499:, Lucy Mack Smith. Much of Coray's early work on this project involved transcribing Mack Smith's verbal narratives of her son's life. She listened to and recorded the stories regularly, editing them at the end of each day spent transcribing. Coray was able to find some information in letters and documents that concerned Smith, but most of the content of the biography came from the mouth of Mack Smith. The project often required daily effort. Researcher Elizabeth Anderson describes Coray's work on the biography as "a natural outgrowth of her deep admiration and love for the Prophet Joseph Smith." She wanted to preserve Smith's history so that her children would have access to it in the future. Coray felt that her earlier experience transcribing Smith's speeches had prepared her for her work on his biography. Howard Coray later joined his wife in this effort, and the final product was finished in 1845, after approximately a year of work. The Corays had two copies of the biography printed: one for Mack Smith, and one for the church's records.
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306:. She helped support her family financially through dairy production, home chemistry, and other crafts. Though she never received formal schooling, Coray studied various topics in her free time and sought to teach her children what she knew. She took an interest in law, becoming involved in local court disputes and political discussions. Towards the end of her life, in 1875, Coray was appointed a member of the first Brigham Young Academy Board of Trustees, the only woman to serve in this capacity at the time. While serving as trustee, she focused her efforts on encouraging education for young women and creating a curriculum of
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717:. She served in this capacity until her death in 1881. She was also appointed the first Dean of Women at Brigham Young Academy. Coray took it upon herself, even before her appointment, to keep Young (the president of the LDS Church and governor of Utah Territory at the time) apprised of the issues surrounding education for Utah women. Likewise, in her capacity as board member, Coray was tasked by Young to focus her efforts on ensuring that young women attended the academy. Her objective was "to act as a mouthpiece for their interests."
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704:, which became the Mona Irrigation District. Coray never attended law school or received formal legal training of any kind, but her participation in legal matters regardless was in line with convention in Utah at the time. Her legal knowledge came in handy when family members endeavored to start businesses or purchase land. Her daughter Martha described her as "a rapid and lucid writer, a brilliant conversationalist, and a fine speaker on a wide range of subjects," including history, philosophy, poetry, and law.
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establishing a Latter-day Saint-operated school; financial support for educational institutions in Utah
Territory at the time was not well-established or stable. Coray had her own income, voted in local elections, and owned land. Because the Salt Lake City Land Office required that landowners live on their property, the Corays transferred their Provo home to Martha's name in order to maintain both that property and their farm in Mona. Coray also worked as the representative for the
458:. This occurred before polygamy was officially announced by the church. Years later, Howard reported that, during a carriage ride, Hyrum had recited to them the exact wording of the "revelation on celestial marriage" as dictated by Joseph Smith. Howard also claimed that this conversation had been prompted by a dream Martha Coray had experienced in July 1843. He wrote that he was
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education." She tried to balance the duties of a wife and mother with personal educational pursuits. She borrowed books from friends and attended classes on music and religion, taking an interest in biblical studies. Though she never received formal schooling herself, she taught school multiple times throughout her life. While her husband, Howard, was serving as a
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Martha Coray's handwriting, but the prose most often reflects Lucy Mack Smith's own style. Likewise, it is unclear whether the idea of writing the history was Coray's or Mack Smith's. It is known, however, that Coray had expressed the desire to produce a book of short stories from Smith's life to serve as a tool to teach children about him.
607:, which the children would then sell to the community. Over the years, her role oscillated between frontierswoman and middle-class wife as the family's financial situation shifted. Coray stepped in to assist Howard financially whenever needed. Throughout her adult life, however, she had health issues, mainly a "persistent cough."
