529:
371:
743:
443:, County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known that would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match that had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with
251:
857:
995:. They have a strikeable tip similar to a normal match, but the combustible compound – including an oxidiser – continues down the length of the stick, coating half or more of the entire matchstick. The match also has a waterproof coating (which often makes the match more difficult to light), and often storm matches are longer than standard matches. As a result of the combustible coating, storm matches burn strongly even in strong winds, and can even spontaneously re-ignite after being briefly immersed in water.
1041:
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841:. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and the heads rubbed together. There was however a risk of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box. The development of a specialized
571:
accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.
615:
714:
was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially. The company developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in 1899 and started selling it to match manufacturers. However, white phosphorus continued to be used, and its serious effects
689:
discovered in 1850 that heating white phosphorus at 250 °C in an inert atmosphere produced a red allotropic form, which did not fume in contact with air. It was suggested that this would make a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more expensive. Two French chemists,
638:
and other bone disorders, and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The earliest report of phosphorus necrosis was made in 1845 by
Lorinser in Vienna, and a New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes
306:
A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill – a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most often kept near the
402:
In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in
England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836. John Hucks Stevens also patented a safety version of the friction match in
366:
This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on
427:
Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François
Derosne in
217:
If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame
722:
was reached at Bern, Switzerland, in
September 1906, which banned the use of white phosphorus in matches. This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. The United Kingdom passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December 1910. The
479:
were the invention of
Charles Sauria, a French chemistry student at the time. Walker did not divulge the exact composition of his matches. Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and
570:
in 1862 by
Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the
498:. These early matches had a number of problems – an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame, and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam.
723:
United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a "punitive tax" in 1913 on white phosphorus–based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, and Canada banned them in 1914. India and Japan banned them in 1919; China followed, banning them in 1925.
772:
developed the industrial process for large-scale manufacture of red phosphorus after Schrötter's discoveries became known. By 1851, his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his red phosphorus in 1851, at
799:
around 1847, but the improved safety match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The
Lundström brothers had obtained a sample of red phosphorus matches from Albright at The Great Exhibition, but had misplaced it and therefore they did not try the matches until just before the
367:
the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of a match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight.
391:
and wood dust, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems. Both
Vesuvians and Prometheans had a bulb of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be broken to start the reaction.
378:
In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 by
Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was popular for kitchen use and
900:, and glue. Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate in the match head. When the match is struck, the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount and form something akin to the explosive
491:. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process. A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as
71:, often colored for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.
565:
From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William
Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by
958:
can be struck on any suitable surface. They have remained particularly popular in the United States, even when safety matches had become common in Europe, and are still widely used today around the world, including in many
2148:
590:, poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these
327:
on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly.
715:
led many countries to ban its use. Finland prohibited the use of white phosphorus in 1872, followed by Denmark in 1874, France in 1897, Switzerland in 1898, and the Netherlands in 1901. An agreement, the
1754:
1621:
2271:
682:, were involved in the distribution of the cash collected. The strike and negative publicity led to changes being made to limit the health effects of the inhalation of white phosphorus.
218:
like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.
1178:
2145:
762:
The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of
139:. Depending on its formulation, a slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at 4 to 60 centimetres (2 to 24 in) per minute.
363:. This kind of match was quite expensive, however, and its use was also relatively dangerous, so Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use.
1823:
730:, New York plant for the US market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus matches. The Niagara Falls plant made them until 1910, when the
666:
on 23 June 1888. A strike fund was set up and some newspapers collected donations from readers. The women and girls also solicited contributions. Members of the
606:
of silver). As a match manufacturer, RĂłmer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories.
303:, continued these experiments in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires.
1368:
459:. The treatment with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor. The price of a box of 50 matches was one
791:. Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus.
463:. With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches "
1824:
Hughes, J. P. W; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H., Cooke, M. A.; Craig, J. D.; Duffield, D. P.; Grosart, A. W.; Parkes, P. W. J.; & Porter, A. (1962).
1873:
1664:
2351:
Emsley, John (2000). The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A Biography of the Devil's Element. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-333-76638-5
2279:
578:, who was a student of chemistry. An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with
1520:
2404:
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meant that the substance was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike-anywhere" match, and that the match heads were not explosive.
