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participants. A fallacy of the second kind is seen as more than simply a violation of the rule of reasonable dialogue. It is also a deceptive tactic of argumentation based on sleight-of-hand. Aristotle explicitly compared contentious reasoning to unfair fighting in athletic contests. But the roots of the pragmatic theory go back even further in history, to the
Sophists. The pragmatic theory finds its roots in the Aristotelian conception of a fallacy as a sophistical refutation but also supports the view that many of the types of arguments traditionally labeled as fallacies are in fact reasonable techniques of argumentation that can be used, in many cases, to support legitimate goals of dialogue. Hence, under the pragmatic approach, each case needs to be analyzed individually to determine whether the argument is fallacious or reasonable.
58:
1476:. According to The New Handbook of Cognitive Therapy Techniques, they include "unsubstantiated assertions that are often delivered with a conviction that makes them sound as though they are proven facts." Informal fallacies, in particular, are frequently found in mass media such as television and newspapers. Understanding fallacies may allow one to recognize them in either one's own or others' writing. Avoiding fallacies may help improve one's ability to produce sound arguments.
2165:(JIF) are well documented, and even JIF pioneer Eugene Garfield notes that, "while citation data create new tools for analyses of research performance, it should be stressed that they supplement rather than replace other quantitative and qualitative indicators." To the extent that arguers jettison the acknowledged limitations of JIF-generated data in evaluative judgments or leave behind Garfield's "supplement rather than replace" caveat, they commit anchoring fallacies.
5844:
1821:" is independent of any particular conjunction of meaningful propositions. Logical form alone can guarantee that, given true premises, a true conclusion must follow. However, formal logic makes no such guarantee if any premise is false; the conclusion can be either true or false. Any formal error or logical fallacy similarly invalidates the deductive guarantee. Both the argument and all its premises must be true for a conclusion to be true.
2072:. A slippery slope argument originates from a conversation or debate in which two actors take turns. It usually originates from one actor giving advice on a decision or act. Along the way, the actor must make additional choices on similar matters through which the actor enters the âgrey areaâ of the slippery slope. At this point, the actor potentially loses control over the direction of the arguments, thus leading to a âfatalâ outcome.
4672:
2112:
arguer to offer a seeming refutation of what is, however, not the actual standpoint. Such an argument involves two arguers, with one criticizing the other's perspective. The reason for the straw man argument to be fallacious originates from the problem of how to deal with natural discourse. The opponent's argument is not reflected by the arguments that are proposed by the speaker.
4686:
1705:. According to Whately, logical fallacies are arguments where the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Material fallacies are not logical errors because the conclusion follows from the premises. He then divided the logical group into two groups: purely logical and semi-logical. The semi-logical group included all of Aristotle's
1492:. Thus, "fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments, because for most fallacious instances of an argument form, a similar but non-fallacious instance can be found." Evaluating an instance of an argument as fallacious is therefore often a matter of evaluating the context of the argument.
1899:, which rarely applies (the first prong of the fork), or one must relax definitions and add nuance to take the actual intent and context of the argument into account (the other prong of the fork). To argue, for example, that one became nauseated after eating a mushroom because the mushroom was poisonous could be an example of the
2111:
fallacy refers to the refutation of a standpoint in an argument that was never proposed. The fallacy usually occurs in the presentation of an opponent's standpoint as more extreme, distorted, or simplistic than it actually is. Compared to criticizing the opponent's actual standpoint, this allows the
2051:
Sometimes one event really does cause another one that comes laterâfor example, if one registers for a class and their name later appears on the roll, it's true that the first event caused the one that came later. But sometimes two events that seem related in time are not really related as cause and
2215:
Sometimes a speaker or writer uses a fallacy intentionally. In any context, including academic debate, a conversation among friends, political discourse, advertising, or comedic purposes, the arguer may use fallacious reasoning to try to persuade the listener or reader, by means other than offering
2075:
Such an argument is built up according to the following argumentation scheme: initial premise, sequential premise, indeterminacy premise, control premise, loss of control premise, catastrophic outcome premise, and conclusion. Slippery slope arguments may be defeated by asking critical questions or
1890:
and others have argued that formal, deductive fallacies rarely occur in real life and that arguments that would be fallacious in formally deductive terms are not necessarily so when context and prior probabilities are taken into account, thus making the argument defeasible and/or inductive. Boudry
1609:
is an error in how the arguer is talking. Verbal fallacies are those in which a conclusion is obtained by improper or ambiguous use of words. An example of a language dependent fallacy is given as a debate as to who in humanity are learners: the wise or the ignorant. A language-independent fallacy
2187:
bibliographic databases have difficulty distinguishing between citations of scholarly work that are arms-length endorsements, ceremonial citations, or negative citations (indicating the citing author withholds endorsement of the cited work). Hence, measurement-based value claims premised on the
1479:
It can be difficult to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious, as arguments exist along a continuum of soundness and an argument that has several stages or parts might have some sound sections and some fallacious ones. Moreover, whether a specific argument is fallacious often depends on the
2381:
The dialogue framework required to support the pragmatic theory of fallacy is built on the presumption that argumentative dialogue has both an adversarial component and a collaborative component. A dialogue has individual goals for each participant as well as shared goals that apply to all
1557:, respectively. The classification of informal fallacies may be subdivided into categories such as linguistic, relevance through omission, relevance through intrusion, and relevance through presumption. Alternatively, fallacies may be classified by the process by which they occur, such as
1878:
is committed when one draws an inference from data based on the premise that qualities observed for groups necessarily hold for individuals; for example, "if countries with more
Protestants tend to have higher suicide rates, then Protestants must be more likely to commit suicide."
1669:: Here the reason is contradicted by another reason. If both have equal force, then nothing follows. 'Sound is eternal, because it is audible', and 'Sound is non-eternal, because it is produced'. Here 'audible' is counterbalanced by 'produced' and both are of equal force.
1601:) identifies thirteen fallacies. He divided them up into two major types: linguistic fallacies and non-linguistic fallacies, some of which depend on language and others that do not. These fallacies are called verbal fallacies and material fallacies, respectively. A
2377:
According to the pragmatic theory, a fallacy can be either a heuristic error or a ploy used intentionally to unfairly win an argument. There are always two parties to an argument containing a fallacy: the perpetrator and the intended victim.
2153:
are driving a proliferation of new metrics for scholarly authority, and there is lively discussion regarding the relative usefulness of such metrics for measuring the value of knowledge production in the context of an "information tsunami."
1565:(linguistic), and formal fallacies (error in inference). In turn, material fallacies may be placed into the more general category of informal fallacies. Verbal fallacies may be placed in either formal or informal classifications: Compare
1749:, Aph. 33, 38 sqq.) divided fallacies into four Idola (Idols, i.e. False Appearances), which summarize the various kinds of mistakes to which the human intellect is prone. J. S. Mill discussed the subject in book five of his Logic, and
2124:
are subtle mistakes in reasoning leading to invalid mathematical proofs, measurement fallacies are unwarranted inferential leaps involved in the extrapolation of raw data to a measurement-based value claim. The ancient Greek
Sophist
2079:
There are several reasons for a slippery slope to be fallacious: for example, the argument is going too far into the future, it is a too complex argument whose structure is hard to identify, or the argument makes emotional appeals.
1794:
or its conclusion. Both may actually be true or may even be more probable as a result of the argument, but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described.
2195:
of
Academic Analytics. This tool purports to measure overall faculty productivity, yet it does not capture data based on citations in books. This creates a possibility that low productivity measurements using the tool commit
1989:
While never a valid logical deduction, if such an inference can be made on statistical grounds, it may nonetheless be convincing. This is because with enough empirical evidence, the generalization is no longer a hasty one.
1971:
that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too small). Stereotypes about people ("frat boys are drunkards", "grad students are nerdy", "women don't enjoy sports", etc.) are common examples of the principle.
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can be committed when one measures the scholarly productivity of a sub-group of individuals (e.g. "Puerto Rican" faculty) via reference to aggregate data about a larger and different group (e.g., "Hispanic" faculty).
2355:
employed fallacious reasoning in many of their cartoons. Wes Boyer and Samuel
Stoddard have written a humorous essay teaching students how to be persuasive by means of a whole host of informal and formal fallacies.
1650:, variously estimated to have been composed between the 6th century BCE and the 2nd century CE, lists in its theory of inference five such reasons used in an argument that was further developed by later logicians.
