1068:
1035:(the "Moderns") remained ambivalent about the new rite, perhaps because a secret password was taken from their own third degree. The Moderns' supporters of the new rite formed their own Grand Chapter, probably in 1765. There is evidence that the official date of 1767 is the result of the alteration of the foundation document, to save Lord Blayney the embarrassment of founding a controversial organisation while he was still the Moderns' Grand Master. The prime mover in the formation of the Grand Chapter was Caledonian Lodge, a lodge of Scottish Masons which had just joined the Moderns from the Ancients, and whose members included
2465:
1497:. Councils of Knight Masons across most of the globe operate under the Grand Council of Knight Masons, based in Ireland. In Scotland the degrees are worked in the combined order (along with the Royal Ark Mariner degree) titled the Lodge and Council, and are controlled by the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Scotland. In the US, the degrees are, with some exceptions, governed by the Grand Council of Knight Masons of the U.S.A. which broke away from the first Grand Council during the 1950s.
3438:
1050:, believed the Royal Arch to be the fourth degree. When the two Grand Lodges merged in 1813, Article Two of the Articles of Union agreed that "pure Antient Masonry consists of three Degrees and no more, viz., those of the Entered Apprentice, the Fellow Craft and the Master Mason, including the Supreme Order of the Holy Royal Arch". The Grand Chapter remained, but other degrees from this time had to be administered by separate Masonic Bodies.
2452:
25:
1418:(formally Jordan Pass), and Knight of the East and West (formally Royal Order). These degrees had previously been administered by Knights Templar Preceptories and some Royal Arch Chapters. In 1923 the Grand Council of Knight Masons was established to support and preserve the Degrees and the Councils that confer them. Irish Knight Masonry is now a worldwide masonic body and is continuing to grow. The Degrees practiced under the
144:
1150:, colloquially known as "Rose Croix". Under the English Constitution, the Rite meets in Chapters Rose Croix and is open to all Master Masons. Candidates are 'perfected' in the 18th degree, with the preceding degrees awarded in name only. Continuing to the 30th degree and beyond is restricted to those who have served in the chair of the Chapter. The Order is administered by the 'Supreme Council 33° for England and Wales' in London.
1005:
informal way of referring to or identifying the degrees they confer, but the most important and therefore "highest" degree is always the third, or Degree of Master Mason. These other masonic bodies (sometimes known as 'additional degrees' or 'side degrees') are optional pursuits for those who wish to take their masonic membership and activity beyond the three degrees of
Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason.
903:
1736:. Young ladies from 10 to 20 are eligible. The "Rainbow Girls" have Assemblies in Aruba, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Italy, Paraguay, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Romania. Rainbow has had assemblies, mostly due to American military presence, in the following countries: Cuba, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Panama, the Republic of China, and Vietnam.
1730:. Young ladies from 10 to 20, who are daughters of Master Masons or daughters of a majority Job's Daughter, or sponsored by a Master Mason or Majority Member, are eligible. The "Jobies" have Bethels in Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Philippines, and the United States. Mostly due to American military presence there have also been bethels in Germany and Japan.
981:(which has no direct authority over other Grand Lodges, but as the world's oldest Grand Lodge, has a historical influence in terms of regularity and practice) defines "pure, ancient Freemasonry" as consisting of the three degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason, including the supreme Order of the Holy Royal Arch.
1087:(UGLE) beyond the three degrees of craft freemasonry. Other orders and degrees are however referred to and acknowledged by the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, and all their members are necessarily masons subject to the English Constitution. Of Masonic appendant bodies, the following are among the most popular:
1344:– An invitational body dedicated to the assistance and promotion of York Rite Bodies and degree work. The presiding body is a college, and the presiding officer is a Governor, titled Preeminent. The body works one main degree, that of Order of Knight of York, and one honorary degree, that of Order of the Purple Cross of York.
1604:. The “Q”, or the Order of Quetzalcoatl, is an invitational only body within the Masonic fraternity. This organization, which was established by Arthur J. in Mexico City on March 14, 1945, is renowned for its philanthropic endeavors. Its primary charitable contribution is providing transportation funds for Shriners hospitals.
