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1728:(219th Regiment, 37th Division, 29th Army) received a message from the Japanese demanding permission to enter Wanping to search for the missing soldier; the Chinese refused. Private Shimura later returned to his unit; he claimed to have sought immediate relief in the darkness from a stomach ache and become lost); according to Peter Harmsen, he had visited a brothel. By that time both sides were mobilizing, with the Japanese deploying reinforcements to surround
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1543:, and his commander demanded the right to search the town for him. When this request was refused, units on both sides were alerted and the Chinese Army fired on the Japanese Army. However, the missing Japanese soldier had already returned to his lines. The Marco Polo Bridge incident is generally regarded as the start of the
1762:, executive officer and acting commander of the Chinese 29th Route Army, sent Wang Lengzhai, mayor of Wanping, alone to the Japanese camp to conduct negotiations. However, this proved to be fruitless, and the Japanese insisted that they be admitted into the town to investigate the cause of the incident.
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with Japan in 1933. Subsequently, there were various "incidents", or armed clashes of a limited nature, followed by a return to uneasy peace. The significance of the Marco Polo Bridge incident is that, following it, tensions did not subside again; instead, there was an escalation, with larger forces
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of 7 September 1901, China had granted nations with legations in
Beijing the right to station guards at twelve specific points along railways connecting Beijing with Tianjin. This was to ensure open communications between the capital and the port. By a supplementary agreement on 15 July 1902, these
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led the
Chinese defenses with about 100 men, with orders to hold the bridge at all costs. The Chinese were able to hold the bridge with the help of reinforcements, but suffered tremendous losses. At this point, the Japanese military and members of the Japanese Foreign Service began negotiations in
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At around 04:00, reinforcements of both sides began to arrive. The
Chinese also rushed an extra division of troops to the area. At 04:45 Wang Lengzhai had returned to Wanping, and on his way back he witnessed Japanese troops massing around the town. Within five minutes of Wang's return, a shot was
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By July 1937, Japan had expanded its forces in China to an estimated 7,000 to 15,000 men, mostly along the railways. This number of men, and the amount of concomitant matériel, was several times the size of the detachments deployed by the
European powers, and greatly in excess of the limits set by
1724:—a walled town 16.4 km (10.2 mi) southwest of Beijing—exchanged fire at approximately 23:00. The exact cause of this incident remains unknown. When a Japanese soldier, Private Shimura Kikujiro, failed to return to his post, Chinese regimental commander
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The
Japanese gave Song and his troops "free passage" before moving in to pacify resistance in areas surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. After 24 days of combat, the Chinese 29th Army was forced to withdraw. The Japanese captured Beiping and the
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between the
Japanese army and the Kuomintang. However, he himself still considers this less likely than the "accidental shot" hypothesis, that the first shot was fired by a low-ranking Chinese soldier in "an unplanned moment of fear".
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221:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
117:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1975:. According to Jim Huffman this notion has been "widely rejected" by historians, as the Japanese would likely have been more concerned over the threat posed by the Soviets. Controversial conservative Japanese historian
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emperor, as its chief of state. After the invasion, Japanese forces extended their control further into northern China, seeking to obtain raw materials and industrial capacity. A commission of inquiry from the
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In comparison to their
Japanese counterparts, the 29th Route Army, and generally all of the NRA for that matter, was poorly equipped and under-trained. Most soldiers were armed only with a rifle and a
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ordered
Wanping to be shelled on 9 July. The following day, Japanese armored units joined the attack. The Chinese 219th regiment staged an effective resistance, and full scale fighting commenced at
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that he was prepared to bring the fight to the
Japanese in a telegram message. Immediately after the Marco Polo Bridge incident, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under the Muslim General
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Later that night, a unit of
Japanese infantry attempted to breach Wanping's walled defenses but were repulsed. An ultimatum by the Japanese was issued two hours later. As a precautionary measure,
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initially rejected the truce and, against his superiors' orders, continued to shell Wanping for the next three hours, until prevailed upon to cease and to move his forces to the northeast.
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and an air regiment composed of 18 squadrons as reinforcements to Northern China. By 20 July, total Japanese military strength in the Beiping-Tianjin area exceeded 180,000 personnel.
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committed by both sides and fighting spreading to other parts of China. With hindsight, this small incident can, therefore, be regarded as the start of a major conflict.
