31:
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730:
861:
2235:
2247:
519:
55:
671:"douleia occurs only in the sense of 'slavery, servility', and always in a negative sense – the slavery to physical corruption (Rom. 8.21), slavery to the law (Gal. 5.1), slavery to the fear of death (Heb. 2.15)" as well as the devil (cf. Heb 2.14–15 the power of him who holds the power of death—that is, the devil— 15 and free those who all their lives were held in slavery by their fear of death").
570:
polemics. His views are intimately linked to his
Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety." Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating
643:. It meant to him that Jesus as a human does not have a father and that as the Son of God he has no mother. The Holy Spirit, through whom Mary conceived, is not just any spirit, but it is God himself whose act must be understood spiritually and not physically. Mary is "full of grace" according to Barth, but this grace is not earned but totally given to her. Regarding Mary's
474:
the honor given to the mother of God has been rooted so deeply into the hearts of men that no one wants to hear any opposition to this celebration... We also grant that she should be honored, since we, according to Saint Paul's words are indebted to show honor one to another for the sake of the One
569:
did not say anything about it. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated
608:
I do not doubt that there has been some ignorance in their having reproved this mode of speech, — that the Virgin Mary is the Mother of God … I cannot dissemble that it is found to be a bad practice ordinarily to adopt this title in speaking of this Virgin: and, for my part, I cannot consider such
596:
and the title "Mother of God", in a qualified sense. However, he takes extreme exception to what he regards as the excessive veneration of the "Papists", honour which is due only to Jesus Christ. Calvin stated that Mary cannot be the advocate of the faithful, since she needs God's grace as much as
475:
who dwells in us, Jesus Christ. Therefore we have an obligation to honor Mary. But be careful to give her honor that is fitting. Unfortunately, I worry that we give her all too high an honor for she is accorded much more esteem than she should be given or than she accounted to herself.
509:
in one of his earlier sermons: "It seems to me impossible that we should obtain the reward of Heaven without the help of Mary. There is no sex or age, no rank or position, of anyone in the whole human race, which has no need to call for the help of the Holy Virgin."
934:
This trend has taken various directions over time, in that while some
Protestants have at times softened their attitude towards it, others have strengthened their opposition in the 21st century. For instance, during the May 2006 celebrations at
1422:
Michael J. Penfold. “Christ, of the
Substance of Mary” – A History of the Defence of the Doctrine. https://www.webtruth.org/the-person-of-christ/christ-of-the-substance-of-mary-a-history-of-the-defence-of-the-doctrine/#_ftnref38
556:
in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the
Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the
846:
We too know very well that God did not derive his divinity from Mary; but it does not follow that it is therefore wrong to say that God was born of Mary, that God is Mary’s Son, and that Mary is God’s mother.
667:
discusses the tradition of
Catholic dulia and Marian Veneration in Augustine and Aquinas, mentioning that the new testament's use of δουλεία (pronounced dulia) is always used negatively. He states:
702:
This may be interpreted allegorically, for these women represent two covenants. One is from Mount Sinai, bearing children to be slaves (douleian | δουλείαν | acc sg fem); she is Hagar.
536:
Despite Luther's polemics against his Roman
Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the
1833:
686:
For you did not receive the spirit of slavery (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) leading back to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption. By him we cry out, “Abba! Father!”
485:
Thus the idea of respect and high honour was not rejected by the first
Protestants; but rather it was the matter of degrees of honor given to Mary, as the mother of Jesus, that
597:
any other human being. If the
Catholic Church praises her as Queen of Heaven, it is blasphemous and contradicts her own intention, because she is praised and not God.
482:
said, "I esteem immensely the Mother of God" and "The more the honor and love of Christ increases among men, so much the esteem and honor given to Mary should grow".
718:
and liberate those who throughout life were held in (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) slavery (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) by their fear of death.
694:
that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem) to decay into the glorious freedom of the children of God.
609:
language as good, proper, or suitable… for to say, the Mother of God for the Virgin Mary, can only serve to harden the ignorant in their superstitions.
1199:
Gleanings of a few scattered ears, during the period of
Reformation in England and of the times immediately succeeding : A.D. 1533 to A.D. 1588
30:
631:, was a leading 20th century theologian. Aware of the common dogmatic tradition of the early Church, Barth fully accepted the dogma of Mary as the
710:
For freedom Christ has set us free. Stand firm, therefore, and do not be subject again to a yoke of slavery (douleias | δουλείας | gen sg fem).