2439:
2365:
1708:
550:
for the antimony sulfide. These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the name of
1251:
201:
match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of
154:
to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as
2824:
528:
506:
804:
Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable. In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes.
2240:
2181:
1955:
432:
and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.
370:
2389:
2127:
Charnovitz, Steve (1987). "The Influence of International Labour Standards on the World Trading Regime. A Historical Overview".
2500:
1773:
1341:
582:
in the head of the phosphorus match. He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until the two liquids
283:, a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking
833:-impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with
2319:
1702:
1245:
1016:
383:
as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer". The head was large and contained
255:
2348:
Beaver, Patrick (1985). The Match Makers: The Story of Bryant & May. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-11-7
1983:
1498:
U.S. Patent Number 1,412A, Improvement in the Manufacture of Friction-Matches for Preserving Them From Accidental Ignition
984:; however, they must be declared as dangerous goods and individual airlines or countries may impose tighter restrictions.
837:). The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the form of two-headed matches known in France as
2338:
Threlfall, Richard E. (1951). The Story of 100 Years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.
2411:
1325:
472:
2086:
2013:
1891:
942:
visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches, but was unsuccessful. In 1862 it established
1626:
1502:
1383:
1091:
647:
619:
1481:
967:. However, strike-anywhere matches are banned on all kinds of aircraft under the "dangerous goods" classification
763:
686:
558:. The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of
399:
for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America.
2814:
1679:
Wonders of the nineteenth century: a panoramic review of the inventions and discoveries of the past hundred years
969:
829:"safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a match head on the end of a
685:
Attempts were made to reduce the ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations.
480:
dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany. Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention.
206:
176:
producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). However, when friction matches became commonplace, the term
2895:
2900:
1642:
1595:
1477:
U.S. Patent Number 1,414, Improved friction match for retaining fire, Entitled Stevens' "Fusse cigar light"
1040:
2880:
2875:
1193:
943:
815:
27:
1933:
542:
Lucifers were quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman
103:) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously. These were used to light fires and fire
2890:
2870:
2493:
1452:
1126:
934:, but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in
559:
509:" includes the line "while you’ve a lucifer to light your fag". Matches are still called "lucifers" in
2354:
Steele, H. Thomas (1987). Close Cover Before Striking: The Golden Age of Matchbook Art. Abeville Press
2056:
Threlfall (1951), "Chapter IX: The Second generation: 1880–1915: part II: The Private Limited Company"
1516:
1213:
963:, for such uses as camping, outdoor activities, emergency/survival situations, and stocking homemade
487:
invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in
67:. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and
792:
622:
campaigned against the use of white phosphorus in match making, which led to bone disorders such as
2594:
2586:
2530:
2461:
2309:
Dangerous Goods Regulations: Effective 1 January – 31 December 2007. Produced in consultation with
955:
691:
331:
The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor
1001:
742:
332:
2609:
1749:
1154:
795:
and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a large-scale match industry in
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460:
2373:
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1311:
1692:
901:
731:
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260:
20:
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1867:
1658:
1237:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics
1107:
850:
1826:"Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies"
2885:
2397:
2101:
2028:
1906:
1559:
1422:
1284:
1028:
988:
774:
59:
generated by striking the match against a suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in
904:, which ignites due to the friction. The red color of the matchhead is due to addition of
8:
2635:
769:
711:
671:
448:
2248:
2177:
2105:
2032:
1959:
1910:
1563:
1426:
1288:
1256:
sulphur matches were certainly sold in the markets of Hangchow when Marco Polo was there
784:
The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in 1844 by the
226:, dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of
1850:
1825:
1114:
960:
946:
and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.
897:
877:
778:
702:
488:
452:
340:
250:
856:
2642:
2443:
2315:
1855:
1698:
1577:
1321:
1241:
788:
766:, not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface.
