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
2142:
1819:
1735:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1677:
1675:
1417:
670:
3545:Folic acid - what all women should know (leaflet)
2471:
2469:
1919:
5338:
2980:"Is caffeine consumption safe during pregnancy?"
2977:
1643:
1227:Williamson CS (2006). "Nutrition in pregnancy".
2600:
2025:
2023:
1672:
903:
3362:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2885:Signorello LB, McLaughlin JK (November 2008).
2800:"Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine"
2757:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2466:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1820:Carducci B, Keats EC, Bhutta ZA (March 2021).
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
4523:
3566:
3183:
2891:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2643:
2120:"Recommendations | Folic Acid | NCBDDD | CDC"
1971:
1898:
1731:
1729:
1727:
131:
56:
3580:
3422:
3300:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2353:
2351:
2349:
2241:
2020:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1021:
939:
3337:"2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines - health.gov"
3012:
2254:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2205:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2187:
1984:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1935:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1826:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1777:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1738:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1688:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1609:
1607:
1578:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1155:
928:research suggests that 2-3 servings of low-
4812:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4530:
4516:
3573:
3559:
3471:
3078:
3076:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2084:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1724:
1498:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1335:
1226:
1106:
1104:
5153:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3277:
3267:
3201:
2995:
2978:Morgan S, Koren G, Bozzo P (April 2013).
2954:
2902:
2730:
2720:
2679:
2669:
2585:
2503:
2493:
2449:
2417:
2383:
2346:
2273:
2224:
2170:
2160:
2095:
2003:
1954:
1845:
1796:
1707:
1509:
1468:
1386:
1279:
1215:
1198:
1188:
1138:
1128:
2924:
2922:
2887:"Caffeine and miscarriage: case closed?"
2250:"Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy"
2201:"Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy"
2143:Wald NJ, Morris JK, Blakemore C (2018).
1604:
1418:Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011).
1302:
29:
3184:Williams JF, Smith VC (November 2015).
3103:from the original on 10 September 2017.
3073:
3038:
2323:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2290:
1870:"Zinc supplementation during pregnancy"
1101:
1076:
1074:
785:(EFSA) sets adequate intake (AI) at 4.5
682:typically contain increased amounts of
14:
5339:
3405:"What's in Your Fish Oil Supplements?"
3402:
2551:
2549:
2074:Best KP, Gold M, Kennedy D, Martin J,
1491:
1339:Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease
1030:Human Nutrition - A Health Perspective
1027:
4511:
3554:
3082:
2928:
2919:
1902:Krause's Food & Nutrition Therapy
1668:from the original on August 28, 2017.
1457:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
1424:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1342:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1080:
1004:"Cancer Prevention During Early Life"
5291:
5052:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2561:
1071:
5301:
4405:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
3226:
2546:
778:Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
717:
24:
5188:Medical Scientist Training Program
3543:Health Education Authority (1996)
3512:
3186:"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders"
1615:"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)"
1087:. Meredith Books. pp. 21–22.
1054:"WHO | 10 facts on nutrition"
25:
5363:
960:during pregnancy and postpartum.
5320:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5281:
5280:
4410:Postpartum physiological changes
4110:Postpartum physiological changes
3635:Assisted reproductive technology
3155:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01163.x
3026:from the original on 23 May 2015
2430:American Journal of Epidemiology
1470:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01292.x
1309:. Gulf Professional Publishing.
1241:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2006.00541.x
952:less than 70 μg/L may need
889:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
872:Dietary Guidelines for Americans
5321:
4462:Adaptation to extrauterine life
3465:
3396:
3353:
3329:
3308:
3243:
3177:
3134:
3107:
2971:
2878:
2857:
2822:
2791:
2747:
2696:
2637:
2594:
2534:. Mayo Clinic. November 1, 2013
2520:
2400:
2136:
2112:
2067:
1892:
1862:
1813:
1764:
1569:
1526:
1485:
1444:
1411:
1362:
1329:
974:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
916:. These are termed long chain,
671:Vitamin and mineral supplements
5178:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
4612:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
4105:Maternal physiological changes
2266:10.1002/14651858.CD004072.pub3
2217:10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub3
1996:10.1002/14651858.CD007079.pub3
1947:10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5
1899:Krause MV, Raymond JL (2008).