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The first board of trustees of BYA focused its efforts on creating curriculum. Coray worked alongside her colleagues to balance secular and theological teachings in this endeavor. Her philosophy on education was that the combination of religious and secular learning would result in the best education
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Once her children were grown and more free time became available to her, Coray became involved in Utah politics. Her priority was helping the Latter-day Saints maintain their autonomy in Utah
Territory, and she contributed to this effort by producing homemade liniments and health products, as well as
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published copies of the work in
England under the title "Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations". In Utah, the biography was recalled after Brigham Young and some LDS historians complained of its containing inaccuracies. Young, the president of the
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Coray also took an interest in law. On multiple occasions, she inquired after patenting some of her homemade products and production methods. She also advised friends and neighbors on legal matters, often holding power of attorney for them and appearing in court. She took charge of legal matters for
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Coray prioritized education in her home, and spearheaded the teaching of her children. In her journal, she recorded instructing them in reading, writing, grammar, and arithmetic regularly. Though the chores that supported the family financially always came first, Coray had an "unusual dedication to
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she produced was used for medicinal purposes. The use of herbal medicine, such as the kind Coray made, was encouraged by LDS Church leaders at the time; it was, subsequently, popular in Coray's community. She established a sort of small business selling these homemade ointments and medicines along
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There is some speculation as to who wrote the majority of the biography. Years after its completion, Brigham Young asserted that it was Martha Coray who spearheaded the project, but Howard Coray's sister argued that her brother had been the main author. The manuscript is written in both Howard and
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on
Brigham Young University (BYU) campus is dedicated to and named after Coray. Additionally, BYU's homecoming in 1997 celebrated Coray for her commitment to education. She was also dedicated to her faith; it influenced almost every aspect of her life. She was described as "a devout member of the
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During the early years of their marriage, the couple remained in Nauvoo and taught school together. They rented a room from Robert B. Thompson to use as a school and taught as many as 150 students at a time. As a teacher, she enjoyed exposing students to the subjects of "law, philosophy, history,
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began to publicly suggest that women work outside the home, Coray joined other women in seeking new ventures and job opportunities. She had an interest in chemistry, and spent time concocting oils, shampoos, and other substances of her own formula. One such product was her "Lightening Cage Oil,"
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Sometime after her baptism in
January 1840 and before her marriage in 1841, Coray began recording Joseph Smith's speeches in a small notebook she carried with her. At the time, there was no established manner of record keeping in the LDS Church. Coray had been documenting what she saw happening
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While serving as trustee, she wrote: "I am a little disappointed at the want of general interest shown in the B. Y. Academy at Provo. I am now so situated that I can give considerable attention to its workings and its struggling also to accomplish the greatest good, with the smallest amount of
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performed the marriage ceremony. The couple had first met at a church meeting and exchanged letters for a few months before their wedding. Of his first encounter with Martha Coray, Howard recorded in his journal that he "discovered at once she was ready, off hand, and inclined to be witty."
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In the spring of 1846, Martha Coray left Nauvoo, like the majority of the Latter-day Saints, to travel west. In order to obtain the means necessary to make the journey, the Coray family worked as government farmers and ferry boat tenders in various places in the
Midwest, including
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church at the time, was also angered that the publication of the work had occurred without his prior approval, and publicly criticized Coray's writing. While she was alive, Coray never gave permission for the work to be reprinted; but the biography was later published in the
603:, an initiative pushing towards Latter-day Saint self-sufficiency. Financial difficulties often plagued the Coray family, and, during times of famine, Martha Coray would feed her children watercress, lilies, rabbit meat, and wild onions. She would also make candles of
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around her since the age of thirteen, and kept detailed records of her daily activities. Her daughter Martha Coray Lewis noted that her mother "preserved notes of sermons that would otherwise have been lost to the Church." While in Nauvoo, she recorded discourses by
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company. Coray was twenty-seven years old, and had five children under the age of eight—her son Howard and daughters Martha, Harriet, Mary, and
Euphrina—to tend to during the journey. She gave birth to three along the way. By the time the family arrived in the
729:. She was on the executive committee, the committee for rules and by-laws, and the auditing committee at BYA. Throughout her time at the academy, Coray wrote many letters to Brigham Young, keeping him updated on subjects such as enrollment and curriculum.
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and later became a professor at the
University of Utah, and her daughter Martha Jane Coray Lewis became a writer. Towards the end of her life, her grown children moved to Mona to build homes for their own families on the Coray property and live there.
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During the founding of the LDS Church's educational system, Brigham Young had instituted a rule that each academy board include at least one woman. Coray was selected by Young in
October 1875 to serve as the first woman on the board of trustees of
423:, the founder of the Latter-day Saint movement, approved of the Corays' union. Martha Coray came to know Smith through her husband, who worked for Smith as a clerk. According to Howard, "she valued her acquaintance with him above everything else."
