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plan, though it was devised with the reasonable intention of dispersing the strike (and not of causing harm to the strikers), was "prepared in haste", that it should have been clear that it could not be carried out without significant bloodshed, and that it had superseded an alternative plan â to encircle the miners â that had been more carefully prepared and that was "relatively risk-free". In addition, before opening fire, the police should have used tear gas and/or given the strikers an opportunity to surrender. This notwithstanding, the commission said that several shootings at the first scene had been committed in self-defence by officers who had reasonable grounds to believe their lives were under threat â though it noted that at least some of those killed had clearly presented no threat and recommended further investigation into those deaths. The commission did not make individual findings about any of the 17 deaths at the second scene: Farlam wrote that it was still not clear what exactly had happened in the "chaotic free for all" that had transpired there.
2134:. Police also used tear gas, stun grenades, and water cannons to disperse strikers. On 5 October, Amplat fired 12,000 strikers, citing their failure to comply with company ultimatums to return to work and then to attend disciplinary hearings. The following week, early on the morning of 11 October, two men died in Nkaneng, where striking mineworkers were demonstrating â one of the victims had been shot twice and died in hospital, while the other had been torched. Amplats said that one of the men was a mine employee on his way to work. Minibus taxis, used by workers to get to work, were also torched. Later on 11 October, a group of strikers went to Bathopele mine to attempt to suspend operations there; they were dispersed by police rubber bullets, and there were 14 arrests. The strike de-escalated in late October when Amplats agreed to reinstate the dismissed miners and pay them a hardship bonus if they returned to work.
2191:(employing 9,000 people); by 24 September, the entirety of the Beatrix mine had been affected, and production was suspended at both KDC West and Beatrix. In mid-October, after over 70 Gold Fields miners were arrested for public violence in connection with the strike, the strike was re-joined by approximately 8,500 of the 12,400 employees employed at KDC East, necessitating the suspension of production across the entire KDC operation. Most workers at Beatrix and KDC West returned to work between 16 October and 18 October, having been threatened with dismissal; however, Gold Fields had to follow through on its ultimatum by firing several thousand workers who had not complied with the deadline: 1,500 KDC West employees, and 8,100 KDC East employees. Given the failure of the ultimatum to secure a return to work at KDC East, the strike there did not end until early November, when most of those fired were reinstated.
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967:, who was a former NUM leader and in 2012 was a member of the Lonmin board, was criticised for failing to advocate for the workers' interests. Instead, emails he had written during the strike â later released publicly â were interpreted as showing that he had argued for the police to intervene. On 15 August, he wrote to Lonmin's chief commercial director, "The terrible events that have unfolded cannot be described as a labour dispute. They are plainly dastardly criminal and must be characterised as such... There needs to be concomitant action to address this situation." In another email, he wrote that, "the Minister and indeed all government officials need to understand that we are essentially dealing with a criminal act". In May 2017, Ramaphosa â by then
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also criticised the conduct of other police commanders on the scene. Farlam said that the police had, at "the highest level", attempted to mislead the public â particularly by failing to report the shooting at the second scene â and the commission itself. However, the report was ambivalent about the role of key political figures, including Police
Minister Mthethwa, and it entirely absolved Ramaphosa of wrongdoing. It criticised both the NUM and Amcu for failing to control their members and, in the NUM's case, for giving their members poor advice; and it found that Lonmin had not made sufficient efforts to engage with the miners or to protect its employees. The miners themselves were found partly responsible for having contravened the
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disperse a gathering of Lonmin strikers. Military and police helicopters and armoured police cars remained present around the
Marikana mine for the rest of the weekend. On Sunday 16 September, in response to the previous day's violence, a crowd of hundreds of mineworkers from the Rustenberg area â reportedly dominated by workers at Amplats mines â marched towards the Rustenberg police station, protesting the violence against strikers. They were persuaded by SAPS to disperse because they lacked a permit for the demonstration and therefore were gathering illegally, but Al Jazeera reported that the presence of police helicopters was viewed as intimidation calculated to compel them to disperse.
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indicate that at least one Nyala was attacked with spears and other rudimentary weapons. The commanding officer said that he was in another Nyala and could hear that it was also under attack but could not tell whether it was being hit by stones or by bullets. Believing that the public-order policing forces were under attack by the strikers, the commanding officer authorised the use of non-lethal force and then instructed the Nyalas to drive among the strikers in an attempt to disperse them and prevent them from storming the police lines. Overall, police accounts of the events emphasised the officers' perception that they were under attack by the strikers.
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756:, and security officers were injured during their retreat. A second confrontation occurred at a mineworkers' hostel, where two Lonmin security officers â Hassan Fundi and Frans Mabelane â were killed, presumably by strikers. And a third took place at the K4 shaft of Marikana mine, where workers attempting to enter the mine to work were assaulted and seriously injured, and one worker, Thapelo Eric Mabebe, was killed. Several vehicles were also burned. The official investigation later condemned the K4 incident as "an unprovoked attack on unarmed persons... to enforce the strike with intimidation". Another mineworker, Julius Langa, was
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seen on his knees pleading with the strikers. Mathunjwa later said that the strikers had dug into their protest because Lonmin had reneged on its commitment that "once you're there peacefully at work, management will address your grievances through union structures". Specifically, he claimed that Lonmin management had promised on 15 August that it would negotiate with the strikers if they returned to work, but that this promise was retracted on the morning of 16 August. Mathunjwa left the koppie just before 3.40 p.m., when the operation began. Subsequent events took place in two main locations: so-called scene one, at the
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739:. According to SAPS figures, there were 209 SAPS members at Marikana on 13 August; this increased to 532 members on 14 August, 689 members on 15 August, and, finally, 718 members on 16 August. The additional deployments accompanied a marked escalation in the violence. Despite conflicting reports at the time and in the following months, subsequent investigation suggested that at least ten people were killed at Marikana between 12 and 14 August: three mineworkers and two policemen in a single altercation; and, in other confrontations, an additional three Lonmin mine employees and two Lonmin security officials.
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by about 3,000 rock drill operators, and that its other 26,000 employees were not participating but faced intimidation from the strikers and were therefore afraid to return to work. NUM's Baleni agreed that other mineworkers had not returned to work because they faced intimidation from the strikers: "The workers are still scared. There have been threats that those who have reported for duty would have their homes torched. Some of the workers also feel threatened by their managers. Peace has not really prevailed at this stage, which is the main reason why workers would stay away."
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1937:, Paul Graham, asked, "Why did South African policemen use live ammunition and interfere with a crime scene?" He also criticised the proposed commission of inquiry, describing it as "very disappointing that those appointed to the commission of inquiry include cabinet ministers. They cannot be independent and will not be trusted." The local Marikana Solidarity Campaign subsequently received support from a civic delegation â including the Socio-Economic Rights Institute, Sonke Gender Justice, Studies in Poverty and Inequality, Students for Law and Social Justice, the
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different categories of work, with an average rise of between 11 and 22 per cent, effective from 1 October. Rock drill operators, for example, would receive an increase to R11,078 monthly. All workers would also receive a once-off bonus of R2,000 to compensate them for the wages they had foregone during the strike. The strikers had apparently been informed of the offer on the afternoon of 18 September, and, the following day, they gathered at
Wonderkop stadium â where rockdrillers had initially agreed to strike on 9 August â to celebrate the agreement, singing
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does not help anybody. For now it is a fragile process and we need to nurture it." The same day, strikers at
Marikana stayed away from work and staged a demonstration, in defiance of the 6 September peace accord. The deadline for mineworkers to return to work was extended by another 24-hour period, but they did not return to work the following day either. The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, a public body facilitating the negotiations, warned the striking mineworkers that it could not launch wage negotiations until they returned to work.
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as these mining companies have been allowed to get away with murder for far too long. Our police service has adopted and perfected the apartheid tactics and the militarisation of the service, and encouraged the use of force to resolve disputes and conflicts. Police tactics and training needed to be reviewed in light of
Thursday's shooting. The union demands that all police officers who deal with protests be taught disciplined ways of controlling protesters. We cannot afford to have a police force that is slaughtering protesters in the new dispensation.
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commander to "engage, engage, engage", but officers involved said that the order was clearly directed at public-order policing officers, not the
Tactical Response Team members, and that the Tactical Response Team members in any case believed that they were under threat of imminent attack by the strikers. The police later said that the use of live ammunition had become necessary when the use of non-lethal force failed to halt the advance of what it called a "militant group stormed toward the police firing shots and wielding dangerous weapons".
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1094:; but the meeting also reaffirmed the tactical option as a last resort if the strikers refused to comply. They also discussed how the tactical option would be implemented on the ground. Subsequent investigation concluded that SAPS probably understood at this point that the strikers would not comply and that the tactical option would be necessary. When Bishop Seoka met with Lonmin managers, they told him that the strikers should be told again that management would negotiate only if they disarmed and left the
785:. In the recorded exchange, the strikers refused to disarm, saying that their intentions were not violent but that they needed the weapons to protect themselves from the NUM. The group's leader beseeched the police, "Please open the way for us. That's the only thing we are asking for. We are not fighting with anyone. We just want to go to the koppie." The strikers and police then reached an agreement that the police would escort the strikers to the koppie, where they would hand over their weapons.
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uncover the truth about what happened here. In this regard, I've decided to institute a commission of inquiry. The inquiry will enable us to get to the real cause of the incident and to derive the necessary lessons, too. It is clear there is something serious behind these happenings and that's why I have taken a decision to establish the commission because we must get to the truth. This is a shocking thing. We do not know where it comes from and we have to address it.
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brutally murdered by a lack of co-operation from management. We have done our bit. If the management had changed their commitment, surely lives could have been saved." On the police response, Amcu general secretary
Jeffrey Mphahlele said, "There was no need whatsoever for these people to be killed like that". Some of the striking miners and their family members also blamed NUM for starting the violence on 11 August when NUM representatives shot at strikers.
2236:, with workers apparently demanding a wage increase to R12,500. On 26 September, AngloGold suspended its operations across the country, saying that the strike had spread to its other mines to affect most of its 35,000-strong workforce. By mid-October, all six of AngloGold's South African mines were still closed, with about 24,000 workers on strike. Most AngloGold workers returned to work by the end of October, but the strike continued in AngloGold's West
1553:, was also involved. Lonmin insisted that it would not negotiate wages until a peace agreement was signed, but the strikers continued to insist on their demand for a R12,500 monthly wage, although they reportedly disagreed even amongst themselves whether that figure included deductions. At one point in talks, the strikers' representatives agreed to lower their wage demand â by a single rand, to R12,499. On 5 September, as negotiations
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305:(AMCU), the NUM's more militant and fast-growing rival. When the NUM refused to represent their demands and Lonmin refused to meet with them, the aggrieved mineworkers launched the strike on 10 August 2012. On 11 August, senior representatives of the NUM opened fire on the strikers as they marched towards the NUM's office; two wounded strikers were wrongly reported killed, vastly heightening tensions.
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as announced pertained only to the proposed murder charges under common purpose doctrine â a separate matter to the murder of the ten other people in the week before 16 August. Prosecutors said that seven suspects had been arrested in connection with the killing of the two SAPS officers on 13 August, and that one person had been charged with the murder of the two Lonmin security guards on 12 August.
1669:, can be easily rewarded, people can do certain wrong things with impunity and that means that it can roll over to other operations." Noting the limitations of the agreement from another perspective, a member of the Marikana Solidarity Campaign pointed out that there was much more work still to be done, including in supporting the families of the victims of the massacre, offering counselling for
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to R9,500). Some were reportedly encouraged by the fact that, in July 2012, Lonmin had agreed to grant a housing allowance increase to miners following an unprotected strike, suggesting that the mine was willing to negotiate outside of the collective wage agreement. However, it was also reported that Amcu had promised the
Marikana strikers that the R12,500 wage was attainable â and thus, in the
22:
1827:, she asked for forgiveness from angry miners who held up plastic packets of bullet casings to her. She said, "We agree, as you see us standing in front of you here, that blood was shed at this place. We agree that it was not something to our liking and, as a representative of the government, I apologise... I am begging, I beg and I apologise, may you find forgiveness in your hearts."
2187:â was affected by a week-long unprotected strike, primarily concerning the demand of NUM-affiliated miners that their NUM representatives resign. Though that strike ended on 5 September, a larger unprotected strike began days later, on 9 September, among the 15,000 employees of KDC West. On 21 September, the strike spread to the west section of Gold Fields's Beatrix mine in the
1641:, the strikers were partly convinced to accept the agreement because of "a tacit agreement between all involved to allow the workers to believe that a minimum gross entry wage of R12,500 would be implemented within two years". The mineworker who had represented non-unionised strikers during the talks said that Lonmin management had been asked to promise to work towards this.
1446:, launched a review of the decision and announced on 2 September that it had been retracted. The 270 mineworkers would be released and the murder charges would be dropped provisionally, although the other provisional charges against them would remain in place. Jiba emphasised that the final decision on charges would be made only once all investigations had been completed.
2505:. As of August 2022, the state had paid more than R70 million to the families of those killed and more than R102 million to 287 workers who were unlawfully arrested; other negotiations were still ongoing. In late 2021, 329 miners sued Ramaphosa â who by then had taken office as President â for his alleged role in the police intervention on 16 August. In July 2022, the
1475:(SAPS) have been in charge of public order and safety on the ground since the violence between competing labour factions erupted over the weekend, claiming the lives of eight of our employees and two police officers. It goes without saying that we deeply regret the further loss of life in what is clearly a public order rather than labour relations associated matter.
1498:" matter. In the aftermath of the massacre, the company faced serious economic pressure, given already low platinum prices on the world market: its share value had declined by millions of dollars, and it soon announced that it would be unable to meet its annual production targets and might have to renegotiate its debt payments. Simon Scott, Lonmin's
451:, the world's third-largest platinum producer. NUM's dominance in Lonmin mines had faltered in the preceding years: its membership had declined from 66 per cent of Lonmin workers to 49 per cent, and it had therefore lost its exclusive organising rights in the mines. Simultaneously, Amcu's support had shot up to roughly 20 per cent of Lonmin workers.
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expression of any civil disaffection. Bearing arms against a lawful authority should provoke widespread outrage. A career in the police service should not be a death warrant. Those who are found to have been culpable in relation to the criminal acts in the period 9 to 16 August 2012 in
Marikana must bear the consequences of their conduct.
2109:, where workers launched a wildcat strike on 1 October, ultimately leading to the dismissal of 2,161 miners and not fully resolved until December. Impala, which had hosted a wildcat strike earlier in 2012, was largely unaffected, but issued a pre-emptive 4.8 per cent pay rise in September to avert the risk of further industrial action.
616:, the instigators of the strike were largely NUM members, but "came together as workers, not as a union" and held the strike without any union representation. Testifying later, witnesses disagreed about whether the gatherings on 10 August had been peaceful or whether attendees had displayed aggression towards Lonmin management.
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before it deteriorates any further. I have instructed law enforcement agencies to do everything possible to bring the situation under control and to bring the perpetrators of violence to book... We extend our deepest condolences to the families of all who have lost their lives since the beginning of this violent action.
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at
Marikana (although only one hearse was available and it did not arrive until around 1 p.m.). In addition, the police forces stationed at Marikana now included several elite units: in addition to 176 public-order policing officers, there were 337 officers from specialised units including the Tactical Reaction Unit,
813:, on the night of 13 August, police officers across the country circulated photographs of the brutalised bodies of the dead officers; the strikers' lawyers later claimed that the incident gave SAPS members a "revenge motive" which infected events in subsequent days. In the years after the strike, two separate
1970:... The nuanced and rigorous public debate and critical reflection that should have happened after Marikana has not happened. Instead, the country has spent the last year attempting to ignore or forget the massacre or belittle it by terming it a mere "tragedy", as if it were an act of nature or "a failure of
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against state officials. In 2017, IPID handed over 72 dockets to the NPA for prosecution; but, as of August 2022, only "a handful" of police officers had been charged, and all in relation to five deaths on 13 August, with no prosecution of officers involved in the 34 deaths during the massacre on 16 August.