1838:10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub6
1789:10.1002/14651858.CD012610.pub2
1750:10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3
1700:10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub6
1590:10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5
1296:
1247:
1046:
996:
948:her child. Women having serum
853:European Food Safety Authority
837:European Food Safety Authority
809:
783:European Food Safety Authority
767:
712:fortification of certain foods
13:
1:
3660:partner-assisted reproduction
3122:(124): 44–50. February 2012.
2769:10.1080/10408398.2021.1945532
1547:10.1080/14767058.2018.1555811
989:
697:
5158:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4925:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
4537:
3474:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
3403:Conner A (22 January 2014).
3239:. World Health Organisation.
2843:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181eeb2a1
2671:10.1371/journal.pone.0132334
1229:British Nutrition Foundation
904:Fish and omega-3 fatty acids
7:
3896:Traditional birth attendant
2935:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
967:
922:polyunsaturated fatty acids
910:eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
843:
34:Pregnant woman eating fruit
10:
5368:
5352:Health issues in pregnancy
4128:Brain health and pollution
2947:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111432
2904:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.033
2615:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.03.033
1336:Shils ME, Shike M (2006).
914:docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
881:
877:
803:a vegetarian or vegan diet
132:Nutrition during pregnancy
57:Nutrition before pregnancy
5276:
5198:
5136:
4897:
4825:
4780:
4689:
4560:
4545:
4489:
4454:
4418:
4372:
4363:
4341:Chorionic villus sampling
4323:
4118:
4075:
4044:
4037:
3904:
3829:
3798:
3789:
3723:
3693:Obstetric ultrasonography
3680:
3625:
3617:Pre-conception counseling
3592:
3443:10.1007/s00277-006-0141-1
2984:Canadian Family Physician
2831:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2722:10.1186/s12916-014-0174-6
2162:10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6
1874:World Health Organization
1130:10.1017/S1368980015002463
940:Nutrition after pregnancy
898:World Health Organization
148:
145:
142:
5112:Transplantation medicine
5003:Clinical neurophysiology
4920:Obstetric anesthesiology
4840:Interventional radiology
4600:Digestive system surgery
4231:Intrahepatic cholestasis
3269:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3761
2816:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102
2587:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459
1504:(6 Suppl): 1452S–1457S.
830:
4983:Intensive care medicine
4957:Mass gathering medicine
4802:Maternal–fetal medicine
4301:Motor vehicle emissions
4162:Concomitant conditions
4136:environmental toxicants
3879:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3640:artificial insemination
3607:Natural family planning
3116:Prescrire International
2097:10.3945/ajcn.115.111104
1511:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1452S
1492:Jensen CL (June 2006).
1117:Public Health Nutrition
958:iron deficiency anaemia
956:supplements to prevent
868:National Health Service
39:Nutrition and pregnancy
4575:Cardiothoracic surgery
4395:Postpartum confinement
3655:in vitro fertilisation
3203:10.1542/peds.2015-3113
3047:Rivista di Psichiatria
2929:James JE (June 2021).
35:
5226:Personalized medicine
5085:Reproductive medicine
5010:Occupational medicine
4964:Evolutionary medicine
4390:Postpartum depression
4271:Pruritic folliculitis
4015:Unassisted childbirth
2532:Drugs and Supplements
2528:"Vitamin A (retinol)"
2376:10.3945/an.117.015628
2364:Advances in Nutrition
2303:Institute of Medicine
2149:Public Health Reviews
1905:. Saunders/Elsevier.
