Mass media in Albania

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against journalists and the improvement of the legal framework, censorship and self-censorship are still present in the Albanian media environment. They come from political and economic pressures, lack of financial viability for media outlets, lack of professionalism, ethics and of respect for journalists’ rights. Links between politics, business and media undermine journalistic excellence and quality of reporting in the Albanian media and generate censorship and self-censorship among journalists. One of the main reason of this concerns media ownership structures and patterns: many businessmen in Albania have become media owners, thus their media outlets are kept alive by their business earnings, while maintaining close relationships with politicians.

792:(BIRN) Albania, media professionals in Albania act under the strong influence of factors such as pressure from public institutions, pressure through state-sponsored advertising, pressure from big advertisers, but also pressure from owners’ economic interests, owners’ political links. All these facts also affect the editorial policy that media organisations follow. More than half of the respondents to the 2015 BIRN study report that the editorial line in the media outlets they work for is easily influenced by different factors, including owners’ economic interests, “outside pressures and interventions”, etc. 2641: 765:

motivation and security, and push towards either self-censorship or business and political interferences. Existing journalists' labour unions are not very active in defending journalists' rights. Average salaries for journalists in Tirana are 300–600 euros; journalists outside the capital are paid even less, and 60% of them do not reach the national average wage. Media owners often fail to respect the Law on Work Insurance. Journalist may find themselves forced to take up second jobs, with possible conflicts of interests.

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broadcast media are submitted to the regulator on a non-compulsory basis, so only a small percentage do it. For instance, in 2012 only 25% of broadcast operators submitted their balances to the regulators. Overall, the data provided to the National Council in recent years do not create a comprehensive picture of media funding. In addition, reported data are not entirely reliable Furthermore, the regulator is not obliged to publish this data, but rather present to the public aggregate data on the media market.

3826: 3090: 45: 3669: 3248: 3162: 569: 4124: 555: 889: 658:, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. However, there are reports that the government and businesses influence and pressure the media. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors 4007: 1252: 2655: 796:

and editors, censorship of news or suggestions from colleagues. These pressures inside a media organisation to enforce the editorial policy imposed by the owners influence media coverage and the choice of news to be published, as well as the avoidance of others, and result in “one-sided news coverage” , “positive/PR coverage of political and financial partners” and “lack of critical and investigative journalism”.

1088: 1689:, etc. buying local media. Neither the presence of big international media corporations, nor the local media owners have raised a problem in terms of media ownership concentration, despite the existence of a trend in this direction. However, the problem of media ownership concentration can be observed when it comes to cross-ownership of different media platform, and existing laws do not address such cases. 1176:(est. 2009) a small and well-recognized publishing house publishing translations of foreign literature and essays as well as original works by Albanian authors. Their story and role in the Albanian society is told by ethnographer Matthew Rosen in "Tirana Modern: Biblio-Ethnography on the Margins of Europe" (2022). 748:

receive public budget money. It 5 members are elected by the Parliament for 5 years for maximum two terms. Civil society organisations propose names of experts, which MPs from majority and opposition then shortlist and elect (3 each). The 7th member, the AMA Chairman, is elected by the Parliamentary majority.

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particular, when other interests are involved, the media are used as tools for making pressure for the protection and the development of such interests. Such a media landscape leaves room for letting that its owners’ interests, rather than the public ones, that set the media agenda and its priorities.

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In terms of pluralism of content and editorial policies, the Albanian media market offers a variety of alternative views and opinions. However, the possibility that media owners can be involved in various business enterprises in sectors other than the media one, as well as their involvement in public

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Data for electronic media cannot be found in the register of the National Registration Centre as this kind of media outlets are not obliged to register. However, online media must report their ownership data, including all changes in the ownership structure to the National Council of Radio Television

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was founded with Soviet assistance, focusing mostly on propaganda of wartime struggles. Growing isolationism in the 1970s and 1980s stifled cinematographic imports and fostered domestic productions, which was diversified to various genres, including cultural documentaries and animated films. By 1990,

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The Audio-Visual Media Law states that RTSH should "promote Albanian culture and language, and artistic and literary creativity"; produce and broadcast freely accessible content, "related to national health and public order, as well as in cases of national emergencies". Original content should amount

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counted in 2012 around 100 publishing houses and 380 printing presses in Albania, with an average yearly production of 1200–1500 titles. The main challenges of the sector concern the high production costs, lack of promotion, lack of a solid distribution network. The economic crisis seriously affected

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According to BIRN, the media editorial policy is often perceived by Albanian journalists as political biased; it is report that it is have been evident to journalists before they joined the media outlet, or was transmitted informally after they joined the media organisation through orders from owners

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Despite some positive developments in the Albania media system since the fall of the Communist regime, such as the creation of a pluralistic media scene, the increase of the number of media outlets, the diversification of formats and the development of digital media, the reduction of physical attacks

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The Audiovisual Media Authority (AMA) is the main media regulator in Albania, replacing the previous National Council of Radio and Television (KKRT). The AMA is tasked with issuing broadcasting licenses and monitoring their use. It is funded through fines, annual licenses and fees, though it can also