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1754:
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635:. In his view, through Mary, Jesus belongs to the human race; through Jesus, Mary is Mother of God. Barth also agreed with the
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1295:
1241:
Dunn, James D. G. 2010. Did the First
Christians Worship Jesus? : the New Testament Evidence London: SPCK., see page 19
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Calvin expressed deep concern over its possible "superstitious" use of the title "Mother of God" from the teachings of the
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923:. According to their researches, the attention paid to Mary is extreme, and may not only distract from the worship of
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1224:, I, 2, 154). "Catholic mariology is a cancer, a sick theological development, and cancers should be cut out" (
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254:
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1772:
619:
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1220:"Where ever Mary is venerated, and devotion to her takes place, there the Church of Christ does not exist" (
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after birth, Barth argued that the Church adopted this position not because of Mary but in defence of its
548:. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some 300 years before the dogmatization of the
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in Protestantism given the great diversity of Protestant beliefs, some summary statements are attempted.
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574:' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be
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1918:
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Keegan, Matthew C. (2011, April 27). Book Review: The Virgin Mary in the Light of the Word of God.
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as well as some modern representatives. While it is difficult to generalize about the place of
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and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the
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From the 17th to the 19th centuries various groups of Protestants began to use the term
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1228:, I, 2, 153). "The heresy of the Catholic Church is its mariology and Marian cult." (
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838:-era Church, including the formulation "Mother of God" as a function of Christ's
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651:. Barth considered the Roman Catholic veneration of Mary a terrible mistake and
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The One Mediator, The Saints and Mary, Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue
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7th Plenary of the Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission in Sandbjerg, Denmark
1097:(1992). H. George Anderson; J. Francis Stafford; Joseph A. Burgess (eds.).
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Walsingham in Literature and Culture from the Middle Ages to Modernity
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1066:, Leo Scheffczyk, ed., (Regensburg: Institutum Marianum, 1994), 190.
819:, is directly addressed to Mary and is based on an Orthodox prayer.
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What does the United Methodist Church teach about the Virgin Mary?
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were concerned with, and therefore the practical implications for
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Calvin to the Foreigners' Church in London, 27 October 1552, in
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1101:. Vol. VII. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. p. 235.
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571:
566:
1266:"The Ecumenical Councils and Authority in and of the Church"
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466:
Some early Protestant Reformers venerated and honored Mary.
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liturgy. The second verse of a well known Protestant hymn,
1012:. Dearborn, Michigan: Mark V Publiscations. p. 167.
1254:
https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/douleia
947:held a Marian procession, nonconformist Protestant
1349:The Everything Jesus Book: His Life, His Teachings
1286:Martin Luther (2007). Theodore G. Tappert (ed.).
2265:
724:
1093:
27:Views in Protestantism of Mary, mother of Jesus
1455:
1285:
1275:, The Lutheran World Federation, 10 July 1993
767:) or "Bearer of God" for Mary emerged in the
416:
1157:, Serm. de la proph. de Christ: op 35, 686.
37:painting in the vestry of a Methodist church
1371:by Dominic Janes, Gary Fredric Waller 2010
1043:"Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary"
522:A statue of Mary in the Lutheran church of
1462:
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1886:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
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987:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
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14:
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1432:Sermon on Mary, The Pure Mother of God
1202:(London: Bell and Daldy, 1857), p. 285
1005:
1443:
1211:Barth, Kirchliche Dogmatic I, 2, 219
1052:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
854:
1116:Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue
980:History of Roman Catholic Mariology
561:throughout her life. Regarding the
505:reflected the Marian spirit of the
139:Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
24:
1403:A Warm Protestant Welcome for Mary
1288:Selected Writings of Martin Luther
25:
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1040:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1009:Festival Sermons of Martin Luther
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1311:History of the Christian Church
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1290:. Fortress Press. p. 291.
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1258:
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1235:
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1205:
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1160:
676:New Testament uses of "δουλεία"
2213:Saint Luke painting the Virgin
1634:Miracle at the Wedding at Cana
1629:Finding of Jesus in the Temple
1418:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
1397:Religion and Ethics Newsweekly
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955:, idolatry, and "Mariolatry".
921:Marian veneration and devotion
740:, St. John's Anglican Church,
581:
493:are still a matter of debate.
13:
1:
992:
850:
826:accepts the teachings of the
779:in 431. It is a statement of
775:-era universal Church at the
771:and was later adopted by the
725:Issues in Protestant theology
658:
613:
1414:Mary, Luther and Lutheranism
1408:U.S. News & World Report
951:held banners that condemned
817:Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones
592:John Calvin accepted Mary's
7:
1064:Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe
958:
588:John Calvin's views on Mary
10:
2295:
1337:http://www.wordjourney.com
1173:Harmony of the Evangelists
891:
620:Karl Barth's views on Mary
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501:The pre-Lutheran reformer
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1522:
1477:
1114:, 47, pp. 45f; see also,
824:Lutheran World Federation
764:
742:Ashfield, New South Wales
2274:Protestant views on Mary
1732:Protoevangelium of James
1006:Basely, Joel R. (2005).