651:
143:
120:
68:
2604:
1799:
1777:
1345:
632:
Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with
2865:
2783:
2109:
2036:
1914:
1845:
1837:
1567:
1430:
1292:
484:
440:
2449:
915:
on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called
834:
547:
2844:
2829:
2819:
2152:
1987:
1096:
977:
893:
845:
with both matches and a striking surface occurred in the 1890s with the American
643:
521:
468:
300:
142:
The modern equivalent of a match (in the sense of a burnable cord) is the simple
864:
The striking surface on modern matchboxes is typically composed of 25% powdered
575:
2725:
1980:
939:
869:
796:
667:
543:
516:
510:
295:, who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669. Others, including
2167:
Threlfall (1951), Chapter V: "The Foundations, 1855–56: the phosphorus retort"
814:
matches from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the
2859:
2753:
2630:
2551:
1581:
1168:
1101:
920:
726:
In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their
679:
360:
276:
2471:
650:. The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with
2679:
2561:
2014:"The discovery of red phosphorus (1847) by Anton von Schrötter (1802–1875)"
1859:
1496:
1475:
1081:
1076:
992:
964:
873:
846:
659:
579:
567:
312:
296:
292:
264:
161:
151:
2419:
938:
before the Lundström brothers patented it. The British match manufacturer
554:("crazy fire") in the United States, from which was derived the name of a
2720:
2705:
2669:
2664:
2614:
2509:
1007:
819:
734:
forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.
675:
614:
456:
288:
202:
156:
129:
88:
2466:
1841:
690:
Henri Savene and Emile David Cahen, proved in 1898 that the addition of
2743:
2657:
2652:
2599:
1121:
1062:
1057:
954:
Friction matches made with white phosphorus as well as those made from
655:
634:
624:
603:
587:
348:
308:
268:
231:
147:
135:
2113:
2040:
1993:, Issue no. 21 (via Tower Hamlets' Local History Library and Archives)
1918:
1434:
1296:
980:, "U.N. 1944, Matches, safety". They are not universally forbidden on
2839:
2834:
2788:
2773:
2768:
2748:
2700:
2647:
2576:
1572:
1547:
876:, and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45–55%
842:
750:
555:
374:
Sulfur-head matches, 1828, lit by dipping into a bottle of phosphorus
108:
64:
1413:
Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 3".
1275:
Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 1".
411:
127:
sticks. Such matches were characterised by their burning speed i.e.
2778:
2763:
2758:
2674:
2571:
2556:
2520:
981:
912:
830:
807:
583:
388:
380:
356:
316:
227:
173:
169:
124:
116:
60:
56:
2710:
2525:
1086:
697:
493:
100:
63:, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into
2566:
2478:
2456:
2229:
Threlfall (1951), Appendix A to Chapter V: "The Match Industry"
935:
927:
785:
755:
595:
444:
344:
280:
198:
112:
2405:"Making 125,000 Matches An Hour", August 1946, Popular Science
1174:
Etymologicon universale: or, Universal etymological dictionary
51:. Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff
35:
2809:
2793:
2684:
2546:
1730:
Hatfield, J. (1856). "History of American Friction Matches".
865:
801:
502:
396:
384:
352:
336:
324:
320:
284:
52:
2427:
2407:
article on the modern mass production of wooden stem matches
2155:. National Capital Commission. museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca
1934:"Industrial disease due to certain poisonous fumes or gases"
1690:
435:
The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by
275:
Before the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a
2310:
2304:
2272:"Strike Anywhere: The Best Matches for Survival Situations"
931:
96:
55:. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by
48:
505:
for a match into the 20th century. For example, the song "
905:
880:, with a little sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or
416:
104:
574:
A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian
2241:"Legality of Strike Anywhere Matches Is Up For Debate"
1218:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 158, 162–170.
926:
In France, they sold the rights to their safety match
355:. The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small
287:
and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a
213:
written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 stated:
2314:. Montreal: International Air Transport Association.
1056:
The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as
1211:
1494:
1473:
1212:Barnett, E. de Barry (1919). Rideal, Samuel (ed.).