984:Smoking and pregnancy
884:Alcohol and pregnancy
118:eicosapentaenoic acid
33:
5246:Traditional medicine
5206:Alternative medicine
5073:Addiction psychiatry
4887:Transfusion medicine
4882:Medical microbiology
4797:Gynecologic oncology
4649:Reproductive surgery
4497:Gravidity and parity
4477:Congenital disorders
4436:Lactation consultant
4306:Pre-existing disease
3985:Childbirth positions
3975:Rupture of membranes
3672:Unintended pregnancy
3650:fertility medication
3431:Annals of Hematology
1631:on 11 September 2018
1060:on November 16, 2008
114:docosahexaenoic acid
5268:History of medicine
5251:Veterinary medicine
5058:Preventive medicine
4910:Adolescent medicine
4752:Infectious diseases
4400:Sex after pregnancy
4207:Endocrine diseases
4153:Prenatal depression
4025:Placental expulsion
3943:Uterine contraction
3926:cervical effacement
3667:Fertility awareness
3374:2016JSFA...96...32B
3020:"Facts about FASDs"
2837:(2 Pt 1): 467–468.
2662:2015PLoSO..1032334R
2319:, Folate, Vitamin B
1463:(Suppl 1): 91–107.
1303:Schaefer C (2001).
722:The combination of
708:neural tube defects
79:neural tube defects
5216:Molecular oncology
5173:Doctor of Medicine
5163:Master of Medicine
5080:Radiation oncology
4952:Emergency medicine
4905:Addiction medicine
4872:Clinical chemistry
4867:Clinical pathology
4659:Transplant surgery
4617:Orthopedic surgery
4595:Colorectal surgery
4176:Hypercoagulability
4005:Natural childbirth
3854:Postterm pregnancy
3612:Male contraceptive
3486:10.1007/BF02724099
3409:The New York Times
3196:(5): e1395–e1406.
3059:10.1708/1356.15062
2495:10.3390/nu11030557
2442:10.1093/aje/kww212
1032:. London: Arnold.
1028:Barasi EM (2003).
979:Prenatal nutrition
36:
18:Maternal nutrition
5334:
5333:
5168:Master of Surgery
5132:
5131:
5117:Tropical medicine
5063:Prison healthcare
4978:Hospital medicine
4942:Disaster medicine
4932:Aviation medicine
4747:Hospital medicine
4654:Surgical oncology
4639:Pediatric surgery
4633:
4580:Endocrine surgery
4505:
4504:
4490:Obstetric history
4485:
4484:
4446:Confinement nanny
4359:
4358:
4226:Acute fatty liver
4033:
4032:
3921:cervical dilation
3382:10.1002/jsfa.7360
3083:Yaffe SJ (2011).
3022:. 16 April 2015.
2332:978-0-309-06554-2
2045:10.1111/all.12729
2039:(12): 1588–1604.
1912:978-1-4160-3401-8
1880:on March 31, 2014
1541:(15): 2679–2689.
1388:10.1136/bmj.f1169
1272:10.1136/bmj.f3443
1190:10.3390/nu7032001
1094:978-0-696-22221-4
1039:978-0-340-81025-5
680:Prenatal vitamins
663:
662:
16:(Redirected from
5359:
5324:
5323:
5314:
5304:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5284:
5283:
4988:Medical genetics
4973:General practice
4850:Nuclear medicine
4725:Gastroenterology
4681:Vascular surgery
4631:
4558:
4557:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4370:
4369:
4336:Cardiotocography
4042:
4041:
3948:Vaginal delivery
3821:Nesting instinct
3796:
3795:
3781:Rudimentary horn
3710:Prenatal testing
3575:
3568:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3524:
3506:
3505:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3205:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2580:(3): 1459–1507.
2565:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2196:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2078:(January 2016).
2071:
2065:
2064:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1941:(10): CD001059.
1926:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1876:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1624:. Archived from
1619:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1183:(3): 2001–2014.
1168:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1123:(7): 1233–1244.
1108:
1099:
1098:
1081:Riley L (2006).