1507:
weaknesses of the audience. Recognizing fallacies can develop reasoning skills to expose the weaker links between premises and conclusions to better discern between what appears to be true and what is true.
2056:. For example, if one eats a sandwich and then gets food poisoning, that does not necessarily mean the sandwich caused the food poisoning. Something else eaten earlier might have caused the food poisoning.
2172:
can occur, for example, in the case of sheer quantity metrics based on the premise "more is better" or, in the case of developmental assessment in the field of psychology, "higher is better".
1790:. The flaw can be expressed in the standard system of logic. Such an argument is always considered to be wrong. The presence of the formal fallacy does not imply anything about the argument's
6938:
6858:
4110:
1518:, for instance, an argument is regarded as an interactive protocol between individuals who attempt to resolve their disagreement on the merits of a case. The protocol consists of
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with a concealed, or subtle, error. Mathematical fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes, usually taking the form of false proofs of obvious
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fallacies can occur when unwarranted weight is given to data generated by metrics that the arguers themselves acknowledge are flawed. For example, the limitations of the
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1694:(1787â1863) defines a fallacy broadly as, "any argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at hand, while in reality it is not".
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When someone uses logical fallacies intentionally to mislead in academic, political, or other high-stakes contexts, the breach of trust calls into question
1589:(384â322 BC) was the first to systematize logical errors into a list to make it easier to refute an opponent's thesis and thus win an argument. Aristotle's
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Habick, Timothy, and Linda Cook. (2018) AICPA Test
Development Fairness Guidelines. Association of International Certified Public Accounts, Ewing, NJ.
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Though the form of the argument may be relevant, fallacies of this type are "types of mistakes in reasoning that arise from the mishandling of the
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was one of the first thinkers to propose that humans can generate reliable measurements through his "human-measure" principle and the practice of
1407:, or potentially due to the limitations of language and understanding of language. These delineations include not only the ignorance of the right
1806:. But "since deductive arguments depend on formal properties and inductive arguments don't, formal fallacies apply only to deductive arguments."
1917:
In contrast to a formal fallacy, an informal fallacy originates from a reasoning error other than a flaw in the logical form of the argument. A
1675:: When another proof (as by perception) definitely contradicts and disproves the middle term (reason). 'Fire is cold because it is a substance'.
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It may be that a slippery slope is not necessarily fallacious if context is taken into account and there is an effort to assess plausibility.
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1956:, however, the conclusions may become warranted and convincing (at which point the arguments are no longer considered fallacious).
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1925:, but still remain rationally unpersuasive. Nevertheless, informal fallacies apply to both deductive and non-deductive arguments.
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1944:, also known as inductive fallacies. Here, the most important issue concerns inductive strength or methodology (for example,
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1522:, and violations of these rules are considered fallacies because they frustrate the attempt at resolving the disagreement.
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Using an argument's connections to other concepts or people to support or refute it, also called "guilt by association" (
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denotes a general formal fallacy, often meaning one that does not belong to any named subclass of formal fallacies, like
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Fallacies are generally classified strictly by either their structure or their content, such as by classifying them as
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that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the
Western intellectual tradition by the
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Fallacies are used in place of valid reasoning to communicate a point with the intention to persuade. Examples in the
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Baveye, Phillippe C. (2010). "Sticker Shock and
Looming Tsunami: The High Cost of Academic Serials in Perspective".
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6519:
4112:
Impact
Factors, Journal Quality, and Communication Journals: A Report for the Council of Communication Associations
3431:
Freedman, David A. (2004). "Ecological
Fallacy". In Lewis-Beck, Michael S.; Bryman, Alan; Liao, Tim Futing (eds.).
2440:
695:
521:
17:
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2976:
6992:
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3490:; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014).
3200:
Fallacies and judgements of reasonableness, Empirical Research Concerning the Pragma-Dialectical Discussion Rules
1640:
took great pains to identify fallacies in arguments. An influential collection of texts on logic and reason, the
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Kornprobst, Markus (2007). "Comparing Apples and Oranges? Leading and Misleading Uses of Historical Analogies".
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The post hoc fallacy assumes that because B comes after A, A caused B. It gets its name from the Latin phrase "
2022:
is a faulty conclusion that is drawn based on the absence of evidence rather than on the presence of evidence.
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2133:(arguing multiple sides of an issue). This history helps explain why measurement fallacies are informed by
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Fallacies and Judgments of Reasonableness: Empirical Research Concerning the Pragma-Dialectical Discussion
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3300:
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patterns that obscure the logical connections between statements. Informal fallacies may also exploit the
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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1681:: Instead of proving something it is proving the opposite. 'Sound is eternal because it is produced'.
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fallacies, to the extent that such measurements are supported by the absence of book citation data.
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2554: â Any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem
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Recognizing fallacies in everyday arguments may be difficult since arguments are often embedded in
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2461: â Common response to a recurring problem that is usually ineffective or counterproductive
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occurs when claims are supported by unsound comparisons between data points. For example, the
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2545: â Reason arguing against a premise, argument, or conclusion; expression of disagreement
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2019:
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3558:"Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability"
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In humor, errors of reasoning are used for comical purposes. Groucho Marx used fallacies of
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Some of the fallacies described above may be committed in the context of measurement. Where
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A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies, figures, and modes of syllogisms.
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McMurtry, John (December 1990). "The mass media: An analysis of their system of fallacy".
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Fearnside, W. Ward and William B. Holther, Fallacy: The Counterfeit of Argument, 1959.
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3788:. Biases and constraints in communication: Argumentation, persuasion and manipulation.
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3782:"When and how do we deal with straw men? A normative and cognitive pragmatic account"
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is described as making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a
1948:). In the absence of sufficient evidence, drawing conclusions based on induction is
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Assuming the conclusion of an argument, a kind of circular reasoning, also called "
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Aphorisms concerning The Interpretation of Nature and the Kingdom of Man, xxiii ff
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2966:"Evaluating Arguments â Distinguishing between reasonable and fallacious tactics"
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provides a different approach to understanding and classifying fallacies. In the
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855:
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1895:. For a given fallacy, one must either characterize it by means of a deductive
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4164:"Myth Busting and Metric Making: Refashioning the Discourse about Development"
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2455: â State of puzzlement or expression of doubt, in philosophy and rhetoric
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6091:
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5489:
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4817:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 153â154.
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2408: â Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
2396: â Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
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2298:
2288:
2188:
uniform quality of all citations may be questioned on false analogy grounds.
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1145:
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805:
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745:
592:
560:
91:
81:
2889:
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2800:
2593: â Error in thinking which involves under-valuing base rate information
2503: â Politician or orator who panders to fears and emotions of the public
2485: â Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
1952:
and fallacious. With the backing of sufficient amounts of the right type of
7431:
7416:
6739:
6633:
6525:
6185:
5611:
5030:
4600:
4555:
4455:
4143:
Garfield, Eugene (1993). "What Citations Tell us About Canadian Research".
4048:
3631:
3582:
3557:
3410:
3132:
3019:
2464:
2458:
1810:
1798:
Even non-deductive arguments can be said to be fallacious: for example, an
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1442:
1396:
1289:
1234:
835:
621:
476:
445:
313:
4821:
4796:
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4385:
2291:(either-or fallacy) in which the situation is oversimplified, also called
7411:
7301:
7271:
7032:
6512:
6497:
6341:
6056:
6007:
5977:
5804:
5581:
5518:
4639:
3324:
3275:"PHIL 495: Philosophical Writing (Spring 2008), Texas A&M University"
3223:
2352:
2348:
1314:
1274:
1249:
760:
755:
439:
429:
3986:
3466:(2017). "The Fallacy Fork: Why It's Time to Get Rid of Fallacy Theory".