1668:
and dive in its teachings in a relaxed manner. However, it does not assert any affiliation with
Symbolic Craft Masonry. Members of this group are sometime seen or criticized as being an elite group within freemasonry, they can be identified by their distinctive black fez adorned with a red tassel and
1557:
is a fraternal organization that was founded in the United States in 1911. The order is dedicated to spreading fun and good cheer among its members, which it refers to as "Pyramids". The organization is known for its distinctive
Egyptian-themed rituals and symbolism. It's structured into local units,
1541:
In
Freemasonry, an Appendant body is any organization that does not contain a system of initiatory degrees (Rite or concordant body), these organizations are appendant to freemasonry, every Grand Lodge has its own list of approved Appendant bodies thus this list may vary depending on the Grand Lodge
1443:
has strict requirements for membership. It is by invitation only and membership of Knight
Templar is required. The degree structure is extremely close to the more famous Scottish Rite in America; however, as in the Ancient and Accepted Rite in England, progression through each individual degree is
1417:
degrees make up the last part of "Universal" Irish
Freemasonry. They are open to any member of the Craft and Royal Arch. They are frequently known in other constitutions as the Red Cross Degrees, namely, Knight of the Sword (formally Red Cross of Babylon or Red Cross of Daniel), Knight of the East
1403:
in
Ireland is unique, and regarded widely as being the oldest Royal Arch working in the world. Members of Royal Arch in England, Scotland or America would notice a great many differences in the theme of the degree from what they are used to. Royal Arch Chapters in Ireland can meet as Lodges of Mark
1053:
The period from 1740 to 1813 saw a host of
Masonic rites, orders and degrees emerge. These new rituals enlarged the scope of Masonry and encompassed many elaborations, some of which included elements which had previously been practiced within the craft. Many rites proved to be transient and died out
1097:
in
England and Wales is practiced as a stand-alone degree, separate from Craft Freemasonry. Members meet in Royal Arch Chapters, which are each attached to a Craft Lodge and also bear the same number. The Order is administrated by the Supreme Grand Chapter, which is based at the headquarters of the
995:
A number of other organisations, most of which are known as 'masonic' or have a title identifying themselves as masonic, require candidates for membership to be a Master Mason in "good standing" (subscriptions paid, and not under any form of discipline). In some countries, notably the United States
1019:
Sometime before 1730, a trigradal system (that is, a system of three grades or degrees) started to emerge in
Freemasonry, which quickly became the standard system in the lodges of England, Ireland and Scotland. This seems to have been accomplished by the rearrangement and expansion of the original
1375:(Cryptic Masonry), the Commandery of the Knights Templar, and the York Rite College. The York Rite also includes Priories of Knights of the York Cross of Honor, Tabernacles of the Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests and Order of Holy Wisdom, and Councils of the Allied Masonic Degrees of Canada.
1682:. Membership is limited to Master Masons and their female relatives, or majority members of Job's Daughters and The Rainbow for Girls. Each chapter is led by the Worthy Matron and assisted by the Worthy Patron. Female relatives must be related by birth, marriage, or adoption to a Master Mason.
1004:
are the two principal routes available. In other countries, notably England, Scotland, Ireland, and many of the countries of the Commonwealth, a large number of 'stand-alone' Orders and Degrees exist, without the umbrella organisation of a "rite". Some of these masonic bodies use numbers as an
941:
A “Rite” or "concordant body" in Freemasonry is a system that includes various degrees for initiating a newcomer. Although not all Rites practice the conferral of all these blue Lodge degrees, they are included within its structure. Essentially, a Rite is at the heart of the Masonic journey.
1718:. Young men from 12 to 21 are eligible for membership. There are DeMolay chapters located in Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, the United States, and Uruguay.
1102:, and also has many officers in common with it. Craft lodges in England and Wales normally have a Royal Arch Representative, and newly raised Master Masons are actively encouraged to seek exaltation into the Holy Royal Arch before considering membership of any further Masonic organisation.
1545:
These affiliated bodies and youth organisations are commonly found in North and Central America, and to a lesser degree in South America. They are not generally present in Europe, except in localised areas of American influence, particularly areas of long term American military presence.
2979:
1532:(The Worshipful Society of Free Masons, Rough Masons, Wallers, Slaters, Paviors, Plaisterers and Bricklayers). A discrete Masonic group on Invitation only that claims to be the original Guild Stone Mason descendant and hold the original rituals and presentations.
973:
Whilst there is no degree in Freemasonry higher than that of Master Mason, there are additional degrees that are offered only to those who are Master Masons. Most of these are supervised by their own "Grand" bodies (independent from the Grand Lodge).
949:
Understanding these distinctions helps to deepen our comprehension of the complex world of Freemasonry. It’s also worth noting that a Rite is sometimes referred to as a “Concordant Body”, which means that its ritual is in harmony with the Grand Lodge.
1569:, also known as S.B.F., is a unique Masonic organization established in 1932 with the explicit purpose of recognizing Masonic authors. It is widely regarded as one of the smallest and most distinctive appendant bodies within Freemasonry.
1141:. Under the English Constitution, the Order meets in Conclaves, each with a Supreme Ruler at its head. The Order is administrated from Mark Masons' Hall, London. Within the Order, members may also join the Order of the Scarlet Cord.
