1986:
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576:. Of her method she said: "It is merely that I have the power of bringing out in my fellow-creatures, white or black, their virtues, in a way honourable to them and fortunate for me." Of her purpose she said: "y motive for going to West Africa was study; this study was that of native ideas and practices in religion and law. My reason for taking up this study was a desire to complete a great book my father, George Kingsley, had left at his death unfinished." Of her father she said: "The work that he did seemed to promise a career of great brilliancy and distinction – a promise which, unfortunately, was never entirely fulfilled." In truth George Kingsley produced but a few scattered fragments, not a scrap of which found its way into the great book of Mary Kingsley. It is, rather, in the text of his daughter – a forerunner of
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516:, which, she argued was practiced out of necessity. After living with the African people, Kingsley became directly aware how their societies functioned and how prohibiting customs such as polygamy would be detrimental to their way of life. She knew that the typical African wives had too many tasks to manage alone. Missionaries in Africa often required converted men to abandon all but one of their wives, leaving the other women and children without the support of a husband – thus creating immense social and economic problems. Kingsley's also criticised teetotal missionaries, suggesting that those who drank small quantities of alcohol had better survival rates.
623:"This was, I believe, the only favour and distinction that she ever asked for herself; and it was accorded with every circumstance and honour ... A party of West Yorkshires, with band before them, drew the coffin from the hospital on a gun carriage to the pier … Torpedo Boat No. 29 put to sea and, rounding Cape Point, committed her to the element in which she had chosen to be laid." "A touch of comedy, which would 'have amused' Kingsley herself, was added when the coffin refused to sink and had to be hauled back on board then thrown over again weighed down this time with an anchor."
805:
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445:, a custom which Slessor was determined to stop. The native people believed that one of the twins was the offspring of the devil who had secretly mated with the mother and since the innocent child was impossible to distinguish, both were killed and the mother was often killed as well for attracting the devil to impregnate her. Kingsley arrived at Slessor's residence shortly after she had taken in a recent mother of twins and her surviving child.
280:
2005:
27:
251:; instead, she was a self-proclaimed believer with, "summed up in her own words 'an utter faith in God'" and even identified strongly with what was described as 'the African religion'. She is known for criticizing Christian missionaries and their work for supplanting pre-existing African cultures without proving any material benefits in return.
262:, where Charles is recorded as a BA Student at Law and Mary as a Student of Medicine. In her later years, Kingsley's mother became ill, and she was expected to care for her well-being. Unable to leave her mother's side, she was limited in her travel opportunities. Soon, her father was also bedridden with rheumatic fever following an excursion.
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Kingsley's tales and opinions of life in Africa helped draw attention to
British imperial agendas abroad and the native customs of African people that were previously little discussed but misunderstood by people in Europe. The Fair Commerce Party formed soon after her death, pressuring for improved
532:
she writes: "Although a
Darwinian to the core, I doubt if evolution in a neat and tidy perpendicular line, with Fetish at the bottom and Christianity at the top, represents the true state of affairs." Other, more acceptable, beliefs were variously perceived and used in Western European society – by
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and died on 3 June 1900. An eyewitness reported: "She rallied for a short time but realised she was going. She asked to be left to die alone, saying she did not wish anyone to see her in her weakness. Animals she said, went away to die alone." In accordance with her wishes, she was buried at sea.
489:
was "a minor question; while there was a most vital section of men disenfranchised women could wait". Her consistent lack of identification with women's rights movements may be attributed to a number of causes, such as the attempt to ensure that her work would be received more favorably; in fact,
571:
was due in no small part to the vigour and droll humour of her writing, that, in the guise of a ripping yarn, never wavers from its true purpose—to complete the work her father had left undone. Between poles of manifest wit and latent analysis
Kingsley constructs in images – "… not an artist's
231:
Mary
Kingsley had little formal schooling compared to her brother, other than German lessons at a young age; because, at that time and at her level of society, education was not thought to be necessary for a girl. She did, however, have access to her father's large library and loved to hear his
80:
265:
Dr. Kingsley died in
February 1892, and Mrs. Kingsley followed a few months later in April of the same year. "Freed" from her family responsibilities and with an inheritance of ÂŁ8,600 to be split evenly with her brother, Kingsley was now able to travel as she had always dreamed.
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arguments presented in
Kingsley's works, this unlikely explains her frequently unfavourable reception in Europe, because she was both a supporter of the activities of European traders in West Africa and of indirect rule.