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Another transparency problem is related to identify media’s source of funding. This is indeed one of the “unresolved issue” of the Albanian media system and a topic of constant debate in a country with high levels of informal economy. Indeed, the question of how is possible that such a great number

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Media laws do not contain any specific provisions on transparency of ownership of the print and online media. However, all media outlets, like any other company in the country, are obliged to register to the National Registration Centre and declare the name of their shareholders, therefore ownership

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The law does not regulate state aid for the media, yet, the opacity inallocation of state advertising is a persistent source of controversy. The economic crisis has reduced the share of advertising revenues of broadcasters (from 58% in 2009 to 30% in 2010), making the media more and more reliant on

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The media landscape in Albania is rich, but transparency of ownership is quite low. Albania is characterized by lack of transparency on media market, hidden ownership and non-transparent trading in media shares, all features that - along with the web of clientelistic relations - have been exploited

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Despite investments, the density of fixed lines remains the lowest in Europe; however, mobile phone service has been available since 1996; cellular use is widespread and generally effective; multiple companies provide mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100%; international traffic is

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The Steering Council approves the RTSH statutes and appoints/dismisses its directors; "approving the strategy, organisational structure, and program structure; monitoring the impartiality, objectivity, and comprehensiveness of programming; advising and assisting the Director General in carrying out

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As a result of all these pressures, self-censorship is a widespread phenomenon in the Albanian media. More than 70% of the media professionals involved in the BIRN study believe that journalists in Albania avoid to cover and report of certain stories and issues. Also, half around of the respondents

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Albania media environment is characterised by lack of transparency, poor regulations and monitoring of unlawful concentration, hidden ownership patterns and lack of transparency in the trading of media shares. All these factors have contributed to a growing media's dependence on political parties,

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As for broadcast media, they have to register also to the regulator, the Audiovisual Media Authority. The Authority is not obliged to publish online the data collected that, however, can be accessed upon on official request for information. Generally, if the most important ownership data for all

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RTSH Steering Council's members are elected with a procedure similar to those of AMA, thus reinforcing the issue of politicisation and lack of independence. The OSCE has remarked serious problems with the balance of RTSH coverage during the 2013 electoral period. The public broadcaster finds it

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The Albanian journalism labour market is unstable and journalists often work without contracts (90% of them, according to a 2012 study of the Albanian Media Institute) or for unpaid extra hours, facing delayed salary payment (up to in 70% of cases). The lack of professional stability undermines

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In addition, it is quite common to observe a pattern in the ownership schemes of media companies, namely the rotation of the same group of family, relatives, or trusted persons through the positions of general administrator, board members, or shareholders. This pattern also shows the allegedly

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among journalists. Since 2005, the government and the public administration have pledged not to sue journalists. Since 2013, a Ministerial Code asks ministers not to sue journalists without the prime minister approval, or face the risk of removal. The number of civil cases has dropped, but the

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Another reason for concern is parallel businesses of the media owners, a phenomenon occurring when some businesses have their main investments in the media sector, but other investments in other fields, potentially making the media vulnerable towards other economic and political interests. In

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When granting licences to broadcast media, the regulator asks for proofs that the outlet holds a certain level of capital, but it does not check the origin of such capital. Also, the annual balances submitted to the tax offices are treated as confidential data, while, data on balances of the

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Transparency of media ownership refers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who

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Television is the most influential medium in Albania. The country hosts 3 public TV networks (one of which broadcasts by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries) and more than 60 private TV stations; cable TV service is available (2010); Besides the public service

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According to BIRN, the main factors pushing journalists toward del-censorship are reported to "the economic and political interests of media owners", a problem closely connected with the system of media ownership and financing, the “lack of physical security”, and the lack of “job security”.

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During election campaigns, as stated by the Election Law, TV and radio coverage (but not the press) needs to be balanced. Yet, the two main parties are allocated double the time than the other smaller parties. The Central Election Commission forms a Media Monitoring Board, composed of party

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Access to information is guaranteed by law since 1999, though implementation lags behind. A 2014 law aimed to prevent delays in officials' answers to access requests. Institutions should appoint coordinators, and a Commission for the Right to Information is tasked to monitor compliance.

953:. Investigative journalism though has remained rare, and journalists inquiring episodes of corruption are often harassed. Most newspapers remain linked to business and political interest groups, since they could not fund themselves simply with the sale of low numbers of copies. 1595:

of media operate in a small market like the Albanian one is still unanswered. In this sense, the large number of media outlets, in particular newspapers and televisions, operating in Albania is financed through parallel business on which there is a lack of transparency.

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tenders, is a concerning issue since economic cross interests can threaten media independence and integrity. Indeed, in the Albanian media market, media outlets cannot survive if they are not supported by other lucrative business activities carried out by media owners.

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The lack of resources hinders the development of professionalism and quality journalism. Journalists often can only refer to official statements and phone calls; investigative journalism is rare. The professional culture is still very influenced by the socialist times.

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RTSH finances itself through a license fee (€0.75 per month per family) and may receive funds from advertising, third party services (including productions), performances, donations and sponsorships (upon approval of the Steering Council), and the sale of programmes.