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1888:'s government in Nanjing and stated: "Japan wants Chinese cooperation, not Chinese land." Nevertheless, negotiations failed to move further. On 9 August 1937,
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The heightened tensions of the Marco Polo Bridge incident led directly to full-scale war between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, with the
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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was a combined force of infantry, tanks, mechanized forces, artillery and cavalry, which had been stationed in China since the time of the
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Although a ceasefire had been declared, further efforts to de-escalate the conflict failed, largely due to actions by the
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forces were allowed to conduct maneuvers without informing the authorities of other nations in China.
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on 25 July. After launching a bitter and bloody attack on the Japanese lines on the 27 July, General
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is an eleven-arch granite bridge, an architecturally significant structure first erected under the
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Damage from the Japanese shells on the wall of Wanping Fortress, now marked with a memorial plaque
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commanders. Due to constant Chinese attacks, Japanese Garrison Infantry Brigade commander General
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was built near the bridge to commemorate the anniversary of the start of the Sino-Japanese War.
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From the Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: A Study of Japan's Entry into World War II
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North China and Japanese Expansion 1933–1937: Regional Power and the National Interest
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There is debate over whether the incident could have been planned like the earlier
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This was agreed upon, though Japanese Garrison Infantry Brigade commander General
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In English, the battle is usually known as the "Marco Polo Bridge incident". The
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which was critical of the Japanese, resulting in Japan quitting the League.
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in 1931, there had been many small incidents along the rail line connecting
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HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 5]
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heard, and both sides began firing, thus marking the commencement of the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor
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Control of Wanping would be turned over to the Hebei Chinese civilian
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The Chinese would attempt to better control "communists" in the area.
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from the local name of the bridge, derived from a former name of the
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The 29th Army's resistance (and poor equipment) inspired the 1937 "
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Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism
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A verbal agreement with Chinese General Qin was reached, whereby:
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident | Asian history | Britannica
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made up the majority of the first cavalry division sent by Ma.
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at Tianjin on 29 and 30 July respectively, thus concluding the
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has suggested that the incident could have been caused by the
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The Riddle of the Marco Polo Bridge: To Verify the First Shot
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Usui, Katsumi (1981). "On the Duration of the Pacific War".
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Song, Yuwu, ed. (2009). "Marco Polo Bridge incident 1937".
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Japanese War History library (Senshi-sousyo) No. 86 p. 138
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authorized the deployment of an infantry division from the
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in 1698. It gained its Western name from its appearance in
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An apology would be given by the Chinese to the Japanese.
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in 1931 and their subsequent creation of a client state,
1623:). The same name is also expressed or translated as the "
1606:) and is an alternate name for it in Chinese and Korean (
1899:", which with reworked lyrics became the NRA's standard
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On 11 July, in accordance with the Goso conference, the
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On the night of 7 July, the Japanese units stationed at
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It is also known as the "Lukouchiao", "Lugouqiao", or
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Japanese soldiers in the Marco Polo Bridge (Japanese)
3067:. Symposium on the History of the Republic of China.
1594:. This is the common name for the event in Japanese (
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a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.
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1948:to be sent east to battle the Japanese. The Turkic
3092:The Marco Polo Bridge Virtual Tour and Photographs
2846:Chinese Soldier vs Japanese Soldier: China 1937–38
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1782:Beijing with the Chinese Nationalist government.
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2325:Commander, 3rd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment
1792:Punishment would be dealt to those responsible.
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2654:. University of California Press. p. 48.
1996:
1838:was defeated and forced to retreat behind the
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239:accompanying your translation by providing an
201:Click for important translation instructions.
188:expand this article with text translated from
135:accompanying your translation by providing an
101:Click for important translation instructions.
88:expand this article with text translated from
27:Initial battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War
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1890:a Japanese naval officer was shot in Shanghai
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2925:University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh), 2004.
2167:under the 110th Brigade of the 37th Division
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3087:International Military Tribunal Proceedings
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2898:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 152–.
2781:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 198-.
2760:"The Lukouchiao (Marco Polo Bridge) Battle"
2214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1565:and later restored during the reign of the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2779:Encyclopedia of Chinese-American Relations
1955:In 1987, the bridge was renovated and the
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2696:Symposium on Chinese Historical Geography
2297:Commander China Garrison Infantry Brigade
2234:Learn how and when to remove this message
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281:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2879:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze
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2528:. Hong Kong China Travel Press. p.