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When she returned home in
November 1895, Kingsley was greeted by journalists eager to interview her. The reports that were drummed up about her voyage, however, were most upsetting, as the papers portrayed her as a
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are complex and widely debated by scholars today. Though, on the one hand, she regarded
African people and cultures as those who needed protection and preservation, she also believed in the necessity of
407:. She lived with local people, who taught her necessary surviving-skills for living in the wilderness, and gave her advice. She often went into dangerous areas alone. Her training as a nurse at the
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757:
441:, another European woman living among native African populations with little company and no husband. It was during her meeting with Slessor that Kingsley first became aware of the custom of
224:
terrified the
Kingsley family, but they were relieved to learn that bad weather had kept Dr. Kingsley from joining Custer. It is possible that her father's views on the brutal treatment of
512:
for attempting to convert the people of Africa and corrupt their religions. In this regard, she discussed many aspects of
African life that were shocking to English people, including
384:, government officials, or explorers. Exploration and adventure had not been seen as fitting roles for English women, though this was changing under the influence of figures such as
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and the adoption of European culture and technology by indigenous populations, insisting that there was some work in West Africa that had to be completed by white men. Yet in
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traders, colonists, women's rights activists and others – and, articulated as they were in great style, helped shape popular perception of "the African" and "his" land.
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She returned to Africa yet again on 23 December 1894 with more support and supplies from England, as well as increased self-assurance in her work. She longed to study "
380:, Kingsley decided to travel to the west coast of Africa. Generally, the only non-African women who embarked on (often dangerous) journeys to Africa were the wives of
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less than a year after her birth, the same home where her brother Charles George R. ("Charley") Kingsley was born in 1866, and by 1881 were living in Southwood House,
205:
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and other aristocrats and was frequently away from home on his excursions. During these voyages he collected information for his studies. Dr. Kingsley accompanied
392:. African women were surprised that a woman of Kingsley's age was travelling without a man, as she was frequently asked why her husband was not accompanying her.
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Over the next three years, she toured England, giving lectures about life in Africa to a wide array of audiences. She was the first woman to address the
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conditions for the natives of British colonies. Various reform associations were formed in her honour and helped facilitate governmental change. The
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picture, but a photograph, an overladen with detail, colourless version" – a discourse of poetic thought; a phenomenon oft-noted in the texts of
1751:
618:
hospital, where she treated Boer prisoners of war. After contributing her services to the ill for about two months, she developed symptoms of
460:, where she collected specimens of fish previously unknown to western science, three of which were later named after her. After meeting the
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and wrote several books on her experiences there. Historians have credited Kingsley's work with helping to shape Western perceptions of the
1971:
1780:
Ingemanson, Birgitta M. (1993). Bonnie Frederick; Sarah H. McLeod (eds.). "Under Cover: The Paradox of Victorian Women's Travel Costume".
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1184:"Is alcohol a tropical medicine? Scientific understandings of climate, stimulants and bodies in Victorian and Edwardian tropical travel"
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had prepared her for slight injuries and jungle maladies that she would later encounter. Kingsley returned to England in December 1893.
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stories of foreign countries. She did not enjoy novels that were deemed more appropriate for young ladies of the time, such as those by
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some insist this might be a direct reference to her belief in the importance of securing rights for British traders in West Africa.
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founded an honorary medal in her name. In Sierra Leone, the Mary Kingsley Auditorium at the Institute of African Studies,
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1833:
Women explorers in Africa: Christina Dodwell, Delia Akeley, Mary Kingsley, Florence von Sass Baker, and Alexandrine Tinne
153:(13 October 1862 – 3 June 1900) was an English ethnographer, writer and explorer who made numerous travels through
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485:", an image which she did not embrace. Kingsley distanced herself from any feminist movement claims, arguing that
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173:
Kingsley was born in London on 13 October 1862, the daughter and oldest child of physician, traveller and writer
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549:(1899), both of which gained her respect and prestige within the scholarly community. Some newspapers, such as
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people and travelling through uncharted Fang territory, she daringly climbed the 4,040 metres (13,250 ft)
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559:, refused to publish reviews of her works. Though some have argued that such refusals were grounded in the
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1960:(An interesting look at women, race, and civilization, though not directly related to Mary Kingsley).
240:, but preferred books on the sciences and memoirs of explorers. In 1886, her brother Charley entered
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on a trip to North America from 1870 to 1875. During the trip, Dr. Kingsley was invited to accompany
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2029:
1705:
Brisson, Ulrike (Fall 2005). "Fish and Fetish: Mary Kingsley's Studies of Fetish in West Africa".