113:
30:"Logical error" redirects here. For logical errors in data storage, see
7456:
7446:
7353:
7328:
7281:
7159:
6609:
6585:
6316:
6175:
6165:
6128:
6061:
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5714:
5708:
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4281:
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2916:
2237:
2126:
1530:
1526:
1504:
1388:
966:
845:
830:
825:
604:
526:
487:
401:
292:
188:
7194:
6645:
4118:. Washington, D.C.: National Communication Association. Archived from
3073:
7388:
7368:
7276:
7251:
7154:
7144:
6863:
6554:
6076:
5992:
5967:
5962:
5821:
5605:
5589:
5272:
4576:
3350:(Summer 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3307:(Spring 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3003:"Denying Antecedents and Affirming Consequents: The State of the Art"
2605:
2500:
2344:
2158:
2108:
2007:
1803:
1586:
1570:
1473:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1372:
1284:
785:
715:
653:
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499:
482:
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244:
238:
217:
199:
5751:
3486:
2002:
are a broad class of informal fallacies, generically represented by
7441:
7421:
7373:
7358:
7296:
7256:
7179:
7169:
7065:
6894:
5699:
4761:
Humbug! The skeptic's field guide to spotting fallacies in thinking
2536:
2506:
2150:
1619:
1538:
1496:
1368:
597:
575:
493:
299:
285:
96:
86:
49:
4199:"Faculty Workload and Productivity: Ethnic and Gender Disparities"
3974:
Meho, Lokman I. (2007). "The Rise and Rise of Citation Analysis".
2620: â Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
7348:
7338:
7333:
6859:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
6724:
6595:
5987:
5925:
4737:
2740:
2599:
2584:
2551:
2527: â Incorrect proposition that forms the basis of an argument
2048:", which translates as "after this, therefore because of this".
1791:
1500:
1472:
Fallacies are types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments
850:
775:
770:
720:
580:
570:
543:
306:
193:
140:
101:
3393:
1844:
is used to mean an argument that is problematic for any reason.
7383:
7378:
7363:
7261:
7164:
3374:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Longmans, Green, and Co. p.
3198:
van Eemeren, Frans; Garssen, Bart; Meuffels, Bert (2009). "1".
2863:
2452:
2417: â List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
2180:
1802:
argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or
1426:
Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". A
1364:
1259:
1254:
795:
790:
750:
531:
506:
434:
368:
334:
321:
232:
206:
4806:
4645:, (also known as "Schopenhauers 38 stratagems"). gutenberg.org
4241:
Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication
4108:
3919:
Protagoras and Logos: A Study in Greek Philosophy and Rhetoric
1480:
content rather than the form of the argument. An example is a
6958:
4366:
2611:
2467: â Visual representation of the structure of an argument
2360:
1776:
820:
375:
361:
4566:, xv+457 pages plus addenda insert (some printings). Ch. 12.
3075:
Argumentation Theory : a Pragma-Dialectical Perspective
3052:(6th ed.), Belmont, California: Wadsworth, p. 52,
2769:. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing. p. x.
7311:
7266:
6071:
4521:
Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought
4507:
Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression
4439:"Why Fallacies Appear to Be Better Arguments than They Are"
1940:
A special subclass of the informal fallacies is the set of
1735:
Other famous methods of classifying fallacies are those of
1441:
originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper
1224:
4025:
Jensen, Michael (June 15, 2007). Riley, Michael G. (ed.).
3197:
2054:
temporal correlation does not necessarily entail causation
1779:
for "it does not follow") is a flaw in the structure of a
1657:: It is the unproved reason that results in this fallacy.
1445:. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally
4469:
The death of argument: fallacies in agent based reasoning
4355:, Methuen London, 1970. reprinted by Vale Press in 1998.
1605:
is an error in what the arguer is talking about, while a
4539:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark
4487:
Errors of Reasoning: Naturalizing the Logic of Inference
3728:"Critically Thinking About the Slippery Slope "Fallacy""
2068:
type of argument, it must meet the requirements of that
1771:
A formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or
4386:
Frans van Eemeren; Bart Garssen; Bert Meuffels (2009).
2595:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2568:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2547:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2410:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2361:
the authority and intellectual integrity of that person
1395:, unintentionally because of human limitations such as
4792:
Explain fallacies, what they are and how to avoid them
4067:
4065:
3535:(12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. p. 125.
2441:
Pragma-dialectics § Rules for critical discussion
2144:
1975:
Hasty generalization often follows a pattern such as:
1541:, newspaper editorials, and opinion-based news shows.
6256:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
5888:
4641:
Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten â The Art Of Controversy
4409:
Informal logic: A handbook for critical argumentation
3138:
How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic
2765:
Bustamente, Thomas; Dahlman, Christian, eds. (2015).
2705:. Applied Logic Series. Vol. 32. pp. 3â23.
1411:
but also the ignorance of relevant properties of the
7125:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
6453:
4667:
4265:
2587: â Statement that apparently contradicts itself
4145:
Canadian Journal of Library and Information Science
4062:
2767:
Argument types and fallacies in legal argumentation
2533: â Statement contradicted by facts and reality
1596:
1577:, which is premise- and inference-based ambiguity.
6228:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
3943:
3869:
3820:
3747:Millennium â Journal of International Studies
3202:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
2602: â Teacher in ancient Greece (5th century BC)
2515: â Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
2223:Diverting the argument to unrelated issues with a
1836:is the use of poor reasoning. Therefore, the term
1730:
1484:instance of the formally invalid argument form of
6780:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
6332:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2764:
2566: â Theorem for proving more complex theorems
2491: â Exaggerated or irrational thought pattern
2025:
7474:
6675:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
3921:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2957:
2872:The new handbook of cognitive therapy techniques
2219:Examples of this include the speaker or writer:
2216:relevant evidence, that the conclusion is true.
1932:of the propositions constituting the argument".
4653:A System of Logic â Raciocinative and Inductive
3868:Talisse, Robert; Aikin, Scott F. (2006-09-01).
3822:"Straw Men, Iron Men, and Argumentative Virtue"
3433:Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods
3325:Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhushana.
2575: â Phrase criticising misuse of statistics
2539: â Distortion of the perception of reality
2366:
2335:Claiming that a lack of proof counts as proof (
2149:The increasing availability and circulation of
1921:containing an informal fallacy may be formally
1423:depends on the context in which they are made.
4962:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
4369:Fallacies: classical and contemporary readings
3819:Aikin, Scott F.; Casey, John P. (2016-10-01).
3780:LewiĆski, Marcin; Oswald, Steve (2013-12-01).
3779:
2799:. Northern Kentucky University. Archived from
1840:is preferred. In informal discourse, however,
1628:"Therefore, Coriscus is different from a man."
7210:
6988:Election denial movement in the United States
5874:
4967:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
4837:
4786:Stephen Downes Guide to the Logical Fallacies
3681:"What's Wrong with Slippery Slope Arguments?"
3435:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 293â295.
3301:"Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy"
3050:: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments
2608: â Term in logic and deductive reasoning
1336:
3867:
3000:
2614: â Being in accord with fact or reality
2497: â Analysis of facts to form a judgment
2473: â Academic field of logic and rhetoric
2010:but fails to address the issue in question.
1544:
1437:that renders the argument invalid, while an
1383:Fallacies may be committed intentionally to
6208:
4851:
3950:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co.
3344:"Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India"
3001:Godden, David; Zenker, Frank (2015-03-05).
2668:
2666:
2347:, for instance, to make ironic statements;
2032:List of fallacies § Informal fallacies
1697:Whately divided fallacies into two groups:
977:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
7217:
7203:
6660:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
5881:
5867:
4844:
4830:
4463:
4432:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
3941:
3818:
3744:
3361:
3035:
2896:
2701:(2004). "Who Cares About the Fallacies?".
1663:: This is the fallacy of irregular reason.
1343:
1329:
5545:
4764: â textbook on fallacies. scribd.com
4657:Book 5, Chapter 7, Fallacies of Confusion
4509:, New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005,
4454:
4271:
4244:(2nd ed.). Christian Liberty Press.
3985:
3726:Dwyer, Christopher (September 13, 2019).
3630:
3581:
3530:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3409:
3125:
3071:
3018:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2036:
1865:List of fallacies § Formal fallacies
1828:is in a sense self-contradictory because
7013:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
5698:
4801:
4367:Hans V. Hansen; Robert C. Pinto (1995).
4142:
4027:"The New Metrics of Scholarly Authority"
3916:
3494:(Revised ed.). New York: Springer.
3430:
3298:
2902:
2874:(Rev. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2869:
2677:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 74.
2663:
2509: â Material supporting an assertion
2304:Making false or misleading comparisons (
2013:
1935:
1067:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
7224:
6812:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
4780:Logical Fallacies and the Art of Debate
4418:
4109:National Communication Journal (2013).