2063:, correctly predicted that the strikes would spread if the government did not adequately address inequality in South Africa. Indeed, some politicians â notably Julius Malema â argued that other mineworkers should take up the Lonmin workers' demand for a R12,5000 wage and called for a nationwide strike in
781:, by a police contingent. Video footage shows Major-General William Mpembe, the deputy provincial police commissioner for North West province, attempting to negotiate with the strikers, who he demanded should disarm â they were carrying sticks and pangas â before being allowed to rejoin the group on the
2130:, one woman died after being struck by a rubber bullet. The Amplats strike was frequently violent, with protests centred on the Nkaneng informal settlement. On 4 October, one 48-year-old striker died after police opened fire with rubber bullets on a gathering of strikers on a hill adjacent to Amplats's
809:) fired at least 37 rounds between them. Two warrant officers, Hendrick Monene and Sello Lepaaku, were killed, as were three mineworkers on or near the scene: Phumzile Sokhanyile, Semi Jokanisi, and Thembelakhe Mati. Another officer was critically injured and was airlifted to hospital. According to the
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Amcu organised annual commemorative events at Marikana until at least 2016, and a major commemoration was held on the koppie on the ten-year anniversary of the massacre in 2022. Within a year of the Marikana strike, Amcu was recognised as the majority union at Lonmin, representing over 70 per cent of
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Rasimone Platinum Joint-Venture, which was operated by Royal Bafokeng Platinum and located about 30 kilometres northwest of Marikana. The Bafokeng wildcat strike was also initiated by rock drill operators, at the mine's north shaft, and repeated the demand at Marikana for a wage of R12,500. Initiated
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This atrocious and senseless killing of workers is deplorable and unnecessary. Our union feels Lonmin should be made to account for this tragedy. We also demand an investigation on the role of labor brokers in this whole . The remuneration and working conditions of miners also needed to be addressed,
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On 8 September, Amcu president Mathunjwa said of his union, "When the employer is prepared to make an offer on the table, we shall make ourselves available"; the same day, Lonmin reported that only two per cent of Marikana workers had arrived for their shifts. Lonmin said that the strikes were driven
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The release of the detained mineworkers began the following day. They were released conditionally, on a warning, with their cases postponed pending the finalisation of investigations, including the finalisation of the commission of inquiry announced by Zuma. The NPA also pointed out that the decision
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of their 34 colleagues who had been massacred on 16 August. This was the case even though some of those arrested had been unarmed or at the back of the crowd, and even though six of them remained hospitalised for injuries incurred during the massacre. The NPA did not dispute that it was SAPS officers
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were fired into the ground in front of the strikers, raising a dust cloud which obscured the officers' view of the strikers but into which many of them continued to fire. After about nine seconds, a Tactical Response Team commander raised his fist and shouted "cease fire", but some officers continued
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When my husband was going to work, leaving me, he told me that they are going to a meeting, where they are going to be addressed by the union. He hoped to hear from the union whether they had managed to come to an agreement with Lonmin, whether they were going back to work tomorrow, and how much they
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one by one. In the conversation, which was recorded, Mbombo said that if the strikers did not surrender their arms the following day, "it is blood". However, she also said, "I do not want a situation where 20 people are dead. This is not what we are here for." However, the following day, the visit of
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According to Mathunjwa, he and other Amcu leaders became involved in the strike not because it had promised the strikers to negotiate the wage increase, but because it had been asked, on 13 August, to intervene in the standoff, even though it did not officially represent the workers involved. Indeed,
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4,000 a month to R12,500 a month, notwithstanding the fact that the prevailing collective wage agreement was not due to expire until 2013. At least some of the strikers were inspired by the wage increases that had been obtained by rock drillers at the Impala mine strike earlier that year (from R4,000
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The campaign will go on. This campaign is aimed at helping workers. People died here at Marikana. Something needs to be done. This is a campaign to ensure justice for the people of Marikana. We want the culprits to be brought to book, and it is crucial that justice is seen to be done here. It is our
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mineworkers' hostels in Marikana, seizing weapons including metal rods, machetes, spears, and sticks. Six men were arrested during the raids for illegal possession of weapons and drugs, and another six were detained in protests in Marikana later in the day as SAPS used rubber bullets and tear gas to
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less than 500 metres away from scene one, began about 15 minutes after the first shooting. Senior police officers present at Marikana, including the overall operational commander, said that they had not known that the shooting at scene one had occurred and therefore did not halt the intervention but
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with their weapons. SAPS alleged that during this time there were several minor confrontations as groups of strikers attempted to enter the neutral zone between the police lines and the crowd of strikers, and that some strikers fired bullets at an Nyala. Subsequent evidence contradicted this but did
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We have tried over a number of days to negotiate with the leaders and with the gathering here at the mine, our objective is to get the people to surrender their weapons and to disperse peacefully. Today is D-day in terms of if they don't comply then we will have to act... we will have to take steps.
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through loudspeakers, from inside armoured vehicles â in a video, Mathunjwa is seen objecting to this arrangement, saying "These are people and we are a union. We are not afraid of them, we have done nothing wrong". The strikers refused to listen to Zokwana â who later said that the strikers did not
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Indeed, Al Jazeera wondered whether the controversy over Marikana would resurrect Malema's political career, after his suspension from the ANC several months earlier. Ramaphosa said that it was "very unfortunate that took up a platform like this one where there is sadness and anger, to inflame the
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A responsible president says to the police you must keep order, but please act with restraint. He says to them use maximum force. He has presided over the killing of our people, and therefore he must step down. Not even apartheid government killed so many people. had no right to shoot. We have to
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Lonmin expressed satisfaction with the agreement as the conclusion of a difficult process, while acknowledging that it was "only one step in a long and difficult process which lies ahead for everyone who has been affected by the events at Marikana". Amcu's Mathunjwa said in a statement, "This could
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We are shocked and dismayed at this senseless violence. We believe there is enough space in our democratic order for any dispute to be resolved through dialogue without any breaches of the law or violence. We call upon the labour movement and business to work with government to arrest the situation
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The dispersion action had commenced at this time and the protesters were driven from their stronghold to a high bushy ground in the close vicinity. The Police members encircled the area and attempted to force the protesters out by means of water cannons, rubber bullets and stun grenades. The Police
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and provoked a hostile response from the strikers. Other preparations included an order of 4,000 additional rounds of R5 ammunition (which was delivered to Marikana in the afternoon but sent back as unneeded) and a request to station four mortuary vehicles, equipped to remove up to sixteen corpses,
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At this point, Lonmin management believed the strike to have been driven by Amcu and its support for the R12,500 wage demand â a claim later retracted. However, at the time, that belief also circulated in the media, which reproduced the narrative that the ongoing violence at Marikana was the result
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In later investigations, the NUM representatives did not dispute that at least some of them had opened fire on the protestors, but they claimed that the protestors were armed with traditional weapons, threw stones and shouted threats as they approached, and provided no indication that they hoped to
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The commission recommended that the NPA should investigate further several of the killings allegedly committed during the strike. It was critical of both National Police Commissioner Phiyega and North West Police Commissioner Mbombo, recommending inquiries into their fitness to hold office, and it
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near Carletonville. There, the majority of the workforce (comprising 5,400 persons) was on unprotected strike between 3 October and 25 October, when most workers complied with an ultimatum from Harmony Gold to return to work under threat of dismissal. Gold One mines were also affected, though more
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producer, was affected by unprotected industrial action at least two of its South African mines between late August and early November, at its peak involving 23,540 of Gold Fields's 35,700 employees and costing the company more than R1.2 billion in revenue. First, KDC East â the eastern section of
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made light of the events, appearing to side with the police by arguing that they had "used teargas all week" but "couldn't control people" and "had to use ammunition because the strikers had weapons". He also joked that "teargas is a waste of time" and ineffective against protesters, asking "Which
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that, "The police were patient, but these people were extremely armed with dangerous weapons". Arguing that Amcu had instigated the bloodshed, NUM spokesman Lesiba Seshoka said, "These people said today they want to die on the hilltop. They said they will bring their children to die there. That is
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On 18 September, Bishop Seoka announced that the strikers had agreed to moderate their wage demands and then that a resolution had been reached. Late that night, the parties signed a new wage agreement which secured the strikers' return to work. It entailed wage increases of varying magnitudes for
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announced a clampdown on illegal labour protests, with Justice Minister Radebe declaring, "Our government will not tolerate these acts any further", and warning that anybody participating in illegal gatherings would be "dealt with very swiftly, without any further delay". The military â a reported
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argued that the shootings at scene two probably involved "a strong element of vindictive hostility towards the strikers", pointing in particular to the various witness statements that claimed that some of the victims had been shot while surrendering. Based on a preliminary examination of the crime
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instead gathered nearby to regroup. Subsequent investigation cast doubt on their claim to ignorance of the earlier shooting. In any event, three separate police units â the National Intervention Unit, the Tactical Response Team, and a mixed unit including the K9 â ultimately converged on the small
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The atmosphere at the scene was later described as highly hostile. In response to the evident hardening of the police's attitude, at least two strikers made inflammatory speeches to the other strikers, in which they implied an intention to resist any police intervention, including possibly through
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Negotiations on Lonmin wages began on Monday 10 September, with a Lonmin executive telling the press, "If workers don't come to work, we will still pursue the peace path. That is very, very necessary for us to achieve because this level of intimidation and people fearing for their lives obviously
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The next day, Lonmin said that only about 27 per cent of workers had arrived for their shifts and announced that it would issue a 24-hour extension on the deadline to return to work. Nonetheless, by Friday 24 August, only about 23 per cent of the workforce was present at the mine, far too few for
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acknowledged that there had been deaths but defended the police's actions, writing, "To protest is a legal and constitutional right of any citizen. However, these rights do not imply that people should be barbaric, intimidating and hold illegal gatherings. We had a situation where people who were
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Police officers testified that they had repeatedly told the mineworkers to lay down their weapons and come out in the open but that some had refused or even had fired at the police. Several officers also said that they had been told, or had inferred from the sound of gunfire, that they were under
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by Amcu's president Mathunjwa. At a press briefing the following day, Mathunjwa cried as he recounted his attempt to persuade the occupying miners to disperse: "I pleaded with them: 'The writing is on the wall, they are going to kill you'". Video footage was later made public in which he could be
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officers employed by Lonmin. During this period, as the strikers armed themselves and additional police forces were deployed to Marika, ten people were killed. Five of them â three strikers and two SAPS members â were killed in a single confrontation on 13 August. In addition, two Lonmin security
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in 2021. Although an independent panel was set up in 2015 to advise the Minister of Police on how to implement Farlam's recommendations, progress in implementation was slow. In 2022, Farlam himself lamented that the report had not led any public institutions to undertake disciplinary proceedings
2457:
In the view of the commission, the central and decisive cause of the miners' deaths was the decision â taken at the SAPS meeting on 15 August â to enter what the police called the "tactical phase", entailing an attempt on 16 August to disarm and disperse the miners. The commission said that this
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Among the first tasks of the commission was a tour of the site of the massacre and nearby settlements. Al Jazeera's Tania Page said that the site had been cleaned since the shootings and that the commission's challenge would be "to see the truth and find an objective balance when all the parties
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As agreed, the Lonmin mineworkers returned to work on 20 September, though operations at the Marikana mine were temporarily disrupted once again a month later â on 18 October â when thousands of Lonmin employees staged a one-day walkout to protest the arrests of other mineworkers in other mining
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were taken and the crime scene was not adequately preserved. In particular, one warrant officer testified to having removed weapons from the persons and vicinity of injured and dead mineworkers, on his own initiative and without recording where he had found them. He then replaced the weapons but
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to "deal decisively with the criminal elements in Rustenberg and its surrounding mine". Amcu vice-president Jeff Mthahmeme, in response, denied that the NUM was a victim, accusing NUM members of being "the perpetrators of this violence" and of having led to the deaths of two Amcu members. In the
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because they had lost faith in NUM representatives' ability to negotiate a fair settlement. He accused the NUM of colluding with Lonmin management to orchestrate the massacre â an accusation strongly denied by the NUM â and said, "We have to send condolences to those families whose members were
1682:
is served, so that we can make sure this country is a democracy and to stop South Africa from going down the drain... During the past week people were taken from their homes and arrested by police, and people have been shot at. We need to ensure the safety of these people, and need to help stop
2463:
South Africa should not have another Marikana. The loss of lives of the strikers, the members of the police, security personnel of Lonmin and employees of Lonmin is to be deeply regretted. The injuries sustained by some of the strikers are also regrettable. Damage to property should not follow
1382:
Meanwhile, the day after the shootings, a group of about 50 women in the Marikana community staged a protest, demanding that the police officers responsible for the shooting be fired. The families of the miners criticised the government's delay in producing a list of the dead, which left many
693:
reported in 2012, based on interviews with sources, that two protestors â both rock drillers and NUM members â had been killed by gunfire. This claim was later repeated. However, the official investigation later found that two protestors had been shot by NUM representatives but had survived.
580:
On Wednesday 8 August 2012, a group of rock drill operators from various Lonmin mines had a mass meeting at which they agreed on their demand for a significant salary increase, though the NUM leaders present at the meeting refused to support the demand. The following day was a public holiday,
332:
The Lonmin strike ended on 18 September, when a collective wage agreement was signed which secured an average wage increase of 11 to 22 per cent for Lonmin mineworkers; after six weeks, the strikers returned to work on 20 September. In the interim, however, similar wildcat strikes, often with
1179:
photographer. Within ten seconds, 47 Tactical Response Team members opened fire with their R5 assault rifles, as did one public-order policing officer. Legal representatives for the strikers argued that the officers had opened fire as a result of an order, seconds earlier, by the operational
923:
between the strikers and management were stymied by the refusal of Lonmin and the police to accede to the strikers' demand that Lonmin management address them directly. Indeed, Lonmin had that morning reiterated its insistence that it would engage with its employees only through the official
1185:
Most people then called for us to get off the mountain, and as we were coming down, the shooting began. Most people who were shot near the kraal were trying to get into the settlement; the blood we saw is theirs. We ran in the other direction, as it was impossible now to make it through the
1286:
on the bodies of at least six dead mineworkers. In addition, SAPS did not immediately provide a clear account of the events at scene two, but rather suggested in its initial media statements that the shootings had proceeded in a single continuous stage at a single location around the main
1784:, told reporters that, "The American people are saddened at the tragic loss of life and express our condolences to the families of those who have lost loved ones in this incident." In the weeks after the massacre, Zuma sought to reassure international investors: while visiting the
2117:
and quickly spread to other Amplats operations, forcing the company to suspend operations at least five of the company's mines. On 19 September, the day after an agreement was reached at Marikana, police used rubber bullets, tear gas, and stun grenades to disperse a gathering at a
656:
Early in the morning on Saturday 11 August, the strikers â still primarily NUM-affiliated rock drill operators â marched to the main offices of the NUM in Wonderkop, where they intended to present a memorandum to their NUM branch leaders (who are elected representatives, senior to
489:'s phrase, had "dangled a fat piece of fruit in front of the workers' eyes". Amcu president Mathunjwa confirmed that the strike was a response to poor pay: "As long as bosses and senior management are getting fat cheques, that's good for them. And these workers are subjected to
313:
officers were killed on 12 August, and three other Lonmin mine employees were killed in isolated incidents for which strikers are presumed to be responsible. Failed attempts to negotiate a peaceful resolution were launched by SAPS and the leadership of both Amcu and the NUM.
792:
implied that Mbembe appeared, in the video, to change his mind after taking a phone call; while Mbembe himself testified that the strikers had charged the police, though further video footage later emerged which appeared to contradict this. In the ensuing chaos, at least one
1683:
police action against the people of Marikana. The work is enormous. Some people still need medical attention, and we also need to look at the living conditions of workers and the community at large. Then there is the problem of the unemployment of women and the high rate of
421:, partly because of the NUM's perceived closeness to government and to management, which in some cases led members to believe that the union accepted unfair wage settlements that tied workers into years of insufficient wage increases. Amcu, on the other hand, was founded by
768:
On the day of 13 August, the first bloody confrontation between strikers and police occurred, though, despite police video of the incident, the exact course of events is not clear. It is generally accepted that a small group of some 100 to 200 strikers had marched from the
2411:. Its mandate was to investigate "matters of public, national and international concern arising out of the tragic incidents at the Lonmin Mine in Marikana" in August. The commission, when it began on 1 October, was seated at the Rustenberg Civic Centre, but later moved to
623:
officials employed by Lonmin. According to Lonmin and NUM officials, there was widespread intimidation of workers who wished to report for duty instead of joining the strike. On at least three occasions during the evening of 10 August, Lonmin security officers fired
1061:, which SAPS later said had made them believe they were "invincible"; other observers suggested that even if this were not the case, the reports might have encouraged the perception by police officers that the strikers were irrational or otherwise threatening.