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media sectors, except for online media, can be found in the National Centre of Registration, some doubts arise on whether the declared data on owners are in fact genuine data on actual owners and the risk of hidden ownership speculation have been detected.

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on media and broadcasting policy. In 2010, it issued an opinion that the country was "facing serious issues with regard to media freedom and independence resulting from the lack of independence from political and business actors". A 2011 law adopted the EU

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The print press in Albania is mostly self-regulated. The Law on the Press only states that "The press is free. Freedom of the press is protected by law". Printed publications do not require authorisation, nor are they registered in number at any time.

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Online contents are lightly regulated. The only prosecuted contents are those concerning genocide or crimes against humanity, as well as provocation of ethnic, religious or other hate. The Chief Prosecutor may and should collect all relevant content.

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data are available for most of the media outlets, including the print ones. In addition, thanks to the digitisation of the registry and the establishment of the National Registration Centre, the transparency of official ownership data has increased.

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by political parties and businessman to influence the agenda of the media. Also, the behaviour of media owners, who often are linked to businesses in field other than the media one, lead to various form of media instrumentalisation which hinders

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ratcheting up local media. Media ownership concentration is not yet deemed a problem, although ownership is often obscured through proxies. Cross-ownership is nevertheless on the rise. Economic cross interests of media owners also threaten the

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were considered close to the opposition. One of the first consequences of this acquisition was the end of the contract with Anila Basha, director of a newspaper that had in several occasions openly supported the leader of the opposition.

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newspapers were banned during Ottoman times. Publications in Albanian from other parts of the Empire (Sofia, Bucarest, Thessaloniki, Athens, Istanbul) were smuggled in the region. After independence in 1912, news publications included

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The Ethical Code of the Albanian Media Institute, created in 1996 and revised in 2006, states that journalists "have the right to obtain information, to publish, and to criticise. Information should be truthful, balanced and verified.

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Internet broadband services were initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow. Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital. Rural areas are provided free public broadband access though the

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was one of the world's most isolated and controlled countries, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded. Albania's telephone density was the lowest in

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fictive function of supervisory boards. Also, some media owners create a range of different companies, or close one company and re-establish it with a different name to hide the ownership patterns and the names behind it.

5180: 5132: 5024: 5137: 4989: 5142: 1223:(RTSH, Albanian Radio and TV), operates national radio and television networks. It has competition from scores of privately owned stations. According to a 2002 survey the broadcaster with the largest audience is 5089: 5059: 4999: 4979: 1632:. Despite the lack of data, the Albanian media system clearly shows a "visible trend of consolidation of ownership, although not to the point of creating a major problem". For instance, the sale of outlets by 751:

The AMA is commonly considered as highly politicised. After a long in-fight, two members and a new chairman were elected in late 2014, but the opposition boycotted the vote and did not recognise its outcomes.

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Cross-ownership regulation is laid out in the Law on Audiovisual Media, but its scope includes only radio and TV, while the print sector is not covered, thus no limits on print media ownership are set forth.

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In Albania, the consolidation of ownership has been the result of the same editorial group establishing different media outlets in different sectors. Mergers and acquisitions have happened less frequently.

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Consolidation has involved same editorial groups establishing print, electronic and in some cases online media. This is the case of almost all main media groups and owners in the country. For instance,

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Transparency is lacking in the state funds to the media sector. The unfair distribution of state advertising to the Albanian media has been a recurrent concern. The issue is not explicitly regulated.

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the publishing sector, with the closure of bookshops and publishing houses, according to the Albanian Association of Publishers (SHBSH), that reported a 40% drop in book sales in 2015.

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According to the Albanian media expert Remi Lani, in Albania it is possible to identify who are the nominal media owners, but it is impossible to "know who owns them". According to the

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The lack of accurate, reliable and updated data on the Albanian media system made it difficult to accurately assess the situation of the media market in terms of ownership, profit and

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radio and TV stations started to occupy the vastly empty Albanian frequencies. Albania has also been a broadcasting centre for its neighbouring countries, with Klan Kosova (for

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was nearly 92 in 2001 and 98 in 2002. Ownership links and financial dependence on business and political tycoons limits journalistic quality and independence, and fosters

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issued an alert regarding censorship on Albanian media. This alert was brought after the shutdown of two talk-shows, both critical towards the Socialist Party government.

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The shut down was criticized by many local and international organizations working on the journalists and media rights. News 24 announced the closure of both talk shows,

4796: 1663:, and other media groups. This situation is made possible also by the lack of detailed regulations on preventing ownership concentration in the sector of print media. 1700:, "the interaction among the media, politics and other business of media owners is a constant source of concern for media content and media independence" in Albania. 4897: 772:

Journalists in Albania remain at risk of being physically obstructed, assaulted or threatened while covering specific events. In June 2014 criminal gangs shot at an

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Furthermore, there are some concerns that the existing legal provisions on broadcast media are not fully respected and media owners find ways to circumvent them.

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Setting up a website requires a permit by the Authority on Electronic and Postal Communication (AKEP), responsible for the technical regulation of online media.