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possible. In a letter to
Brigham Young, she declared: "My principle of education has been God's laws of religion first, Man's laws of honor and morality second, Science of every attainable kind ". Her efforts while at BYA also included hiring
773:, then president of the LDS Church. A crowd of hundreds gathered at her funeral service. Her husband, Howard, and eleven of her children survived her. As of 1908, she had 50 grandchildren and 45 great-grandchildren.
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to Martha shortly after the couple's discussion with Hyrum. Howard did not marry another wife until 1853, and that marriage ended in divorce two years later. In January 1846 Martha and Howard Coray entered the
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and Mona; she sold subscriptions and subscribed herself. In addition to the histories she recorded throughout her life, Coray wrote pieces on women's rights, and some of her writing was published in the
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requested the notes Coray had taken during this time. Oftentimes, her husband would join her in transcribing Smith's speeches. The pair has been called "a team committed to meticulous documentation."
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599:. With this move, Coray shifted her home industry focus from producing cheese to crafting soap and distilling ointments. Her soap production served as the family's contribution to the
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in 1838. Her father had offered work and housing to some of the Latter-day Saint refugees, and Coray began attending their religious meetings. She listened to many speakers, including
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Through her efforts as a member of the board of trustees at Brigham Young Academy, she helped define LDS religious education, a concept still in force today through the
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Martha Jane Knowlton Coray died on December 14, 1881, in Provo, Utah at the age of 59. She is buried in the Provo City Cemetery. Her funeral was held in the
591:, where Coray oversaw dairy production on their farm. Unsatisfied with life in Tooele, the Corays relocated, splitting their time between a house in
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Coray (back left) with her husband, Howard, and four of her daughters: (from left) Euphrenia, Harriett, Helena, and Mary Coray (ca. 1860s)
629:. Coray's home chemistry was "more than a hobby; she ... produced and marketed a viable medical product." She also took an interest in
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on Brigham Young University's campus bears Coray's name, and the university's 1997 homecoming celebrations honored her achievements.
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546:. The Corays also reportedly sold the windows and doors of their Nauvoo home for $ 10 before departing. They made the trek west to
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1414:"The Goshen and Mona Water Dispute, 1873–1881: A Case Study of the Struggle between Ecclesiastical and Secular Authority in Utah"
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church as a child, and, at the age of ten, taught a Sunday School class of students older than she. Coray first encountered
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minerals. Another of her daughters later commented that chemistry and geology were Coray's favorite fields of study.
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326:. She was the third of ten children born to Sidney Algernon Knowlton and Harriett Burnham, who were from
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Church and a competent writer," as well as "a woman of native brilliance and intense dedication."
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poetry, chemistry, and geology". Coray worked in this capacity until 1844, when she was hired by
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in 1903 and again in 1945. It was then entitled "History of the Prophet Joseph, by His Mother".
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and the gift of prophecy. She was the first person in her family to join the LDS faith.
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950:. Vol. 5. Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association. 1902. pp. 439–440.
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Coray contributed to the preservation of the history of the LDS Church by writing
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821:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Knowlton Family Organization. pp. 22–28, 30–31, 103.
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Rivers. While living in these areas, they often assisted displaced Mormons from
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which, she claimed, "would render helpless" when applied. In contrast, the
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Faith, Femininity, and the Frontier: the Life of Martha Jane Knowlton Coray
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and, Joseph Smith. Years later, while serving as historian of the church,
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1282:"Circumstantial Confirmation Of the First Vision Through Reminiscences"
907:"Howard and Martha Coray: Chroniclers of Joseph Smith's Words and Life"
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On February 6, 1841, she married Howard Coray in her father's house in
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284:), in creating a biography of Joseph, later published under the title
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1467:"Chapter Thirty-Two: Brigham Young's Presidency: The Final Decade"
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Lucy's Book: A Critical Edition of Lucy Mack Smith's Family Memoir
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Plaque outside the Martha Jane Knowlton Coray lecture hall in the
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after one of her daughters died in childbirth, and was skilled in
475:. While living in Nauvoo, Martha Coray served as secretary of the
1152:. American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications. pp. 75–78.
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The Corays' first residence in Utah was a house adjacent to the
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means". When she died, many BYA students attended her funeral.
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583:. Coray was a member of the Thirteenth Ward Relief Society in
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through a hole cut in the ice. Afterwards, Page performed her
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414:. Howard was twenty-four years old, and she was nineteen.