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of rivalry between Amcu and NUM. Also on 14 August, NUM general secretary Baleni denied this, saying that NUM was a victim of Amcu in the violence. At the same time he expressed alarm that "the escalating violence has been allowed to continue unabated by the
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479:
The strike at Marikana was driven by rock drill operators, who of all mineworkers typically work in some of the most dangerous conditions underground. Lonmin employed about 4,100 such operators. The rock drillers sought a three-fold wage increase, from
661:, paid a bonus by the mine for their union work). The memorandum formally requested that the NUM should represent the strikers in their demand for a R12,500 wage. However, according to strikers and other witnesses, once the march was about 100 or 150
1086:. At around the same time, beginning at 1.30 p.m., the SAPS operational command held another meeting. According to minutes of the meeting, the operational command decided that SAPS would again ask the strikers to lay down their weapons and leave the
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Especially hard hit, however, was the world's top platinum producer, Amplats, where workers launched an unprotected strike on September 12 to demand a baseline salary of R16,000 per month. The strike reportedly began with about 1,000 workers at the
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to the Lonmin management office, apparently precipitated by a rock thrown at security officers by one striker and inflamed when the security officers opened fire with rubber bullets. Many of the strikers were, by this point, armed, including with
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trials began in relation to the incident: one concerning the officers' deaths and the other the mineworkers' deaths, with police officers accused, in particular, of deliberately "hunting down" and killing Sokhanyile after he fled the scene.
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Dennis Adriao told a journalist, "Today is unfortunately D-day. It is an illegal gathering. We've tried to negotiate and we'll try again, but if that fails, we'll obviously have to go to a tactical phase." To other journalists he said:
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at the Marikana mine, reiterating their wage demands amid a heavy police presence. Late that night, the negotiators finalised a peace agreement, but â though it was signed by the Department of Labour, the NUM, and two smaller unions,
504:
said that the strike took place amid "seething tensions" in the mine, as a result of "dire living conditions, union rivalry, and company disinterest". The Bench Marks Foundation argued that a key trigger of the violence had been the
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1429:
The news of the charges against the mineworkers caused public outcry, beginning with a demonstration of about 100 people who protested for the detainees' immediate release outside the courthouse on 30 August. ANC Treasurer-General
1811:, said, "I realise that this is a social conflict, this is completely within the remit of the South African legislation and the South African political system. But we are... deeply troubled by the fact of all these dead victims."
2449:. It held its last hearing in November 2014. Its report, though submitted to the presidency in March 2015, was not released to the public until 25 June 2015. The total cost of the commission over its lifespan was R153 million.
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The strikers were fired and 13 were arrested on charges of public violence. The following month, on 1 October, another wildcat strike broke out at Cooke 4 shaft in Gold One's newest acquisition, the Ezulwini gold and uranium
960:. This contingency, the so-called "tactical option", therefore was pre-arranged and was not â contrary to initial suggestions â only formulated on the ground on the afternoon of 16 August when events on the koppie escalated.
988:", suggesting that they were prepared to enforce the so-called tactical option. At 9.30 a.m., Mbombo held a press conference in which she announced the police's firm intention that "today we are ending this matter", telling
324:
for a small hilltop) neighbouring the mine. The shooting took place at two locations, roughly 500 metres away from each other, with 17 people fatally wounded at each location. The vast majority of fatalities were killed by
854:
because the NUM had attacked them on 10 August, and that they demanded to speak to Lonmin management. At about 5 p.m. on 14 August, the police negotiators were informed that a corpse had been found around the back of the
909:
shortly after the 8 a.m. news. At the end of the programme, Zokwana and Mathunjwa agreed to go together to Marikana to speak to the strikers and urge them to return to work. Both union leaders addressed the crowd on the
372:, concluded its investigation in 2015 but was ambivalent in assigning blame for the massacre, criticising the police's strategy and actions but also criticising the conduct of the strikers, unions, and mine management.
2500:
The families of miners arrested, injured, or unlawfully detained during the strikes took the government to court on several occasions, leading to negotiations between the families and government about compensation for
2442:
involved have had time to cover their tracks". Indeed, representatives of the miners later alleged before the commission that the police had planted weapons beside the bodies of dead miners after they had been shot.
1442:, acknowledged that the announcement had caused "shock, panic and confusion" among the public and promised to seek an explanation from the NPA. The head of the NPA, acting National Director of Public Prosecutions
2491:
Upon the release of the Farlam Commission's report, Phiyega was suspended with full pay until she reached retirement age in 2017; her application to have the commission's findings set aside was dismissed by the
2101:
on 22 August, the strike involved around 500 workers but remained largely peaceful and ended on 24 August in a deal between workers and mine management. Later, operations were suspended at Atlatsa Resources's
2641:
842:, many of them armed with traditional or homemade weapons, and many of them "rowdy and aggressive". After McIntosh addressed the crowd from a loudspeaker, five representatives of the strikers approached his
605:
d) to the offices of Lonmin management. Lonmin refused to meet with them, instructing them to consult with their NUM leadership, and, in response, 3,000 workers walked off the job. This initiated an illegal
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agreed, saying that workers in mines such as Marikana were frequently "exposed to a variety of safety hazards: falling rocks, exposure to dust, intensive noise, fumes and high temperatures, among others".
6298:
1728:â suggested that the repressive police response at Marikana might have reflected an attempt by President Zuma to project authority over an increasingly fractured country and government ahead of the ANC's
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bullets... We ran until we got to the meeting spot and watched the incidents at the koppie. Two helicopters landed; soldiers and police surrounded the area. We never saw anyone coming out of the koppie.
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were primarily disgruntled NUM leaders, who had lost faith in their union representatives: "It's possible that Amcu members were there but it's not Amcu that coordinated the protest on the mountain".
713:'s sources, it was on the afternoon of 11 August that other Lonmin miners joined the rock drill operators in their strike, infuriated by the NUM's response to the protest and by what they viewed as NUM
1997:
described the incident as having led South Africa to question "its post-apartheid soul". Al Jazeera tentatively suggested that Lonmin's links to the ruling ANC reflected an "economic apartheid", while
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after he fell out with the NUM in 1998. In the months and years ahead of the Marikana strike, Amcu had begun to compete with the NUM for members and bargaining rights, especially in South Africa's
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Amcu, by contrast, blamed Lonmin, the police, and the NUM for the tragedy. According to Amcu president Mathunjwa, the conflict at Lonmin had "nothing to do with Amcu" but rather was "an in-fight
1155:; some of them still carried sharp weapons. Shortly thereafter, the public-order policing unit initiated the use of non-lethal force, firing three stun grenades, eight teargas canisters, and two
1022:. The barbed wire was intended to be uncoiled discreetly at a later moment to prevent strikers from dispersing into police lines and attacking them, but the wire was immediately visible from the
1395:. Over the next fortnight, 11 more strikers were arrested in the settlements around Marikana, reportedly including some who were detained after being discharged from hospital. On 30 August, the
697:
Following the clash outside the NUM offices, the strikers dispersed and later reassembled at Lonmin's football stadium. There, they decided for their safety to move their meetings to the nearby
1665:, the general secretary of Cosatu, echoed this concern; as did Baleni of the NUM: "The normal bargaining processes have been compromised. It does suggest that unprotected action, an element of
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5171:
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2207:, attempted to block other employees from reporting to work; the mine's private security and SAPS forcibly dispersed them using tear gas and rubber bullets, and four miners were hospitalised.
1145:
Apparently contributing to the police's perception of a threat was the fact that, by 3.53 p.m., a group of over 100 mineworkers was approaching a passage of land between a police line and a
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According to a 2023 study, the massacre led to the creation of a new opposition party and led voters in the areas near to the massacre to switch from the incumbent party to the new party.
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attack by the mineworkers; subsequent investigation suggested that they might have mistakenly believed that SAPS gunfire was coming from strikers. In addition, analyst David Bruce of the
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have been done without losing lives". The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration congratulated the parties on their efforts, and, after the agreement was announced, the
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noted, 75,000 miners equated to 15% of the sector's workforce. In addition, the post-Marikana wave of mining strikes was linked to a major trucking strike in September to October 2012.
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strengthened. However, although Lonmin said that it viewed the situation at Marikana as "extraordinary", some observers worried that Lonmin's concessions to the strikers would create
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of the mineworkers: "The benefits of mining are not reaching the workers or the surrounding communities. Lack of employment opportunities for local youth, squalid living conditions,
2083:... There must be a national strike. They have been stealing this gold from you. Now it is your turn. You want your piece of gold. These people are making billions from these mines.
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ruled that the complainants had not shown any grounds for their claim that Ramaphosa had incited the police to commit murder, but that the case could continue on other grounds.
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During the first fifteen minutes of the operation, police officers unrolled the barbed wire and one Nyala was repositioned, cutting off some strikers who had been leaving the
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1254:
in Police officers having to again employ force to defend themselves at close quarters. This resulted in 13 more protester deaths with 15 more wounded at the second incident.
956:, and endorsed a new strategy: if the plan to encircle the strikers and have them voluntarily disarm and disperse failed, SAPS would forcibly disarm and remove them from the
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towards the K3 shaft, where they had heard that some employees were still at work. Once informed by Lonmin security that the shaft was empty, the strikers turned back to the
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and in doing so came within 20 metres of a line of Tactical Response Team members. SAPS contended that this group intended to attack the police and drive them away from the
429:
mines â the NUM's platinum sector had, during Baleni's tenure, become increasingly alienated from the NUM mainstream. In January and February 2012, a six-week strike at the
4746:
2096:), which together account for some three-quarters of the world's platinum reserves. The first mine to be affected was another NUM-majority platinum mine in Rustenberg, the
705:
for a small hilltop), which was located on public land and easily accessible from the various Lonmin mines in the area and from the Marikana and Wonderkop settlements. The
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12,500 monthly, to be negotiated outside the existing collective wage agreement. Early reports, later denied, suggested that they had been encouraged in this demand by the
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that "The plan is that we intend to ensure that today we end this strike. If they resist, like I said, today is a day that we intend to end the violence." Similarly, SAPS
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negotiations between SAPS and the strikers were to resume on the morning of 15 August, and Mathunjwa made himself available to assist. On 15 August, he and NUM president
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were fired by police, although there is dispute as to whether Mbembe had ordered this action. According to police records, at least three police officers (one wielding a
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called for Amcu's leaders to be arrested for their role in the strike. Cosatu supported the police account of events, saying that the police had first used tear gas and
1740:, visited the scene of the shootings and called for Zuma to resign, saying, "How can he call on people to mourn those he has killed? He must step down." He also said:
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1366:(IPID) announced that an investigation would be conducted to determine whether the police response had been proportionate to the threat posed by the striking miners.
636:. Two miners were injured by gunshots and filed criminal charges for attempted murder, but subsequent investigation did not establish whether they had been hit with
521:, described the conditions in the mines as "appalling" and said that mine owners who "make millions" had questions to answer about how they treat their workers. The
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1521:, viewing the ultimatum as an "insult" to those who had been killed, arrested, and hospitalised on 16 August. Amcu agreed that the ultimatum was "very unfair".
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On 16 August, SAPS had arrested 259 mineworkers in the vicinity of the massacre site, holding them in cells across various police stations in the North West and
1233:, discharging 295 bullets in total. Fourteen mineworkers died on the scene and three later died in hospital. Ten were killed in a crevice in a rocky area on the
747:
On 12 August, there were at least three violent confrontations between strikers and Lonmin security. First, a scuffle ensued during a march of strikers from the
316:
The massacre on 16 August was the result of the decision by SAPS forcibly to disperse the striking mineworkers, who throughout the week had gathered on a public
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4030:
4004:"Report on Matters of Public, National and International Concern Arising Out of the Tragic Incidents at the Lonmin Mine in Marikana, in the North West Province"
1983:
South African news media showed graphic footage and photos of the shootings, under headlines including "Killing Field", "Mine Slaughter", and "Bloodbath". The
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for Nkaneng. At about 3.54 p.m., a mineworker in this group fired at least one pistol shot as the group advanced, as shown in video footage and witnessed by a
1159:. This fragmented the group of advancing mineworkers, changing the course of most of them, but a group of 11 or 12 mineworkers continued to advance around the
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in December 2012. Ironically, however, observers expected that the events at Marikana would heighten the political pressure on Zuma ahead of the conference.
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told the media, "This is no time for blaming, this is no time for finger-pointing. It is a time for us to mourn". Phiyega said that the police had acted in
2445:
Although initially scheduled to run for four months, the commission received several extensions and ultimately sat on 300 days, with seven days devoted to
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On the evening of 13 August, the police had made a decision to attempt to negotiate a peaceful resolution with the strikers, who were still occupying the
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and collectively rejected as inadequate Lonmin's proposed wage increase. The strike had by then spread to the nearby Rustenberg mines of platinum giant
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sector (which accounted for about one-third of global gold production) and into South Africa's Gauteng province, ultimately necessitating a multi-mine
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1,000 soldiers â was deployed to the platinum belt to provide back-up for SAPS. Before dawn on 15 September, 500 SAPS officers, assisted by the army,
932:
On 14 August, SAPS members had met with Lonmin management, and North West Police Commissioner Zukiswa Mbombo had proposed that Lonmin should issue an
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of the events which she claimed demonstrated that the strikers had advanced towards the police force before the police had opened fire. However, the
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The following day, Zuma returned early from Mozambique to visit the site of the shootings in Rustenberg, and announced that he would establish a
850:, with a Lonmin employee interpreting for the police. The strikers reiterated to McIntosh that the strike was about wages, that they were on the
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intermittently. On 4 September, a wildcat strike immediately turned violent when about 60 striking miners at Gold One's Modder East mine, near
5237:
2303:. In mid-October, it was estimated that 80,000 to 100,000 South African miners had joined strikes â mostly unprotected â since August. As the
915:
trust the NUM and would never have wanted its involvement in negotiations â but Mathunjwa was able to address them. However, according to the
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among them â emerged from the office and opened fire on the protestors, using live ammunition and apparently without warning or provocation.
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1792:, he acknowledged the tragedy â saying, "Certainly we regarded the incident of Marikana as an unfortunate one. Nobody expected such an event"
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In a statement, Lonmin expressed regret for the loss of life during the massacre, which it viewed as a "public order" matter rather than a "
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admitted he was not certain he had returned them to their original positions. It was estimated that, as a result, weapons were in effect
685:. This account was contradicted by strikers, who claimed that they had armed themselves, precisely for the purpose of self-defence, only
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for life." However, on 17 August â after the massacre â he denied that Amcu had promised workers that it could negotiate a R12,500 wage.
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production to resume. This decreased to 13 per cent on Monday 27 August, even though the week of national mourning had by then ended.
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strike has ever ended because of teargas?" Comparing this response with Noah's biting critique of the American police response to the
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Perhaps the most important lesson of Marikana is that the state can gun down dozens of black workers with little or no backlash from "
39:
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The volley of gunfire lasted eight or 12 seconds and involved 328 rounds of live ammunition. During the first four seconds, several
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which argued that Marikana reflected that apartheid brutalities against black workers were "continuing in a different guise now".
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On 19 August, Lonmin issued a "final ultimatum", ordering its employees to return to work the following day â a Monday â or face
644:(SAPS) was summoned by Lonmin during the unrest on the evening of 10 August and later testified that on that day it formulated a
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1167:. Representatives of the strikers pointed out that the group was proceeding along a path which led to the neighbouring Nkaneng
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turned acrimonious when the NUM accused Amcu of fuelling the strike to gain members; four people died in the ensuing violence.
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2232:, the world's third-largest gold bullion producer. The strike began on 20 September among the 5,000 employees of AngloGold's
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or from within the institutions that supposedly form the bedrock of democracy... In other words, the state can get away with
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on the miners, who "retaliated" with live ammunition. Baleni, NUM's general secretary, likewise defended the police, telling
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the confrontation at the NUM offices. There was also some confusion about casualties incurred during the confrontation. The
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1765:, and "strongly condemn the barbaric conduct of the police and the government's indifference in resolving the dispute".
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speak peacefully with NUM leadership. Indeed, the NUM representatives had heard a rumour that the protestors intended to
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1205:. 17 strikers were killed, and those injured at scene one did not receive medical attention until about an hour later.
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became the first South African government official to apologise for the shooting when, during a visit to the Marikana
1517:. Strikers told the press that, unless Lonmin met the demands of the strike, they would return not to work but to the
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On the morning of 16 August, the SAPS operational command held a meeting at which they referred to the day ahead as "
735:
Over the next few days, SAPS drastically increased its presence in Marikana, deploying additional members from other
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274:. The massacre constituted the most lethal use of force by South African security forces against civilians since the
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it then suspended operations at the mine for a full month in order to ensure the safety of its workers and assets.
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The operational command had agreed to launch the operation at 3.30 p.m., but it was delayed by a final visit to the
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in the early afternoon on 14 August. He later recounted that there had been between 4,000 to 5,000 strikers on the
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7552:
5951:
4068:"Marikana Commission: What happened before 16 August? Lonmin and police videos failed to capture crucial evidence"
3286:
2779:
Scene 1, where 17 strikers were killed during a 12-second-long barrage of live ammunition at cattle kraal (16h00)
1795:â but emphasised that it could have happened in "any country", that it "happened in the background of very stable
1383:
uncertain whether missing members of their families were amongst those killed, wounded, or arrested on 16 August.