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and Mary Bailey. She came from a family of writers, as she was also the niece of novelists
586:– that the dream wish of the father is finally accomplished; and family honour sustained.
8:
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244:, to read law; this allowed Mary to make several academic connections and a few friends.
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437:" during the Victorian Era. In April, she became acquainted with Scottish missionary
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by a route not previously attempted by any other European. She moored her boat at
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Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: In Association with the British Academy
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433:" people and their traditional religious practices, commonly referred to as "
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Tristes Tropiques: an anthropological study of primitive societies in Brazil
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helped shape Mary's later opinions on European colonialism in West Africa.
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304: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and Mary Kingsley. Contains colour and black and white reproductions.
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2014:
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The funeral cortege of Mary Kingsley at the pier in Simonstown: 1900
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finds Mary's mother and her two children living at 7 Mortimer Road,
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1995:
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Blue plaque erected in 1975 by Greater London Council at "Avalon"
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1499:. Hammondswoth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 174.
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in March 1900, and volunteered as a nurse. She was stationed at
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190:
1687:
Travel, Gender, and Imperialism: Mary Kingsley and West Africa
1474:; Rattray, R. S. (October 1932). "The Life of Mary Kingsley".
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1302:
1257:
Travels in West Africa: Congo Français, Corisco, and Cameroons
1136:
1657:
Birkett, D. J. (3 January 2008). "Kingsley, Mary Henrietta".
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Upon her return, Kingsley secured support and aid from Dr.
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Kingsley, George Henry; Kingsley, Mary Henrietta (1900).
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A Victorian lady in Africa: the story of Mary Kingsley
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Flint, J.E. (1963). "Mary Kingsley — a reassessment".
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743:(Second, expanded ed.). London: MacMillan. 1901 .
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on 17 August 1893 and from there travelled further to
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Armston-Sheret, Edward; Walker, Kim (December 2021).
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There is little indication that Kingsley was raised
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English ethnographer, scientific writer and explorer
1974:
has a short biography that includes a bibliography.
1807:A study of 18th Century Natural History - includes
1782:
Women and the Journey: The Female Travel Experience
1337:. No. 36087. London. 12 March 1900. p. 7.
1333:"The War in South Africa – Embarcation of Troops".
1109:
1073:
986:
656:"Travels on the western coast of equatorial Africa"
2054:Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
1613:
1037:
1784:. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press.
1395:One dry season: in the footsteps of Mary Kingsley
1341:
426:, for she wished to publish her travel accounts.
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763:Photographic portrait from Kingsley's 1901 book
545:(1897), which was an immediate best-seller, and
541:Kingsley wrote two books about her experiences:
422:, as well as a writing agreement with publisher
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1525:
1362:
1142:
1632:(A fictional account involving Mary Kingsley).
1574:. Vol. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1188:The British Journal for the History of Science
2036:"Archival material relating to Mary Kingsley"
722:. Washington DC: National Geographic. 2002 .
1924:, is a fictional account of Kingsley's life)
1663:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1526:Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (2004).
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1854:(1973). "Some Victorian Lady Travellers".
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1750:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
200:Her father was a physician and worked for
2052:Mary Henrietta Kingsley Papers (MS 1485).
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364:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1453:A Voyager Out: The Life of Mary Kingsley
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51:of all important aspects of the article.
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1660:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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2028:at the Tom Perry Special Collections,
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1031:
734:with an Introduction by Anthony Brandt
519:Kingsley's beliefs about cultural and
47:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1759:Flint, J.E. (1965). "Mary Kingsley".
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634:Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
226:Native Americans in the United States
202:George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke
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1773:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095373
1476:Journal of the Royal African Society
963:
961:
935:
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907:
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475:
302:adding citations to reliable sources
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20:
1639:Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress
144:Travels and writings on West Africa
13:
2078:19th-century English women writers
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1263:(3615): 173–176. 6 February 1897.
845:- specific name honouring Kingsley
647:
14:
2154:
1965:
1934:. Ashford, Buchan & Enright.
958:
930:
902:
810:Plate depicting the fish species
376:After a preliminary visit to the
2128:People from Islington (district)
2003:
1978:Works by Mary Henrietta Kingsley
1928:Myer, Valerie Grosvenor (1989).