662:published an article in her halfpenny weekly paper
860:A match at the beginning of the combustion process
609:
594:to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in
339:. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of
256:The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone
26:"Matchstick" redirects here. For other uses, see
2857:
2084:
1889:
1640:
1412:
1309:
1274:
991:matches or flare matches, are often included in
586:. He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and
2225:
2223:
2221:
2146:Donalda Charron and the E.B. Eddy Match Company
2052:
2050:
2163:
2161:
1931:
1366:
1313:Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries
1240:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71.
2494:
1691:Lewis R. Goldfrank; Flomenbaum, Neal (2006).
1450:
1316:. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p.
1191:
949:
917:Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB
642:The conditions of working-class women at the
2218:
2064:
2062:
2047:
1872:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1729:
1697:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1486–.
1663:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1446:
1444:
1207:
1205:
1022:Matches with an intellectual pastime printed
2158:
1752:, D. Phillips, published 1836-10-24
1748:
1630:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
2501:
2487:
2269:
2126:
2825:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
2087:"A history of the match industry. Part 5"
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
1948:
1892:"A history of the match industry. Part 9"
1885:
1883:
1849:
1776:. Hungarian Patent Office. Archived from
1768:
1766:
1764:
1571:
1441:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1202:
911:The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide
419:"Congreves" matchbox (1827), produced by
2450:Chemistry of Matches, Graphics and Video
1938:Archives of the Public Health Laboratory
1495:Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839),
1474:Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839),
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1167:
1145:
1143:
855:
806:
749:
741:
696:
613:
527:
515:
410:
369:
291:. Early work had been done by alchemist
249:
211:Records of the Unworldly and the Strange
34:
2299:
2297:
1958:. Spartacus Educational. Archived from
1233:
439:, an English chemist and druggist from
2858:
2436:library.thinkquest.org/23062/match.htm
2270:McCafferty, Keith (10 November 2009).
2071:
1880:
1761:
1401:
1222:
1195:Firearms in American history 1600–1800
1181:from the original on 17 February 2017.
1051:
746:Jönköpings safety match industry, 1872
2482:
2238:
1548:"The Centenary of the Friction Match"
1376:Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
1261:
1254:from the original on 2 January 2014.
1140:
2303:
2294:
2184:from the original on 4 November 2011
2011:
1944:. Manchester University Press: 1–21.
1545:
1517:"Francois Derosne – French inventor"
1342:"Early American Glass Spill Holders"
234:'s visit. The matches were known as
91:of a candle. Historically, the term
1694:Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies
970:U.N. 1331, Matches, strike-anywhere
428:1816. His crude match was called a
406:
245:
13:
2342:
1681:, W. B. Conkey Publishers, Chicago
1234:Needham, Joseph (1 January 1962).
908:, not the red phosphorus content.
311:. Another method saw the use of a
14:
2912:
2428:"The Rathkamp Matchcover Society"
2358:
1546:Bone, William A. (1 April 1927).
1523:from the original on 6 June 2014.
1505:from the original on 16 June 2014
1484:from the original on 16 June 2014
1453:"The Inventor of Lucifer Matches"
1369:"Matches—The manufacture of fire"
1060:and matchbox labels, is known as
976:Safety matches are classified as
754:Old match factory in Itkonniemi,
737:
475:, as it is sometimes stated. The
423:, inventor of the friction match.
2508:
2465:
2455:
1711:from the original on 9 July 2014
1627:Dictionary of National Biography
1198:. Boston, The author. p. 5.
1092:London matchgirls strike of 1888
1039:
1027:
1015:
1000:
868:or other abrasive material, 50%
648:London matchgirls strike of 1888
620:London matchgirls strike of 1888
501:The term "lucifer" persisted as
467:" in honour of the inventor and
209:(AD 907–960), a book called the
188:
2815:Control of fire by early humans
2332:
2263:
2232:
2196:
2170:
2139:
2120:
2005:
1996:
1974:
1925:
1817:
1792:
1742:
1723:
1684:
1671:
1634:
1613:
1588:
1539:
1527:
1509:
1488:
1467:
610:Replacement of white phosphorus
207:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
197:, written in 1366, describes a
180:came to refer mainly to these.
1360:
1334:
1303:
1185:
1161:
930:to Coigent Père & Fils of
1:
2470:The dictionary definition of
2446:video on the ignition process
2366:"History of Chemical Matches"
2204:"How Do Safety Matches Work?"