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1000:
788:
718:Vitamins C and E
665:*Adequate Intake
306:Pantothenic acid
140:
139:
64:low birth weight
21:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5272:
5261:Chief physician
5194:
5139:
5128:
5122:Travel medicine
5107:Sports medicine
5090:Sexual medicine
5030:Palliative care
5025:Pain management
4969:Family medicine
4947:Diving medicine
4893:
4821:
4783:
4776:
4692:
4685:
4644:Plastic surgery
4590:General surgery
4570:Cardiac surgery
4551:
4549:
4541:
4536:
4506:
4501:
4481:
4450:
4414:
4385:Postpartum care
4355:
4319:
4222:Liver diseases
4216:Thyroid disease
4114:
4100:Gestational age
4071:
4029:
3995:Labor induction
3900:
3891:Perinatal nurse
3864:Birth attendant
3825:
3785:
3719:
3715:Medical imaging
3676:
3645:fertility fraud
3621:
3588:
3579:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:Further reading
3510:
3509:
3470:
3466:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3397:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3293:
3292:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3182:
3178:
3139:
3135:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3081:
3074:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2976:
2972:
2927:
2920:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2827:
2823:
2796:
2792:
2752:
2748:
2701:
2697:
2656:(7): e0132334.
2642:
2638:
2599:
2595:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2474:
2467:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2356:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2300:
2291:
2260:(9): CD004072.
2246:
2242:
2211:(9): CD004069.
2197:
2188:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2072:
2068:
2028:
2021:
1990:(2): CD007079.
1976:
1972:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1832:(3): CD000230.
1818:
1814:
1783:(8): CD012610.
1769:
1765:
1744:(6): CD000032.
1734:
1725:
1694:(3): CD004905.
1680:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1584:(7): CD004736.
1574:
1570:
1531:
1527:
1490:
1486:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1252:
1248:
1225:
1216:
1169:
1156:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
970:
942:
934:bioaccumulation
906:
886:
880:
846:
833:
812:
800:
792:
786:
770:
720:
700:
673:
666:
393:
372:
351:
330:
311:
290:
269:
248:
134:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5365:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5298:
5288:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5199:Related topics
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:Medical school
5144:
5142:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Sleep medicine
5099:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4915:Anesthesiology
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4845:Neuroradiology
4842:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:Obstetrics and
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4664:Trauma surgery
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4627:Otolaryngology
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4553:subspecialties
4543:
4542:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Health visitor
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4346:Nonstress test
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:Skin diseases
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Amniotic fluid
4048:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Multiple birth
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Bradley method
3802:
3800:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3698:Pregnancy test
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3480:(4): 325–329.
3464:
3437:(9): 567–573.
3421:
3395:
3352:
3328:
3307:
3242:
3225:
3176:
3149:(3): 243–252.
3133:
3106:
3095:
3072:
3053:(5): 359–369.
3037:
3011:
2990:(4): 361–362.
2970:
2941:(3): 114–115.
2918:
2897:(5): e14–e15.
2877:
2856:
2821:
2790:
2763:(2): 224–233.
2746:
2695:
2636:
2609:(2): 116–122.
2593:
2560:
2545:
2519:
2465:
2436:(3): 212–223.
2416:
2399:
2370:(6): 971–979.
2345:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2289:
2240:
2186:
2135:
2111:
2090:(1): 128–143.