1237:, where they appeared to have attempted to hide. A police report submitted in the early hours of 17 August to the
11167:
11109:
11061:
10797:
10560:
10476:
10357:
10343:
10315:
9582:
9526:
8623:
8183:
8058:
7159:
6854:
2064:
1808:
1299:
1010:, with the difference from previous days consisting primarily in the fact that their armoured vehicles â several
497:
334:
9735:
5142:
297:(NUM), the strike action was launched without NUM endorsement. The strikers sought a sizeable wage increase, to
11416:
10546:
10455:
10210:
9969:
6689:
4388:
1670:
1396:
1260:
1006:
Proceeding with the plan to encircle the miners and offer them a chance to disperse, SAPS assembled around the
8754:"State Violence, Party Formation, and Electoral Accountability: The Political Legacy of the Marikana Massacre"
5981:
5851:
3111:
1687:
here. We need to help realise programmes to ensure people can get an income, that they can enjoy a reasonable
610:, designed to achieve the strikers' desired wage increase to R12,500. According to sources interviewed by the
11336:
10700:
10686:
10609:
10490:
10448:
10427:
10301:
9864:
9510:
9232:
6961:
3592:
1852:
9742:
8374:
6347:
5470:
1222:
from separate directions, apparently intending to disarm and arrest strikers who had fled towards the small
11259:
11077:
10964:
10908:
10734:
10623:
10595:
10532:
10224:
10082:
8702:"People gather on Marikana's koppie of death to reflect on 10 years of lingering pain and hanging promises"
8269:
8032:
7582:
7107:
6220:
5766:
2470:
1472:
1071:
641:
500:
which could have contributed to the workers' grievances and to the volatile environment during the strike.
251:
184:
9749:
7244:
7081:
6829:
4681:
1471:
We are treating the developments around police operations this afternoon with the utmost seriousness. The
496:
In the aftermath of the strike and massacre, commentators turned their attention to broader conditions in
10901:
10804:
10679:
10588:
10434:
9793:
8136:
6045:
5547:
5038:
2092:
The first wave of copycat strikes broke out at other mines in Rustenberg's platinum belt (centred on the
2080:
1613:
1593:
Tensions escalated that weekend, after, on Friday 14 September, the striking mineworkers gathered on the
1358:, having been "forced to use maximum force to defend themselves". To support this argument she presented
1229:
Over the course of 11 minutes, various members of each of the three units fired at strikers on the small
8834:
7821:
6369:
6328:
5495:
5351:
5281:
5210:
2556:
1893:
1411:
who had shot the 34 victims, but argued that the murder charges were legally sound under South Africa's
11356:
11207:
11197:
11182:
11177:
11092:
10371:
9892:
9800:
9756:
9533:
9411:
9310:
8165:
6993:
6163:
5745:
5661:
5573:
5521:
5436:
2012:
1032:
7795:
5799:
5116:
5063:
4985:
4258:
2551:
593:; attendees agreed to approach the Lonmin management directly, as the NUM refused to represent them.
364:
of their colleagues on 16 August; the charges were ultimately dropped amid public outcry. An official
11192:
11187:
11102:
10915:
10553:
10385:
10378:
10336:
10050:
9997:
9885:
9836:
9617:
9275:
7332:
5630:
2167:
2046:
called for a national mining strike sharing the Lonmin workers' demand for a blanket wage of R12,500.
1959:
1938:
1632:
1238:
1082:
and spoke to the strikers' leaders, who asked him to have Lonmin management address the crowd at the
1028:
859:. It was the body of Isiah Twala, a Lonmin supervisor, whom some of the strikers accused of being an
843:
736:
408:
11124:
8888:
7273:
3066:
2067:, including with the objective of removing the incumbent NUM leadership. In early September, in the
1406:'s Court, and, moreover, that each would be charged not only with public violence but also with the
1328:â condemned the killings but made no reference to the actions of the police, saying in a statement:
1129:). According to official figures, 34 people were killed and 78 injured in total across both scenes.
11269:
10727:
9990:
9642:
6245:
2093:
1921:
visited Marikana to offer condolences and support to the community. The delegation included Pastor
1704:
1457:
while in detention. Indeed, 150 of them had filed complaints with IPID alleging that they had been
1278:
1272:
concluded that "heavily armed police hunted down and killed the miners in cold blood" at scene two.
501:
7926:
7524:
6742:
3187:
2546:
2214:
Ezulwini employed only 1,900 employees, but, the following week, Gold One dismissed 1,435 of them;
11144:
10364:
10259:
10126:
9976:
9857:
9589:
9372:
9282:
8515:"Only two Farlam Commission recommendations implemented 10 years after Marikana massacre: Expert"
4559:
2158:
Yet, long before the Amplats strike was resolved, the platinum strikes had spilled over into the
2031:, one commentator described Noah's remarks about Marikana as "the best example of South African
1598:
1565:
1503:
1499:
952:
Later on 15 August, an "extraordinary session" of the SAPS National Management Forum was held in
619:
Little reported on at the time were clashes on the evening of 10 August between the strikers and
586:
582:
333:
identical wage demands and sometimes leading to further violent clashes, were initiated at other
8942:
Six years on, there is no accountability for the elite police unit shootings at Marikana Scene 2
8650:"Ramaphosa has case to answer on Marikana 'collusion', but not on murder of miners, court rules"
4381:
11371:
11228:
9934:
9899:
9101:
5372:
4003:
2386:
1514:
506:
381:
949:
the union leaders to Marikana led SAPS to postpone taking strong action against the strikers.
11159:
10469:
10399:
10294:
10189:
10043:
9693:
9473:
9386:
9181:
9001:
2400:
2293:
2195:
2188:
2163:
2060:
2028:
1971:
447:, not far from the Impala mine where the earlier violence occurred. The mine was operated by
255:
6802:
1311:
On 16 August, as the media began to report that the police had opened fire on strikers, the
648:
which would allow it to conduct policing in the case of prolonged or hostile strike action.
77:
11087:
10217:
10103:
9871:
9807:
9540:
9303:
9296:
9248:
9031:
8598:"Mine workers symbolising SA's tragic day: 'We'll fight another 10 years to taste justice'"
7133:
788:
However, moments later â shortly after the police video cut out â a scuffle broke out. The
658:
468:
443:
The strike which occasioned the massacre was held at the Marikana mine, a platinum mine at
279:
43:
8889:
Managing public feeling: Temporality, mourning and the Marikana Massacre in Rehad Desai's
6500:"South African defense minister first official to apologize for police killings of miners"
8:
11249:
10672:
10644:
10518:
10036:
10029:
9962:
9927:
9878:
9358:
9165:
8084:
4572:
3003:
2260:
Nor were platinum and gold the only sectors affected. There were also wildcat strikes at
1909:
The day after the massacre, a small public protest against the killings was held outside
1848:
1577:â it was not signed by Amcu or by the representative of Lonmin's non-unionised workers.
924:
structures "in a very safe environment where there are no weapons. Not on the mountain".
709:
became the primary staging ground for confrontations in the week ahead. According to the
404:
3036:"South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers"
9365:
3556:"Marikana massacre: the untold story of the strike leader who died for workers' rights"
2731:
Open area towards which police intended to drive strikers, to be disarmed and arrested
2423:
2419:
2412:
1946:
1688:
1637:
1359:
831:
481:
298:
628:
into crowds of strikers, who they said were armed with traditional weapons, including
356:
In the aftermath of the massacre, 270 Lonmin mineworkers were arrested and, under the
308:
Between 12 August and 14 August, violence escalated among the strikers, the SAPS, and
10950:
10936:
10273:
10089:
9913:
9503:
9093:
9023:
8771:
5406:
4577:
3563:
3088:
2978:
2963:
2948:
2930:
2915:
2376:
2289:
2241:
2229:
1725:
1546:
1453:
Upon their release, several mineworkers told the media that they had been subject to
1202:
985:
8951:
6299:"Julius Malema calls for Jacob Zuma to resign over "massacre" of 34 striking miners"
1541:... which allows for a peaceful return to work". When negotiations began, they were
11274:
10874:
10238:
9948:
9728:
9418:
9173:
9141:
9077:
8761:
6271:
4867:
4808:
4779:
4567:
4142:
3503:
3078:
2895:
2506:
2493:
2204:
2199:
2114:
1930:
1454:
1439:
1283:
806:
645:
620:
422:
326:
309:
173:
11030:
1772:, protesters attacked the South African High Commission with paint bombs; and the
1533:
In a statement welcomed by Lonmin, the government announced on 24 August that the
11171:
10196:
10110:
10004:
9672:
9596:
9517:
9241:
9125:
9117:
9109:
9085:
8868:
8291:
7633:
7413:
7358:
7218:
5919:
5716:
5325:
4289:"South Africa: The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana"
3418:
2940:
2541:
2427:
2019:
1898:
1721:
1662:
1495:
1265:
1118:
which the strikers had occupied throughout the week, and scene two, at a smaller
964:
894:
876:
430:
345:
to the platinum-mining belt in mid-September and collectively made 2012 the most
275:
3067:"The Marikana Massacre, labour and capitalism: Towards a Ricoeurian alternative"
2038:
63:
2012 killing of striking miners by police in Wonderkop, North West, South Africa
10943:
10665:
10539:
10182:
10096:
9779:
9721:
9714:
9707:
9425:
9351:
9197:
9157:
7028:"Wildcat strike over at Royal Bafokeng's platinum mine. How painless was that?"
4509:
3016:
2827:
Scene 2, where 17 strikers were killed at small koppie (koppie 3, 16h15â16h26)
2273:
2261:
1998:
1967:
1941:, and Section 27 â which travelled to Marikana to meet with workers and women.
1804:
1785:
1762:
1609:
1412:
1340:
1067:
612:
607:
365:
357:
8811:
8789:
8766:
6130:"Cosatu Congress: Battling the rupture of Mangaung, and the curse of Marikana"
1966:, with apparent impunity in terms of institutional conceptions of justice and
1803:", and that he was in "full control" of the government response. Nonetheless,
411:(ANC), and has contributed many of the ANC's senior leaders. According to the
11330:
11304:
11290:
10860:
10581:
9686:
9665:
9635:
9628:
9337:
8775:
7951:
5410:
4939:"Marikana: NPA drops 'common purpose' charges, but critical questions remain"
4581:
3567:
3223:"The Marikana action is a strike by the poor against the state and the haves"
3092:
3083:
2886:
2849:
2835:
2801:
2787:
2753:
2739:
2705:
2691:
2657:
2643:
2605:
2591:
2446:
2269:
2237:
2233:
2184:
2151:
2131:
2097:
2056:
2043:
2007:
1955:
1733:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1443:
1431:
1376:
902:
778:
625:
290:
286:
8462:"'Independent panel' to help police implement Farlam report recommendations"
4031:"Marikana Commission: NUM in a deep hole over the fight that started it all"
2224:
An activist talks to the media during a gathering of strikers, October 2012.
1277:
The events at scene two were especially difficult to reconstruct because no
329:
fire. The official figure for strikers injured during the shooting is 78.
10525:
10134:
9955:
9906:
9069:
8983:
8567:"Marikana: There should have been disciplinary proceeding, says Ian Farlam"
5091:"Hundreds of South African miners charged with murder released from prison"
4382:"Commissioners and commanders: Police leadership and the Marikana massacre"
2431:
2277:
2245:
2175:
2032:
1922:
1856:
1781:
1654:
1538:
1355:
1351:
1197:
1156:
993:
937:
798:
682:
418:
413:
133:
4652:
1870:
of the members of NUM with their offices", with NUM members occupying the
1835:
391:
The Marikana strike occurred against a backdrop of antagonism between the
10118:
9061:
6020:
3448:
2265:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2127:
2119:
2102:
2023:
1963:
1840:
1800:
1773:
1618:
1435:
1418:
The doctrine had attained public notoriety for its historical use by the
1168:
1019:
433:
1661:
wildcat strikes, with similarly ambitious wage demands, at other mines.
760:
to death in the early hours of 13 August, again presumably by strikers.
10693:
10231:
9344:
9289:
9149:
9133:
8879:
Revenge of the Commons: The Crisis in the South African Mining Industry
6527:"Marikana, two years on: Cape Town's protest artists remember the dead"
6188:"Gold Fields strike ends, 1,500 sacked as South Africa trouble simmers"
3999:
2899:(2014), which contains video footage of the shootings and which won an
2435:
2404:
2369:
2345:
2300:
1910:
1403:
1400:
1317:
1304:
864:
669:
rank, some 15 to 20 NUM representatives â wielding between five and 15
666:
637:
629:
472:
437:
369:
338:
267:
125:
6473:
3722:"South Africa Marikana Probe to Focus on Mining Practices, Conditions"
3134:"Marikana mine shootings revive bitter days of Soweto and Sharpeville"
2635:), the primary site occupied by strikers in the week before 16 August
2122:
neighbouring an Amplats mine; according to an unconfirmed report from
1399:(NPA) told the media that all 270 mineworkers would be charged in the
1375:, as an opportunity to "reflect on the sanctity of human life and the
863:(informer). The strikers' representatives agreed to let police land a
10152:
10143:
10074:
9480:
9457:
9446:
2068:
1990:
1914:
1796:
1612:
of mineworkers. That afternoon, the security cluster of ministers in
1542:
1419:
933:
920:
721:
that attendees at the afternoon gathering collected cash to enlist a
714:
702:
665:
away from the NUM office, somewhere in the vicinity of the Wonderkop
598:
590:
563:
350:
321:
7849:"Mining Weekly - Court declares Gold One's Ezulwini strike unlawful"
7193:"Anglo American Platinum sacks 12,000 striking South African miners"
6743:"Rabbi Goldstein, as part of NIFC-SA, reaches out to Lonmin victims"
2583:
Position of over 30 SAPS vehicles and members prior to intervention
2532:
1754:
joined Malema in criticising the police response to the strike. The
1201:
firing. Several officers admitted that their rifles had been set to
1046:â Makopane Thelejane, whose husband Thabiso died at the second scene
417:, the NUM's popularity had begun to decline under general secretary
10922:
10420:
10065:
9189:
9046:
4623:"The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana"
3744:"South Africa could do more for miners, says ILO mining specialist"
2925:
Alexander, Peter; Lekgowa, Thapelo; Mmope, Botsang; et al. (2013).
2910:
Alexander, Peter; Lekgowa, Thapelo; Mmope, Botsang; et al. (2012).
2416:
2350:
2296:
2281:
2180:
1789:
1769:
1684:
1372:
879:
agencies" and called for the deployment of a special task force or
847:
794:
757:
567:
464:
444:
426:
263:
121:
1055:
There were also reports that some strikers had been anointed with
681:
the NUM office, and therefore believed themselves to be acting in
596:
On 10 August, workers at the Marikana mine assembled and marched (
585:, and another rock drillers' meeting was held at the Lonmin-owned
9330:
6688:. South African Press Association. 17 August 2012. Archived from
6221:"South Africa's Amplats fires 12,000 strikers, union leader shot"
5264:"Jacob Zuma declares period of mourning for South African miners"
4514:
2502:
2285:
2106:
1994:
1985:
1860:
1851:
tended to suggest that Amcu was responsible for the tragedy. The
1679:
1666:
1554:
1458:
1392:
1176:
953:
753:
742:
670:
490:
459:
346:
82:
The EPC section of Lonmin Platinum, with Bapong in the foreground
8292:"Marikana mine killings: South African police 'planted weapons'"
6078:"Marikana: The strike might be over, but the struggle continues"
5761:
5759:
2960:
Marikana Unresolved: The Massacre, Culpability and Consequences.
2430:; and the miners were represented by various lawyers, including
2228:
Finally, a nationwide wildcat strike affected the operations of
944:
and offer them a chance to lay down their weapons and leave the
10057:
9213:
8992:
8541:"Marikana â a massacre still without any criminal consequences"
8489:"South African gov't urged to release Marikana recommendations"
7057:"Royal Bafokeng faces miners' strike as Lonmin fallout spreads"
2249:
1481:
1426:, but had been reaffirmed by courts in the post-apartheid era.
1407:
1386:
1321:
1090:
and would thereafter search any stragglers who remained on the
814:
802:
448:
361:
285:
The massacre occurred on the seventh day of an illegal wildcat
259:
116:
8752:
Kadt, Daniel De; Johnson-Kanu, Ada; Sands, Melissa L. (2023).