2094:Journal of Chemical Education
1899:Journal of Chemical Education
1415:Journal of Chemical Education
1277:Journal of Chemical Education
1133:
987:Storm matches, also known as
849:, who sold his patent to the
687:Anton Schrötter von Kristelli
533:
447:and tipped with a mixture of
279:(a lens) to focus the sun on
2416:Matchcovers.com/first100.htm
1177:. Vol. 2. p. 428.
706:report dated 29 January 1911
74:
7:
2129:International Labour Review
1643:"Curator's Report for 1909"
1069:
816:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
28:Matchstick (disambiguation)
10:
2919:
1981:"White slavery in London".
1677:John Wesley Hanson (1900)
1127:White phosphorus munitions
950:Varieties of matches today
560:Springfield, Massachusetts
315:, a tool that looked like
183:
25:
18:
2802:
2736:
2693:
2623:
2585:
2539:
2516:
2085:Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941).
1890:Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941).
1641:Brewis, W, Parke (1909).
1622:Walker, John (1781?-1859)
1382:: 369–380. Archived from
1310:Carlisle, Rodney (2004).
1151:Concise Oxford Dictionary
47:is a tool for starting a
16:Device for lighting fires
2595:Autoignition temperature
2390:"The History of Matches"
1800:"Development of matches"
1034:Household safety matches
956:phosphorus sesquisulfide
692:phosphorus sesquisulfide
483:In 1829, Scots inventor
395:Samuel Jones introduced
83:derives from Old French
2610:Minimum ignition energy
2412:"History of matchbooks"
2239:Staff (10 March 2012).
1932:Oliver, Thomas (1906).
1804:Encyclopædia Britannica
1534:Encyclopædia Britannica
1367:Wisniak, Jaime (2005).
1155:Oxford University Press
1153:(10 ed.). London:
164:-impregnated fuse) and
95:referred to lengths of
1451:Tomlinson, C. (1898).
1192:Sawyer, C. W. (1910).
861:
822:
793:Johan Edvard Lundström
759:
747:
732:United States Congress
707:
629:
539:
525:
424:
375:
272:
220:
40:
21:Match (disambiguation)
2464:at Wikimedia Commons
2151:8 August 2014 at the
2012:Kohn, Moritz (1944).
1108:The Little Match Girl
1046:Special storm matches
872:, 5% neutralizer, 4%
859:
851:Diamond Match Company
839:Allumettes Androgynes
810:
753:
745:
700:
646:factories led to the
617:
531:
520:Packing girls at the
519:
507:Pack Up Your Troubles
414:
373:
333:Louis Jacques Thénard
253:
230:, around the time of
215:
38:
2896:Hungarian inventions
2422:on 16 February 2006.
1986:19 July 2011 at the
1647:Archaeologia Aeliana
961:developing countries
775:The Great Exhibition
473:Sir William Congreve
430:briquet phosphorique
19:For other uses, see
2901:Scottish inventions
2636:Solar Spark Lighter
2400:on 8 December 2012.
2394:Inventors.about.com
2370:Chemistry.about.com
2106:1941JChEd..18..316C
2033:1944JChEd..21..522K
1956:"Matchgirls Strike"
1911:1941JChEd..18..428C
1842:10.1136/oem.19.2.83
1732:Scientific American
1564:1927Natur.119..495B
1427:1941JChEd..18..277C
1289:1941JChEd..18..116C
1052:Hobbyist collection
902:Armstrong's mixture
712:Albright and Wilson
672:George Bernard Shaw
449:sulfide of antimony
359:bottle filled with
323:on one "blade" and
299:and his assistant,
193:A note in the text
87:, referring to the
2881:English inventions
2876:Chinese inventions
2440:"Lighting a Match"
2276:Field & Stream
1600:www.chm.bris.ac.uk
1596:"White Phosphorus"
1389:on 6 November 2013
1115:The Safety Matches
878:potassium chlorate
862:
823:
779:The Crystal Palace
760:
748:
708:
703:The New York Times
658:. Social activist
630:
546:, who substituted
540:
526:
489:Reading, Berkshire
453:chlorate of potash
425:
376:
341:potassium chlorate
273:
119:) and to detonate
41:
2891:German inventions
2871:Camping equipment
2853:
2852:
2460:Media related to
2444:Royal Institution
2321:978-92-9195-780-4
2282:on 19 August 2013
2114:10.1021/ed018p316
2041:10.1021/ed021p522
1919:10.1021/ed018p428
1704:978-0-07-147914-1
1558:(2996): 495–496.