3969:
3967:
3348:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3305:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2790:
2788:
2786:
2672:
2521: â Possessing negative truth value
1959:
32:Data integrity § Logical integrity
14:
7475:
6939:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
6730:Soviet influence on the peace movement
6327:Misinformation in the IsraelâHamas war
4436:
4427:
4311:
4233:
4227:
4071:
4024:
3678:
3653:
3612:
3555:
3462:
3449:
3367:
3341:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
2727:
2651:"Why I Do Not Attend Case Conferences"
2581: â Certain type of mistaken proof
2265:Identifying a false cause and effect (
2210:
2115:
7198:
7086:
6664:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
6452:
6365:
6273:
6207:
5904:
5862:
4825:
4768:List of fallacies with clear examples
4196:
4161:
3725:
3531:Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (2005).
3328:The Nyaya Sutras Of Gautama (English)
3131:
3078:. Springer International Publishing.
3041:
2939:"The Importance of Logical Fallacies"
2794:
2697:
2402: â List of faulty argument types
2006:: presenting an argument that may be
1869:
1832:refers to valid reasoning, whereas a
1685:
1529:today include but are not limited to
1270:Rhetoric of social intervention model
4206:NEA 1997 Almanac of Higher Education
3973:
3964:
2963:
2783:
2193:Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index
2102:
1993:
6934:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
6144:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
4743:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4729:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4711:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4570:
3658:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3615:"The Basic Slippery Slope Argument"
3224:"Aristotle's original 13 fallacies"
3184:
2745:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2315:Generalizing quickly and sloppily (
2145:Knowledge value measurement fallacy
1985:Therefore, X is true for C, D, etc.
1906:
1727:, which are in the material group.
1569:, which is a word- or phrase-based
27:Argument that uses faulty reasoning
24:
6405:Misinformation related to abortion
4699:
4554:, 480 pgs. 1996 hardback edition:
4342:
3226:. The Non Sequitur. March 13, 2008
2738:
2479: â Informal inductive fallacy
1858:
1757:(1824) contains valuable remarks.
25:
7514:
6622:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
6235:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
4718:
4663:
4032:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2573:Lies, damned lies, and statistics
2432:All pages with titles containing
2422:All pages with titles containing
2191:As another example, consider the
2059:
1760:
7175:United States Information Agency
6454:Operations and events by country
5843:
5842:
4684:
4670:
4489:. London: College Publications.
3492:Handbook of Argumentation Theory
2975:. self-published. Archived from
2274:Asserting that everyone agrees (
2086:
1430:is a flaw in the structure of a
56:
6775:Information war against Ukraine
6322:International Jewish conspiracy
6290:Congo Free State propaganda war
4774:Interactive Syllogistic Machine
4613:, the doctrine of the idols in
4305:
4296:
4190:
4162:Stein, Zachary (October 2008).
4155:
4136:
4102:
4075:Journal of Scholarly Publishing
4018:
3935:
3910:
3861:
3812:
3773:
3738:
3719:
3672:
3647:
3606:
3549:
3524:
3480:
3424:
3335:
3318:
3292:
3267:
3238:
3216:
3162:
3100:
3065:
2994:
2931:
2236:Insulting someone's character (
1882:
1731:Other systems of classification
1690:English scholar and theologian
1632:
7087:
7003:Information Operations Roadmap
6913:Psychological Warfare Division
6483:Chinese information operations
6432:Water fluoridation controversy
5340:Correlation implies causation
4272:Boyer, Web; Stoddard, Samuel.
3697:10.1080/00455091.1982.10715799
3685:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
3613:Walton, Douglas (2015-09-02).
2839:
2814:
2758:
2691:
2026:Examples of informal fallacies
1580:
1520:normative rules of interaction
13:
1:
7488:Barriers to critical thinking
7110:Active Measures Working Group
6768:during the Russo-Georgian War
6735:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
4430:A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy
4318:A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy
3346:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3303:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3141:. A&C Black. p. 46.
2657:
2645:Straight and Crooked Thinking
1240:List of feminist rhetoricians
6993:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
6670:Fake news in the Philippines
6274:
6042:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
4423:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
3871:"Two Forms of the Straw Man"
3798:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.001
3759:10.1177/03058298070360010301
2367:Assessment: pragmatic theory
1230:Glossary of rhetorical terms
7:
7120:Counter Misinformation Team
7115:Counter disinformation unit
6565:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
6052:Forgery as covert operation
4523:, Harper Torchbooks, 1970.
4323:University of Alabama Press
3679:Govier, Trudy (June 1982).
3072:Frans van, Eemeren (2018).
2711:10.1007/978-1-4020-2712-3_1
2385:
1597:
1467:
1456:, an intentionally invalid
1077:Language as Symbolic Action
10:
7519:
7130:The Disinformation Project
6560:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
5916:Algorithmic radicalization
5764:I'm entitled to my opinion
4581:On Sophistical Refutations
4413:Cambridge University Press
4168:Integral Leadership Review
3299:Phillips, Stephen (2019).
3246:"Aristotle's 13 fallacies"
3112:www.termpaperwarehouse.com
3048:Attacking Faulty Reasoning
2870:McMullin, Rian E. (2000).
2673:Gensler, Harry J. (2010).
2638:Attacking Faulty Reasoning
2560: â Psychological term
2370:
2099:uses unsound comparisons.
2046:post hoc, ergo propter hoc
2029:
1910:
1862:
1786:that renders the argument
1764:
1401:cognitive or social biases
1367:in the construction of an
29:
7397:
7344:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
7232:
7093:
7082:
7053:
7047:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
7041:
7023:Tobacco industry playbook
6954:CIA Kennedy assassination
6926:
6872:
6846:
6834:
6748:
6695:
6683:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6604:
6573:
6547:
6535:
6475:
6463:
6459:
6448:
6280:
6269:
6214:
6203:
6087:Manipulation (psychology)
5911:
5905:
5900:
5838:
5747:
5686:
5620:
5536:
5445:
5420:
5395:
5319:
5271:
5207:
5182:
5154:
5119:
5069:
5023:
5014:
4952:
4918:
4874:
4865:
4615:Novum Organum Scientiarum
4587:. library.adelaide.edu.au
4004:10.1088/2058-7058/20/1/33
3917:Schiappa, Edward (1991).
3888:10.1007/s10503-006-9017-8
3839:10.1007/s11245-015-9308-5
3556:Neyman, J. (1937-08-30).
3500:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5
3342:Ganeri, Jonardon (2019).
3172:. Encyclopedia Britannica
3108:"Fallacies in Propaganda"
2626: â Social phenomenon
2297:Selectively using facts (
2268:post hoc ergo propter hoc
2091:Informally known as the "
2076:giving counterarguments.
1901:post hoc ergo propter hoc
1545:Systems of classification
1516:pragma-dialectical theory
987:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
7135:East StratCom Task Force
6949:9/11 conspiracy theories
5946:List of cognitive biases
5790:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
4890:Affirming the consequent
4437:Walton, Douglas (2010).
4428:Walton, Douglas (1995).
4419:Douglas, Walton (1987).
4197:Allen, Henry L. (1997).
3656:Slippery Slope Arguments
3654:Walton, Douglas (1992).
2822:"Mathematical Fallacies"
2394:List of cognitive biases
2064:For an argument to be a
1853:affirming the consequent
1490:affirming the consequent
1449:, but still fallacious.
7061:Public opinion brigades
7018:Niger uranium forgeries
7008:Litter boxes in schools
6378:COVID-19 misinformation
6300:Free energy suppression
6209:Books and documentaries
5983:Euphemistic misspeaking
5810:Two wrongs make a right
5141:Denying the correlative
4814:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4236:"Soundness of Argument"
4234:Shewan, Edward (2003).