1571:Dictionary of National Biography
866:
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803:
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1987:Works by or about Mary Kingsley
1616:Hello to the Cannibals: A Novel
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779:Photographic portrait - profile
418:, a prominent zoologist at the
289:needs additional citations for
39:may be too short to adequately
1561:"Kingsley, George Henry"
1415:The Journal of African History
660:Scottish Geographical Magazine
49:provide an accessible overview
1:
890:
857:"Avalon", 22 Southwood Lane,
791:Carved wooden portrait bust (
555:under pro-imperialist editor
168:
2138:British women travel writers
2083:19th-century British writers
1677:UK public library membership
1392:Alexander, Caroline (1990).
1309:Kingsley & Kingsley 1900
917:biography.yourdictionary.com
895:
222:Battle of the Little Bighorn
7:
2026:Mary H. Kingsley, 1862-1900
2002:(public domain audiobooks)
1708:Journal of Narrative Theory
1620:. New York: HarperCollins.
1363:Matthew & Harrison 2004
1143:Matthew & Harrison 2004
878:
861:: Kingsley's childhood home
536:
242:Christ's College, Cambridge
10:
2159:
2133:Women of the Victorian era
1920:(The opening short story,
1792:The Travelling Naturalists
1384:
885:List of female adventurers
749:
642:University of Sierra Leone
602:After the outbreak of the
409:de:Kaiserswerther Diakonie
216:'s expedition against the
2093:Deaths from typhoid fever
1972:The Royal African Society
1558:Seccombe, Thomas (1892).
1550:Notes on Sport and Travel
1497:The Life of Mary Kingsley
1450:Frank, Katherine (2006).
1427:10.1017/S002185370000373X
1201:10.1017/S0007087421000649
945:Women in European History
767:, published by Macmillan.
672:10.1080/00369229608732860
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2030:Brigham Young University
1856:The Geographical Journal
1738:Hints to Lady Travellers
1579:Wilcox, Desmond (1975).
1056:Gwynn & Rattray 1932
1020:Gwynn & Rattray 1932
969:"Death of Mary Kingsley"
644:), was named after her.
606:, Kingsley travelled to
589:
1830:McLoone, Margo (1997).
1736:Davidson, L.C. (1889).
1495:Gwynn, Stephen (1940).
1269:2027/iau.31858029267667
842:Pseudictator kingsleyae
567:The notable success of
214:George Armstrong Custer
151:Mary Henrietta Kingsley
2108:English travel writers
2015:Travels in West Africa
1996:Works by Mary Kingsley
1905:Tales of the New World
1684:Blunt, Alison (1994).
1669:10.1093/ref:odnb/15620
1259:by Mary H. Kingsley".
797:World Museum Liverpool
719:Travels in West Africa
699:Travels in West Africa
599:
569:Travels in West Africa
543:Travels in West Africa
530:Studies in West Africa
501:chambers of commerce.
185:. The family moved to
2123:Female wartime nurses
1789:Lloyd, Clare (1985).
1721:10.1353/jnt.2006.0009
1636:Birkett, Dea (1992).
1521:. New York: Atheneum.
913:"Mary Kingsley Facts"
597:
84:Mary Kingsley (1890s)
2040:UK National Archives
1513:LĂ©vi-Strauss, Claude
813:Ctenopoma kingsleyae
795:sculptor, Nigeria),
765:West African Studies
740:West African Studies
666:(3): 113–124. 1896.
547:West African Studies
521:economic imperialism
508:when she criticised
298:improve this article
270:Adventures to Africa
2113:Explorers of Africa
1868:1973GeogJ.139...65M
1377:, pp. 298–299.
1172:, pp. 157–159.
1094:, pp. 130–131.
504:Kingsley upset the
395:Kingsley landed in
2103:Nurses from London
1852:Middleton, Dorothy
1813:John Hanning Speke
1690:. Guilford Press.
1133:, pp. 95–104.
820:named for Kingsley
702:. BookRix. 2015 .
638:Fourah Bay College
600:
210:United States Army
2098:English explorers
2020:Project Gutenberg
1982:Project Gutenberg
1941:978-1-85253-099-0
1915:978-0-8021-7083-5
1843:978-1-56065-505-3
1802:978-0-7099-1658-1
1697:978-0-89862-546-2
1675:(Subscription or
1649:978-0-333-48920-8
1627:978-0-06-188208-1
1592:978-0-913948-09-5
1585:. Little, Brown.
1539:978-0-19-861411-1
1463:978-1-84511-020-8
1405:978-0-394-57455-4
1321:LĂ©vi-Strauss 1967
1007:, pp. 37–38.