1457:Notes and Queries
1435:10.1021/ed018p277
1297:10.1021/ed018p116
1247:978-0-521-05802-5
812:Super Deportistas
797:Jönköping, Sweden
789:Gustaf Erik Pasch
602:(about 22.5
592:noiseless matches
532:Match container,
121:explosive devices
39:An igniting match
2908:
2803:Related articles
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2435:
2423:
2418:. Archived from
2401:
2396:. Archived from
2385:
2383:
2381:
2372:. Archived from
2326:
2325:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2278:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2247:. Archived from
2236:
2230:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2091:
2082:
2069:
2068:Threlfall (1951)
2066:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2027:(11): 522, 554.
2018:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1962:on 14 April 2012
1952:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1923:
1922:
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1887:
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1853:
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1716:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1649:. Third Series.
1638:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1573:10.1038/119495a0
1543:
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1525:
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1471:
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1410:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1344:. Archived from
1338:
1332:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1209:
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1165:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1004:
891:
890:
889:
718:Berne Convention
710:British company
652:white phosphorus
644:Bryant & May
548:white phosphorus
538:
535:
522:Bryant & May
485:Sir Isaac Holden
441:Stockton-on-Tees
407:Friction matches
246:Chemical matches
224:Wu Lin Chiu Shih
150:, still used in
2918:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:Survival skills
2830:Outdoor cooking
2798:
2737:Other equipment
2732:
2694:Modern starters
2689:
2619:
2581:
2535:
2512:
2507:
2426:
2410:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2343:Further reading
2335:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2251:on 10 July 2013
2237:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2153:Wayback Machine
2144:
2140:
2125:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1988:Wayback Machine
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1930:
1926:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1864:
1830:Br. J. Ind. Med
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1780:on 4 March 2010
1772:
1771:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1728:
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1714:
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1689:
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1210:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1166:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1110:", a fairy tale
1097:Permanent match
1072:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1005:
978:dangerous goods
952:
944:its own factory
888:
885:
884:
883:
881:
770:Arthur Albright
740:
639:on nine cases.
612:
556:political party
536:
409:
307:fireplace in a
301:Ambrose Godfrey
248:
191:
186:
77:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2771:
2766:
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2697:
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2691:
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2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2627:
2625:
2624:Early starters
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
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2582:
2580:
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2513:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2476:at Wiktionary
2453:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2432:matchcover.org
2424:
2408:
2402:
2386:
2376:on 7 July 2011
2360:
2359:External links
2357:
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2135:(5): 565, 571.
2119:
2100:(7): 316–319.
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2046:
2004:
1995:
1973:
1947:
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1905:(9): 428–431.
1879:
1816:
1791:
1774:"János Irinyi"
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1118:, a 1969 novel
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951:
948:
940:Bryant and May
886:
870:red phosphorus
835:red phosphorus
825:The safety of
764:red phosphorus
739:
738:Safety matches
736:
668:Fabian Society
611:
608:
544:Charles Sauria
408:
405:
247:
244:
222:Another text,
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2206:. 27 May 2020
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2021:J. Chem. Educ
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1348:on 7 May 2015
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921:Swedish Match
918:
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892:), 20–40% of
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2510:Firelighting
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2374:the original
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2333:Bibliography
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1960:the original
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1077:Firelighting
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874:carbon black
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847:Joshua Pusey
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576:János Irinyi
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297:Robert Boyle
293:Hennig Brand
274:
267:discovering
265:Hennig Brand
263:, depicting
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166:Bengal match
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162:black-powder
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152:pyrotechnics
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44:
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32:
2886:Fire making
2706:Ferrocerium
2670:Fire plough
2665:Fire piston
2615:Smouldering
2380:11 November
2188:19 November
1715:19 November
1463:(4): 70–71.