6935:
5238:"Lonmin May Struggle to Refinance Debt After Unrest, BMO Says"
3261:"Beyond the Chaos at Marikana: The search for the real issues"
2248:, and Savuka mines. Despite an ultimatum issued by AngloGold,
1557:
and wildcat strikes spread to other mines across the country (
1294:
927:
884:
telling of Amcu president Mathunjwa, the miners occupying the
9205:
6656:"NUM: Lethal force ahead of Marikana shootings was justified"
6583:"Mine massacre claim as police open fire on striking workers"
5756:
5373:"Lonmin says S.Africa seeks "peace accord" in labour dispute"
4560:"Shot while surrendering: Strikers describe Marikana Scene 2"
3614:"NUM: Lethal force ahead of Marikana shootings was justified"
2473:
Heads of Argument, endorsed by the Farlam Commission's report
1880:
Straying slightly from the Cosatu line, the spokesman of the
1537:
would assist Lonmin in negotiating with strikers to reach "a
1507:
1147:
1011:
936:
to its workers to return to work; SAPS would then attempt to
678:
662:
633:
8931:
8912:
Legal Resources Centre also pulls out of Marikana commission
6046:"South Africa's Lonmin miners accept pay rise to end strike"
4531:"South Africa's "Hill of Horror": self-defense or massacre?"
4208:"We are going to kill each other today â the Marikana story"
846:
in order to negotiate with the SAPS officers. They spoke in
8059:"Petra Diamonds says strike at South African Cullinan mine"
7388:"Amplats talks tough, S.Africa illegal mine strikes spread"
6882:"South Africa Mine Deaths Show Wealth Gap Inciting Tension"
6630:"Marikana Prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all"
6613:"Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire"
5600:"Striking South African miners face ultimatum from company"
3784:"Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all"
3157:
3155:
2072:
1574:
1464:
1098:; however, before Seoka could transmit this message to the
1057:
989:
906:
821:
7981:"Bonus dispute halts operations at AngloGold Ashanti mine"
7952:"AngloGold Ashanti says strike in South Africa has spread"
5901:"Lonmin Workers Agree to 22% Pay Rise, to Return Sept. 20"
4780:"South Africa mine killings: Jacob Zuma announces inquiry"
3593:"The sordid tale behind S Africa's mine strife â Features"
3447:. The London Platinum and Palladium Market. Archived from
2326:
1 October 2012 â 14 November 2014
1608:), and some labour activists in the area were proposing a
1545:
by Bishop Seoka of the South African Council of Churches.
1245:
provided the following account of the events at scene two:
289:
at the mine: although the initial strikers were primarily
8922:
Marikana, one year later: the hell above and below ground
8236:"Farlam commission is a sham, claim Marikana mineworkers"
7583:"South Africa strikes engulf Gold Fields' KDC operations"
7359:"South Africa strikes: Sacked platinum miners reinstated"
5064:"S.Africa shocked by move to charge miners with massacre"
4904:"Marikana: Freed miners speak of torture in police cells"
4868:"South Africa Lonmin killings: Anger over missing miners"
2881:
Documentaries about the Marikana massacre include eNCA's
2252:
and work disruptions continued at Mponeng into November.
1316:
armed to the teeth attacked and killed other." President
4596:"'Miners did not shoot at police' â new Marikana report"
4447:"Miners vow to continue strike despite Lonmin ultimatum"
3152:
2912:
Marikana. A View from the Mountain and a Case to Answer.
7768:"S. Africa police fire tear gas as mine unrest spreads"
7414:"South Africa strikes: Unions agree gold-mine pay deal"
6456:"Handling of Marikana should reassure investors â Zuma"
5548:"Militant South Africa union snubs Lonmin "peace deal""
3504:"South Africa's Lonmin Marikana mine clashes killed 30"
2891:
Night is Coming: A Threnody for the Victims of Marikana
1944:
On the first anniversary of the massacre, the magazine
1768:
The massacre attracted a political response abroad: in
830:. Lieutenant Colonel Stephen James McIntosh, a trained
727:, a traditional healer, to protect them from violence.
7975:
7973:
7219:"South Africa police fire at Marikana mine protesters"
7108:"About one third of South African truckers end strike"
6474:"Zuma tells EU he is 'in control' after mine masscare"
6429:. Agence France-Presse. 18 August 2012. Archived from
4809:"S Africa Lonmin killings: National mourning declared"
4653:"Miners killed at South Africa's Lonmin Marikana mine"
3608:
3606:
3313:"Impala strike: Welcome to the age of retail unionism"
1588:
1506:, said that the company needed to "rebuild the Lonmin
8981:
8751:
8437:"Phiyega bid to sidestep Marikana massacre dismissed"
7496:"Gold Fields says KDC West strike spreads to Beatrix"
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
6830:"Mine "bloodbath" shocks post-apartheid South Africa"
6450:
6448:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
5717:"South Africa vows clampdown on Marikana mine unrest"
5522:"Strikers march at S Africa's platinum mine â Africa"
5300:"Striking South African miners defy Lonmin ultimatum"
4479:"South African Official Defends Police Killing of 34"
4441:
4439:
4437:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4143:"South African platinum mine union riots 'kill nine'"
3385:"Gold Fields evicts workers as mining strike spreads"
2927:
Marikana: Voices from South Africa's Mining Massacre.
2570:
Locations of events on 16th near Wonderkop, Marikana
1102:, somebody pulled him aside and advised him that the
763:
11387:
Killings by law enforcement officers in South Africa
8160:
8158:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6795:
5326:"South Africa miners face Lonmin dismissal deadline"
5257:
5255:
5012:"Marikana: 'Common purpose not outdated or defunct'"
4747:"Police boss says 34 miners killed, in self-defence"
2993:
2011:
said that the massacre would hurt South Africa as a
1882:
National Education, Health, and Allied Workers Union
11060:
8411:"Marikana report: Key findings and recommendations"
7970:
7741:"Striking Harmony Gold workers heed call to return"
7050:
7048:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
6718:. South African Press Association. 17 August 2012.
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5740:
5738:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
4980:
4978:
4841:. South African Press Association. 17 August 2012.
3603:
3419:"South African Marikana miners charged with murder"
3065:Rathbone, Mark; Boettger, Jaco (20 December 2016).
1489:
1346:
1307:
said he was "shocked and dismayed" by the shooting.
1243:
Minister of International Relations and Cooperation
1171:and contended that they intended only to leave the
513:and growing inequalities contribute to this mess."
8184:"South Africa's "Marikana massacre" inquiry opens"
7576:
7574:
7178:
6589:. Associated Press. 17 August 2012. Archived from
6445:
6272:"South Africa's ANC to discuss mine shootings row"
6181:
6179:
6177:
6147:
4714:Smith, David; Macalister, Terry (16 August 2012).
4434:
4403:
4282:
4280:
4174:"AMCU lays blame for union violence at NUM's door"
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
3164:"South African massacre was the tip of an iceberg"
3042:. Associated Press. 16 August 2012. Archived from
1673:, and overseeing the official government inquiry:
11270:Scorpions (The Directorate of Special Operations)
8902:Marikana: What really happened? We may never know
8792:. YouTube. CBC News: The National. 18 August 2012
8591:
8589:
8587:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8324:"Flawed police plan blamed for Marikana massacre"
8155:
8033:"AngloGold suspends work at world's deepest mine"
7683:
7681:
7547:
7545:
7437:
7435:
7382:
7380:
6979:
6563:. South African Press Association. 17 August 2012
6458:. Business Day. 19 September 2012. Archived from
6071:
6069:
6067:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5711:
5709:
5252:
4716:"South African police shoot dead striking miners"
4024:
4022:
4020:
3701:. South African Press Association. 17 August 2012
3498:
3496:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3161:
2312:
1528:
1371:On 19 August, Zuma called for a national week of
1250:advance to arrest the armed protesters resulting
1106:had become off limits as a "security risk zone".
871:in order to conduct investigations on the scene.
730:
399:(AMCU). The NUM was the largest affiliate of the
397:Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union
303:Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union
160:Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union
11328:
7045:
7012:
6902:
6803:"Police kill 34 striking miners in South Africa"
6401:"Auckland protest against South Africa shooting"
6296:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6040:
6038:
5982:"Fears over precedent set by Lonmin mining deal"
5976:
5974:
5972:
5874:"Striking South African miners cut wage demands"
5785:
5735:
5399:"Lonmin sets out peace plan as miners stay away"
5367:
5365:
5344:
5274:
5196:
4975:
4965:"South Africa to Charge Miners in Deadly Unrest"
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4803:
4801:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4676:
4674:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4117:"Hope faces off against power in Marikana trial"
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3586:
3584:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3064:
2399:In late August 2012, President Zuma appointed a
1699:
651:
9771:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
8790:"South African police defend killing 34 miners"
8210:"Marikana inquiry extended, moved to Centurion"
7790:
7788:
7634:"South Africa Gold Fields workers 'end strike'"
7609:"8,500 KDC East Employees Join Unlawful Strike"
7571:
6905:"Lonmin killings hurt SA as mining destination"
6218:
6174:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5746:"Malema barred from addressing S Africa miners"
5496:"Deal sought over striking South Africa miners"
4713:
4682:"Zuma announces inquiry into Marikana shooting"
4528:
4510:"New Evidence Shows Marikana Miners Shot First"
4277:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4048:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3669:"Amcu blames NUM, politics for Lonmin massacre"
3549:
3547:
3545:
3258:
3105:
2415:. Evidence leaders for the commission included
2075:mining hub, Malema told a crowd of mineworkers:
529:
8624:"Marikana matter not quite over for Ramaphosa"
8584:
8393:
8349:"Zuma's full statement on the Marikana report"
8166:"Inquiry to begin on S African miners' deaths"
7678:
7542:
7518:
7516:
7432:
7377:
6994:"South Africa mine unrest spreads to new site"
6827:
6329:"Anger mounts over South African miners' fate"
6064:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5907:
5706:
5662:"South Africa's Marikana miners defy deadline"
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5282:"Striking South Africa miners given ultimatum"
5211:"Protests spill over to other S African mines"
5166:
5164:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4476:
4135:
4017:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3640:"South Africa mine shooting: Who is to blame?"
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3493:
3402:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
2403:into the events at Marikana, to be chaired by
1864:why we say the ringleaders must be arrested."
1625:
1350:). The same day, National Police Commissioner
743:Confrontations with Lonmin security: 12 August
11046:
8967:
8814:. YouTube. Al Jazeera English. 17 August 2012
8812:"Dozens killed in South Africa mine shooting"
8317:
8315:
8313:
7846:
7493:
7467:
7333:"Man burnt to death, another shot at Amplats"
7308:"Rustenburg's platinum belt draws more blood"
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
6821:
6398:
6205:
6035:
5969:
5920:"Lonmin miners in South Africa sign pay deal"
5656:
5654:
5652:
5362:
5352:"S Africa mine owner extends strike deadline"
4986:"Lawyers for SA miners threaten court action"
4921:
4798:
4774:
4772:
4734:
4671:
4553:
4551:
4465:
4161:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3650:
3581:
3330:
3245:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
2958:Rodny-Gumede, Ylva; Swart, Mia, Eds. (2020).
2483:and the Possession of Dangerous Weapons Act.
1843:in Cape Town remembers one of the casualties.
1343:to discover "the real cause" of the tragedy (
1226:during and after the shooting at scene one.
971:â apologised for the phrasing of the emails.
589:which bordered the workers' accommodation in
544:
349:-filled year in the country since the end of
250:was the killing of thirty-four miners by the
11115:Independent Police Investigative Directorate
7785:
7268:
7266:
6019:. iAfrica. 20 September 2012. Archived from
6000:
5800:"South African police halt peaceful protest"
4192:
4104:
2669:'Thaba'-koppie, occupied by c.3,000 strikers
1678:duty and the duty of this country to ensure
1649:platinum price fell by two per cent and the
1387:Arrests and murder charges: AugustâSeptember
1364:Independent Police Investigative Directorate
562:The massacre took place on the periphery of
217:34 mineworkers dead (78 mineworkers injured)
7875:"Gold One dismisses 1 435 Ezulwini workers"
7658:
7606:
7513:
7444:"Gold Fields KDC workers to return to work"
7160:"Amplats counters trend in wildcat strikes"
5938:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5455:
5261:
5161:
4890:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
3831:
3522:
3475:"Cops killed as conflict spirals at Lonmin"
3371:
3170:
1919:National Interfaith Council of South Africa
1295:Immediate government response: 16â19 August
1213:The shootings at scene two, on the smaller
928:Police decision to disarm miners: 15 August
575:
254:(SAPS) on 16 August 2012 during a six-week
11053:
11039:
8974:
8960:
8727:"Lonmin recognises Amcu as majority union"
8512:
8310:
7822:"Unrest spreads to South Africa gold mine"
7689:"Gold Fields' KDC East ends 23-day strike"
7494:Van Wyngaardt, Megan (25 September 2012).
7470:"Illegal strike hits Gold Fields KDC mine"
7292:
6492:
6370:"Police open fire on South African miners"
5649:
5117:"South Africa frees first batch of miners"
4862:
4860:
4769:
4620:
4548:
4286:
4259:"Ramaphosa apologises for Marikana emails"
3758:
3205:
3071:Koers - Bulletin for Christian Scholarship
2962:Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.
2617:Position of SAPS units before intervention
278:in 1976 and has been compared to the 1960
76:
8765:
7872:
7661:"Strike ends at Beatrix 1,2 and 3 shafts"
7263:
7054:
7025:
6427:"US 'saddened' by S.Africa mine killings"
6164:"S Africa's Lonmin miners return to work"
5844:"March of South African miners cut short"
5437:"Court frees jailed South African miners"
5143:"Charges dropped against Marikana miners"
4753:. Reuters. 17 August 2012. Archived from
4571:
4344:"Women of Marikana: Remembering Aug 2012"
4233:"Marikana inquiry shown Ramaphosa emails"
4065:
4028:
3166:. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism.
3082:
2280:in the Northern Cape; Samancor's Western
2194:A similar sequence of events unfolded at
1484:chairman Roger Phillimore, 16 August 2012
11392:Riots and civil disorder in South Africa
9844:Reconstruction and Development Programme
8621:
8595:
8538:
8408:
7580:
7441:
6962:"The class character of police violence"
6648:
6622:
6348:"Will Marikana resurrect Julius Malema?"
6185:
6127:
5767:"Marikana: Miners plan 'peaceful' march"
5618:
5574:"South Africa miners to continue strike"
5431:
5429:
5427:
5177:. Lonmin. 16 August 2012. Archived from
5036:
4962:
4700:
3591:Kharsany, Safeeyah (21 September 2012).
3590:
3351:
3310:
3188:"Unions turn Marikana to political ends"
2292:in the North West; and Coal of Africa's
2219:
2141:
2037:
1892:
1884:â another large Cosatu affiliate â said:
1834:
1703:
1465:Continuation of strike: AugustâSeptember
1434:called the NPA's decision "absurd", and
1298:
979:
822:Negotiations on the koppie: 14â15 August
458:
9440:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
8699:
8647:
7924:
7900:"Gold One suspends Ezulwini operations"
7873:Wyngaardt, Megan van (9 October 2012).
7847:Van Wyngaardt, Megan (3 October 2012).
7765:
7715:"Strike hits harmony mine on West Rand"
7468:Van Wyngaardt, Megan (31 August 2022).
6605:
6557:"SACP calls for arrest of Amcu leaders"
6128:Munusamy, Ranjeni (20 September 2012).
6104:"Marikana: The strike ends â now what?"
6075:
4936:
4857:
4835:"Fire killer cops, Marikana women urge"
4205:
4091:
3284:
3185:
3108:"The Night Before Lonmin's Explanation"
3012:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2883:The Marikana Massacre: Through the Lens
1830:
1756:Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania
11329:
9921:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
8832:
8804:
8676:"Marikana: Survivors, miners remember"
8564:
8375:"Marikana inquiry cost R153m â report"
8007:"Strike at three AngloGold mines ends"
7581:Lakmidas, Sherilee (15 October 2012).
7442:Odendaal, Natasha (5 September 2012).
6362:
6186:Lakmidas, Sherilee (19 October 2012).
5949:
5468:
5039:"Phosa slams NPA over miners' charges"
4901:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
3998:
3553:
3468:
3466:
3382:
3220:
1917:. On 21 August, a delegation from the
1750:situation once again". The opposition
1560:
1326:Southern African Development Community
974:
401:Congress of South African Trade Unions
11407:September 2012 events in South Africa
11034:
8955:
8932:Marikana: One year after the Massacre
8513:Merrington, Zalene (16 August 2022).
8486:
8434:
7925:England, Andrew (21 September 2012).
7522:
6959:
6936:"Excerpt of Marikana strike material"
6770:
6537:from the original on 8 September 2014
6524:
6101:
5818:"Zuma defends mine protest crackdown"
5469:De Wet, Phillip (21 September 2012).