2847:"Definition of fallacy"
2513:Fallacies of definition
2256:Making jumps in logic (
1598:De Sophisticis Elenchis
1592:Sophistical Refutations
1482:probabilistically valid
1377:De Sophisticis Elenchis
927:De Sophisticis Elenchis
6807:2016 Brexit referendum
6156:Scientific fabrication
6067:Historical negationism
5795:Psychologist's fallacy
5732:Argument to moderation
5722:Argument from anecdote
5672:Chronological snobbery
5296:Quoting out of context
5263:Overwhelming exception
5146:Suppressed correlative
5046:Quoting out of context
4921:quantificational logic
4895:Denying the antecedent
4636:The Art of Controversy
4605:Summulae de dialectica
4456:10.22329/il.v30i2.2868
4274:"How to Be Persuasive"
3632:10.22329/il.v35i3.4286
3583:10.1098/rsta.1937.0005
3020:10.22329/il.v35i1.4173
2558:Jumping to conclusions
2122:mathematical fallacies
2000:fallacies of relevance
1942:faulty generalizations
1585:The Greek philosopher
1575:fallacy of composition
1486:denying the antecedent
1047:De doctrina Christiana
1037:Dialogus de oratoribus
957:Rhetorica ad Herennium
183:Captatio benevolentiae
7399:Theories of deduction
7103:Fact-checking website
6908:Operation Mass Appeal
6890:Clockwork Orange plot
6400:Mental illness denial
6295:Climate change denial
6112:Psychological warfare
6082:Internet manipulation
6047:Firehose of falsehood
5973:Disinformation attack
5758:The Four Great Errors
5738:Argumentum ad populum
5727:Argument from silence
5431:Argumentum ad baculum
5209:Faulty generalization
4900:Argument from fallacy
4597:(c. 1323) Part III.4.
4585:De Sophistici Elenchi
3786:Journal of Pragmatics
3533:Introduction to Logic
3488:Eemeren, Frans H. van
2943:thelogicofscience.com
2703:The Death of Argument
2406:List of memory biases
2277:argumentum ad populum
2239:argumentum ad hominem
2198:argument from silence
2163:journal impact factor
2020:argument from silence
2014:Argument from silence
1946:statistical inference
1936:Faulty generalization
1215:Communication studies
1057:De vulgari eloquentia
917:Rhetoric to Alexander
6242:Who's Who in the CIA
5776:Invincible ignorance
5582:Reductio ad Stalinum
5568:Reductio ad Hitlerum
5524:Wisdom of repugnance
5291:Moving the goalposts
5156:Illicit transference
5081:Begging the question
5002:Undistributed middle
4910:Mathematical fallacy
4885:Affirming a disjunct
4528:Thinking from A to Z
4503:Vincent F. Hendricks
4485:Woods, John (2013).
4371:. Penn State Press.
4208:: 39. Archived from
3371:The Science of Logic
2797:"Informal Fallacies"
2795:Garns, Rudy (1997).
2591:Prosecutor's fallacy
2579:Mathematical fallacy
2489:Cognitive distortion
2471:Argumentation theory
2373:Argumentation scheme
2317:hasty generalization
2247:begging the question
2204:Ecological fallacies
2170:naturalistic fallacy
2139:argumentation theory
2070:argumentation scheme
1965:Hasty generalization
1960:Hasty generalization
1897:argumentation scheme
1625:"Socrates is a man."
1512:Argumentation theory
1454:mathematical fallacy
1452:A special case is a
1415:. For instance, the
1363:or otherwise faulty
7498:Philosophical logic
7226:Philosophical logic
6944:Conspiracy theories
6885:Double-Cross System
6854:Conspiracy theories
6715:Operation INFEKTION
6503:Internet Water Army
6357:Strategy of tension
6222:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
6107:Post-truth politics
5509:Parade of horribles
5485:In-group favoritism
5311:Syntactic ambiguity
4954:Syllogistic fallacy
4877:propositional logic
4632:Arthur Schopenhauer
4178:on October 30, 2013
4174:(5). Archived from
3996:2007physics...1012M
3942:Protagoras (1972).
3574:1937RSPTA.236..333N
3368:Coffey, P. (1912).
2675:The A to Z of Logic
2543:Inference objection
2477:Association fallacy
2337:appeal to ignorance
2330:association fallacy
2211:Intentional fallacy
2116:Measurement fallacy
1724:non causa pro causa
1503:, intellectual, or
1220:Composition studies
1151:Health and medicine
1017:Institutio Oratoria
224:Eloquentia perfecta
7290:Unity of opposites
6840:HIV/AIDS denialism
6817:Trolls from Olgino
6591:Paid news in India
6581:Fake news in India
6395:HIV/AIDS denialism
6249:Merchants of Doubt
6122:Military deception
6097:Media manipulation
5936:Circular reporting
5595:Poisoning the well
5412:Proof by assertion
5387:Texas sharpshooter
5321:Questionable cause
5258:Slothful induction
5217:Anecdotal evidence
5077:Circular reasoning
4972:Exclusive premises
4934:Illicit conversion
4624:2020-02-14 at the
4530:, Routledge 1998.
4421:Informal Fallacies
4313:Walton, Douglas N.
4088:10.1353/scp.0.0074
3980:. January: 32â36.
3946:The Older Sophists
3469:Skeptical Inquirer
3250:www.logiclaw.co.uk
2917:10.1007/BF01810092
2851:www.dictionary.com
2093:apples and oranges
1954:empirical evidence
1919:deductive argument
1876:ecological fallacy
1870:Ecological fallacy
1686:Whately's grouping
1618:is different from
1559:material fallacies
1555:informal fallacies
1458:mathematical proof
1409:reasoning standard
1305:Terministic screen
1087:A General Rhetoric
617:Resignation speech
154:Studia humanitatis
136:Byzantine rhetoric
7470:
7469:
7322:List of fallacies
7307:Explanatory power
7234:Critical thinking
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7028:Operation Shocker
6830:
6829:
6710:K-1000 battleship
6541:Operation Neptune
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6265:
6264:
6199:
6198:
6191:Yellow journalism
6139:counterpropaganda
6020:List of fallacies
5953:Conspiracy theory
5921:Alternative facts
5856:
5855:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5770:Ignoratio elenchi
5682:
5681:
5532:
5531:
5494:Not invented here
5199:Converse accident
5121:Correlative-based
5098:Compound question
5041:False attribution
5036:False equivalence
5010:
5009:
4788:, onegoodmove.org
4692:Psychology portal
4678:Philosophy portal
4591:William of Ockham
4526:Warburton Nigel,
4405:Douglas N. Walton
4251:978-1-930367-28-9
3542:978-0-13-189834-9
3209:978-90-481-2613-2
3148:978-0-8264-9006-3
3085:978-3-319-95380-9
3059:978-0-495-09506-4
2964:DeLancey, Craig.
2776:978-3-319-16147-1
2739:Dowden, Bradley.
2495:Critical thinking
2415:List of paradoxes
2400:List of fallacies
2306:false equivalence
2251:petitio principii
2230:Ignoratio elenchi
2103:Straw man fallacy
2004:missing the point
1994:Relevance fallacy
1755:Book of Fallacies
1718:petitio principii
1712:ignoratio elenchi
1610:is, for example:
1474:logically unsound
1353:
1352:
1280:Rogerian argument
1027:Panegyrici Latini
119:The age of Cicero
16:(Redirected from
7510:
7452:Platonic realism
7219:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7084:
7083:
6903:MMR autism fraud
6786:On US elections
6720:Operation Toucan
6693:
6692:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6449:
6415:anti-vaccination
6363:
6362:
6310:Holocaust denial
6285:Bermuda Triangle
6271:
6270:
6205:
6204:
6134:black propaganda
6102:Potemkin village
6027:False accusation
6003:list of websites
5902:
5901:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5846:
5845:
5817:Special pleading
5696:
5695:
5557:Appeal to motive
5543:
5542:
5519:Stirring symbols
5499:Island mentality
5437:Wishful thinking
5418:
5417:
5134:Perfect solution
5111:No true Scotsman
5106:Complex question
5091:Leading question
5070:Question-begging
5056:No true Scotsman
5021:
5020:
4944:Quantifier shift
4939:Proof by example
4872:
4871:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4747:
4733:
4724:"Informal logic"
4720:Zalta, Edward N.
4715:
4706:Zalta, Edward N.
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4649:John Stuart Mill
4628:. fly.hiwaay.net
4571:Historical texts
4544:Ballantine Books
4482:
4460:
4458:
4433:
4424:
4401:
4382:
4337:
4336:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:on July 27, 2018
4280:. Archived from
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:on April 4, 2016
4124:
4117:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3989:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:Psychology Today
3723:
3717:
3716:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3585:
3568:(767): 333â380.
3553:
3547:
3546:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3277:. Archived from
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3252:. Archived from
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3043:Damer, T. Edward
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2725:
2724:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2670:
2596:
2569:
2548:
2437:
2427:
2411:
2052:event. That is,
1982:X is true for B.