1636:
or Tall Cedar, are organized into "Forests" and meet at Masonic Temples or banquets halls. Some refer to themselves as the "poor man's Shriners", their motto is "Fun, Frolic & Fellowship", and members wear a pyramid shaped
1580:, historically known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.). Shriners meet in Shrine "centers" or "temples," and are well known for their maroon fezzes, lavish parades, and sponsorship of
1404:
Master Masons to confer the Mark Degree on a candidate. This must be done before a candidate is given the Royal Arch Degree. Irish Royal Arch chapters operate under the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Ireland and both the
1695:. An American fraternal order for Master Masons and their female relatives. Governed by a Supreme Council, with Grand Courts in most US states. Direct relation to a Master Mason is no longer a requirement for membership.
1477:
The following affiliated and appendant bodies confer Masonic degrees. Those who petition or are invited to membership must be at least Master Masons, although each body may have additional qualifications for membership:
1201:. Members meet as a Conclave. The Order works three degrees, and also administrates two distinct appendant orders which are both Christian in character. The Order is administrated from Mark Masons' Hall, London.
1024:, and its full exposition in the third degree, that of a Master Mason. The emergence, in the 1740s, of "chivalric" degrees on the continent may be linked to the deliberate "gentrification" of Freemasonry in
945:
In contrast, an “Appendant body” is an organization that is affiliated with Freemasonry and recognized by the Grand Lodge. However, it does not include a system of Blue Lodge degrees or upper/side degrees.
1485:. In the U.S., councils of the A.M.D. exemplify twelve Masonic degrees. In Canada, councils exemplify nine degrees in addition to the installation ceremony. In England, councils confer only five degrees.
1210:, a group of five formerly independent degrees, are conferred by invitation only. Candidates are required to be Master Masons, Royal Arch Masons and Mark Masons. Members may also be invited to join the
1651:
motorcycle rider association has chapters in the UK, USA, Canada and South Africa. Its support by regional grand lodges ranges from none to full support, and some may even confer a Widow's Son degree.
1596:(R.O.J.) Colloquially known as "Jesters," local "courts" are limited to thirteen initiates yearly. Initiation, by invitation and unanimous ballot, is limited to members in good standing of the Shrine.
2703:
652:
1491:. A humorous side degree. In Scotland it is associated with Royal Arch Masonry. In England and Europe it is a stand-alone order. In the US it is part of the Allied Masonic Degrees.
1422:
are conferred in the correct chronological order and are given in far greater detail than any similar body anywhere else in the world. In other jurisdictions, it is invitational.
1664:. Often referred as "Grotto" The organization is an exclusive social club, open only to Master Masons. While it welcomes all Master Masons, it aims to rekindle interest in the
1031:
The formation of the Royal Arch occurred in the same period, developing the Hiramic theme with the rediscovery of the secrets lost with the death of the master builder. The
1163:. Knights Templar meet in Preceptories. The Order is administrated from Mark Masons' Hall, London; members may also join the Knights of Malta or the Knight Templar Priests.
1111:. Under the English Constitution this degree is only conferred in Mark Masons' Lodges, which are independent from the United Grand Lodge of England and administrated from
988:
is of great antiquity, and has a special importance in many masonic systems, including those of all three of the oldest 'Constitutions' (masonic authorities), namely the
3364:
3317:
3022:
3312:
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of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in all of which it is considered (by varying constitutional definitions) to be the completion of the mainstream masonic structure.
1436:, often known as the Masonic Knights Templar, confers Knight Templar and Knight of Malta degrees. Membership of the Order of the Temple is strictly invitational.
1661:
365:
1503:. The Grand Lodge of the Royal Order at Edinburgh, Scotland, controls approximately 85 Provincial Grand Lodges around the world, and confers two degrees.
1197:, colloquially known as the "Red Cross of Constantine". Candidates are required to be Master Masons, Royal Arch Masons, and to believe in the Christian
1704:
A number of Masonic-affiliated youth organizations exist, mainly in North America, which are collectively referred to as Masonic youth organizations.
1743:
1271:
938:
The terms “Appendant body” and “Rite or Concordant body” in Freemasonry can sometimes be confusing, even for those familiar with Masonic traditions.
2907:
2729:
3152:
1951:
1621:
1395:
there are a number of degrees and orders that are administered separately and are open to Master Masons either by petition or by invitation.
889:
1558:
also known as "Pyramids", and members work together to organize social and charitable activities. The order's motto is "Boost One Another".
1453:
In Scandinavia and the Nordic states, including Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and Finland, Freemasonry exists mostly in the form of the
1079:, there are a large number of separately administered degrees and orders open only to craft freemasons. Under the English Constitution, the
2570:
2337:
1733:
428:
2214:
1724:, Asociacion de Jovenes Esperanza de la Fraternidad, for boys aged 14 to 21, active in México, the United States, and Latin America.
1159:. Membership is by invitation only. Candidates are required to be Master Masons, Royal Arch Masons, and to believe in the Christian
3128:
2902:
1054:(some being no more than a written record without evidence of having been practiced), but some proved more resilient and survived.