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was widely considered in the media community as evidence of concentration among pro-government media. In fact, traditionally the media outlets belonging to the

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government allegedly channeled state advertisement funds towards friendly media outlets, and continued doing so even after 2014 through the city government of

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Partisan bias is particularly visible at electoral time, and self-censorship remains a concern. The market conditions also discourage investigative reporting.

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Erichsen, Bjom, Naseniece, Rira and Reljic, Dusan (2013), Western Balkans and Turkey Media and Freedom of Expression Fact-Finding and Scoping Study. Particip.

681:: every citizen has the right, in accordance with the law, to acquire information on the activities of state bodies and persons exercising public functions. 4942: 4786: 1548:

Online media and blogs offer an independent and alternative information from mainstream media, but they reach a smaller audience and often lack resources.

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had its start in the years 1911—1912, with the first showings of foreign film, and the recording of few documentaries in the pre-war and inter-war period.

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admitted that they avoided certain news “often” or even “very often”. The issues more frequently avoided concern politics, organised crime and economy.

5029: 1128: 879:, in the first three quarters of 2014 the Tirana administration accounted for 64.5% of all print advertisement spending by Albanian state institutions. 830:

Albanian media are mainly funded through advertising revenues, which lack transparency, coupled with sponsorships and the sale of media productions.

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Publishing House (established 1996), specialised in national historical works, dealing with the history, language, culture and tradition of the

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Also, since 2010, Albanian media market has been experiencing a significant presence of major foreign media investors, including the Italian

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owns shares in companies operating in the radio, TV, multiplex, and print sectors as well as in the publishing industry. The same applies to

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Albania hosts 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations. Several international broadcasters are available (as of 2010).

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difficult to respect the balance in time allotment as required by the Electoral Code. RTSH typically shows a strong pro-governmental bias.

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TV crew, with a vehicle torched and a journalist shortly taken hostage, during a police raid on a village involved in drug-trafficking.

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In 2012/2013 over 780,000 euros were reported to be channeled to the media, the biggest share going to a single media group, owned by

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representatives (but excluding smaller and newer parties), and tasked with punishing non-compliant outlets with (rather small) fines.

5127: 5094: 5064: 4952: 4912: 4848: 4342: 4194: 3024: 1562: 988: 698: 477: 2305: 1754: 1587:(NCRT). The register held by the NCRT, which contains also information on media licenses, is not available online but upon request. 1231:

to 50% of the broadcasts. To promote pluralism, RTSH broadcasts in minority languages (Greek and Macedonian) in the border regions.

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Publishing House, founded in 2002, specialising in children's literature and publishing classical and contemporary Greek literature

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Systematic, public and reliable data on media outlets’ economic and financial situation as well as their functioning are missing.

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is the daily with the biggest readership, although no official numbers are available. Circulation is deemed the lowest in Europe.

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Internet penetration has reached 54.7% of the population in 2012 and 60% in 2014, although this may exclude some rural areas.

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were decriminalised in March 2012, but remain punishable by high fines - something which is deemed reinforcing trends of

622:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on 3413: 1532: 4280: 4215: 4189: 3647: 3563: 3441: 3224: 3034: 2989: 2974: 2969: 2944: 2868: 1568:

effectively owns, controls and influences the media as well as media influence on political parties or state bodies.

1481: 1260: 487: 447: 638:. Albanian media are quite diverse, although politicised, and often influenced by business and political interests. 4583: 4250: 3914: 3376: 2994: 2822: 2616: 2168: 1612: 591: 482: 270: 1761:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014. 1477:

about 200 movies had been produced, and Albania had over 450 theatres, though most of the equipment was obsolete.

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Newspapers have remained mostly free after 1991 in Albania—with the partial exception of the 1994–97 period under

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his program responsibilities; and drafting the annual report on RTSH activities for submission to Parliament".

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was established, while cities built modern cinema theatres catering mostly US movies to the public.

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direct financing by media owners, and equally more at risk of business and political interferences.

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and later in Europe to stream Albanian TV content to all Albanians living in the United States and

530: 404: 376: 4010: 2412:. Ljiubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute, Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies. 4415: 4320: 4245: 4036: 3923: 3867: 3542: 3423: 3309: 3155: 3065: 3019: 2959: 2908: 2893: 2853: 2797: 2786: 2674: 2511:. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute. Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies. 1255:

King Zog and Queen Geraldine Apponyi (here on a picture from 1939) launched Radio Tirana in 1938.

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With the economic transition in the 1990s, Kinostudio was broken up and privatised. A new

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satellite, with access points at post offices, schools, and local government offices.