1393:14 November
1058:matchcovers
820:Mexico City
781:in London.
758:, Finland ©
676:Sidney Webb
537: 1875
437:John Walker
421:John Walker
319:, but with
289:fire piston
259:(1771), by
203:Northern Qi
195:Cho Keng Lu
157:black match
130:quick match
2860:Categories
2744:Char cloth
2658:Pump drill
2653:Hand drill
2643:Fire drill
2600:Combustion
2540:Components
2002:Raw p. 137
1738:(49): 387.
1215:Explosives
1134:References
1122:Vesta case
1063:phillumeny
1010:of a match
656:phossy jaw
654:, such as
635:phossy jaw
625:phossy jaw
588:gum arabic
584:emulsified
349:gum arabic
309:spill vase
269:phosphorus
232:Marco Polo
148:visco fuse
146:such as a
136:slow match
65:matchbooks
61:matchboxes
2840:Pyromania
2835:Pyrolysis
2789:Tinderbox
2774:Matchbook
2769:Fire ring
2749:Chuckmuck
2701:Blowtorch
2648:Bow drill
2577:Wood fuel
2245:PRWeb.com
2210:12 August
1582:1476-4687
898:diatomite
894:siliceous
843:matchbook
598:, for 60
552:loco foco
477:congreves
465:Congreves
381:nicknamed
240:tshui erh
174:sparklers
109:matchlock
79:The word
75:Etymology
2779:Matchbox
2764:Fire pit
2759:Fire pan
2726:Electric
2675:Fire-saw
2572:Wood ash
2557:Firewood
2531:Glossary
2521:Campfire
2307:(2007).
2182:Archived
2149:Archived
1991:The Link
1984:Archived
1860:14449812
1809:18 March
1784:18 March
1709:Archived
1521:Archived
1503:archived
1482:archived
1352:4 August
1252:Archived
1179:Archived
1171:(1825).
1169:Whiter W
1070:See also
1008:Ignition
989:lifeboat
982:aircraft
913:monopoly
906:red dyes
896:filler,
831:paraffin
777:held at
664:The Link
568:paraffin
471:pioneer
461:shilling
389:charcoal
357:asbestos
317:scissors
228:Hangzhou
172:akin to
170:firework
125:dynamite
123:such as
117:linstock
57:friction
2866:Matches
2711:Lighter
2526:Bonfire
2462:Matches
2286:16 July
2255:16 July
2102:Bibcode
2029:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1851:1038164
1560:Bibcode
1423:Bibcode
1285:Bibcode
1157:. 1999.
1087:Lighter
600:florins
524:factory
496:matches
494:lucifer
313:striker
184:History
113:cannons
101:cambric
99:(later
2587:Topics
2567:Tinder
2318:
2178:"Fire"
1966:19 May
1858:
1848:
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1605:15 May
1580:
1552:Nature
1536:(2012)
1324:
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936:Vienna
928:patent
919:today
756:Kuopio
678:, and
596:Vienna
469:rocket
455:, and
445:sulfur
403:1839.
397:fuzees
345:sulfur
281:tinder
236:fa chu
199:sulfur
111:) and
69:binder
2810:Arson
2794:Torch
2721:Black
2716:Match
2685:Flint
2562:Spark
2547:Ember
2473:Match
2090:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1750:us 68
1387:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
866:glass
818:, in
802:Paris
786:Swede
511:Dutch
503:slang
385:niter
353:sugar
337:Paris
325:steel
321:flint
285:flint
178:match
115:(see
107:(see
93:match
85:mèche
81:match
53:paper
45:match
2784:Punk
2382:2005
2316:ISBN
2311:ICAO
2305:IATA
2288:2013
2257:2013
2212:2024
2190:2011
1968:2006
1874:link
1856:PMID
1811:2008
1786:2008
1717:2011
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1665:link
1607:2021
1578:ISSN
1395:2011
1354:2015
1322:ISBN
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882:CaCO
827:true
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