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1472:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
1413:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
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2737:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 202.
2524:Common Knowledge about Chinese History
1799:and not to the Chinese 219th Regiment.
2978:Huffman, James L. (31 October 2013).
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325:is on the opposite side of the river.
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1971:, which served as a pretext for the
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1909:to describe the Japanese invaders.
1903:and popularized the racial epithet
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1957:People's Anti-Japanese War Museum
1864:, two combined brigades from the
1627:", "Lugouqiao", or "Lukouchiao".
45:This article has multiple issues.
2627:. Open Road Media. p. 229.
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1428:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
53:or discuss these issues on the
2937:"He Offers Aid to Fight Japan"
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2599:"Marco Polo Bridge Incident".
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2935:Central Press (30 Jul 1937).
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1983:, hoping it would lead to a
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7:
3027:Dryburgh, Marjorie (2000).
2892:Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (2001).
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2072:Vice-Commander of 29th Army
2058:Vice-Commander of 29th Army
1997:National Revolutionary Army
1929:at the end of July and the
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1514:National Revolutionary Army
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2984:. Routledge. p. 140.
2849:. Bloomsbury. p. 66.
2734:A Companion to James Joyce
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1849:
1583:'s record of his travels.
1502:Marco Polo Bridge incident
1377:Military campaigns of the
298:Marco Polo Bridge incident
213:Machine translation, like
109:Machine translation, like
18:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
2648:Kataoka, Tetsuya (1974).
2389:Defense of the Great Wall
1927:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
1878:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
1852:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
1846:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin
1774:at 04:50 on 8 July 1937.
1768:Battle of Beiping-Tianjin
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2714:"Battle of Lugou Bridge"
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1772:Second Sino-Japanese War
1545:Second Sino-Japanese War
1487:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
815:Second Sino-Japanese War
644:Traditional Chinese
638:Alternative Chinese name
581:Traditional Chinese
544:100 troops at the bridge
305:Second Sino-Japanese War
3142:Beijing in World War II
2877:Harmsen, Peter (2013).
2731:Brown, Richard (2013).
2607:Encyclopædia Britannica
1981:Chinese Communist Party
1588:'Lugou Bridge incident'
1482:French Indochina (1940)
771:Location within Beijing
658:Simplified Chinese
595:Simplified Chinese
260:For more guidance, see
251:{{Translated|ja|盧溝橋事件}}
156:For more guidance, see
3063:Furuya, Keiji (1981).
2843:Benjamin, Lai (2018).
2567:The Japan Times Online
2248:Imperial Japanese Army
2176:Imperial Japanese Army
2038:Commander of 29th Army
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1625:Battle of Lugou Bridge
1522:Imperial Japanese Army
1309:West Henan–North Hubei
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391:39.84917°N 116.21306°E
147:{{Translated|zh|七七事变}}
2045:Legislative Committee
1920:
1749:
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1635:Tensions between the
1506:Lugou Bridge incident
611:Lugou Bridge incident
554:Casualties and losses
262:Knowledge:Translation
233:copyright attribution
158:Knowledge:Translation
129:copyright attribution
3046:Lu, David J (1961).
3008:Dorn, Frank (1974).
2681:China through a Lens
2677:"Lugouqiao Incident"
2621:Hahn, Emily (2014).
2208:improve this section
1758:At 02:00 on 8 July,
1683:By the terms of the
1504:, also known as the
768:class=notpageimage|
546:900 in reinforcement
317:Aerial photo of the
2451:traditional Chinese
2410:Traditional Chinese
2383:January 28 incident
2371:Huanggutun incident
2277:Lieutenant General
1458:Siberia (1918–1922)
1236:Sichuan (cancelled)
396:39.84917; 116.21306
387: /
2967:. 25 October 1987.
2443:Simplified Chinese
2418:simplified Chinese
2143:: Chang Tze-chung)
1931:Battle of Shanghai
1923:
1820:Chinese Communists
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1026:Yellow River flood
940:Railway Operation
241:interlanguage link
137:interlanguage link
3127:Conflicts in 1937
2991:978-1-135-63490-2
2965:Los Angeles Times
2905:978-0-815-41118-5
2856:978-1-472-82821-7
2788:978-0-786-44593-6
2744:978-1-444-34293-2
2661:978-0-520-02553-0
2634:978-1-4976-1953-1
2624:The Soong Sisters
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2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2577:. Archived from
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2520:Wang Yi (2004).