662:). She also taught Sunday School and served on the local
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Martha Jane Knowlton Coray was born on June 3, 1821, in
1490:"Flames closed book on Lewis Hall's educational career"
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1109:"Register of the Howard Coray Family Papers, 1843–1965"
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as a young woman and moved to the Mormon settlement of
1320:"Mormon Origins in New York: An Introductory Analysis"
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Church History in the Fulness of Times Student Manual
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the history of Joseph Smith as dictated by his mother
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American Mormon pioneer, record keeper, and educator
240:(June 3, 1821 – December 14, 1881) was an American
848:"Women's Manuscripts: Coray, Martha Jane Knowlton"
338:during Coray's childhood, living in towns such as
294:alongside other Mormon pioneers, Coray settled in
1412:Brimhall, Clinton; Brimhall, Sandra Dawn (2010).
1253:Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition
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330:. Her ancestor Lt. Daniel Knowlton served in the
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1256:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 92–94.
1146:Black, Susan Easton; Woodger, Mary Jane (2011).
310:for the academy. Today, the lecture hall in the
1475:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1318:Allen, James B.; Arrington, Leonard J. (1969).
487:to write a biography of her son, Joseph Smith.
364:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
266:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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61: – December 14, 1881
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1593:Register of the Howard Coray Family Papers
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162:Harriet Virginia Knowlton Coray (b. 1846)
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362:, whose discourses convinced her to join
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761:on December 25, 1881. Speakers included
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48:Board of Trustees, Brigham Young Academy
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1072:"Joseph Smith's 19 July 1840 Discourse"
968:Anderson, Lavina Fielding, ed. (2001).
566:Martha and Howard Coray's farmhouse in
559:in 1850, it consisted of six children.
366:. In January 1840, she was baptized by
334:. The Knowlton family moved around the
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1576:Material relating to Martha Jane Coray
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1056:(MA thesis). Brigham Young University.
1670:19th-century American women educators
1488:Carter, D. Robert (October 2, 2005).
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1383:"Pioneer Database: Martha Jane Coray"
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140:History of Joseph Smith by His Mother
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378:. Weeks later, on January 21, 1840,
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666:. Her son George went on to attend
166:Euphrenia Serephia Coray (b. 1850)
160:Martha J. Knowlton Coray (b. 1844)
13:
1545:"BYU's Homecoming runs Oct. 13–19"
1400:
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450:privately taught the Corays about
402:Martha and Howard Coray's home in
182:Don Silas Rathbone Coray (b. 1864)
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491:Writing a history of Joseph Smith
1597:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
1580:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
1280:Anderson, Richard Lloyd (1969).
1178:Coray, Howard (April 28, 1886).
1113:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
905:Anderson, Elizabeth Ann (2007).
574:
298:, homesteading in towns such as
216:
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178:Frances DeLaVan Coray (b. 1860)
172:Sidney Algernon Coray (b. 1855)
168:Helena Knowlton Coray (b. 1852)
158:Howard Knowlton Coray (b. 1842)
1665:19th-century American educators
1630:People from Covington, Kentucky
1537:
1509:
1481:
1387:history.churchofjesuschrist.org
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1050:Billings, Amy Reynolds (2002).
852:BYU Library Digital Collections
687:an LDS woman's publication, in
471:ceremony and were resealed by
393:
1250:Jan Shipps (January 1, 1987).
180:Louis Laville Coray (b. 1862)
176:George Quincy Coray (b. 1857)
170:William Henry Coray (b. 1853)
164:Mary Knowlton Coray (b. 1848)
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1660:Brigham Young Academy faculty
1655:People from Juab County, Utah
815:Knowlton, Ezra Clark (1971).
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1361:Salt Lake Herald-Republican
1357:"Howard Coray Answers Call"
715:Brigham Young Academy (BYA)
656:Latter-day Saint missionary
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1216:"Women Helped Develop BYA"
742:Brigham Young University's
700:the irrigation efforts in
332:American Revolutionary War
238:Martha Jane Knowlton Coray
25:Martha Jane Knowlton Coray
1517:"Another Good Woman Gone"
1477:. 2003. pp. 406–421.