1979:X is true for A.
1913:Informal fallacy
1907:Informal fallacy
1891:coined the term
1648:Aksapada Gautama
1646:, attributed to
1638:Indian logicians
1603:material fallacy
1600:
1563:verbal fallacies
1551:formal fallacies
1439:informal fallacy
1345:
1338:
1331:
1245:List of speeches
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
696:Neo-Aristotelian
263:Figure of speech
124:Second Sophistic
60:
37:
36:
21:
18:Material fallacy
7518:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7437:Logical atomism
7393:
7286:Socratic method
7237:
7228:
7223:
7193:
7184:
7089:
7070:
7049:
7037:
6922:
6918:Zinoviev letter
6868:
6842:
6826:
6750:Post-Soviet era
6744:
6705:Active Measures
6688:
6679:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6612:
6600:
6569:
6543:
6531:
6471:
6469:Jihadunspun.com
6455:
6436:
6361:
6337:New World Order
6305:Genocide denial
6276:
6261:
6210:
6195:
6117:Memetic warfare
5907:
5896:
5887:
5857:
5852:
5826:
5800:Rationalization
5743:
5690:
5678:
5616:
5538:Genetic fallacy
5528:
5441:
5416:
5391:
5315:
5306:Sorites paradox
5286:False precision
5267:
5248:Double counting
5203:
5178:
5150:
5115:
5102:Loaded question
5086:Loaded language
5065:
5006:
4948:
4914:
4861:
4850:
4808:"Fallacy"
4736:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4659:. la.utexas.edu
4626:Wayback Machine
4573:
4519:D. H. Fischer,
4479:
4398:
4379:
4345:
4343:Further reading
4340:
4333:
4325:. p. 324.
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4215:on July 7, 2015
4212:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4160:
4156:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4070:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4023:
4019:
3987:physics/0701012
3972:
3965:
3958:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3915:
3911:
3866:
3862:
3817:
3813:
3778:
3774:
3743:
3739:
3724:
3720:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3652:
3648:
3611:
3607:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3529:
3525:
3510:
3485:
3481:
3464:Boudry, Maarten
3461:
3450:
3443:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3386:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3196:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3040:
3036:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2945:. 14 March 2017
2937:
2936:
2932:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2784:
2777:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2594:
2567:
2546:
2531:False statement
2430:
2420:
2409:
2388:
2375:
2369:
2293:false dichotomy
2213:
2147:
2118:
2105:
2089:
2062:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2016:
1996:
1962:
1938:
1915:
1909:
1885:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:Common examples
1842:logical fallacy
1826:logical fallacy
1769:
1763:
1733:
1692:Richard Whately
1688:
1635:
1583:
1547:
1470:
1421:legal arguments
1349:
1320:
1319:
1265:Public rhetoric
1203:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1141:Native American
1106:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
881:
880:
871:
870:
711:
710:
701:
700:
644:
643:
632:
631:
522:Funeral oration
512:Farewell speech
469:Socratic method
425:
424:
415:
414:
177:
176:
167:
166:
72:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7516:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7407:Constructivism
7403:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7239:informal logic
7230:
7229:
7222:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7199:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6998:Habbush letter
6995:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6941:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6880:Bell Pottinger
6876:
6874:
6873:United Kingdom
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6754:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6690:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6537:
6536:Czechoslovakia
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6508:PLA Unit 61398
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6383:by governments
6375:
6369:
6367:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6220:Disinformation
6215:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5941:Cognitive bias
5938:
5933:
5931:Cherry picking
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5894:misinformation
5890:Disinformation
5886:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5778:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5639:
5632:
5630:Accomplishment
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5426:
5424:
5415:
5414:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5382:Slippery slope
5379:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5301:Slippery slope
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5227:Cherry picking
5219:
5213:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4805:, ed. (1911).
4803:Chisholm, Hugh
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4770:, infidels.org
4765:
4757:
4748:
4734:
4716:
4700:Hansen, Hans.
4696:
4695:
4681:
4665:
4664:External links
4662:
4661:
4660:
4646:
4629:
4608:
4598:
4595:Summa of Logic
4588:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4500:
4497:
4495:978-1848901148
4483:
4478:978-1402026638
4477:
4461:
4449:(2): 159â184.
4443:Informal Logic
4434:
4425:
4416:
4402:
4397:978-9048126132
4396:
4383:
4378:978-0271014173
4377:
4364:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4332:978-0817307981
4331:
4321:. Tuscaloosa:
4304:
4295:
4264:
4250:
4226:
4189:
4154:
4135:
4101:
4082:(2): 191â215.
4061:
4017:
3963:
3957:978-0872205567
3956:
3934:
3928:978-0872497580
3927:
3909:
3882:(3): 345â352.
3860:
3833:(2): 431â440.
3811:
3772:
3737:
3718:
3691:(2): 303â316.
3671:
3665:978-0198239253
3664:
3646:
3625:(3): 273â311.
3619:Informal Logic
3605:
3548:
3541:
3523:
3509:978-9048194728
3508:
3479:
3448:
3442:978-0761923633
3441:
3423:
3385:978-0371778951
3384:
3360:
3334:
3317:
3291:
3266:
3237:
3215:
3208:
3183:
3161:
3147:
3124:
3099:
3084:
3064:
3058:
3034:
3007:Informal Logic
2993:
2956:
2930:
2895:
2881:978-0393703139
2880:
2862:
2838:
2813:
2782:
2775:
2757:
2726:
2720:978-9048167005
2719:
2690:
2684:978-0810875968
2683:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2624:Victim blaming
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2483:Cognitive bias
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2368:
2365:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2313:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2243:
2234:
2212:
2209:
2185:Web of Science
2146:
2143:
2135:informal logic
2117:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2088:
2085:
2066:slippery slope
2061:
2060:Slippery slope
2058:
2041:
2035:
2030:Main article:
2027:
2024:
2015:
2012:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1961:
1958:
1937:
1934:
1911:Main article:
1908:
1905:
1888:Maarten Boudry
1884:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1863:Main article:
1860:
1857:
1838:formal fallacy
1767:Formal fallacy
1765:Main article:
1762:
1761:Formal fallacy
1759:
1751:Jeremy Bentham
1732:
1729:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1607:verbal fallacy
1582:
1579:
1546:
1543:
1535:advertisements
1469:
1466:
1462:contradictions
1428:formal fallacy
1359:is the use of
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1209:Ars dictaminis
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1007:On the Sublime
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
882:
878:
877:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
708:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
662:
661:
651:
645:
639:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
613:
612:
602:
601:
600:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
568:
563:
558:
556:Lightning talk
553:
552:
551:
541:
536:
535:
534:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
503:
502:
497:
485:
480:
473:
472:
471:
461:
456:
451:
450:
449:
437:
432:
426:
422:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
405:
398:
397:
396:
386:
381:
380:
379:
372:
365:
353:
348:
343:
341:Method of loci
338:
331:
324:
319:
318:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
277:
276:
275:
270:
260:
259:
258:
248:
241:
236:
229:
228:
227:
215:
210:
203:
196:
191:
186:
178:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:
157:
145:
144:
143:
138:
128:
127:
126:
121:
111:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
77:Ancient Greece
73:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7515:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:FactCheck.org
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7098:Fact-checking
7096:
7095:
7092:
7085:
7081:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:United States
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:50 Cent Party
6486:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Media culture
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:False dilemma
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5849:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5685:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:Invented here
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:False analogy
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5222:Sampling bias
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5185:Secundum quid
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:False dilemma
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Illicit minor
4995:
4993:
4992:Illicit major
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:Fallacy Files
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4682:
4679:
4668:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:Francis Bacon
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:C. L. Hamblin
4347:
4346:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4121:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4035:. The Chron.