924: 4738: 4690: 4685: 4660: 4518: 4347: 4303: 4285: 4056: 3975: 3956: 3887: 3882: 3872: 2883: 2807: 2512: 2413: 2185: 1460: 1355: 1288: 1036: 906: 808: 651: 635: 399: 394: 371: 107: 102: 97: 2848: 2114: 1507:, and callers needed operator assistance even to make domestic long-distance calls. 4715: 4665: 4625: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4523: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4424: 4270: 4127: 4114: 3901: 3892: 3812: 2939: 2913: 2447: 2257: 1367: 1120: 1042: 994: 298: 227: 141: 131: 30: 2345:, Press release (PR/61/12), Tring Communications, 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014. 2336:"Eutelsat satellite broadband selected for free public internet access in Albania" 837:

Foreign investors have entered the Albanian media market lately, with the Italian

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Media Integrity Matters. Reclaiming public service values in media and journalism

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Media integrity matters. Reclaiming public service values in media and journalism

2342: 2156: 2090: 1573: 1473: 1421: 1409: 1343: 1277: 1153: 724: 437: 313: 194: 69: 4695: 4620: 4590: 3477: 2903: 2296:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 15 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014. 1849:

Data released by the head of the Albanian Union of Journalists, Aleksander Çipa

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The radio stations with nationwide coverage include the three public channels (

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Media integrity report: State-media financial relations in Albania

1799:'s Subcommittee on Human Rights, October 2014, EXPO/B/DROI/2013/16 568: 4079: 3970: 3089: 2761: 2731: 2726: 2697: 2253: 2251: 2249: 1499: 1466: 1331: 1281: 1224: 961: 619: 560: 338: 2209: 1087: 4137: 4099: 1838:

ebute.pdf Self-censorship and soft censorship in Albanian media

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European Parliament. Directorate General for External Policies

2246: 4847: 4142: 1516: 1425: 716: 1883:"A blind eye on news: self-censorship in the Albanian media" 755: 3324: 1401: 1390: 1323: 328: 2182:

Tirana modern: biblio-ethnography on the margins of Europe

1101:, established in 1992, publisher of the complete works of 4352: 2103: 1400:

Television was first introduced in 1960. The state-owned

1386: 1146:

Publishing House, publishing non-fiction books since 1991

540: 1959:"Self-Censorship Rampant in Albanian Media, Study Says" 705:

was criticised for allowing political control over the

2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 1618:

their agendas as well as on clientelistic relations.

1511:

carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by

2636: 3274: 2276: 1606: 2478:"Media integrity in Albania: Who owns the owners?" 2362:"Media integrity in Albania: Who owns the owners?" 1791:Elda Brogi, Alina Dobreva, and Pier Luigi Parcu, " 1759:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 1556: 1307:operated from 1940 to 1967 and from 1993 to 2011. 779: 5203: 2319:"TVALB streams Albanian TV content with Setplex" 2306:Albania’s Digital TV ‘Beauty Contest’ Turns Ugly 2264:, 20 December 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2014. 2014:Big advertisers subvert Albanian media freedom 1338:. Some national channels now defunct include: 922:("The Light", 1936–39). Socialist Albania saw 4833: 4451: 2682: 2606:"Media ownership, Independence and Pluralism" 1533:Telecommunications_in_Albania § Internet 1214: 592: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1062:publishes in Albanian, Greek, and English. 4849:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 4840: 4826: 4458: 4444: 2689: 2675: 2445: 2184:. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. 2051: 1310: 599: 585: 1563:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 1408:field up to the mid-1990s, a period when 1156:, including publications of authors from 756:Status and self-regulation of journalists 742: 3757: 3612: 2501: 2402: 1802: 1250: 1086: 887: 709:and failing to ensure its independence. 641: 630:, and other sales-related revenues. The 3020:Albanian resistance during World War II 1793:Freedom of Media in the Western Balkans 1443:had created the first IPTV platform in 1424:) and defunct Agon Channel Italia (for 790:Balkan Investigative Journalism Network 5204: 4006: 2576:"Freedom of media in the West Balkans" 2502:Petković, Brankica (2014). "Albania". 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2403:Petković, Brankica (2014). "Albania". 2355: 2353: 2351: 1830: 1084:Publishing houses in Albania include: 864:, deemed favourable to the government. 4821: 4439: 2670: 2603: 2570: 2568: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2475: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2359: 2179: 1953: 1951: 1877: 1875: 1787: 1734: 1732: 1487: 1246: 1109:, as well as several foreign classics 666:without appropriate legal authority. 2696: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1397:is also available as foreign relay. 699:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 4465: 2426: 2348: 1840:. Tirana: Albanian Media Institute. 1698:South East Europe Media Observatory 23:This article is part of a series in 13: 2565: 2532: 2495: 2469: 2379: 1551: 1219:The state broadcaster in Albania, 1115:Publishing House, publishing i.a. 788:According to a 2015 report by the 692:, Albania has cooperated with the 14: 5233: 2960:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 2945:Provisional Government of Albania 1928: 1852: 1836:Albanian Media Institute (2012), 1764: 1709: 1482:National Center of Cinematography 1326:, nationwide TV channels include 1261:List of radio stations in Albania 677:and grants citizens the right to 4122: 4005: 3824: 3668: 3667: 3247: 3246: 3161: 3160: 3088: 2653: 2639: 2308:, Balkan Insight, 7 January 2015 2091:Historical Dictionary of Albania 2033:. Balcani Caucaso. 2 August 2002 1613:Concentration of media ownership 1607:Concentration of media ownership 1291:(103.9 MHz in the capital, 825: 567: 553: 43: 5222:Mass media in Europe by country 2597: 2329: 2311: 2299: 2267: 2235: 2223: 2198: 2173: 2162: 2143: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2097: 2082: 2045: 2023: 2006: 1993: 1557:Transparency of media ownership 1065:The state's news agency is the 728:formula is not yet entrenched. 690:accession to the European Union 4343:Orders, decorations and medals 2950:Albania during the Balkan Wars 2547:Mapping digital media: Albania 1977: 1843: 1825:Mapping Digital Media: Albania 1748: 1303:are available as of 2019. The 1207:(publishing Italian writers), 1183:(with its philosophy series), 883: 780:Censorship and self-censorship 1: 2990:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 2864:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 1703: 1494:Telecommunications in Albania 1072: 980:Tirana's main newspapers are 902:List of newspapers in Albania 2995:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 2970:Autonomous Province of Korçë 2476:Londo, Ilda (14 July 2017). 2360:Londo, Ilda (14 July 2014). 1621:After more than 20 years of 1515:from the Tirana exchange to 1472:During socialist times, the 818:’s “The Unexposed Ones” and 7: 3030:Orthography Congress (1972) 3025:Communist Albania (1946–91) 3005:Italian invasion of Albania 2955:Republic of Central Albania 2935:Declaration of Independence 2879:Albanian National Awakening 1526: 1393:via terrestrial reception. 1297:Radio France Internationale 1067:Albanian Telegraphic Agency 951:Democratic Party of Albania 896:newspaper on 5 January 1991 707:Audiovisual Media Authority 10: 5238: 3000:Union with Italian kingdom 2553:. Open Society Foundations 2115:Kaosi me biznesin e librit 1827:. Open Society Foundation. 1610: 1560: 1530: 1491: 1458: 1432:broadcasting is stalling. 1314: 1258: 1221:Radio Televizioni Shqiptar 1215:Public service broadcaster 1058:, Provoli, and Romiosini. 934:Socialist Party of Albania 899: 703:then-previous ruling party 5151: 5113: 4855: 4767: 4729: 4471: 4395: 4361: 4294: 4263: 4208: 4177: 4170: 4113: 4070: 4024: 3947: 3909: 3900: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3748: 3680: 3656: 3603: 3577: 3556: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3460: 3422: 3384: 3338: 3265: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3141: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3086: 3058: 2922: 2821: 2785: 2717: 2708: 2290:"Communications: Albania" 2003:, SEEMO, 27 November 2015 1745:2015 Press Freedom report 1454: 1301:China Radio International 1166:(est. 1993, publisher of 3015:The Holocaust in Albania 2874:Uprising of Dervish Cara 2613:Albanian Media Institute 2455:Friedrich Ebert Stiftung 2258:"Albania profile: Media" 914:("The Times", 1920–26), 688:As part of its proposed 2854:Islamization of Albania 2844:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 2798:Principality of Arbanon 2180:Rosen, Matthew (2022). 1404:dominated the Albanian 1311:Television broadcasting 1099:Onufri Publishing House 968:and commercialisation. 