5424:
5235:
5088:
5037:Mofokeng, Moffet (2 September 2012).
4621:Marinovich, Greg (8 September 2012).
4557:
4379:
4314:"Lonmin death toll at 34, 78 injured"
4287:Marinovich, Greg (7 September 2012).
4092:Quintal, Genevieve (2 October 2012).
4066:Hlongwane, Sipho (21 November 2012).
3781:
3719:
3162:Maeve McClenaghan (18 October 2012).
3028:
2717:"Koppie 2", also occupied by strikers
1716:
337:. This wave of strikes led President
8835:"Q&A: Marikana miners shot down"
8782:
8321:
8111:"Xstrata workers join mining strike"
7766:Mbuyisa, Slindo (4 September 2012).
7525:"SA strikes close AngloGold Ashanti"
7305:
6879:
6771:Fogel, Benjamin (13 November 2013).
6740:
6345:
6102:Patel, Khadija (19 September 2012).
6076:De Waal, Mandy (19 September 2012).
5898:
5471:"Marikana: How the wage war was won"
5262:Thornycroft, Peta (19 August 2012).
4902:Poplak, Richard (4 September 2012).
4507:
4029:Hlongwane, Sipho (1 February 2013).
3354:"2012 SA mining strikes for dummies"
2683:Koppie 2, also occupied by strikers
2050:
1847:The ANC's political partners in the
1758:called for Zuma to fire Phiyega and
1604:
897:appeared together on Xolani Gwala's
454:
44:move details into the article's body
15:
11427:Murders by law enforcement officers
11137:Department of Correctional Services
9851:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
9497:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
8700:Mohamed, Shiraaz (17 August 2022).
8673:
8262:"Marikana inquiry faces challenges"
8137:"Wildcat strikes at mines continue"
7927:"Strike at S Africa AngloGold mine"
7082:"Strike hits Limpopo platinum mine"
7055:Hlongwane, Sipho (23 August 2012).
7026:Hlongwane, Sipho (24 August 2012).
6915:from the original on 6 October 2012
6903:Natasha Odendaal (17 August 2012).
6855:"South Africa's economic apartheid"
6722:from the original on 22 August 2012
6682:"Lonmin killings senseless: Nehawu"
6380:from the original on 16 August 2012
6309:from the original on 18 August 2012
6297:Peta Thornycroft (18 August 2012).
5950:Mugabi, Isaac (19 September 2012).
5899:Hill, Matthew (18 September 2012).
5850:. 16 September 2012. Archived from
5089:Laing, Aislinn (3 September 2012).
4878:from the original on 18 August 2012
4845:from the original on 19 August 2012
4362:
3819:from the original on 21 August 2012
3695:"Lonmin an example of exploitation"
3472:
3463:
3311:Nicolson, Greg (22 February 2012).
3285:Frankel, Philip (21 October 2012).
3233:from the original on 18 August 2012
2906:Books about the massacre include:
1724:â a South African-born academic at
1708:A commemorative banner outside the
1696:strikes elsewhere in the country.
1589:Security clampdown: 14â16 September
717:with Lonmin. Sources also told the
386:
235:2 policemen, 2 security guards dead
99:– 20 September 2012
13:
11402:August 2012 events in South Africa
11342:Filmed killings by law enforcement
11123:
8855:
7306:Waal, Mandy De (12 October 2012).
7245:"Cops disperse Amplats protesters"
6712:"Cape demo against Lonmin killing"
6506:. Associated Press. 21 August 2012
6219:Flak, Agnieszka (5 October 2012).
4963:Polgreen, Lydia (30 August 2012).
4558:Bruce, David (30 September 2018).
4529:Pascal Fletcher (17 August 2012).
3720:Flynn, Alexis (5 September 2012).
3352:Nicolson, Greg (18 October 2012).
3259:Greg Marinovich (17 August 2012).
3221:Malala, Justice (17 August 2012).
3186:England, Andrew (26 August 2012).
3106:Richard Stupart (16 August 2012).
2087:
1897:A commemorative artwork by artist
1510:and rebuild the platinum brand".
1125:
764:Confrontation with SAPS: 13 August
395:(NUM) and its emerging rival, the
14:
11438:
11397:Police misconduct in South Africa
11362:Massacres of protesters in Africa
11003:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
10638:South African Party (Cape Colony)
8758:American Political Science Review
8596:Nicolson, Greg (13 August 2022).
6828:Jon Herskovitz (17 August 2012).
6611:Lydia Polgreen (16 August 2012).
6525:Davis, Rebecca (15 August 2014).
5688:"Miners reject Lonmin wage offer"
5631:"South Africa miners stage march"
4937:De Waal, Mandy (16 August 2012).
4477:Lydia Polgreen (18 August 2012).
4206:Ledwaba, Lucas (16 August 2019).
3287:"Marikana 20 years in the making"
2861:Scene 2: killings on small koppie
2813:Scene 1: killings at cattle kraal
2513:its workforce as of August 2013.
1935:Institute for Democracy in Africa
1564:), over 1,000 mineworkers held a
1076:South African Council of Churches
777:, but were intercepted, near the
523:International Labour Organisation
407:South Africa's ruling party, the
11352:Miners' labor disputes in Africa
11015:
11014:
8826:
8745:
8719:
8693:
8667:
8641:
8615:
8565:Naidoo, Sonri (16 August 2022).
8558:
8532:
8506:
8480:
8454:
8428:
8367:
8341:
8284:
8268:. 2 October 2012. Archived from
8254:
8228:
8202:
8176:
8129:
8103:
8077:
8051:
8025:
7999:
7944:
7918:
7892:
7866:
7840:
7814:
7759:
7733:
7707:
7652:
7626:
7600:
7523:Minto, Rob (26 September 2012).
7487:
7461:
7406:
7351:
7325:
7237:
7211:
7152:
7126:
7100:
7074:
6953:
6933:
6927:
6896:
6873:
6847:
6764:
6734:
6704:
6674:
6575:
6549:
6518:
6466:
6419:
6399:Jane Luscombe (18 August 2012).
6392:
6346:Essa, Azad (10 September 2012).
6339:
6321:
6290:
6264:
6238:
6121:
6095:
6017:"Wage deal ends Marikana strike"
4573:10.17159/2413-3108/2018/i65a3049
4320:. 16 August 2012. Archived from
3782:Sacks, Jared (12 October 2012).
3383:Njanji, Susan (3 October 2012).
2996:
2519:
2255:
2055:As the Lonmin strike continued,
2001:linked the clashes to a growing
1904:
1490:Ultimatums ignored: 20â24 August
969:Deputy President of South Africa
543:
536:
178:
20:
11377:Labour disputes in South Africa
11347:2010s massacres in South Africa
11062:Law enforcement in South Africa
10652:South African Party (1977â1980)
10645:South African Party (1911â1934)
10561:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
10358:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
8833:Golden, Lisa (12 August 2014).
8622:Ferreira, Emsie (6 July 2022).
8409:Nicolson, Greg (25 June 2015).
7659:Gold Fields (17 October 2012).
7607:Gold Fields (15 October 2012).
5892:
5866:
5836:
5810:
5680:
5592:
5566:
5540:
5514:
5488:
5391:
5318:
5292:
5236:Cooke, Carli (21 August 2012).
5229:
5135:
5109:
5082:
5056:
5030:
5004:
4956:
4827:
4645:
4614:
4588:
4522:
4501:
4336:
4306:
4251:
4225:
4085:
3801:
3736:
3713:
3687:
3632:
3437:
3304:
3110:. African Scene. Archived from
2876:
2146:An activist addresses striking
1929:Buti Tlhagale; and Chief Rabbi
1551:Congress of Traditional Leaders
640:or only by rubber bullets. The
438:Rustenberg, North West Province
11422:Violence against men in Africa
9970:2019 service delivery protests
9956:#FeesMustFall student protests
9701:1983 constitutional referendum
8862:The Mining Industry Strikewave
8674:Tau, Poloko (16 August 2016).
8648:Maughan, Karyn (5 July 2022).
8539:Nicolson, Greg (19 May 2022).
7796:"Gold One protesters in court"
7553:"Gold Fields issues ultimatum"
7274:"Amplats strike turns violent"
6960:Shoki, William (1 June 2020).
6741:Saks, David (24 August 2012).
5172:"Lonmin Statement on Marikana"
4389:Institute for Security Studies
4011:Marikana Commission of Inquiry
3473:Tau, Poloko (14 August 2012).
3278:
3126:
3099:
3058:
2977:. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
2765:Open area intended for arrests
2394:
2318:Marikana Commission of Inquiry
2313:Official commission of inquiry
2137:
2022:shows, South African comedian
1529:Negotiations: AugustâSeptember
1397:National Prosecuting Authority
1261:Institute for Security Studies
731:Further violence: 12â15 August
519:Minister of Trade and Industry
1:
11412:Police brutality in the 2010s
10428:Johannesburg Reform Committee
9657:IsraelâSouth Africa Agreement
9050:
9035:
9012:
9005:
8487:Swart, Mia (16 August 2020).
8435:Tolsi, Niren (19 June 2021).
4564:South African Crime Quarterly
3646:. Al Jazeera. 18 August 2012.
3022:
2174:, the world's fourth-largest
2018:In a controversial series of
1853:South African Communist Party
1700:Public and political reaction
652:Clash with the NUM: 11 August
568:Marikana, North West Province
393:National Union of Mineworkers
375:
295:National Union of Mineworkers
166:National Union of Mineworkers
11078:South African Police Service
10083:Black Consciousness Movement
9837:Government of National Unity
6246:"Can Zuma survive Marikana?"
3554:Davies, Nick (19 May 2015).
2975:Marikana: A People's History
2914:Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
2566:
2486:
2481:Regulation of Gatherings Act
2065:South Africa's mining sector
1473:South African Police Service
1324:, attending a summit of the
1208:
1132:
642:South African Police Service
530:Initial strike: 10â16 August
403:(Cosatu), which in turn was
252:South African Police Service
185:South African Police Service
7:
9794:Saint James Church massacre
9680:Weapons of mass destruction
8322:Essa, Azad (26 June 2015).
8085:"Samancor mine strike ends"
6619:. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
3815:. Reuters. 16 August 2012.
2989:
2557:GPX (secondary coordinates)
2452:
2284:mine in the North West; an
1736:, the former leader of the
1626:Resolution: 18â20 September
1602:
1558:
1344:
1123:
1072:Anglican Bishop of Pretoria
368:, chaired by retired judge
360:doctrine, charged with the
293:operators belonging to the
10:
11443:
11382:Police brutality in Africa
11093:National Intervention Unit
9534:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
9412:South West Africa campaign
9311:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
9276:French Huguenot settlement
4416:"Marikana inquiry updates"
4094:"NUM shot at us â witness"
2893:(2014); and Rehad Desai's
2079:You must render the mines
2013:destination for investment
1461:by police in their cells.
1033:National Intervention Unit
1018:â pulled trailers full of
1014:pre-positioned around the
919:, Mathunjwa's attempts to
379:
11255:Private security industry
11242:
11216:
11158:
11135:
11121:
11068:
11012:
10989:African National Congress
10978:
10884:
10717:
10449:Liberal Party (1953â1968)
10172:
10163:
10021:
9817:
9787:1992 apartheid referendum
9456:
9401:
9320:
9258:
9231:
9224:
8990:
8881:, by Keith Breckenridge,
8767:10.1017/S0003055423000448
6809:. Reuters. 17 August 2012
6587:The Sydney Morning Herald
2569:
2552:GPX (primary coordinates)
2527:Map all coordinates using
2407:, a retired judge of the
2382:
2365:
2357:
2341:
2322:
2061:Premier of the North West
1939:Treatment Action Campaign
1710:Central Methodist Mission
1320:â who at the time was in
409:African National Congress
335:mines across South Africa
200:
195:
153:
148:
140:
111:
87:
75:
70:
11367:Protests in South Africa
10442:Labour Party (1969â1994)
10435:Labour Party (1910â1958)
9991:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
9949:#RhodesMustFall protests
9548:1960 republic referendum
6773:"Marikana: 1 year later"
6403:. 3 News. Archived from
3084:10.19108/KOERS.81.3.2263
2535:Download coordinates as:
2409:Supreme Court of Appeals
2124:Central Methodist Church
1978:
1968:political accountability
1730:53rd National Conference
1614:President Zuma's cabinet
1424:anti-apartheid activists
1074:and the chairman of the
805:and the two others with
576:Strike begins: 10 August
91:10 August 2012
10887:terrorist organisations
9977:2019 Johannesburg riots
9590:Constructive engagement
9555:International isolation
9373:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
8883:History Workshop Online
8628:The Mail & Guardian
8571:The Mail & Guardian
8441:The Mail & Guardian
8240:The Mail & Guardian
8214:The Mail & Guardian
8141:The Mail & Guardian
7745:The Mail & Guardian
7337:The Mail & Guardian
7164:The Mail & Guardian
5986:The Mail & Guardian
5771:The Mail & Guardian
5475:The Mail & Guardian
4686:The Mail & Guardian
4600:The Mail & Guardian
4508:eNCA (20 August 2012).
4178:The Mail & Guardian
4121:The Mail & Guardian
3673:The Mail & Guardian
3389:The Mail & Guardian
2947:Johannesburg: Penguin.
2945:Murder at Small Koppie.
2929:Ohio University Press.
2850:25.679389°S 27.504556°E
2507:Johannesburg High Court
2240:region, comprising the
1821:Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula
1599:Anglo American Platinum
1500:chief financial officer
1279:crime scene photographs
11229:Khayelitsha Commission
11217:Commissions of Inquiry
11129:
9900:Attack on Kennedy Road
9511:Congress of the People
9102:South African Republic
8924:, by Greg Marinovich,
3809:"Lonmin shares tumble"
2973:Brown, Julian (2022).
2466:
2225:
2185:Carletonville, Gauteng
2183:on the West Rand near
2155:
2152:Carletonville, Gauteng
2085:
2047:
1976:
1933:. The director of the
1901:
1891:
1844:
1778:Deputy Press Secretary
1747:
1713:
1693:
1477:
1337:
1308:
1256:
1188:
1043:
1004:
476:
467:from 1992 to 2012, in
382:Mining in South Africa
11417:Environmental justice
11305:25.67778°S 27.50917°E
11127:
10470:Natal Indian Congress
10190:Afrikaner Broederbond
10044:Afrikaner nationalism
9830:1994 general election
9801:Bophuthatswana crisis
9694:Church Street bombing
9474:Apartheid legislation
9467:1948 general election
9387:South Africa Act 1909
9182:Union of South Africa
9002:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
8982:Political history of
8894:, by Helene Strauss,
8871:, by Gavin Hartford,
4380:Bruce, David (2016).
3746:. ILO. 24 August 2012
2855:-25.679389; 27.504556
2802:25.67778°S 27.50917°E
2754:25.67722°S 27.50556°E
2706:25.67861°S 27.50750°E
2658:25.67944°S 27.50778°E
2606:25.67889°S 27.50944°E
2547:GPX (all coordinates)
2461:
2401:commission of inquiry
2223:
2200:Kusasalethu gold mine
2164:collective bargaining
2145:
2077:
2042:Firebrand politician
2041:
2029:George Floyd protests
1952:
1896:
1886:
1838:
1809:EU Trade Commissioner
1788:(EU) headquarters in
1742:
1707:
1675:
1671:post-traumatic stress
1469:
1341:commission of inquiry
1330:
1302:
1247:
1183:
1038:
999:
980:Events in the morning
551:Marikana (Maretlwane)
462:
366:commission of inquiry
343:the national military
196:Casualties and losses
11337:2012 in South Africa
11128:Flag of South Africa
11070:Department of Police
10104:Greater South Africa
9942:2014 platinum strike
9808:Shell House massacre
9736:Transkei coup d'ÃĐtat
9541:Sharpeville massacre
9304:Battle of Blaauwberg
9297:Battle of Muizenberg
9249:Battle of Salt River
9032:Mthethwa Paramountcy
8904:, by Mandy de Waal,
7134:"Bokoni strike ends"
6880:Martinez, Andres R.
6170:. 20 September 2012.
6023:on 21 September 2012
5806:. 16 September 2012.
5752:. 17 September 2012.