2066:
2019:
1970:
1918:
1911:
1891:
1861:
1812:
1763:
1723:
1671:
1642:
1603:
1568:
1525:
1484:
1443:
1430:
1410:
1361:
1348:
1328:
1315:
1295:
1246:
1214:
1154:
1100:
1093:
1070:
1045:
1038:
1020:
994:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
969:
966:
941:
938:
905:
902:
882:Main article:
879:
876:
845:
842:
832:
829:
811:
808:
798:
797:concentrates B
790:
781:evidence, the
769:
766:
753:neonatal death
736:neonatal death
719:
716:
699:
696:
672:
669:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
391:
388:Cyanocobalamin
384:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
328:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
288:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
267:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
246:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
146:U.S. RDA or AI
144:
133:
130:
129:
128:
121:
110:
103:
96:
86:
58:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5364:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5327:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5299:
5297:
5289:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Public health
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Allied health
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5020:Oral medicine
5018:
5016:
5015:Ophthalmology
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Cytopathology
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4817:Urogynecology
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Endocrinology
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Monthly nurse
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Amniocentesis
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Vaginal flora
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:Substance use
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Fundal height
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3847:Preterm birth
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Hypnobirthing
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:3D ultrasound
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Birth control
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3532:on 2007-07-14
3528:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
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2015:
2011:
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1447:
1433:
1431:9781608317080
1427:
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1349:9780781741330
1345:
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1316:9780444507631
1312:
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951:
947:
937:
935:
931:
930:methylmercury
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
901:
899:
893:
890:
885:
875:
873:
869:
864:
861:
858:
854:
850:
841:
838:
828:
826:
822:
821:toxoplasmosis
818:
807:
804:
796:
784:
779:
775:
765:
762:
758:
757:preterm birth
754:
750:
745:
741:
740:preterm birth
737:
733:
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68:
67:
65:
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51:
47:
43:
40:
32:
19:
5236:Rural health
5221:Nanomedicine
4772:Rheumatology
4703: /
4622:Hand surgery
4607:Neurosurgery
4171:Hypertension
4158:Immunization
4141:in pregnancy
4140:
4057:Amniotic sac
4010:Silent birth
3953:Presentation
3916:Bishop score
3886:Obstetrician
3776:Interstitial
3703:home testing
3544:
3534:. Retrieved
3527:the original
3477:
3473:
3467:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:
3398:
3368:(1): 32–48.
3365:
3361:
3355:
3344:. Retrieved
3340:
3331:
3320:. Retrieved
3310:
3296:cite journal
3259:
3256:EFSA Journal
3255:
3245:
3228:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3085:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3014:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2938:
2934:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2859:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2807:
2804:EFSA Journal
2803:
2793:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2712:
2709:BMC Medicine
2708:
2698:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2577:
2574:EFSA Journal
2573:
2563:
2536:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
2485:
2481:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2402:
2367:
2363:
2336:. Retrieved
2314:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2208:
2204:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2087:
2083:
2069:
2036:
2032:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1901:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1864:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1691:
1687:
1633:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1621:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1420:
1413:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1338:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1305:
1298:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1232:
1228:
1180:
1176:
1120:
1116:
1083:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1048:
1029:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1010:. 2020-07-14
1007:
998:
962:
943:
926:
907:
894:
887:
865:
862:
847:
834:
813:
771:
761:preeclampsia
744:preeclampsia
721:
701:
692:
688:
678:
674:
664:
226:α-tocopherol
149:EU PRI or AI
135:
75:spina bifida
60:
48:
44:
38:
37:
5306:Wikiproject
5095:Venereology
5040:Neonatology
4937:Dermatology
4792:Gynaecology
4784:gynaecology
4767:Pulmonology
4585:Eye surgery
4547:Specialties
4467:Apgar score
4251:Hepatitis C
4237:Infections
4077:Development
4062:Endometrium
4020:Water birth
3938:Bloody show
3869:Men's roles
3799:Preparation
3751:Heterotopic
3279:2434/257885
3262:(7): 3761.
2338:February 7,
2124:www.cdc.gov
810:Food safety
776:, the U.S.
774:vitamin B12
768:Vitamin B12
107:vitamin B12
5341:Categories
5068:Psychiatry
5054:(PM&R)
5047:Phlebology
5035:Pediatrics
4862:Anatomical
4827:Diagnostic
4807:Obstetrics
4757:Nephrology
4742:Hematology
4737:Geriatrics
4730:Hepatology
4715:Cardiology
4705:Immunology
4472:Child care
4365:Postpartum
4324:Procedures
4276:Dermatoses
4132:Nutrition
3990:Home birth
3912:Pelvimetry
3791:Childbirth
3771:Unintended
3627:Conception
3586:childbirth
3547:London:HEA
3536:2007-10-17
3414:7 November
3346:2018-01-22
3341:health.gov
3322:2018-01-22
3190:Pediatrics
2488:(3): 557.