930:Albanian Party of Labor 671:Constitution of Albania 648:Constitution of Albania 632:Constitution of Albania 4898:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4514:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3035:Post-Communist Albania 3010:German Nazi occupation 2965:World War I in Albania 2834:Skanderbeg's rebellion 1916:Cite journal requires 1256: 1094: 897: 743:Regulatory authorities 5217:Mass media by country 5212:Mass media in Albania 4333:Epitaph of Gllavenica 1623:market liberalization 1611:Further information: 1513:microwave radio relay 1385:Many Albanians watch 1317:Television in Albania 1254: 1090: 891: 679:access to information 642:Legislative framework 612:Mass media in Albania 281:Traditional tattooing 222:Religion and folklore 3765:Archaeological sites 3275:Vetting Institutions 2975:Italian protectorate 2889:Congress of Manastir 2869:Revolts of 1833–1839 2604:Londo, Ilda (2007). 2544:Londo, Ilda (2012). 2482:Mediaobservatory.net 2457:(Study, FES Albania) 2366:Mediaobservatory.net 2139:SHBSH Catalogue 2012 2070:on 24 September 2015 2031:"I media in Albania" 1823:Londo, Ilda (2012), 1435:In the early 2000s, 1305:BBC Albanian service 1025:Rilindja Demokratike 939:Rilindja Demokratike 894:Rilindja Demokratike 807:During August 2019, 656:freedom of the press 5114:States with limited 4730:States with limited 3986:Research institutes 3548:State Supreme Audit 2985:Republic of Mirdita 2446:Ilda Londo (2012). 2052:Ilda Londo (2002). 2020:, 20 December 2013] 1797:European Parliament 1117:Margaret Mazzantini 694:European Commission 564: • 132:Arbanasi (Dalmatia) 75:Independent Albania 3803:Adriatic Sea Coast 3730:Telecommunications 3437:Capital punishment 3330:Prosecutor General 2899:Malissori uprising 2859:Albanian Pashaliks 2813:House of Kastrioti 2803:Kingdom of Albania 2341:2013-02-21 at the 2155:2016-03-02 at the 2129:, 13 November 2015 2117:, 23 November 2013 1661:Aleksandër Frangaj 1488:Telecommunications 1257: 1247:Radio broadcasting 1193:Shtepia Botuese 55 1095: 898: 848:media independence 822:“Krasta/ A Show”. 574:Society portal 137:Upper Reka dialect 5199: 5198: 4815: 4814: 4433: 4432: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4259: 4258: 4166: 4165: 4158:Cognac Skënderbeu 3965: 3917: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3830:Images of Albania 3798: 3797: 3657:Natural resources 3648:Hydropower plants 3643: 3642: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3305: 3304: 3242:Political parties 3237:Foreign relations 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3084: 3083: 3040:1997 Civil Unrest 2884:League of Prizren 2808:Despotate of Arta 2518:978-961-6455-77-0 2419:978-961-6455-77-0 2191:978-0-8265-0484-5 1965:. 3 December 2015 1795:", study for the 1657:Irfan Hysenbelliu 1461:Cinema of Albania 1428:). Transition to 1420:and Alsat M (for 1382:, and TeleSport. 1289:BBC World Service 1274:Top Albania Radio 1174:Pika pa sipërfaqe 907:Albanian language 809:Council of Europe 652:freedom of speech 636:freedom of speech 618:outlets based in 609: 608: 34: 5229: 5152:Dependencies and 4856:Sovereign states 4842: 4835: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4768:Dependencies and 4472:Sovereign states 4460: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4175: 4174: 4126: 4009: 4008: 3961: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3828: 3808:Ionian Sea Coast 3755: 3754: 3671: 3670: 3610: 3609: 3564:Shopping centers 3533: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3488:Border crossings 3362:Cities and towns 3272: 3271: 3250: 3249: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3164: 3163: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3092: 2914:Kimza Government 2715: 2714: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2615:. Archived from 2610: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2580: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2541: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2452: 2443: 2424: 2423: 2411: 2400: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2357: 2346: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2287: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2255: 2244: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2208:. Archived from 2202: 2196: 2195: 2177: 2171: 2169:History of Toena 2166: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2069: 2063:. Archived from 2058: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2027: 2021: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1990:, 29 August 2019 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1879: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1800: 1789: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1687:WAZ-Mediengruppe 1129:Bernard Cromwell 1121:Antonio Tabucchi 995:Gazeta Shqiptare 971:The independent 843:WAZ–Mediengruppe 601: 594: 587: 576: 572: 571: 563: 559: 557: 556: 299:Albanian cuisine 142:Istrian Albanian 47: 37: 32: 24: 18: 17: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5153: 5147: 5133:Northern Cyprus 5115: 5109: 5030:North Macedonia 4851: 4846: 4816: 4811: 4769: 4763: 4749:Northern Cyprus 4731: 4725: 4646:North Macedonia 4467: 4466:Media of Europe 4464: 4434: 4429: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4383: 4369:Public holidays 4357: 4290: 4255: 4204: 4162: 4109: 4066: 4020: 3943: 3896: 3834: 3794: 3744: 3735:Posta Shqiptare 3676: 3652: 3639: 3599: 3573: 3552: 3531: 3492: 3478:Organized crime 3456: 3418: 3380: 3334: 3301: 3261: 3175: 3171:Protected areas 3137: 3093: 3080: 3054: 3045:NATO membership 2928: 2926: 2918: 2839:League of Lezhë 2827: 2825: 2817: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2704: 2695: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2622:on 14 July 2016 2619: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2427: 2420: 2409: 2401: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2358: 2349: 2343:Wayback Machine 2334: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2288: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2247: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2163: 2157:Wayback Machine 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2094:, #Press, 367-8 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2061:Media Institute 2056: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1929: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1822: 1803: 1790: 1765: 1753: 1749: 1737: 1710: 1706: 1630:audience shares 1615: 1609: 1574:media integrity 1565: 1559: 1554: 1552:Media ownership 1535: 1529: 1496: 1490: 1474:Albafilm-Tirana 1463: 1457: 1422:North Macedonia 1410:privately owned 1395:TV5Monde Europe 1344:Albanian Screen 1319: 1313: 1263: 1249: 1217: 1154:Albanian people 1075: 925:Zëri i Popullit 918:(1925–39), and 904: 886: 875:. According to 841:and the German 828: 782: 758: 745: 725:self-censorship 701:, although the 644: 605: 566: 565: 554: 552: 551: 546: 545: 516: 508: 507: 468: 460: 459: 428: 420: 419: 390: 382: 381: 367: 359: 358: 294: 286: 285: 266: 258: 257: 223: 215: 214: 185: 177: 176: 150: 144: 128: 121: 113: 112: 88: 80: 79: 55: 35: 31: 22: 12: 11: 5: 5235: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5154:other