4034:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:Physics World
3970:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:Argumentation
3872:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3281:on 2008-09-05
3280:
3276:
3270:
3256:on 2018-07-18
3255:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3171:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:Pirie, Madsen
3128:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2982:on 2013-09-03
2978:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2826:brilliant.org
2823:
2817:
2803:on 2017-02-01
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:False premise
2523:
2520:
2519:False (logic)
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:secundum quid
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:false analogy
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:card stacking
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:false dilemma
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:false analogy
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:For example,
2155:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2097:false analogy
2095:" fallacy, a
2094:
2087:False analogy
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2040:(false cause)
2039:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:Novum Organum
1742:
1738:
1737:Francis Bacon
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:Satpratipaksa
1665:
1662:
1661:Savyabhichara
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:psychological
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:Toulmin model
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Talking point
1293:
1291:
1290:Speechwriting
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Argumentation
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
989:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
969:
968:
964:
959:
958:
954:
949:
948:
947:De Inventione
944:
939:
938:
934:
929:
928:
924:
919:
918:
914:
909:
908:
904:
899:
898:
894:
889:
888:
884:
883:
875:
874:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
705:
704:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
636:
635:
628:
627:War-mongering
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
599:
596:
595:
594:
593:Progymnasmata
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Maiden speech
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
501:
498:
496:
495:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:
474:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
447:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
419:
418:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
378:
377:
373:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
316:
315:
311:
309:
308:
304:
302:
301:
297:
295:
294:
290:
288:
287:
283:
282:
281:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
246:
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
184:
180:
179:
171:
170:
163:
162:Modern period
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
146:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
110:
109:Ancient India
107:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
92:Attic orators
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7432:Intuitionism
7417:Fictionalism
7316:
6900:
6835:South Africa
6822:Web brigades
6758:Cyberwarfare
6740:Useful idiot
6689:Soviet Union
6634:Fintas Group
6526:Global Times
6524:
6493:cyberwarfare
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6227:
6219:
6186:Whataboutism
6181:Urban legend
6151:Quote mining
6014:
5785:Naturalistic
5768:
5756:
5736:
5707:
5691:of relevance
5634:
5612:Whataboutism
5604:
5580:
5574:Godwin's law
5566:
5546:
5429:
5422:Consequences
5403:Law/Legality
5377:Single cause
5350:
5343:
5183:
5051:Loki's Wager
5031:Equivocation
5024:Equivocation
4853:
4812:
4760:
4741:
4727:
4709:
4640:
4614:
4604:
4601:John Buridan
4594:
4584:
4556:Random House
4537:
4527:
4520:
4506:
4486:
4471:. Springer.
4468:
4446:
4442:
4429:
4420:
4408:
4390:. Springer.
4387:
4368:
4352:
4317:
4307:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4282:the original
4277:
4267:
4257:February 22,
4255:. Retrieved
4240:
4229:
4217:. Retrieved
4210:the original
4205:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4176:the original
4171:
4167:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4127:. Retrieved
4120:the original
4111:
4104:
4079:
4073:
4052:. Retrieved
4030:
4020:
3975:
3945:
3937:
3918:
3912:
3879:
3875:
3863:
3830:
3826:
3814:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3731:
3721:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3655:
3649:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3532:
3526:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3467:
3432:
3426:
3415:. Retrieved
3370:
3363:
3352:. Retrieved
3347:
3337:
3327:
3320:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3249:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3218:
3199:
3174:. Retrieved
3164:
3154:10 September
3152:. Retrieved
3137:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3074:
3067:
3046:
3037:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2972:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2942:
2933:
2911:(4): 49â66.
2908:
2904:
2898:
2871:
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2850:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2766:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2702:
2693:
2674:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2465:Argument map
2459:Anti-pattern
2446:
2445:
2433:
2423:
2380:
2376:
2358:
2342:
2320:
2292:
2282:bandwagoning
2275:
2266:
2259:non sequitur
2258:
2250:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2174:
2167:
2156:
2148:
2131:dissoi logoi
2130:
2119:
2106:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2063:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2017:
1997:
1988:
1974:
1963:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1900:
1893:fallacy fork
1892:
1886:
1883:Fallacy fork
1873:
1849:non sequitur
1848:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1811:logical form
1808:
1797:
1773:non sequitur
1772:
1770:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1643:NyÄya SĆ«tras
1641:
1636:
1633:Indian logic
1590:
1584:
1567:equivocation
1548:
1524:
1510:
1494:
1478:
1471:
1451:
1443:logical form
1425:
1397:carelessness
1382:
1375:
1373:Aristotelian
1356:
1354:
1235:Glossophobia
1207:
1126:Constitutive
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
935:
925:
915:
905:
895:
885:
709:Rhetoricians
622:Stump speech
539:Invitational
492:
477:Dissoi logoi
475:
454:Deliberative
446:Controversia
444:
407:
400:
374:
367:
360:
333:
326:
314:Pronuntiatio
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
250:
243:
231:
222:
205:
198:
181:
152:
114:Ancient Rome
7493:Information
7412:Dialetheism
7302:Explanation
7272:Credibility
7033:Yellow rain
6653:Philippines
6513:Spamouflage
6498:Little Pink
6352:Rothschilds
6342:Red mercury
6057:Gaslighting
6008:Lying press
5978:Doublespeak
5805:Red herring
5562:Association
5243:Conjunction
5164:Composition
5061:Reification
4977:Existential
4929:Existential
4702:"Fallacies"
4643:(bilingual)
4534:Sagan, Carl
4288:December 5,
4219:October 29,
4182:October 28,
3792:: 164â177.
3476:(5): 46â51.
2905:Interchange
2750:17 February
2699:Woods, John
2353:Scott Adams
2349:Gary Larson
2287:Creating a
2225:red herring
1950:unwarranted
1581:Greek logic
1561:(content),
1315:Wooden iron
1275:Rhetrickery
1250:Oral skills
1186:Composition
1121:Contrastive
941:(c. 350 BC)
931:(c. 350 BC)
921:(c. 350 BC)
911:(c. 350 BC)
901:(c. 370 BC)
761:Demosthenes
741:Brueggemann
676:Ideological
527:Homileticsâ
440:Declamation
430:Apologetics
280:Five canons
148:Renaissance
131:Middle Ages
7477:Categories
7457:Pragmatism
7447:Nominalism
7354:Propaganda
7329:Hypothesis
7282:Antithesis
7160:PolitiFact
7088:Opposition
6964:Sandy Hook
6763:on Estonia
6697:Soviet era
6610:Team Jorge
6586:Godi-media
6347:Reptilians
6317:Illuminati
6176:Truthiness
6166:Social bot
6129:Propaganda
6062:Half-truth
6037:False flag
5781:Moralistic
5715:Sealioning
5709:Ad nauseam
5636:Ipse dixit
5548:Ad hominem
5372:Regression
5174:Ecological
4987:Four terms
4905:Masked man
4782:, csun.edu
4755:PhilPapers
4564:039453512X
4552:0345409469
4515:8799101378
4465:John Woods
4361:0916475247
4278:Rink Works
4129:2016-02-22
4054:28 October
3417:2016-02-22
3354:2021-05-07
3311:2021-05-07
3285:2013-09-10
3260:2017-12-12
3117:4 February
3094:1048664485
2973:oswego.edu
2949:4 February
2856:2023-02-18
2831:4 February
2807:2013-09-10
2658:References
2434:Fallacious
2371:See also:
2127:Protagoras
1741:J. S. Mill
1531:propaganda
1527:mass media
1497:rhetorical
1385:manipulate
1171:Technology
1161:Procedural
981:(c. 50 BC)
967:De Oratore
831:Quintilian
826:Protagoras
681:Metaphoric
605:Propaganda
488:Epideictic
402:Sotto voce
356:Persuasion
351:Operations
293:Dispositio
189:Chironomia
7483:Fallacies
7427:Formalism
7389:Vagueness
7369:Relevance
7364:Reasoning
7277:Dialectic
7252:Ambiguity
7155:NewsGuard
7150:Logically
7145:Full Fact
7042:Venezuela
6976:Fake news
6864:AK Trolls
6555:Funkspiel
6077:Infodemic
5993:Fake news
5968:Denialism
5963:Deception
5822:Straw man
5700:Arguments
5689:fallacies
5663:Tradition
5653:Etymology
5625:Authority
5606:Tu quoque
5590:Bulverism
5360:Gambler's
5329:Animistic
5273:Ambiguity
5239:Base rate
4982:Necessity
4854:fallacies
4738:"Fallacy"
4607:Book VII.
4577:Aristotle
4353:Fallacies
4096:145424660
4041:0009-5982
3896:1572-8374
3855:145321942
3847:1572-8749
3806:0378-2166
3767:145785208
3753:: 29â49.