466:
1319:(sometimes called the American Rite), which, together with the craft lodge, comprises three separate and distinct bodies: the
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1046:(the "Ancients"), which rapidly became an umbrella organisation for unaffiliated lodges in England. Their second secretary,
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In 1751, as the Moderns increasingly alienated unaffiliated lodges, a few (mainly Irish) lodges in London formed the
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108:
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a Mokanna head at the center. Their gatherings often take place in opulent venues or upscale dining establishments.
1367:, being the older of the two, which, aside from the craft lodge, comprises four separate and distinct bodies: the
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with national or regional authority for all lodges within its territory. A masonic lodge confers the three masonic
861:
423:
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The Shriner contains many clubs within its structure such as the Hillbillies, Gorilla, Veterans, Cigar Club etc..
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1746:. Triangle is located only in New York. This organization is for young ladies between the ages of 10 and 21.
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society that meets in Colleges. Aspirants are required to be a Master Mason and to believe in the Christian
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1234:, the Mark master's degree can be taken either within a Craft Lodge after having attained the degree of
3065:
2747:
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2550:
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1257:
A number of other orders are open to craft freemasons, of which the following are notable in Scotland:
499:
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771:
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1962:
1287:
1193:
856:
831:
746:
471:
281:
2243:
1408:
and Royal Arch degrees are recognised by Grand Lodge as being part of "pure, ancient Freemasonry."
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Douglas Knoop, "The Genesis of Freemasonry", chapters 9–13, Manchester University Press, 1947
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Beyond the Craft: The Indispensable Guide to Masonic Orders Practised in England and Wales
914:, each having its own structure and terminology. Collectively these may be referred to as
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There are many organisations and orders which form part of the widespread fraternity of
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1941:
Declaration prefaced to the Book of Constitutions of the United Grand Lodge of England.
1727:
1368:
1320:
1194:
Order of the Red Cross of Constantine, the Holy Sepulchre and of St John the Evangelist
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266:
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2016:
1843:
1814:
1624:
is a masonic appendant body primarily focused on youth support and patriotic events.
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622:
514:
1047:
534:
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2102:
John Hamill, The Lord Blayney Mystery, Freemasonry Today, No 17, Spring 2012, p.26
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1214:. The Order meets in Councils and is administrated from Mark Masons' Hall, London.
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3177:
2994:
1239:
1185:
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962:, which alone can "make" (initiate) a Freemason. Such lodges are controlled by a
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Order of the Knights of Pythagoras, for boys aged 8 to 18; sponsored by the
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United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
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2046:
Robert L.D. Cooper, Cracking the Freemason's Code, pp 128–132, Rider 2006
1709:
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is strong in France, Luxembourg, Greece, Brazil, and formerly Louisiana.
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In Ireland, after the Craft degrees conferred under the authority of the
1172:
is administrated from Mark Masons' Hall, London. It works the degrees of
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of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft (or Fellow Craft), and Master Mason.
2197:"Masonic Dictionary - Rites of Freemasonry - www.masonicdictionary.com"
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476:
2139:
The Fourth Degree in the Craft, Yasha Beringer, retrieved 19 July 2012
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1315:
1246:. No one under the Scottish Masonic Constitution can be exalted as a
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934:
Differences between Rites or concordant bodies and appendant bodies
418:
350:
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with origins in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, sorted by
1115:. Within the Order, members may also join the Royal Ark Mariners.
2315:
1300:
In the United States there are two main sets of side degrees:
1071:
Organisation of Masonic appendant bodies in England and Wales
2231:
1526:. A commemorative chivalric order. Organized in "chapels."
1180:
which show the link between the degrees of Master Mason,
2696:
1020:
bigradal system, particularly by the elaboration of the
906:
Diagram of two major masonic bodies in the United States
2150:"Articles of Union between the Grand Lodges of England"
1988:"Articles of Union between the Grand Lodges of England"
1549:
954:
Overview of relationships between masonic organizations
2174:
1662:
Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm
1227:
and the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Scotland.
2295:
1944:
1917:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3211:Order of Royal and Select Masters (Anglo-European)
2251:
1174:Select Master, Royal Master, Most Excellent Master
1952:"United Grand Lodge of England – Welcome to UGLE"
1918:"United Grand Lodge of England – Welcome to UGLE"
1380:Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry
1307:Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry
1075:In England and Wales, after the degrees of craft
3454:
1510:, known as CBCS from its highest exoteric rank,
1342:The York Rite Sovereign College of North America
1842:; 1961, 1996, Macoy Publ. Co., Richmond, Va.
1147:Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales
2175:"York Rite Sovereign College of North America"
1083:is the only degree formally recognised by the
2331:
1838:Coil, Henry Wilson; "Degrees," pp. 165–168;
1561:
1357:there are two main Masonic appendant bodies:
1250:without previously having been advanced as a
1057:
883:
2571:Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany
1734:International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
1673:
1520:. Colleges confer nine degrees, or "grades."