2103:Bokoni platinum mine
1989:issued a front-page
1831:Union recriminations
1549:, the leader of the
1535:Department of Labour
1191:â An unnamed striker
940:the strikers on the
559:class=notpageimage|
445:Marikana, Rustenberg
280:Sharpeville massacre
144:11â22% wage increase
11310:-25.67778; 27.50917
11300: /
11178:Xenophobic violence
10996:Democratic Alliance
10173:Civic and political
10037:Afrikaner Calvinism
10030:African nationalism
9879:African Renaissance
9569:UNSC Resolution 591
9490:Internal resistance
9391:National Convention
9359:Transvaal Civil War
9283:KhoikhoiâDutch Wars
9166:Orange River Colony
8936:Mail & Guardian
8916:Mail & Guardian
8867:15 May 2013 at the
8091:. 29 September 2012
7958:. 26 September 2012
7394:. 26 September 2012
7251:. 19 September 2012
7225:. 19 September 2012
7000:. 12 September 2012
6966:Africa is a Country
6660:Mail & Guardian
6593:on 30 December 2012
6504:The Washington Post
6480:. 19 September 2012
6462:on 2 February 2014.
6407:on 14 November 2012
6052:. 18 September 2012
5988:. 20 September 2012
5926:. 19 September 2012
5880:. 18 September 2012
5824:. 17 September 2012
5773:. 16 September 2012
5723:. 14 September 2012
5694:. 14 September 2012
5668:. 11 September 2012
5637:. 10 September 2012
5095:The Daily Telegraph
5016:Mail & Guardian
3618:Mail & Guardian
3445:"Fixing Statistics"
3040:The Washington Post
3004:South Africa portal
2845: /
2807:-25.67778; 27.50917
2797: /
2759:-25.67722; 27.50556
2749: /
2711:-25.67861; 27.50750
2701: /
2663:-25.67944; 27.50778
2653: /
2611:-25.67889; 27.50944
2601: /
2494:Pretoria High Court
2374:Pingla Devi Hemraj
2319:
1849:Tripartite Alliance
1752:Democratic Alliance
1638:Mail & Guardian
1635:. According to the
1633:the national anthem
1440:Minister of Justice
1422:government against
1169:informal settlement
1151:at the base of the
975:Massacre: 16 August
498:the mining industry
272:North West province
211:6 mineworkers dead
163:Unaffiliated miners
11130:
11103:Special Task Force
11083:Crime Intelligence
9743:Ciskei coup d'ÃĐtat
9562:UN Resolution 1761
9527:Women's March 1956
9380:South African Wars
9366:Mineral Revolution
8944:, by David Bruce,
8934:, by Niren Tolsi,
8468:. 2 September 2015
8115:Independent Online
8011:Independent Online
7828:. 4 September 2012
7802:. 5 September 2012
6861:. Al Jazeera. 2012
6807:The Jerusalem Post
6783:on 1 February 2014
6716:Independent Online
6617:The New York Times
6561:Independent Online
6433:on 25 January 2013
6376:. 16 August 2012.
6252:. 2 September 2012
5822:Independent Online
5580:. 8 September 2012
5554:. 6 September 2012
5528:. 5 September 2012
5443:. 6 September 2012
5405:. 28 August 2012.
5149:. 2 September 2012
5123:. 3 September 2012
5043:Independent Online
4992:. 1 September 2012
4969:The New York Times
4874:. 18 August 2012.
4483:The New York Times
4098:Independent Online
3813:Independent Online
3479:Independent Online
3451:on 25 January 2010
3140:. 7 September 2012
2901:International Emmy
2424:Mbuyiseli Madlanga
2420:Matthew Chaskalson
2413:Centurion, Gauteng
2317:
2226:
2156:
2048:
1902:
1845:
1717:Political response
1714:
1689:standard of living
1360:aerial photography
1322:Maputo, Mozambique
1313:Ministry of Police
1309:
1066:At around 1 p.m.,
1029:Special Task Force
832:hostage negotiator
477:
270:in South Africa's
11357:Massacres in 2012
11316:Marikana Killings
11283:
11282:
11224:Farlam Commission
11203:Human trafficking
11150:Life imprisonment
11028:
11027:
10981:political parties
10974:
10973:
10951:Orde van die Dood
10568:Progressive Party
10274:Congress Alliance
10090:Cape Independence
10022:Political culture
10017:
10016:
9984:COVID-19 pandemic
9914:Marikana massacre
9750:Venda coup d'ÃĐtat
9504:Defiance Campaign
9094:Orange Free State
9024:Dutch Cape Colony
8298:. 6 November 2012
8272:on 8 October 2012
8172:. 1 October 2012.
8065:. 18 October 2012
8039:. 6 November 2012
8013:. 24 October 2012
7987:. 6 November 2012
7906:. 16 October 2012
7747:. 25 October 2012
7695:. 6 November 2012
7640:. 19 October 2012
7559:. 22 October 2012
7420:. 25 October 2012
7365:. 27 October 2012
7339:. 11 October 2012
7140:. 7 December 2012
6692:on 17 August 2012
6662:. 22 October 2012
6636:. 12 October 2012
5358:. 20 August 2012.
5288:. 20 August 2012.
4757:on 19 August 2012
4633:on 30 August 2012
4422:. 23 October 2012
4391:Monograph No. 164
4324:on 18 August 2012
4239:. 24 October 2012
3620:. 22 October 2012
3114:on 20 August 2012
3046:on 17 August 2012
2935:978-0-8214-2071-3
2874:
2873:
2392:
2391:
2377:Bantubonke Tokota
2361:Farlam Commission
2230:AngloGold Ashanti
2071:, South Africa's
2051:Strikes elsewhere
1790:Brussels, Belgium
1726:Oxford University
1547:Patekile Holomisa
1438:, South Africa's
1078:, arrived at the
834:, arrived at the
807:R5 assault rifles
797:canister and one
517:, South Africa's
463:Average price of
455:Worker grievances
262:platinum mine at
248:Marikana massacre
244:
243:
240:
239:
191:
190:
61:
60:
40:length guidelines
11434:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11312:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11296:
11293:
11275:Public Protector
11234:Zondo Commission
11110:Municipal Police
11055:
11048:
11041:
11032:
11031:
11018:
11017:
11005:
10998:
10991:
10967:
10960:
10953:
10946:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10904:
10897:
10885:Paramilitary and
10877:
10875:Umkosi Wezintaba
10870:
10863:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10720:social movements
10718:Trade unions and
10710:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10675:
10668:
10661:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10465:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10437:
10430:
10423:
10416:
10409:
10402:
10395:
10388:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10318:
10311:
10304:
10297:
10290:
10283:
10276:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10248:
10241:
10239:Boerestaat Party
10234:
10227:
10220:
10213:
10206:
10199:
10192:
10185:
10170:
10169:
10156:
10147:
10138:
10129:
10122:
10113:
10106:
10099:
10092:
10085:
10078:
10069:
10060:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10010:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9832:
9810:
9803:
9796:
9789:
9782:
9773:
9766:
9759:
9752:
9745:
9738:
9731:
9729:Dakar Conference
9724:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9659:
9652:
9650:Israeli alliance
9645:
9638:
9631:
9620:
9613:
9606:
9604:Sporting boycott
9599:
9592:
9585:
9578:
9576:Academic boycott
9571:
9564:
9557:
9550:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9520:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9492:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9449:
9442:
9435:
9433:Great Depression
9428:
9421:
9419:Maritz rebellion
9414:
9394:
9382:
9375:
9368:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9333:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9271:
9269:Dutch settlement
9251:
9244:
9242:Bantu migrations
9229:
9228:
9217:
9209:
9201:
9193:
9185:
9177:
9174:Transvaal Colony
9169:
9161:
9153:
9145:
9142:Nieuwe Republiek
9137:
9129:
9121:
9113:
9105:
9097:
9089:
9081:
9078:Natalia Republic
9073:
9065:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9047:Ndwandwe Kingdom
9042:
9040:
9037:
9027:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9007:
8976:
8969:
8962:
8953:
8952:
8948:, 16 August 2018
8891:Miners Shot Down
8873:Engineering News
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8769:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8733:. 14 August 2013
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8593:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8406:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8319:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8190:. 1 October 2012
8180:
8174:
8173:
8162:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8143:. 4 October 2012
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8117:. 9 October 2012
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8081:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8029:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7977:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7963:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7879:Engineering News
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7853:Engineering News
7844:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7792:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7721:. 3 October 2012
7711:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7685:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7549:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7520:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7500:Engineering News
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7448:Engineering News
7439:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7384:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7355:
7349:
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7346:
7344:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7303:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7280:. 4 October 2012
7270:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7199:. 5 October 2012
7189:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7166:. 8 October 2012
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7114:. 9 October 2012
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7088:. 1 October 2012
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7052:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7023:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6990:
6977:
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6957:
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6894:
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6889:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6779:. Archived from
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6750:SA Jewish Report
6747:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6626:
6620:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6278:. 27 August 2012
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6250:Al Jazeera Blogs
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6216:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6183:
6172:
6171:
6160:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6073:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6013:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5978:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5952:"Miners rejoice"
5947:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5916:
5905:
5904:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5796:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5658:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5627:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5606:. 19 August 2012
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5502:. 31 August 2012
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5466:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5433:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5379:. 24 August 2012
5369:
5360:
5359:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5332:. 20 August 2012
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5306:. 20 August 2012
5296:
5290:
5289:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5259:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5217:. 22 August 2012
5207:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5070:. 31 August 2012
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5018:. 31 August 2012
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4934:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4899:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4815:. 19 August 2012
4805:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4786:. 17 August 2012
4776:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4711:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4688:. 17 August 2012
4678:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4659:. 16 August 2012
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4629:. Archived from
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4602:. 15 August 2018
4592:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4485:. Archived from
4474:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:. 19 August 2012
4443:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4412:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4386:
4377:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4350:. 11 August 2015
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4180:. 14 August 2012
4170:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4149:. 13 August 2012
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4026:
4015:
4014:
4008:
3996:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3675:. 17 August 2012
3665:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3551:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3510:. 17 August 2012
3500:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3425:. 30 August 2012
3415:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3218:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3032:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2941:Marinovich, Greg
2896:Miners Shot Down
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2567:
2474:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2205:Springs, Gauteng
2168:Chamber of Mines
2154:, October 2012.
2115:Siphumelele mine
2107:Limpopo province
2094:Bushveld complex
1950:reflected that:
1931:Warren Goldstein
1818:Defence Minister
1799:and very stable
1738:ANC Youth League
1607:
1563:
1496:labour relations
1485:
1455:police brutality
1393:Gauteng province
1349:
1192:
1128:
1047:
1041:would get paid.
954:Midrand, Gauteng
844:armoured vehicle
646:contingency plan
621:private security
604:
587:football stadium
547:
546:
540:
423:Joseph Mathunjwa
387:NUMâAmcu rivalry
327:R5 assault rifle
310:private security
202:
201:
183:
182:
181:
174:private security
155:
154:
106:
104:
98:
96:
80:
68:
67:
56:
53:
47:
38:Please read the
24:
23:
16:
11442:
11441:
11437:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11431:
11327:
11326:
11315:
11313:
11309:
11307:
11303:
11302:
11299:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11279:
11238:
11212:
11172:Corrective rape
11168:Sexual violence
11154:
11131:
11119:
11064:
11059:
11029:
11024:
11008:
11001:
10994:
10987:
10980:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10949:
10942:
10935:
10928:
10921:
10914:
10907:
10900:
10893:
10886:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10845:
10838:
10831:
10824:
10817:
10810:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10782:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10747:
10740:
10733:
10726:
10719:
10713:
10706:
10699:
10692:
10685:
10678:
10671:
10664:
10657:
10650:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10622:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10594:
10587:
10580:
10573:
10566:
10559:
10552:
10545:
10538:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10489:
10482:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10433:
10426:
10419:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10386:HNP (Herstigte)
10384:
10379:HNP (Herenigde)
10377:
10370:
10363:
10356:
10349:
10342:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10314:
10307:
10300:
10293:
10286:
10279:
10272:
10265:
10258:
10251:
10244:
10237:
10230:
10223:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10197:Afrikaner Party
10195:
10188:
10181:
10174:
10165:
10159:
10150:
10141:
10132:
10125:
10116:
10111:Honorary whites
10109:
10102:
10095:
10088:
10081:
10072:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10013:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9940:
9933:
9926:
9919:
9912:
9905:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9877:
9872:Soweto bombings
9870:
9863:
9856:
9849:
9842:
9835:
9828:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9792:
9785:
9778:
9769:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9741:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9673:Soweto Uprising
9671:
9664:
9655:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9627:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9597:Tar Baby Option
9595:
9588:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:Freedom Charter
9516:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9479:
9472:
9465:
9452:
9445:
9438:
9431:
9424:
9417:
9410:
9397:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9316:
9309:
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9281:
9274:
9267:
9254:
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9240:
9220:
9212:
9204:
9196:
9188:
9180:
9172:
9164:
9156:
9148:
9140:
9132:
9124:
9118:Griqualand West
9116:
9110:Griqualand East
9108:
9100:
9092:
9084:
9076:
9068:
9060:
9053:
9045:
9038:
9030:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9000:
8986:
8980:
8869:Wayback Machine
8858:
8856:Further reading
8853:
8843:
8841:
8831:
8827:
8817:
8815:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8795:
8793:
8788:
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8708:
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8672:
8668:
8658:
8656:
8646:
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8632:
8630:
8620:
8616:
8606:
8604:
8594:
8585:
8575:
8573:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8537:
8533:
8523:
8521:
8511:
8507:
8497:
8495:
8485:
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8471:
8469:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8445:
8443:
8433:
8429:
8419:
8417:
8407:
8394:
8384:
8382:
8373:
8372:
8368:
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8356:
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8346:
8342:
8332:
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8320:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8275:
8273:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8219:
8217:
8208:
8207:
8203:
8193:
8191:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8164:
8163:
8156:
8146:
8144:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8120:
8118:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8083:
8082:
8078:
8068:
8066:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8042:
8040:
8031:
8030:
8026:
8016:
8014:
8005:
8004:
8000:
7990:
7988:
7979:
7978:
7971:
7961:
7959:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7935:
7933:
7931:Financial Times
7923:
7919:
7909:
7907:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7883:
7881:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7845:
7841:
7831:
7829:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7786:
7776:
7774:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7698:
7696:
7687:
7686:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7657:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7617:
7615:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7589:
7579:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7533:
7531:
7529:Financial Times
7521:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7440:
7433:
7423:
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7412:
7411:
7407:
7397:
7395:
7386:
7385:
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7368:
7366:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7314:
7304:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7272:
7271:
7264:
7254:
7252:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7191:
7190:
7179:
7169:
7167:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7117:
7115:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7089:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7065:
7063:
7053:
7046:
7036:
7034:
7024:
7013:
7003:
7001:
6992:
6991:
6980:
6970:
6968:
6958:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6932:
6928:
6918:
6916:
6901:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6884:. Bloomberg L.P
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6838:
6836:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6786:
6784:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6695:
6693:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6408:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6351:
6344:
6340:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6310:
6295:
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6281:
6279:
6270:
6269:
6265:
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6244:
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6239:
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6217:
6206:
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6126:
6122:
6112:
6110:
6100:
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6065:
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6044:
6043:
6036:
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6024:
6015:
6014:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5970:
5960:
5958:
5948:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5918:
5917:
5908:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5854:on 4 March 2016
5842:
5841:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5798:
5797:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5650:
5640:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5467:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5382:
5380:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5260:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5184:on 29 July 2013
5181:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4935:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4745:
4744:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4712:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4636:
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4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4556:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4527:
4523:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
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4295:
4285:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4256:
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4240:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4204:
4193:
4183:
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4172:
4171:
4162:
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4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
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4115:
4114:
4105:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4018:
4006:
3997:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3759:
3749:
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3727:
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3704:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3667:
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3612:
3611:
3604:
3589:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3552:
3523:
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3511:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3471:
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3428:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3350:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3291:Business Report
3283:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3192:Financial Times
3184:
3171:
3160:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2920:978-1-431407330
2879:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
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2806:
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2800:
2799:
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2782:
2764:
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2740:
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2734:
2716:
2714:
2710:
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2704:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
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2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2522:
2489:
2476:
2468:
2455:
2428:Geoff Budlender
2397:
2375:
2373:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2315:
2258:
2166:process in the
2150:mineworkers in
2140:
2090:
2088:Platinum mining
2053:
2020:stand-up comedy
1981:
1960:judicial system
1907:
1899:Jeannette Unite
1833:
1760:Police Minister
1722:Jonny Steinberg
1719:
1702:
1663:Zwelinzima Vavi
1628:
1591:
1531:
1504:chief executive
1492:
1487:
1480:â Statement of
1479:
1467:
1389:
1297:
1266:Greg Marinovich
1211:
1194:
1190:
1135:
1126:locations below
1049:
1045:
982:
977:
965:Cyril Ramaphosa
930:
903:radio programme
895:Senzeni Zokwana
877:law enforcement
824:
766:
745:
733:
654:
638:live ammunition
602:
578:
573:
572:
571:
561:
555:
554:
553:
552:
548:
532:
457:
431:Impala Platinum
389:
384:
378:
276:Soweto uprising
236:
234:
227:
224:
222:
218:
216:
212:
210:
187:
179:
177:
176:
168:
164:
162:
136:
128:
120:
107:
102:
100:
94:
92:
83:
64:
57:
51:
48:
37:
34:may be too long
29:This article's
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
11440:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11265:Biometrics use
11262:
11257:
11252:
11246:
11244:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11220:
11218:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
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11162:
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11141:
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11132:
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11120:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11074:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11058:
11057:
11050:
11043:
11035:
11026:
11025:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11006:
10999:
10992:
10984:
10982:
10976:
10975:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10961:
10954:
10947:
10944:Ossewabrandwag
10940:
10933:
10926:
10919:
10912:
10905:
10898:
10890:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10878:
10871:
10864:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10836:
10829:
10822:
10815:
10808:
10801:
10794:
10787:
10780:
10773:
10766:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10738:
10731:
10723:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10687:Unionist Party
10683:
10676:
10669:
10666:Torch Commando
10662:
10655:
10648:
10641:
10634:
10627:
10620:
10613:
10606:
10599:
10592:
10585:
10578:
10571:
10564:
10557:
10550:
10543:
10540:Orde Boerevolk
10536:
10529:
10522:
10515:
10508:
10501:
10494:
10487:
10480:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10438:
10431:
10424:
10417:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10368:
10361:
10354:
10347:
10340:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10316:DP (1989â2000)
10312:
10309:DP (1973â1977)
10305:
10302:Dominion Party
10298:
10291:
10284:
10277:
10270:
10263:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10235:
10228:
10221:
10214:
10207:
10200:
10193:
10186:
10183:Afrikaner Bond
10178:
10176:
10167:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10157:
10148:
10139:
10130:
10123:
10114:
10107:
10100:
10097:Day of the Vow
10093:
10086:
10079:
10070:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10040:
10033:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10018:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10011:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9980:
9973:
9966:
9959:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9903:
9896:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9868:
9865:Floor crossing
9861:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9825:
9823:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9811:
9804:
9797:
9790:
9783:
9780:Bisho massacre
9776:
9775:
9774:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9739:
9732:
9725:
9722:Operation Vula
9718:
9715:Rubicon speech
9711:
9708:Langa massacre
9704:
9697:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9646:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9614:
9600:
9593:
9586:
9579:
9572:
9565:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9530:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9470:
9462:
9460:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9450:
9443:
9436:
9429:
9426:Rand Rebellion
9422:
9415:
9407:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9383:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9352:Boer Republics
9348:
9341:
9334:
9326:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9314:
9307:
9300:
9293:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9264:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9245:
9237:
9235:
9226:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9210:
9202:
9198:Bophuthatswana
9194:
9186:
9178:
9170:
9162:
9158:Klein Vrystaat
9154:
9146:
9138:
9130:
9122:
9114:
9106:
9098:
9090:
9082:
9074:
9066:
9058:
9043:
9028:
9020:
8997:
8995:
8988:
8987:
8979:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8946:Daily Maverick
8939:
8929:
8926:Daily Maverick
8919:
8909:
8906:Daily Maverick
8899:
8886:
8876:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8825:
8803:
8781:
8744:
8718:
8706:Daily Maverick
8692:
8666:
8640:
8614:
8602:Daily Maverick
8583:
8557:
8545:Daily Maverick
8531:
8505:
8479:
8453:
8427:
8415:Daily Maverick
8392:
8381:. 15 July 2015
8366:
8355:. 25 June 2015
8340:
8309:
8283:
8253:
8242:. 11 July 2013
8227:
8201:
8175:
8154:
8128:
8102:
8076:
8050:
8024:
7998:
7969:
7943:
7917:
7891:
7865:
7839:
7813:
7784:
7758:
7732:
7706:
7677:
7651:
7625:
7599:
7570:
7541:
7512:
7486:
7460:
7431:
7405:
7376:
7350:
7324:
7312:Daily Maverick
7291:
7262:
7236:
7210:
7177:
7151:
7125:
7099:
7073:
7061:Daily Maverick
7044:
7032:Daily Maverick
7011:
6978:
6952:
6934:Noah, Trevor,
6926:
6895:
6872:
6846:
6820:
6794:
6763:
6733:
6703:
6673:
6647:
6634:Daily Maverick
6621:
6604:
6574:
6548:
6531:Daily Maverick
6517:
6491:
6465:
6444:
6418:
6391:
6361:
6338:
6320:
6289:
6263:
6237:
6204:
6173:
6146:
6134:Daily Maverick
6120:
6108:Daily Maverick
6094:
6082:Daily Maverick
6063:
6034:
5999:
5968:
5956:Deutsche Welle
5937:
5906:
5891:
5865:
5835:
5809:
5784:
5755:
5734:
5705:
5679:
5648:
5617:
5591:
5565:
5539:
5513:
5487:
5454:
5423:
5390:
5361:
5343:
5317:
5291:
5273:
5251:
5228:
5195:
5160:
5134:
5108:
5081:
5055:
5029:
5003:
4974:
4955:
4943:Daily Maverick
4920:
4908:Daily Maverick
4889:
4856:
4826:
4797:
4768:
4733:
4699:
4670:
4644:
4627:Daily Maverick
4613:
4587:
4547:
4521:
4500:
4489:on 6 June 2022
4464:
4433:
4402:
4361:
4348:The Journalist
4335:
4305:
4293:Daily Maverick
4276:
4250:
4224:
4191:
4160:
4134:
4103:
4084:
4072:Daily Maverick
4047:
4035:Daily Maverick
4016:
3830:
3800:
3788:Daily Maverick
3757:
3735:
3724:. Fox Business
3712:
3699:BusinessReport
3686:
3649:
3631:
3602:
3580:
3521:
3492:
3481:. South Africa
3462:
3436:
3401:
3370:
3358:Daily Maverick
3329:
3317:Daily Maverick
3303:
3277:
3265:Daily Maverick
3244:
3204:
3169:
3151:
3125:
3098:
3057:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:Rand Rebellion
3014:
3008:
3007:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2971:
2968:978-1775822783
2956:
2938:
2923:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2488:
2485:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:oral arguments
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:(Chairperson)
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2324:
2314:
2311:
2274:Petra Diamonds
2262:Kumba Iron Ore
2257:
2254:
2238:Witswatersrand
2139:
2136:
2089:
2086:
2052:
2049:
1980:
1977:
1906:
1903:
1832:
1829:
1816:On 21 August,
1805:Karel de Gucht
1786:European Union
1763:Nathi Mthethwa
1718:
1715:
1701:
1698:
1627:
1624:
1610:general strike
1590:
1587:
1530:
1527:
1491:
1488:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1413:common purpose
1388:
1385:
1296:
1293:
1270:Daily Maverick
1210:
1207:
1203:automatic fire
1182:
1134:
1131:
1068:Johannes Seoka
1052:violent means.
1037:
981:
978:
976:
973:
929:
926:
917:Daily Maverick
823:
820:
765:
762:
744:
741:
732:
729:
691:Daily Maverick
653:
650:
626:rubber bullets
613:Daily Maverick
608:wildcat strike
577:
574:
557:
556:
550:
549:
542:
541:
535:
534:
533:
531:
528:
456:
453:
388:
385:
377:
374:
358:common purpose
256:wildcat strike
242:
241:
238:
237:
230:
228:
205:
198:
197:
193:
192:
189:
188:
171:
169:
158:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
119:Marikana mine
115:
113:
109:
108:
89:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
62:
59:
58:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11439:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11372:2012 protests
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11332:
11325:
11322:
11276:
11273:
11271:
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10861:Die Spoorbund
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10701:Workers Party
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10582:Radio Freedom
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9963:Tshwane riots
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9687:Project Coast
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9666:Mafeje affair
9663:
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9636:Durban Moment
9633:
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9629:Rivonia Trial
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9583:Disinvestment
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8896:Critical Arts
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8241:
8237:
8231:
8216:. 28 May 2013
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7904:Mining Review
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7474:Mining Weekly
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6909:Mining Weekly
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6303:The Telegraph
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4123:. 17 May 2021
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2253:
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2247:
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2045:
2044:Julius Malema
2040:
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2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:Mining Weekly
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2000:
1996:
1992:
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1975:
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1969:
1965:
1961:
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1956:civil society
1951:
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1905:Civil society
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2348:(2012â2013)
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2035:hypocrisy".
2033:middle class
2017:
2006:
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1972:intelligence
1953:
1945:
1943:
1923:Ray McCauley
1908:
1887:
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30:
11308: /
10119:Rooi gevaar
9998:2021 unrest
9928:Nkandlagate
9757:Third Force
9618:Rugby union
9216:(1981â1994)
9208:(1979â1994)
9200:(1977â1994)
9192:(1976â1994)
9184:(1910â1961)
9176:(1902â1910)
9168:(1902â1910)
9160:(1886â1891)
9152:(1885â1887)
9144:(1884â1888)
9136:(1882â1885)
9128:(1882â1883)
9120:(1870â1873)
9112:(1861â1879)
9104:(1856â1902)
9096:(1854â1902)
9088:(1843â1910)
9080:(1839â1843)
9072:(1816â1897)
9064:(1795â1910)
9062:Cape Colony
9054: 1780
9039: 1780
9026:(1652â1806)
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9009: 1075
7665:PoliticsWeb
7613:PR Newswire
6787:23 February
6752:. p. 3
6541:8 September
6478:EU Observer
5506:3 September
5244:3 September
5240:. Bloomberg
5221:3 September
5022:3 September
4996:3 September
4948:3 September
4751:The Sowetan
4606:17 December
2853: /
2805: /
2757: /
2709: /
2661: /
2609: /
2395:Appointment
2353:(2013â2014)
2266:Sishen mine
2172:Gold Fields
2160:gold mining
2148:Gold Fields
2138:Gold mining
2128:Paul Verryn
2024:Trevor Noah
1964:mass murder
1841:protest art
1801:rule of law
1774:White House
1601:(Amplats) (
1502:and acting
1436:Jeff Radebe
1020:barbed wire
630:knobkerries
583:Women's Day
405:allied with
141:Resulted in
11331:Categories
11314: (
11295:27°30âē33âģE
11292:25°40âē40âģS
11208:Kidnapping
11198:Corruption
10930:Greyshirts
10694:Volksparty
10232:Black Sash
9893:Xenophobia
9886:Travelgate
9643:Border War
9447:Bantustans
9345:Great Trek
9290:Xhosa Wars
9150:Upingtonia
9134:Stellaland
8844:17 October
8839:Al Jazeera
8818:4 November
8796:4 November
8737:19 October
8711:17 October
8685:17 October
8659:17 October
8633:17 October
8607:17 October
8576:17 October
8550:17 October
8524:17 October
8498:17 October
8493:Al Jazeera
8472:17 October
8446:17 October
8420:17 October
8385:17 October
8359:17 October
8333:17 October
8328:Al Jazeera
8302:17 October
8266:Al Jazeera
8246:17 October
8220:17 October
8194:17 October
8170:Al Jazeera
8147:19 October
8121:19 October
8095:19 October
8069:19 October
8043:19 October
8017:19 October
7991:19 October
7962:19 October
7936:19 October
7910:19 October
7884:19 October
7858:19 October
7826:Al Jazeera
7806:19 October
7777:19 October
7772:defenceWeb
7751:19 October
7725:19 October
7699:19 October
7670:19 October
7644:19 October
7618:19 October
7592:19 October
7563:19 October
7534:19 October
7505:19 October
7479:19 October
7453:19 October
7424:19 October
7398:19 October
7369:19 October
7343:19 October
7317:19 October
7284:19 October
7255:20 October
7229:20 October
7203:19 October
7170:19 October
7144:19 October
7118:19 October
7092:19 October
7066:19 October
7037:19 October
6998:Al Jazeera
6971:17 October
6945:17 October
6666:23 October
6640:23 October
6484:17 October
6374:Al Jazeera
6333:Al Jazeera
6305:. London.
6197:19 October
6168:Al Jazeera
6139:20 October
6113:19 October
6087:19 October
6056:19 October
5992:19 October
5961:19 October
5930:19 October
5884:19 October
5848:Al Jazeera
5828:20 October
5804:Al Jazeera
5777:20 October
5750:Al Jazeera
5727:20 October
5698:20 October
5666:Al Jazeera
5635:Al Jazeera
5610:19 October
5578:Al Jazeera
5558:19 October
5526:Al Jazeera
5500:Al Jazeera
5480:19 October
5441:Al Jazeera
5416:20 October
5383:19 October
5356:Al Jazeera
5336:19 October
5310:20 October
5286:Al Jazeera
5215:Al Jazeera
5153:19 October
5121:Al Jazeera
5074:19 October
5048:19 October
4990:Al Jazeera
4692:17 October
4663:17 October
4457:19 October
4426:23 October
4354:17 October
4298:17 October
4269:17 October
4243:17 October
4217:17 October
4184:17 October
4127:17 October
4077:17 October
4040:17 October
3793:17 October
3679:17 October
3624:23 October
3597:Al Jazeera
3429:19 October
3394:19 October
3363:17 October
3322:17 October
3296:23 October
3229:. London.
3197:17 October
3144:20 October
3023:References
2859: (
2811: (
2792:27°30âē33âģE
2789:25°40âē40âģS
2763: (
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2370:Ian Farlam
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2334:2014-11-14
2330:2012-10-01
2301:Mpumalanga
2294:Mooiplaats
2189:Free State
2003:wealth gap
1927:Archbishop
1911:Parliament
1839:A work of
1685:illiteracy
1571:Solidarity
1555:deadlocked
1404:Magistrate
1401:Ga-Rankuwa
1318:Jacob Zuma
1305:Jacob Zuma
1303:President
899:Forum at 8
865:helicopter
679:set alight
515:Rob Davies
502:Al Jazeera
473:troy ounce
380:See also:
376:Background
370:Ian Farlam
341:to deploy
339:Jacob Zuma
291:rock drill
268:Rustenburg
225:76 injured
214:16 August:
130:North West
126:Rustenburg
103:2012-09-20
95:2012-08-10
11193:Terrorism
11188:Taxi wars
10153:Volkstaat
10144:Uitlander
10075:Boerehaat
10051:Anarchism
9858:Arms Deal
9821:apartheid
9481:Pass laws
9458:Apartheid
9403:1910â1948
9322:1815â1910
9260:1652â1815
8776:0003-0554
8680:Citypress
8519:SABC News
8276:2 October
6919:18 August
6839:17 August
6813:17 August
6756:26 August
6726:18 August
6696:19 August
6686:The Times
6597:17 August
6567:18 August
6510:21 August
6437:19 August
6411:18 August
6384:15 August
6313:18 August
6282:27 August
6230:6 October
5411:0140-0460
5403:The Times
5270:. London.
5188:17 August
4882:18 August
4849:18 August
4819:19 August
4790:17 August
4761:19 August
4726:16 August
4582:2413-3108
4540:18 August
4493:19 August
4395:16 August
4328:17 August
4212:Citypress
4153:17 August
3823:19 August
3705:18 August
3568:0261-3077
3514:17 August
3485:19 August
3270:17 August
3237:19 August
3118:17 August
3093:2304-8557
3050:16 August
2578:Location
2575:Landmark
2487:Aftermath
2417:advocates
2069:West Rand
1999:Bloomberg
1991:editorial
1915:Cape Town
1797:democracy
1515:dismissal
1459:assaulted
1420:apartheid
1415:doctrine.
1239:President
1209:Scene two
1133:Scene one
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934:ultimatum
867:near the
737:provinces
715:collusion
703:Afrikaans
599:toyi-toyi
591:Wonderkop
564:Wonderkop
475:(~$ 20/g)
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322:Afrikaans
223:40 deaths
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9611:Olympics
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8993:polities
8991:Defunct
8865:Archived
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8296:BBC News
7956:BBC News
7693:Miningmx
7638:BBC News
7418:BBC News
7363:BBC News
7223:BBC News
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6720:Archived
6535:Archived
6378:Archived
6307:Archived
6276:BBC News
5924:BBC News
5721:BBC News
5330:BBC News
5097:. London
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4722:. London
4657:BBC News
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3508:BBC News
3423:BBC News
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10127:Slavery
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8063:Reuters
8037:Reuters
7587:Reuters
7557:Sowetan
7392:Reuters
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6225:Reuters
6192:Reuters
6050:Reuters
5692:Sowetan
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5377:Reuters
5068:Reuters
4535:Reuters
4515:YouTube
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1680:justice
1667:anarchy
1659:copycat
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1235:koppie
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318:koppie
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10833:SACTU
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10624:SAYCO
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9819:Post-
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7138:Fin24
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10617:SASO
10610:SAIC
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10547:PAVN
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8820:2021
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