3713:170107849
3705:0045-5091
3641:2293-734X
3592:0080-4614
3518:871004444
3402:797892247
3170:"fallacy"
3029:0824-2577
3013:(1): 88.
2925:144780081
2741:"Fallacy"
2606:Soundness
2501:Demagogue
2345:amphiboly
2159:anchoring
2109:straw man
1903:fallacy.
1847:The term
1824:The term
1813:such as "
1804:causality
1800:inductive
1781:deductive
1743:. Bacon (
1587:Aristotle
1573:, to the
1571:ambiguity
1501:emotional
1432:deductive
1417:soundness
1405:ignorance
1393:deception
1365:reasoning
1285:Seduction
1116:Cognitive
1104:Subfields
1031:(100â400)
786:Isocrates
726:Augustine
716:Aristotle
691:Narrative
641:Criticism
586:Philippic
500:Panegyric
483:Elocution
464:Dialectic
384:Situation
245:Facilitas
239:Enthymeme
218:Eloquence
200:Delectare
7503:Rhetoric
7442:Logicism
7422:Finitism
7374:Rhetoric
7359:Prudence
7297:Evidence
7257:Argument
7247:Analysis
7180:USAFacts
7170:StopFake
7066:Force 47
6971:COVID-19
6895:Euromyth
6646:Peñabots
6520:COVID-19
6425:COVID-19
6410:Vaccines
6275:Examples
6161:Smearing
5848:Category
5480:Ridicule
5465:Flattery
5455:Children
5352:Post hoc
5232:McNamara
5194:Accident
5169:Division
5016:Informal
4622:Archived
4467:(2004).
4415:, 1989.
4315:(1995).
4151:(4): 34.
4012:16532275
3904:15523437
3600:19584450
3411:7104938M
3394:12018756
3135:(2006).
3045:(2009),
2890:41580357
2618:Validity
2537:Illusion
2507:Evidence
2447:Concepts
2386:See also
2151:big data
2038:Post hoc
1792:premises
1784:argument
1707:sophisms
1703:material
1679:Viruddha
1620:Socrates
1616:Coriscus
1539:politics
1468:Overview
1435:argument
1389:persuade
1369:argument
1156:Pedagogy
1136:Feminist
907:Rhetoric
897:Phaedrus
891:(380 BC)
841:Richards
811:Perelman
659:Pentadic
654:Dramatic
598:Suasoria
576:Diatribe
517:Forensic
494:Encomium
459:Demagogy
328:Imitatio
300:Elocutio
286:Inventio
256:Informal
175:Concepts
102:Sophists
97:Calliope
87:Atticism
82:Asianism
50:Rhetoric
42:a series
40:Part of
7462:Realism
7349:Premise
7339:Opinion
7334:Inquiry
7317:Fallacy
7054:Vietnam
6725:Seat 12
6596:OpIndia
6548:Germany
6015:Fallacy
5988:Factoid
5926:Big lie
5667:Novelty
5642:Poverty
5504:Loyalty
5470:Novelty
5447:Emotion
5396:Appeals
5365:Inverse
5345:Cum hoc
5334:Furtive
4852:Common
4751:Fallacy
4722:(ed.).
4708:(ed.).
4546:, 1997
4049:1554535
3992:Bibcode
3570:Bibcode
3176:13 June
2986:7 March
2600:Sophist
2585:Paradox
2552:Inquiry
2424:Fallacy
1930:content
1834:fallacy
1788:invalid
1709:except
1699:logical
1673:Badhita
1655:Asiddha
1413:context
1361:invalid
1357:fallacy
1201:Related
1176:Therapy
1166:Science
1131:Digital
1011:(c. 50)
1001:(46 BC)
991:(46 BC)
971:(55 BC)
961:(80 BC)
951:(84 BC)
887:Gorgias
856:Toulmin
851:Tacitus
801:McLuhan
776:Gorgias
771:Erasmus
766:Derrida
731:Bakhtin
721:Aspasia
686:Mimesis
649:Cluster
581:Eristic
571:Polemic
566:Oratory
544:Lecture
307:Memoria
251:Fallacy
194:Decorum
141:Trivium
69:History
7384:Theory
7262:Belief
7165:Snopes
6981:online
6901:Lancet
6847:Turkey
6685:Russia
6641:Mexico
6629:Kuwait
6605:Israel
6464:Canada
6420:autism
6366:Health
5998:online
5752:Cliché
5687:Other
5658:Nature
5646:Wealth
5281:Accent
4867:Formal
4562:
4550:
4513:
4493:
4475:
4394:
4375:
4359:
4329:
4248:
4094:
4047:
4039:
4010:
3954:
3925:
3902:
3894:
3853:
3845:
3804:
3765:
3711:
3703:
3662:
3639:
3598:
3590:
3539:
3516:
3506:
3439:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3382:
3230:28 May
3206:
3145:
3092:
3082:
3056:
3027:
2923:
2888:
2878:
2773:
2717:
2681:
2453:Aporia
2390:Lists
2181:Scopus
1969:sample
1721:, and
1260:Pistis
1255:Orator
1181:Visual
1091:(1970)
1081:(1966)
1071:(1521)
1061:(1305)
997:Orator
937:Topics
866:Weaver
796:Lysias
791:Lucian
781:Hobbes
756:de Man
751:Cicero
549:Public
532:Sermon
507:Eulogy
435:Debate
423:Genres
369:Pathos
335:Kairos
322:Hypsos
268:Scheme
233:Eunoia
213:Device
207:Docere
7379:Rigor
6959:QAnon
6617:Korea
6574:India
6476:China
6390:Ebola
5906:Types
5514:Spite
5408:Stone
4704:. In
4213:(PDF)
4202:(PDF)
4123:(PDF)
4116:(PDF)
4092:S2CID
4008:S2CID
3982:arXiv
3900:S2CID
3851:S2CID
3827:Topoi
3763:S2CID
3709:S2CID
3596:S2CID
2980:(PDF)
2969:(PDF)
2921:S2CID
2631:Works
2612:Truth
2564:Lemma
2008:sound
1923:valid
1830:logic
1777:Latin
1447:valid
1051:(426)
1041:(102)
879:Works
846:Smith
836:Ramus
821:Plato
816:Pizan
746:Burke
736:Booth
671:Genre
666:Frame
409:Topos
394:Grand
389:Style
376:Logos
362:Ethos
346:Modes
273:Trope
7312:Fact
7267:Bias
6800:2020
6795:2018
6790:2016
6171:Spin
6072:Hoax
5957:list
5892:and
5600:Tone
5475:Pity
5460:Fear
4858:list
4560:ISBN
4548:ISBN
4511:ISBN
4491:ISBN
4473:ISBN
4392:ISBN
4373:ISBN
4357:ISBN
4327:ISBN
4290:2012
4259:2016
4246:ISBN
4221:2013
4184:2013
4056:2013
4045:OCLC
4037:ISSN
3952:ISBN
3923:ISBN
3892:ISSN
3843:ISSN
3802:ISSN
3701:ISSN
3660:ISBN
3637:ISSN
3588:ISSN
3537:ISBN
3514:OCLC
3504:ISBN
3437:ISBN
3398:OCLC
3390:LCCN
3380:ISBN
3232:2013
3204:ISBN
3178:2017
3156:2015
3143:ISBN
3119:2023
3090:OCLC
3080:ISBN
3054:ISBN
3025:ISSN
2988:2018
2951:2023
2886:OCLC
2876:ISBN
2833:2023
2771:ISBN
2752:2016
2715:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2351:and
2183:and
2137:and
2107:The
1998:The
1817:and
1739:and
1701:and
1403:and
1225:Doxa
1021:(95)
861:Vico
610:Spin
7236:and
4919:In
4875:In
4753:at
4542:".
4536:, "
4451:doi
4084:doi
4000:doi
3884:doi
3835:doi
3794:doi
3755:doi
3693:doi
3627:doi
3578:doi
3566:236
3496:doi
3376:302
3015:doi
2913:doi
2707:doi
2319:) (
2308:or
2249:" (
2018:An
1874:An
1753:'s
1553:or
1488:or
1419:of
1391:by
1387:or
1380:.
1300:TED
1146:New
806:Ong
7479::
7288:,
7284:,
6373:5G
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5665:/
5644:/
5492:/
5410:/
5241:/
5104:/
5100:/
5079:/
4811:.
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4505:,
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