975:Roman Catholic Mariology
965:Anglican Marian theology
892:Not to be confused with
446:representatives such as
436:Protestant views on Mary
2123:Golden Madonna of Essen
1712:Woman of the Apocalypse
1194:George Cornelius Gorham
2000:Alma Redemptoris Mater
1949:Our Lady of Navigators
1313:by Philip Schaff 1960
937:Our Lady of Walsingham
848:
791:and also a devotional
745:
673:
663:New Testament scholar
611:
527:
477:
462:Protestant theologians
38:
2185:Theotokos of Vladimir
1614:Presentation of Jesus
1551:Immaculate Conception
1471:Mary, mother of Jesus
1049:Catholic Encyclopedia
844:
732:
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565:, he stated that the
550:Immaculate Conception
524:Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune
521:
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456:Mary, mother of Jesus
315:Immaculate Conception
161:Finding in the Temple
33:
1351:by Jon Kennedy 2006
1333:WordJourney Magazine
795:used extensively in
769:Church of Alexandria
487:Protestant Reformers
283:History of Mariology
77:Presentation of Mary
2167:Madonna del Rosario
2071:Maria mater gratiae
2047:Sub tuum praesidium
2005:Ave Regina caelorum
1959:Our Lady of Victory
1954:Our Lady of Sorrows
1597:Virginal motherhood
1571:Perpetual virginity
1436:, Huldrych Zwingli.
832:ecumenical councils
787:) in opposition to
629:Reformed Protestant
594:perpetual virginity
559:sinlessness of Mary
538:ecumenical councils
442:positions of major
351:Perpetual virginity
202:Marian perspectives
2208:Life of the Virgin
1924:Life-giving Spring
1914:Help of Christians
1624:Return to Nazareth
1566:Marriage to Joseph
1134:Commentary on John
927:, but actually be
872:. You can help by
828:Council of Ephesus
777:Council of Ephesus
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563:Assumption of Mary
532:Lutheran Mariology
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269:Catholic Mariology
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1619:Flight into Egypt
1609:Nativity of Jesus
1516:Brothers of Jesus
1335:, Retrieved from
1297:978-0-8006-6226-4
1169:"On Luke 1:46–50"
1062:Remigius Bäumer,
890:
889:
805:Oriental Orthodox
738:Madonna and Child
722:
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507:later Middle Ages
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150:Flight into Egypt
35:Madonna and Child
16:(Redirected from
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1112:Luther's Works
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997:
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989:
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957:
909:Anglo-Catholic
888:
887:
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858:
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849:
822:Presently the
801:Roman Catholic
781:Christological
750:
747:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
707:Galatians 5:1
704:
703:
700:
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618:Main article:
615:
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586:Main article:
583:
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530:Main article:
515:
512:
498:
495:
470:said of Mary:
463:
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431:
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50:
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48:of articles on
26:
9:
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3:
2:
2291:
2280:
2279:Point of view
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2254:
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2252:Saints Portal
2248:
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2161:Agiosoritissa
2159:
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2143:
2141:
2138:
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2119:
2118:Black Madonna
2116:
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2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1998:
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1967:
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1962:
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1947:
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1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:of all graces
1930:
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1377:0-7546-6924-6
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1358:
1357:1-59337-712-6
1354:
1350:
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1339:
1338:
1332:
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1321:pages 295-305
1320:
1319:0-8028-8049-5
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1232:, I, 2, 157).
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1189:
1175:. Vol. 1
1174:
1170:
1167:John Calvin.
1163:
1156:
1153:John Calvin,
1150:
1136:. Vol. 1
1135:
1131:
1128:John Calvin.
1124:
1117:
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1108:
1100:
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1019:0-9652403-1-2
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1011:
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988:
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971:
970:Mary in Islam
968:
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926:
922:
919:practices of
918:
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902:
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884:
875:
871:
868:This section
866:
862:
857:
856:
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843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
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820:
818:
814:
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798:
794:
793:title of Mary
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
758:
757:
749:Mother of God
743:
739:
736:depiction of
735:
734:Stained glass
731:
717:
715:Hebrews 2:15
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633:Mother of God
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579:
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560:
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547:
546:Mother of God
543:
539:
533:
525:
520:
514:Martin Luther
511:
508:
504:
503:John Wycliffe
497:John Wycliffe
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
476:
471:
469:
468:Martin Luther
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:Martin Luther
445:
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437:
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419:
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337:
334:
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328:
324:
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320:
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316:
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312:
311:
310:
307:Marian dogmas
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52:
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47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
19:
2250:
2238:
2165:
2145:Stabat Mater
2127:
2015:Regina caeli
2010:Salve Regina
1909:Coredemptrix
1904:Christotokos
1864:month of May
1789:
1673:: later life
1654:Resurrection
1592:Annunciation
1561:Presentation
1544:: early life
1431:
1406:
1368:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1260:
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1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1133:
1123:
1118:VIII, p. 29.