1327:(Cryptic Masonry) and the Commandery of the
429:International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
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2338:
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890:
876:
2042:
2040:
1627:
1514:, or Knights Beneficent of the Holy City.
1512:Chevaliers Bienfaisants de la Cite Sainte
1335:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2276:. Supreme Council, Order of the Amaranth
2030:
2028:
1686:
1066:
901:
3111:
1789:"Resources - Robert Burns Lodge No. 59"
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1426:
467:Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry
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3239:Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests
2215:"Rituals – Seven Doors to Freemasonry"
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1699:
1062:
2319:
2025:
1373:Council of Royal & Select Masters
1325:Council of Royal & Select Masters
958:The basic unit of Freemasonry is the
395:Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star
16:Auxiliary organization of Freemasonry
3288:Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor
2058:"The lost history of the Freemasons"
1912:
1910:
1555:The Ancient Egyptian Order of Sciots
1550:The Ancient Egyptian Order of Sciots
1441:Ancient and Accepted Rite of Ireland
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3242:Knights of the York Cross of Honour
2055:
1641:
1536:
13:
1860:"The Three Degrees of Freemasonry"
1272:Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite
14:
3474:
2194:
1907:
1371:Chapter (Capitular Masonry), the
1323:Chapter (Capitular Masonry), the
1169:Order of Royal and Select Masters
1098:United Grand Lodge of England in
302:Order of Royal and Select Masters
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3436:
3178:Holy Royal Arch (Anglo-European)
2463:
2450:
2296:"Organization of Triangles, Inc"
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3419:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
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2105:
2096:
2079:"encyclopediaoffreemasonry.com"
2071:
2049:
2005:
1980:
1489:Ye Antient Order of Noble Corks
1121:Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia
928:appendant bodies of Freemasonry
608:Great Architect of the Universe
34:needs additional citations for
2300:Organization of Triangles, Inc
2154:www.freemasons-freemasonry.com
1992:www.freemasons-freemasonry.com
1935:
1877:
1852:
1832:
1807:
1781:
1756:
1740:Organization of Triangles Inc.
1616:
1420:Grand Council of Knight Masons
1242:, before taking the degree of
1044:Ancient Grand Lodge of England
1033:Premier Grand Lodge of England
1:
3254:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon
3183:Royal Arch Masonry (American)
2561:Norwegian Order of Freemasons
2556:Icelandic Order of Freemasons
2516:United Grand Lodge of England
2117:www.camberleylodge5591.org.uk
2083:encyclopediaoffreemasonry.com
1750:
1223:The governing bodies are the
1085:United Grand Lodge of England
979:United Grand Lodge of England
638:List of Masonic Abbreviations
457:Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition
317:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon
3323:Supreme Council of Louisiana
1434:Military Order of the Temple
603:Masonic ritual and symbolism
184:Regular Masonic jurisdiction
7:
3291:York Rite Sovereign College
3264:Reformed and Rectified Rite
3206:Order of the Secret Monitor
3196:Order of Mark Master Masons
2546:Swedish Order of Freemasons
1840:Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia
1572:
1524:Order of St. Thomas of Acon
1291:, which works five degrees.
1218:
1138:Order of the Secret Monitor
1108:Order of Mark Master Masons
462:Masonic conspiracy theories
406:Masonic youth organizations
257:Order of Mark Master Masons
10:
3479:
3216:Cryptic Masonry (American)
2709:Grand Lodge of New Zealand