709:978-3-7368-0451-7
583:Tristes Tropiques
506:Church of England
476:Return to England
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254:The 1891 England
220:. The subsequent
159:culture of Africa
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104:Islington, London
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1991:Internet Archive
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1958:. Hogarth Press.
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1610:Bausch, Richard
1604:
1602:Further reading
1599:
1593:
1540:
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1387:
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1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:, p. viii.
1295:
1291:
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1276:
1254:
1253:
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1241:
1237:
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1225:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:, Introduction.
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
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1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
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1011:
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991:
987:
977:
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959:
949:
947:
941:"Mary Kingsley"
939:
938:
931:
921:
919:
911:
910:
903:
898:
893:
881:
874:
871:
862:
855:
846:
837:Longhorn beetle
830:
821:
808:
799:
789:
780:
777:
768:
761:
752:
747:
730:
710:
650:
648:Published works
629:
604:Second Boer War
592:
574:Walter Benjamin
539:
478:
370:
359:
353:
350:
313:"Mary Kingsley"
307:
305:
295:
283:
272:
175:George Kingsley
171:
128:
119:
115:
106:
101:
100:13 October 1862
95:
93:
85:
73:
62:
56:
53:
46:
34:This article's
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
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2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
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2088:Burials at sea
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2032:
2023:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1967:
1966:External links
1964:
1962:
1961:
1946:
1940:
1925:
1914:
1900:Murray, Sabina
1896:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1801:
1795:. Croom Helm.
1786:
1777:
1756:
1733:
1715:(3): 326–340.
1702:
1696:
1681:
1654:
1648:
1633:
1626:
1605:
1603:
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1598:
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1532:. OUP Oxford.
1523:
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1492:
1472:Gwynn, Stephen
1468:
1462:
1447:
1410:
1404:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1365:, p. 714.
1355:
1340:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1274:
1247:
1245:, p. 101.
1235:
1233:, p. 454.
1223:
1174:
1162:
1147:
1145:, p. 713.
1135:
1123:
1108:
1106:, p. 254.
1104:Alexander 1990
1096:
1084:
1072:
1070:, p. xiv.
1060:
1058:, p. 362.
1048:
1036:
1034:, p. 173.
1024:
1009:
997:
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957:
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538:
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477:
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466:Mount Cameroon
420:British Museum
416:Albert GĂĽnther
390:Marianne North
378:Canary Islands
372:
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286:
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183:Henry Kingsley
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141:Known for
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118:(aged 37)
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43:the key points
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1992:
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1969:
1957:
1956:
1955:Three Guineas
1951:
1947:
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1926:
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1917:
1911:
1908:. Black Cat.
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1901:
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1825:0-7099-1658-2
1822:
1818:
1817:Henry Seebohm
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1642:. Macmillan.
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1582:Ten who dared
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1421:(1): 95–104.
1420:
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1389:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1311:, p. 22.
1310:
1305:
1298:
1297:Kingsley 1901
1293:
1287:, p. xi.
1286:
1285:Kingsley 1901
1281:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1243:Kingsley 1901
1239:
1232:
1231:Kingsley 2002
1227:
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1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
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1193:
1189:
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1159:
1158:Kingsley 2002
1154:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1121:, p. 96.
1120:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1082:, p. 57.
1081:
1076:
1069:
1068:Kingsley 2002
1064:
1057:
1052:
1046:, p. 28.
1045:
1040:
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1021:
1016:
1014:
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1001:
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993:Seccombe 1892
989:
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973:History Today
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526:indirect rule
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357:
354:December 2022
346:
343:
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336:
332:
329:
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318:
315: –
314:
310:
309:Find sources:
303:
299:
293:
292:
287:This section
285:
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275:
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263:
261:
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252:
250:
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72:Mary Kingsley
69:
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57:December 2018
50:
44:
42:
37:
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2013:
1954:
1930:
1921:
1904:
1862:(1): 65–75.
1859:
1855:
1836:. Capstone.
1832:
1791:
1781:
1764:
1760:
1737:
1712:
1706:
1686:
1658:
1638:
1615:
1581:
1569:
1553:. Macmillan.