1419:Utah Historical Quarterly
912:Journal of Mormon History
778:Church Educational System
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534:; and along the banks of
386:, bestowing upon her the
282:Latter-day Saint movement
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190:Sidney Algernon Knowlton
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1605:Brigham Young University
1588:Brigham Young University
1473:. Salt Lake City, Utah:
1070:Jessee, Dean C. (1979).
974:. Salt Lake City, Utah:
723:Warren Newton Dusenberry
356:Hancock County, Illinois
336:Midwestern United States
192:Harriet Burnham Knowlton
174:Wilford Coray (b. 1856)
1650:People from Provo, Utah
1645:Educators from Kentucky
782:Karl G. Maeser Building
738:Karl G. Maeser Building
664:LDS Sunday School Board
312:Karl G. Maeser Building
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467:to participate in the
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272:. There, she assisted
1640:Converts to Mormonism
1601:Harold B. Lee Library
1584:Harold B. Lee Library
1325:BYU Studies Quarterly
1287:BYU Studies Quarterly
1077:BYU Studies Quarterly
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708:Brigham Young Academy
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290:. After crossing the
264:, Coray converted to
250:Brigham Young Academy
454:and the practice of
384:patriarchal blessing
212:Biography portal
1525:. December 21, 1881
1180:"Another Testimony"
978:. pp. 66–166.
947:The Improvement Era
324:Covington, Kentucky
308:religious education
223:LDS movement portal
111:Covington, Kentucky
99:Marth Jane Knowlton
1363:. January 17, 1908
1340:– via JSTOR.
1302:– via JSTOR.
1221:Provo Daily Herald
1149:Women of Character
1092:– via JSTOR.
927:– via JSTOR.
818:The Utah Knowltons
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668:Cornell University
660:University of Utah
651:
572:
521:Traveling Westward
452:celestial marriage
446:On July 22, 1843,
416:Robert B. Thompson
408:
340:Cumminsville, Ohio
1553:. October 9, 1997
1263:978-0-252-01417-8
702:Juab County, Utah
581:Salt Lake Theatre
372:Mississippi River
346:. She attended a
246:board of trustees
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120:December 14, 1881
53:October 1875
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759:Provo Tabernacle
683:Woman's Exponent
675:Law and politics
557:Salt Lake Valley
528:Kanesville, Iowa
441:Wilford Woodruff
412:Nauvoo, Illinois
404:Nauvoo, Illinois
380:Joseph Smith Sr.
370:in the freezing
354:while living in
342:and Bear Creek,
280:(founder of the
276:, the mother of
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1555:. Retrieved
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1495:Daily Herald
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376:confirmation
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150:Howard Coray
138:
122:(1881-12-14)
108:June 3, 1821
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1625:1881 deaths
1620:1821 births
570:(ca. 1870s)
540:Nishnabotna
532:Fort Kearny
508:Orson Pratt
448:Hyrum Smith
437:John Taylor
406:(ca. 1860s)
348:Campbellite
328:New England
127:Provo, Utah
1614:Categories
789:References
631:obstetrics
568:Mona, Utah
552:John Sharp
318:Early life
252:. Born in
104:1821-06-03
65:1881-12-14
1557:March 29,
1529:March 29,
1501:March 29,
1448:254443311
1392:March 24,
1367:March 24,
1228:March 24,
1191:March 24,
1118:March 24,
857:March 24,
641:Education
550:with the
506:In 1853,
469:endowment
352:Mormonism
147:Spouse(s)
74:Called by
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1338:43043896
1300:43043904
1090:43044951
925:23289896
694:Exponent
635:assaying
622:sage oil
544:Missouri
538:and the
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344:Illinois
262:Illinois
254:Kentucky
155:Children
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187:Parents
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753:Legacy
744:campus
605:tallow
460:sealed
300:Tooele
270:Nauvoo
1444:S2CID
1436:JSTOR
1334:JSTOR
1296:JSTOR
1086:JSTOR
921:JSTOR
689:Nephi
615:When
593:Provo
1559:2021
1531:2021
1503:2021
1394:2021
1369:2021
1258:ISBN
1230:2021
1193:2021
1154:ISBN
1120:2021
980:ISBN
859:2021
725:and
625:the
597:Mona
304:Mona
302:and
260:and
258:Ohio
117:Died
96:Born
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248:of
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