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1084:Bäumer, 190.
1080:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1008:
1001:
933:
900:
898:
878:
874:adding to it
869:
845:
821:
789:Nestorianism
754:
752:
691:Romans 8:21
683:Romans 8:15
670:
662:
641:Virgin Birth
623:
607:
599:
591:
554:Pope Pius IX
535:
526:, Strasbourg
500:
484:
478:
473:
465:
438:include the
435:
434:
326:
226:
182:Resurrection
116:Virgin birth
82:Annunciation
2175:Derzhavnaya
1837:Apparitions
1644:Crucifixion
1416:, from the
1379:pages 12–13
1251:Bill Mounce
1075:Bäumer, 191
744:, Australia
649:Christology
582:John Calvin
452:John Calvin
440:theological
367:Apparitions
177:Crucifixion
126:Holy Family
2268:Categories
2192:Hodegetria
2113:Assumption
2066:Magnificat
1871:Feast days
1826:Veneration
1790:Protestant
1724:Apocryphal
1702:Coronation
1697:Assumption
1649:Deposition
1604:Visitation
1179:2008-05-19
1140:2008-05-19
993:References
901:Mariolatry
851:Mariolatry
830:and other
785:hypostasis
665:James Dunn
659:James Dunn
653:idolatrous
625:Karl Barth
614:Karl Barth
444:Protestant
377:Feast days
340:Assumption
250:Ecumenical
227:Protestant
93:Visitation
69:Chronology
18:Mariolatry
2022:Ave Maria
1995:Antiphons
1974:Theotokos
1929:Mediatrix
1876:Patronage
1859:Devotions
1854:Christmas
1755:Christian
1746:Mariology
1707:Queenship
1685:Dormition
1671:Tradition
1661:Pentecost
1542:Tradition
1511:Elizabeth
1489:(husband)
1025:March 24,
945:Catholics
941:Anglicans
894:Mariology
836:patristic
773:patristic
756:Theotokos
645:virginity
542:Theotokos
491:Mariology
327:Theotokos
278:Mariology
193:Pentecost
2240:Category
2076:Memorare
2037:Akathist
1795:Lutheran
1785:Orthodox
1768:Catholic
1763:Anglican
1507:(mother)
1501:(father)
959:See also
949:hecklers
929:idolatry
913:Oriental
905:Catholic
881:May 2016
813:Anglican
809:Lutheran
765:Θεοτόκος
655:heresy.
576:idolatry
237:Lutheran
232:Anglican
211:Catholic
121:Nativity
98:Marriage
46:a series
44:Part of
2201:Related
1990:Angelus
1983:Prayers
1944:Panagia
1939:New Eve
1881:Shrines
1813:Islamic
1773:history
1582:In the
1499:Joachim
1405:, from
834:of the
639:of the
480:Zwingli
392:Shrines
260:Islamic
2180:Eleusa
2081:Rosary
2059:Loreto
2054:Litany
1896:Titles
1487:Joseph
1479:Family
1434:, 1520
1399:report
1375:
1359:page 7
1355:
1317:
1294:
1016:
953:Masses
572:saints
397:Titles
299:Saints
103:Joseph
2135:Pietà
2032:Hymns
1806:Other
1778:papal
1584:Bible
1556:Birth
1495:(son)
1493:Jesus
1269:(PDF)
1155:Works
761:Greek
637:Dogma
567:Bible
387:Music
382:Hymns
2154:East
2105:West
1842:list
1690:Tomb
1534:Life
1505:Anne
1373:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1027:2015
1014:ISBN
943:and
915:and
811:and
759:(in
450:and
166:Cana
2096:Art
925:God
876:.
552:by
544:or
372:Art
2270::
1395:,
1271:,
1196:,
1171:.
1132:.
1046:.
931:.
911:,
907:,
807:,
803:,
799:,
763::
604::
578:.
1935:)
1931:(
1463:e
1456:t
1449:v
1300:.
1182:.
1143:.
1029:.
896:.
883:)
879:(
424:e
417:t
410:v
20:)
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