2307:"Vitamin B
2129:2015-05-13
2076:Makrides M
1437:2015-05-13
1355:2015-05-13
1322:2015-05-13
1064:2011-08-07
1014:2020-10-29
990:References
946:breastfeed
870:, and the
825:salmonella
749:stillbirth
732:stillbirth
698:Folic acid
684:folic acid
585:Phosphorus
569:Molybdenum
264:Riboflavin
116:(DHA) and
77:and other
71:Folic acid
5347:Nutrition
5256:Physician
5140:education
4998:Neurology
4993:Narcology
4857:Pathology
4835:Radiology
4710:Angiology
4674:Andrology
3980:Caesarean
3746:Abdominal
3582:Pregnancy
3288:1831-4732
2785:235744429
2482:Nutrients
1635:24 August
1381:: f1169.
1266:: f3443.
1235:: 28–59.
1177:Nutrients
728:vitamin C
724:vitamin E
601:Potassium
553:Manganese
537:Magnesium
327:Vitamin B
210:Vitamin K
194:Vitamin D
178:Vitamin C
162:Vitamin A
99:Vitamin D
93:cretinism
83:trimester
5286:Category
4762:Oncology
4693:medicine
4691:Internal
4539:Medicine
4373:Maternal
4351:Abortion
4296:Bleeding
4246:COVID-19
4211:Diabetes
4196:Cannabis
4146:prenatal
4067:Placenta
4038:Prenatal
3968:shoulder
3963:cephalic
3931:position
3905:Delivery
3766:Postterm
3731:Cervical
3594:Planning
3502:33360639
3494:15107513
3459:32804405
3451:16733739
3390:26238481
3220:23752340
3212:26482673
3171:45034780
3163:17233797
3128:22413723
3101:Archived
3067:24326748
3024:Archived
3006:23585600
2965:32843532
2913:18667179
2870:3 August
2851:20664420
2777:34224282
2741:25238871
2690:26193706
2650:PLOS ONE
2631:20819774
2623:26026343
2514:30845641
2460:28108470
2394:29141978
2305:(1998).
2284:26415762
2235:26343254
2181:29450103
2106:26675770
2053:26296633
2014:25922862
2005:10614032
1965:30277579
1884:22 April
1856:33724446
1807:30168868
1758:26031211
1718:30873598
1663:Archived
1661:. 2017.
1598:26198451
1563:54489672
1555:30522368
1520:16841854
1479:22742604
1397:23533188
1290:23794316
1209:25793632
1149:26329421
1140:10271029
968:See also
950:ferritin
855:and the
849:Caffeine
844:Caffeine
817:listeria
795:placenta
617:Selenium
489:Fluoride
457:Chromium
441:Chloride
143:Nutrient
50:Caffeine
5326:Outline
5296:Commons
5241:Therapy
5138:Medical
4701:Allergy
4669:Urology
4562:Surgery
4282:Others
4256:Malaria
4201:Opioids
4191:Alcohol
4186:Smoking
4045:Anatomy
3874:Midwife
3842:Newborn
3761:Ovarian
3741:Ectopic
3736:Cryptic
3681:Testing
3370:Bibcode
3030:10 June
2997:3625078
2956:8165152
2732:4198801
2715:: 174.
2681:4507998
2658:Bibcode
2538:May 17,
2505:6470702
2451:5390862
2413:. 2017.