1549:
1528:
1517:
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1475:
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1418:
1414:
1394:
1370:
1358:
1334:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1261:The Athenæum
1260:
1256:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1165:
1138:
1126:
1099:
1087:
1075:
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1051:
1039:
1027:
1000:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
948:. Retrieved
944:
920:. Retrieved
916:
840:
811:
764:
739:
718:
698:
663:
659:
630:
616:Simon's Town
611:
601:
581:
578:LĂ©vi-Strauss
568:
566:
550:
546:
542:
540:
529:
518:
510:missionaries
503:
492:
479:
458:Ogooué River
447:
443:twin killing
439:Mary Slessor
428:
413:
397:Sierra Leone
394:
382:missionaries
375:
360:
351:
341:
334:
327:
320:
308:
296:Please help
291:verification
288:
264:
253:
246:
230:
199:
172:
150:
149:
122:Simon's Town
116:(1900-06-03)
54:
38:
36:lead section
18:
2073:1900 deaths
2068:1862 births
1566:Lee, Sidney
1255:"Review of
1032:Wilcox 1975
452:, Kingsley
234:Jane Austen
163:colonialism
155:West Africa
133:Nationality
126:Cape Colony
114:3 June 1900
2062:Categories
1679:required.)
1505:B0014IGN0S
1375:Frank 2006
1351:Gwynn 1940
1194:(4): 476.
1170:Frank 2006
1131:Flint 1963
1119:Flint 1963
1092:Frank 2006
1080:Frank 2006
1044:Frank 2006
1005:Frank 2006
978:18 October
950:18 October
922:18 October
891:References
610:on the SS
557:Flora Shaw
499:Manchester
324:newspapers
169:Early life
96:1862-10-13
1884:0016-7398
1746:cite book
1740:. London.
1729:161641683
1443:162460204
1435:0021-8537
1398:. Knopf.
1335:The Times
1210:0007-0874
896:Citations
680:0036-9225
608:Cape Town
552:The Times
495:Liverpool
483:New Woman
448:Later in
260:Cambridge
249:Christian
41:summarize
2000:LibriVox
1952:(1938).
1902:(2011).
1612:(2009).
1515:(1967).
1218:34558394
879:See also
859:Highgate
839:species
833:Holotype
580:and his
537:Writings
514:polygamy
470:Donguila
431:cannibal
212:officer
187:Highgate
1989:at the
1892:1795796
1864:Bibcode
1568:(ed.).
1385:Sources
835:of the
750:Gallery
689:1430411
686::
620:typhoid
456:up the
338:scholar
136:English
1938:
1912:
1890:
1882:
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1823:
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793:Ibibio
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684:Zenodo
678:
627:Legacy
454:canoed
435:fetish
405:Angola
401:Luanda
340:
333:
326:
319:
311:
256:census
191:Bexley
1888:JSTOR
1725:S2CID
1564:. In
1484:JSTOR
1439:S2CID
590:Death
450:Gabon
345:JSTOR
331:books
218:Sioux
1936:ISBN
1922:Fish
1910:ISBN
1880:ISSN
1838:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1752:link
1692:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1501:ASIN
1458:ISBN
1431:ISSN
1400:ISBN
1214:PMID
1206:ISSN
980:2017
952:2017
924:2017
816:- a
724:ISBN
704:ISBN
676:ISSN
612:Moor
497:and
462:Fang
388:and
317:news
195:Kent
181:and
161:and
111:Died
90:Born
2018:at
1998:at
1980:at
1872:doi
1860:139
1769:doi
1717:doi
1665:doi
1423:doi
1265:hdl
1196:doi
668:doi
403:in
300:by
236:or
193:in
2064::
2038:.
1886:.
1878:.
1870:.
1858:.
1815:,
1811:,
1765:64
1763:.
1748:}}
1744:{{
1723:.
1713:35
1711:.
1480:31
1478:.
1437:.
1429:.
1417:.
1343:^
1277:^
1212:.
1204:.
1192:54
1190:.
1186:.
1150:^
1111:^
1012:^
971:.
960:^
943:.
932:^
915:.
904:^
682:.
674:.
664:12
662:.
658:.
472:.
197:.
165:.
124:,
2042:.
1944:.
1918:.
1894:.
1874::
1866::
1846:.
1805:.
1775:.
1771::
1754:)
1731:.
1719::
1700:.
1671:.
1667::
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1630:.
1595:.
1542:.
1507:.
1490:.
1466:.
1445:.
1425::
1419:4
1408:.
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1323:.
1271:.
1267::
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1198::
1022:.
995:.
982:.
954:.
926:.
732:.
712:.
692:.
670::
640:(
481:"
367:)
361:(
356:)
352:(
342:·
335:·
328:·
321:·
294:.
98:)
94:(
59:)
55:(
45:.
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