entities 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5105:United Kingdom 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4918:Czech Republic 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4770:other entities 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4721:United Kingdom 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Czech Republic 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3883:Noble families 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3817: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3681:Infrastructure 3678: 3677: 3675: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3442:Assassinations 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:Municipalities 3354: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3232:Prime Minister 3229: 3217: 3204: 3202: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2927:(1912–present) 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2909:Revolt of 1912 2906: 2904:Taksim meeting 2901: 2896: 2894:Revolt of 1910 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2849:Arbëni Council 2846: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2823:Ottoman period 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2650: 2634: 2633: 2596: 2564: 2531: 2517: 2494: 2468: 2425: 2418: 2378: 2347: 2328: 2310: 2298: 2294:World Factbook 2275: 2266: 2245: 2234: 2222: 2197: 2190: 2172: 2161: 2142: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2096: 2088:Robert Elsie, 2081: 2044: 2022: 2018:Balkan Insight 2005: 1992: 1976: 1927: 1918:|journal= 1851: 1842: 1829: 1801: 1763: 1747: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1653:Koço Kokëdhima 1608: 1605: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1492:Main article: 1489: 1486: 1465:The cinema of 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1439:living in the 1418:Klan Macedonia 1374:, SuperSonic, 1315:Main article: 1312: 1309: 1272:1, 2, and 3), 1248: 1245: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1177: 1171: 1161: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1110: 1074: 1071: 966:sensationalism 956:The number of 892:First copy of 885: 882: 881: 880: 865: 827: 824: 781: 778: 757: 754: 744: 741: 643: 640: 607: 606: 604: 603: 596: 589: 581: 578: 577: 548: 547: 544: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 374: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 169: 161: 156: 151: 145: 139: 134: 129: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 103:Noble families 100: 95: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 72: 70:Ottoman period 67: 62: 56: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5234: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5166:Faroe Islands 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5138:South Ossetia 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Liechtenstein 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Faroe Islands 4780: 4778: 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4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264:Entertainment 4262: 4252: 4251:Indoor arenas 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4216:Weightlifting 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185:National team 4183: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4062:Sworn virgins 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3912: 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2259: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2212:on 2016-02-13 2211: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2048: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1964: 1963:BalkanInsight 1960: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1910: 1895:on 2016-01-22 1891: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1739:Freedom House 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1685:, the German 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1577: 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Retrieved 2617:the original 2612: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2582: 2555:. Retrieved 2546: 2522:. Retrieved 2504: 2497: 2485:. Retrieved 2481: 2471: 2459:. Retrieved 2454: 2405: 2369:. Retrieved 2365: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2301: 2293: 2269: 2261: 2237: 2225: 2214:. Retrieved 2210:the original 2206:"Botimet 55" 2200: 2181: 2175: 2164: 2145: 2134: 2127:Tirana Times 2122: 2110: 2099: 2089: 2084: 2072:. Retrieved 2065:the original 2060: 2047: 2035:. Retrieved 2025: 2017: 2008: 1999:Ilda Londo, 1995: 1987: 1979: 1967:. Retrieved 1962: 1909:cite journal 1897:. Retrieved 1890:the original 1845: 1832: 1758: 1750: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1683:Edisud Group 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1640:Edisud Group 1639: 1635:Edisud Group 1633: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1547: 1539: 1536: 1509: 1498:Until 1990, 1497: 1479: 1471: 1464: 1434: 1406:broadcasting 1399: 1384: 1348:Agon Channel 1322:broadcaster 1320: 1286: 1270:Radio Tirana 1267: 1264: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1218: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1168:Rexhep Qosja 1163: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1133:Edmond Tupja 1125:Dino Buzzati 1112: 1107:Martin Camaj 1083: 1076: 1064: 1059: 1052:Tirana Times 1041: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 979: 972: 970: 955: 947:Sali Berisha 944: 937: 923: 919: 915: 911: 905: 855: 852: 839:Edisud Group 836: 832: 829: 820:Adi Krasta’s 813: 806: 802: 798: 794: 787: 783: 771: 767: 763: 759: 750: 746: 738: 734: 730: 715: 711: 687: 683: 668: 662:or Internet 645: 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3532:(currency) 3414:Opposition 3315:Corruption 3208:Government 2757:Dassaretii 2461:6 December 2371:7 December 2216:2016-01-07 2159:, PubMatch 2104:ATA.gov.al 1704:References 1561:See also: 1282:Radio Klan 1259:See also: 1197:Mediaprint 1150:Argeta-LMG 1073:Publishing 1056:Laiko Vima 958:newspapers 916:Demokratia 900:See also: 721:defamation 675:censorship 673:prohibits 664:chat rooms 616:mass media 614:refers to 488:Volleyball 483:Basketball 453:Television 443:Newspapers 433:Mass media 389:Literature 377:Summer Day 248:Secularism 243:Irreligion 164:Arvanitika 33:Culture of 5171:Gibraltar 4995:Lithuania 4787:Gibraltar 4611:Lithuania 4221:Athletics 4133:Tavë kosi 4025:Tradition 3991:Libraries 3949:Education 3758:Monuments 3740:Squatting 3718:Highrises 3613:Operators 3595:Companies 3452:Ombudsman 3392:Elections 3267:Judiciary 3201:Executive 3118:Mountains 3111:Landscape 3099:Geography 2980:Vlora War 2777:Taulantii 2752:Bylliones 2719:Illyrians 2054:"Albania" 2012:Likmeta, 1755:"Albania" 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