2551:Danish Order of Freemasons
1959:www.grandlodge-england.org
1885:"Beyond the Craft | PGLEL"
1567:The Society of Blue Friars
1562:The Society of Blue Friars
1386:
1058:Rites, orders, and degrees
1012:
1008:
189:Anglo-American Freemasonry
3432:
3401:
3380:
3337:
3298:
3250:Masonic Order of the Bath
3232:
3201:Order of the Scarlet Cord
3160:
3151:
2987:
2965:
2916:
2903:Newfoundland and Labrador
2888:
2866:
2728:
2721:
2697:Australia and New Zealand
2538:
2508:
2501:
2490:
2476:headquarters (1775/1933-)
2448:
2374:
2353:
2201:www.masonicdictionary.com
2113:"Camberley Lodge No 5591"
1680:Order of the Eastern Star
1674:Order of the Eastern Star
1655:
1460:
1348:
1113:Mark Masons' Hall, London
585:List of Masonic buildings
565:Mark Masons' Hall, London
390:Order of the Eastern Star
3259:Red Cross of Constantine
2219:www.themasonictrowel.com
1473:Other orders and degrees
1288:Red Cross of Constantine
1100:Freemasons' Hall, London
560:Freemasons' Hall, London
472:Papal ban of Freemasonry
372:Masonic groups for women
282:Red Cross of Constantine
3269:Royal Order of Scotland
2876:Prince Hall Freemasonry
2521:Grand Lodge of Scotland
2356:Fraternal organisations
2232:https://www.sciots.org/
1742:was founded in 1925 by
1508:Rectified Scottish Rite
1501:Royal Order of Scotland
1264:Royal Order of Scotland
1225:Grand Lodge of Scotland
555:Lodge Mother Kilwinning
322:Royal Order of Scotland
194:Continental Freemasonry
179:Prince Hall Freemasonry
3191:Order of Knight Masons
3173:Grand College of Rites
3168:Allied Masonic Degrees
2526:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1819:www.chevalierramsay.be
1634:Tall Cedars of Lebanon
1628:Tall Cedars of Lebanon
1594:Royal Order of Jesters
1578:Shriners International
1483:Allied Masonic Degrees
1393:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1336:Other Appendant bodies
1212:Order of Knight Masons
1207:Allied Masonic Degrees
1178:Super-Excellent Master
1072:
1015:History of Freemasonry
907:
580:Detroit Masonic Temple
361:Tall Cedars of Lebanon
356:Royal Order of Jesters
327:Order of Knight Masons
307:Grand College of Rites
212:History of Freemasonry
169:Masonic lodge officers
3463:Masonic organizations
3372:Freemasonry and women
3318:Southern Jurisdiction
3313:Northern Jurisdiction
3284:Societas Rosicruciana
3066:Grand Orient of Italy
2387:Chamber of Reflection
1815:"What is Freemasonry"
1793:www.robertburns59.org
1716:DeMolay International
1693:Order of the Amaranth
1687:Order of the Amaranth
1602:Order of Quetzalcoatl
1518:Societas Rosicruciana
1070:
905:
633:Chamber of Reflection
385:Order of the Amaranth
380:Women and Freemasonry
297:Societas Rosicruciana
3300:Ancient and Accepted
3119:Universal Co-Masonry
2566:Grand Lodge of Spain
2432:Ritual and Symbolism
1864:www.jjcrowder743.com
1588:Attached to Shriners
1582:children's hospitals
1427:Invitational Degrees
1232:Masonic Constitution
1028:'s Oration of 1737.
674:Volume of Sacred Law
613:Square and Compasses
43:improve this article
3414:Conspiracy theories
2998:(several countries)
2627:Regular Grand Lodge
1968:on 26 February 2006
1768:www.masonicinfo.com
1764:"Bodies of Masonry"
1700:Youth organizations
1444:by invitation only.
1230:Under the Scottish
1063:England & Wales
570:House of the Temple
530:John the Evangelist
222:Masonic manuscripts
3345:List of Freemasons
3279:Royal Order of Eri
3220:Royal Ark Mariners
3187:Order of Athelstan
3161:Non-Denominational
3076:Female Grand Lodge
3011:Female Grand Lodge
2939:Dominican Republic
2011:Jackson, Keith B.
1406:Mark Master Masons
1240:Royal Arch Chapter
1073:
984:The degree of the
908:
550:List of Freemasons
545:Elizabeth Aldworth
452:Anti-Masonic Party
267:Royal Arch Masonry
3450:
3449:
3388:Masonic Buildings
3333:
3332:
3147:
3146:
3046:Mixed Grand Lodge
2999:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2884:
2883:
2717:
2716:
2692:
2691:
2579:
2578:
2534:
2533:
2056:Ruggeri, Amanda.