2385:5683008
2275:9039972
2226:8406700
2172:5809909
2061:2473787
2033:Allergy
1956:6517256
1847:8094617
1798:6513224
1709:6418471
1405:2425364
1281:3689887
1200:4377896
1008:cdc.gov
918:omega-3
878:Alcohol
425:Calcium
409:Choline
243:Thiamin
228:(Vit E)
5316:Portal
5183:MD–PhD
4455:Infant
4380:Lochia
4166:Anemia
4085:Embryo
3958:breech
3837:Mother
3816:Lamaze
3500:
3492:
3457:
3449:
3388:
3286:
3218:
3210:
3169:
3161:
3126:
3093:
3065:
3004:
2994:
2963:
2953:
2911:
2849:
2783:
2775:
2739:
2729:
2688:
2678:
2629:
2621:
2512:
2502:
2458:
2448:
2392:
2382:
2329:
2282:
2272:
2233:
2223:
2179:
2169:
2104:
2059:
2051:
2012:
2002:
1963:
1953:
1909:
1854:
1844:
1805:
1795:
1756:
1716:
1706:
1596:
1561:
1553:
1518:
1477:
1428:
1403:
1395:
1346:
1313:
1288:
1278:
1207:
1197:
1147:
1137:
1091:
1036:
823:, and
787:
704:folate
633:Sodium
505:Iodine
473:Copper
390:(Vit B
369:(Vit B
367:Folate
348:(Vit B
346:Biotin
308:(Vit B
287:(Vit B
285:Niacin
266:(Vit B
245:(Vit B
89:Iodine
4898:Other
4426:Doula
4419:Roles
4311:Sleep
4286:Drugs
4266:Lupus
4090:Fetus
3859:Doula
3830:Roles
3756:Molar
3724:Types
3530:(PDF)
3523:(PDF)
3498:S2CID
3455:S2CID
3237:(PDF)
3216:S2CID
3167:S2CID
2810:(5).
2781:S2CID
2627:S2CID
2556:Water
2411:(PDF)
2155:: 2.
2057:S2CID
1666:(PDF)
1659:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1618:(PDF)
1559:S2CID
1401:S2CID
831:Water
637:1500*
608:4000*
605:4700*
480:1500*
445:2300*
152:Unit
4120:Care
3584:and
3490:PMID
3447:PMID
3416:2018
3386:PMID
3302:link
3284:ISSN
3208:PMID
3159:PMID
3143:BJOG
3124:PMID
3091:ISBN
3063:PMID
3032:2015
3002:PMID
2961:PMID
2909:PMID
2872:2009
2847:PMID
2773:PMID
2737:PMID
2686:PMID
2619:PMID
2540:2015
2510:PMID
2456:PMID
2390:PMID
2340:2012
2327:ISBN
2280:PMID
2258:2016
2231:PMID
2209:2016
2177:PMID
2102:PMID
2049:PMID
2010:PMID
1988:2015
1961:PMID
1939:2018
1907:ISBN
1886:2016
1852:PMID
1830:2021
1803:PMID
1781:2018
1754:PMID
1742:2015
1714:PMID
1637:2017
1594:PMID
1582:2015
1551:PMID
1516:PMID
1475:PMID
1426:ISBN
1393:PMID
1344:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1286:PMID
1205:PMID
1145:PMID
1089:ISBN
1034:ISBN
954:iron
912:and
772:For
726:and
656:14.9
649:Zinc
592:550*
560:3.0*
557:2.3*
544:300*
521:Iron
512:200*
496:2.9*
432:1000
429:1000
416:520*
413:550*
400:5.0*
214:120*
169:1300
124:Iron
4632:ENT
4550:and
4241:HIV
3482:doi
3439:doi
3378:doi
3274:hdl
3264:doi
3198:doi
3194:136
3151:doi
3147:114
3055:doi
2992:PMC
2951:PMC
2943:doi
2899:doi
2895:199
2839:doi
2835:116
2812:doi
2765:doi
2727:PMC
2717:doi
2676:PMC
2666:doi
2611:doi
2607:130
2582:doi
2500:PMC
2490:doi
2446:PMC
2438:doi
2434:185
2380:PMC
2372:doi
2270:PMC
2262:doi
2221:PMC
2213:doi
2167:PMC
2157:doi
2092:doi
2088:103
2041:doi
2000:PMC
1992:doi
1951:PMC
1943:doi
1842:PMC
1834:doi
1793:PMC
1785:doi
1746:doi
1704:PMC
1696:doi
1586:doi
1543:doi
1506:doi
1465:doi
1383:doi
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