1530:Operative Masonry
1495:The Knight Masons
1252:Mark Master Mason
1182:Mark Master Mason
924:Concordant bodies
900:
899:
648:Masonic Landmarks
623:Eye of Providence
515:Thomas Smith Webb
489:People and places
119:
118:
111:
93:
3470:
3440:
3439:
3158:
3157:
3153:Appendant Orders
2997:
2985:
2984:
2868:African-American
2864:
2863:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2694:
2693:
2536:
2535:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2483:Lodge of England
2470:Freemasons' Hall
2467:
2454:
2366:, locations and
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2250:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2195:Dafoe, Stephen.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1961:. Archived from
1956:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1891:. Archived from
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1760:
1642:The Widow's Sons
1537:Appendant bodies
1248:Royal Arch Mason
1244:Excellent Master
1048:Laurence Dermott
1026:Chevalier Ramsay
996:of America, the
892:
885:
878:
655:Morals and Dogma
575:Solomon's Temple
535:John the Baptist
441:Views on Masonry
146:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Masonic bodies"
51:
27:
19:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3428:
3397:
3376:
3329:
3301:
3294:
3246:Knights Templar
3228:
3143:
3107:
2995:Le Droit Humain
2977:
2972:
2968:
2953:
2912:
2880:
2862:
2713:
2688:
2644:North Macedonia
2575:
2530:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2446:
2370:
2349:
2344:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2244:"誰も語らなかった風俗の本音"
2242:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1889:www.pglel.co.uk
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1795:. 1 August 2023
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1744:Rose E. Scherer
1728:Job's Daughters
1702:
1689:
1676:
1658:
1644:
1630:
1619:
1611:
1590:
1575:
1564:
1552:
1539:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1429:
1389:
1351:
1338:
1329:Knights Templar
1298:
1280:Knights Templar
1221:
1186:Holy Royal Arch
1156:Knights Templar
1094:Holy Royal Arch
1081:Holy Royal Arch
1065:
1060:
1037:William Preston
1017:
1011:
986:Holy Royal Arch
956:
936:
896:
867:
866:
792:North Macedonia
687:
679:
678:
643:Sprig of Acacia
598:
590:
589:
510:William Preston
490:
482:
481:
442:
434:
433:
424:Job's Daughters
277:Knights Templar
272:Cryptic Masonry
262:Holy Royal Arch
235:
227:
226:
207:
199:
198:
154:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:Christian Only
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2982:
2974:Co-Freemasonry
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Czech Republic
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2492:Anglo-American
2488:
2487:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2442:Research lodge
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2287:
2274:"Grand Courts"
2265:
2254:on 15 May 2018
2235:
2224:
2206:
2187:
2166:
2141:
2129:
2104:
2095:
2070:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2004:
1979:
1943:
1934:
1906:
1895:on 14 May 2017
1876:
1851:
1831:
1806:
1780:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1574:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1542:jurisdiction.
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1474:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1409:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1311:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1238:, or within a
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1189:
1164:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1116:
1103:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1022:Hiramic legend
1010:
1007:
955:
952:
935:
932:
920:Masonic orders
916:Masonic bodies
898:
897:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
671:
663:
661:Propaganda Due
658:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
500:James Anderson
497:
495:Masonic Temple
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
409:
407:
403:
402:
400:Co-Freemasonry
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
375:
373:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
346:
344:
340:
339:
334:
332:Research Lodge
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:Masonic bodies
243:
242:
240:
236:
234:Masonic bodies
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
217:Liberté chérie
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
139:
138:
132:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3475:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3424:Morgan Affair
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:US presidents
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3302:Scottish Rite
3297:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:United States
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
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2853:West Virginia
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2783:Massachusetts
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2730:United States
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2422:Masonic myths
2420:
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2198:
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2176:
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2155:
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2138:
2137:Pietre-Stones
2133:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2021:0-85318-248-5
2018:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1894:
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1886:
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1848:0-88053-054-5
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1609:Shriner Clubs
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1296:United States
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998:Scottish Rite
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:Masonic Lodge
951:
947:
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921:
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862:United States
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631:
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621:
619:
618:Pigpen cipher
616:
614:
611:
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594:
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586:
583:
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566:
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561:
558:
556:
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551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:William Schaw
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Albert Mackey
518:
516:
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292:Knight Kadosh
290:
288:
287:Scottish Rite
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
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202:
195:
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172:
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167:
165:
164:Masonic lodge
162:
160:
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150:
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141:
140:
137:
134:
133:
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125:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2023
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3409:Anti-Masonry
3402:Anti-Masonry
3041:Grand Orient
3006:Grand Orient
2833:Pennsylvania
2823:North Dakota
2632:Grand Orient
2539:Swedish Rite
2481:United Grand
2359:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2280:13 September
2278:. Retrieved
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:the original
2247:
2238:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2012:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1958:
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1839:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1703:
1649:Widow's Sons
1648:
1620:
1612:
1576:
1565:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1511:
1476:
1464:
1455:Swedish Rite
1452:
1440:
1433:
1414:Knight Mason
1412:
1400:
1390:
1379:
1362:
1352:
1341:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1286:
1278:
1277:The Masonic
1270:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:Master Mason
1235:
1229:
1222:
1205:
1199:Holy Trinity
1192:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1161:Holy Trinity
1154:
1145:
1136:
1130:Holy Trinity
1119:
1106:
1092:
1074:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1018:
994:
990:Grand Lodges
983:
976:
972:
957:
948:
944:
940:
937:
927:
923:
919:
915:
909:
822:South Africa
668:Ahiman Rezon
667:
654:
447:Anti-Masonry
343:Side degrees
312:Swedish Rite
246:
174:Grand Master
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3071:Grand Lodge
3016:Grand Lodge
2969:Freemasonry
2967:Continental
2748:Connecticut
2679:Switzerland
2659:Philippines
2654:Netherlands
2494:Freemasonry
2412:Manuscripts
2397:Grand Lodge
2347:Freemasonry
1922:ugle.org.uk
1712:Freemasons.
1710:Prince Hall
1666:Blue Lodges
1622:High Twelve
1617:High Twelve
1467:French Rite
1077:freemasonry
964:Grand Lodge
912:Freemasonry
797:Philippines
628:Hiram Abiff
525:Albert Pike
505:Prince Hall
159:Grand Lodge
136:Freemasonry
2978:including
2934:Costa Rica
2813:New Mexico
2808:New Jersey
2743:California
2639:Luxembourg
2457:Square and
2305:15 January
2180:15 January
2159:15 January
2122:15 January
2088:15 January
1997:15 January
1799:15 January
1751:References
1401:Royal Arch
1369:Royal Arch
1321:Royal Arch
1013:See also:
772:Luxembourg
686:By country
666:Dermott's
477:Taxil hoax
366:The Grotto
351:The Shrine
69:newspapers
3393:Libraries
3124:Venezuela
3033:Catalonia
2949:Venezuela
2858:Wisconsin
2838:Tennessee
2793:Minnesota
2459:Compasses
2407:Landmarks
1364:York Rite
1316:York Rite
1002:York Rite
857:Venezuela
832:Sri Lanka
747:Indonesia
252:York Rite
3457:Category
3442:Category
3360:monarchs
3274:S.R.I.A.
3224:Shriners
3112:Americas
3093:Portugal
3023:Denmark
3002:Belgium
2898:Manitoba
2848:Virginia
2818:New York
2803:Nebraska
2798:Missouri
2788:Michigan
2778:Kentucky
2758:Illinois
2722:Americas
2664:Portugal
2258:28 March
2248:iroj.org
2015:, 2005.
1972:28 March
1722:A.J.E.F.
1573:Shriners
1219:Scotland
1184:and the
1126:esoteric
1000:and the
842:Thailand
817:Scotland
802:Portugal
777:Malaysia
692:Barbados
419:A.J.E.F.
153:Overview
128:a series
126:Part of
3098:Romania
3058:Ibérico
3037:France
2988:Eurasia
2980:CLIPSAS
2908:Ontario
2763:Indiana
2738:Alabama
2669:Romania
2619:Germany
2604:Finland
2589:Belgium
2584:Armenia
2502:Eurasia
2485:(1722-)
2474:London,
2392:History
2375:General
1927:19 June
1899:19 June
1869:19 June
1824:19 June
1387:Ireland
1009:History
968:degrees
852:Ukraine
807:Romania
767:Lebanon
737:Iceland
732:Germany
727:Finland
717:Denmark
712:Croatia
697:Belgium
653:Pike's
597:Related
414:DeMolay
239:Masonic
206:History
83:scholar
3381:Places
3338:People
3139:Mexico
3134:Canada
3103:Turkey
3088:Poland
3062:Italy
3053:Greece
2944:Mexico
2924:Brazil
2890:Canada
2773:Kansas
2684:Turkey
2674:Russia
2623:Italy
2609:France
2594:Cyprus
2478:of the
2364:lodges
2360:bodies
2063:7 June
2019:
1846:
1773:7 June
1656:Grotto
1461:France
1355:Canada
1349:Canada
847:Turkey
837:Sweden
812:Russia
787:Mexico
752:Israel
722:France
702:Canada
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3083:Malta
3028:Spain
2929:Chile
2843:Texas
2753:Idaho
2649:Malta
2614:India
2437:Lodge
2427:Rites
2417:Music
2368:rites
1966:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1124:- An
827:Spain
782:Malta
762:Japan
757:Italy
742:India
707:China
337:Corks
90:JSTOR
76:books
3309:USA
2828:Ohio
2768:Iowa
2401:List
2307:2024
2282:2023
2260:2020
2182:2024
2161:2024
2124:2024
2090:2024
2065:2017
2017:ISBN
1999:2024
1974:2006
1929:2017
1901:2017
1871:2017
1844:ISBN
1826:2017
1801:2024
1775:2017
1647:The
1637:hat.
1506:The
1465:The
1439:The
1432:The
1411:The
1399:The
1378:The
1361:The
1313:The
1304:The
1285:The
1269:The
1261:The
1204:The
1191:The
1176:and
1166:The
1153:The
1144:The
1135:The
1118:The
1105:The
1091:The
977:The
62:news
3355:E–Z
3350:A–D
2971:and
1353:In
926:or
45:by
3459::
2362:,
2298:.
2246:.
2217:.
2199:.
2152:.
2115:.
2081:.
2039:^
2027:^
1990:.
1957:.
1920:.
1909:^
1887:.
1862:.
1817:.
1791:.
1766:.
1584:.
1457:.
1254:.
1039:.
930:.
922:,
918:,
130:on
2976:,
2472:,
2403:)
2399:(
2339:e
2332:t
2325:v
2309:.
2284:.
2262:.
2221:.
2203:.
2184:.
2163:.
2126:.
2092:.
2067:.
2001:.
1976:.
1931:.
1903:.
1873:.
1828:.
1803:.
1777:.
1382:.
1331:.
1310:.
1188:.
1132:.
891:e
884:t
877:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