2517:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2487:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2385:(Shanghai, 1932)
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2263:
2262:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2188:
2180:
2018:
2017:
2007:(a single-edged
1985:war of attrition
1901:marching cadence
1752:Wanping Fortress
1626:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1230:Zhejiang–Jiangxi
1106:Winter Offensive
1003:North-East Henan
934:Sihang Warehouse
819:
818:
816:
805:
798:
791:
782:
781:
761:
760:
754:
733:
732:
715:
714:
692:
691:
666:
665:
652:
651:
629:
628:
603:
602:
589:
588:
516:
515:
514:
501:
500:
499:
489:
488:
487:
465:
464:
463:
455:
451:
449:
448:
436:
434:
433:
413:§ Aftermath
402:
401:
399:
398:
397:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
353:
350:
348:
343:
341:
331:
330:
323:Wanping Fortress
315:
295:
294:
286:
279:
252:
246:
219:Google Translate
200:
196:
179:
178:
171:
148:
142:
115:Google Translate
100:
96:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3132:1937 in Beijing
3107:
3106:
3083:
3039:
3020:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2933:
2929:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2804:Japan Quarterly
2800:
2796:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2609:. 30 June 2022.
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2518:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2441:
2437:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2307:Renya Mutaguchi
2293:Masakazu Kawabe
2258:Boxer Rebellion
2250:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2205:
2189:
2178:
2166:
2161:
2138:
2124:: Chao Teng-yu)
2119:
2100:
2046:
2027:Civilian posts
1999:
1994:
1992:Order of battle
1969:Mukden incident
1965:
1915:
1886:Chiang Kai-shek
1854:
1848:
1828:Masakazu Kawabe
1816:
1808:Masakazu Kawabe
1714:
1697:Chiang Kai-shek
1637:Empire of Japan
1633:
1624:
1587:
1555:
1510:July 7 incident
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1477:China (1937–45)
1448:Tsingtao (1914)
1435:
1384:
1380:Empire of Japan
1379:
1376:
1374:
1344:
1339:
1132:Zaoyang–Yichang
1071:Suixian–Zaoyang
917:Beiping–Tianjin
856:Nenjiang Bridge
820:
814:
812:
811:
809:
775:
774:
773:
772:
770:
764:
763:
762:
725:Revised Hepburn
674:July 7 incident
671:Literal meaning
608:Literal meaning
545:
512:
510:
507:
497:
495:
485:
483:
461:
459:
446:
444:
431:
429:
395:
393:
389:
386:
381:
378:
376:
374:
373:
372:
354:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
316:
287:
276:
275:
274:
269:
268:
267:
250:
244:
203:
180:
176:
165:
164:
163:
146:
140:
103:
97:(February 2024)
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3081:External links
3079:
3078:
3077:
3060:
3043:
3037:
3024:
3018:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2970:
2952:
2941:Herald-Journal
2927:
2911:
2904:
2884:
2869:
2855:
2835:
2821:
2810:(4): 479–488.
2794:
2787:
2769:
2751:
2743:
2723:
2705:
2686:
2668:
2660:
2640:
2633:
2613:
2591:
2569:. 2018-11-02.
2554:
2545:
2538:
2507:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2435:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2377:Jinan incident
2374:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:Kiyonao Ichiki
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:Major General
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2242:
2241:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2131:
2130:
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2125:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:Military posts
2022:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1964:
1961:
1914:
1911:
1850:Main article:
1847:
1844:
1840:Yongding River
1815:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1713:
1710:
1706:Boxer Protocol
1695:Generalissimo
1685:Boxer Protocol
1664:published the
1655:, the deposed
1632:
1629:
1620:Nogugyo Sageon
1592:Yongding River
1567:Kangxi Emperor
1554:
1551:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Ganghwa (1875)
1400:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:Guilin–Liuzhou
1297:
1292:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
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1101:
1100:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1000:
999:
998:
986:
985:
984:
972:
971:
970:
965:
953:
952:
951:
946:
944:Beiping–Hankou
938:
937:
936:
924:
919:
914:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
883:Inner Mongolia
880:
875:
870:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
830:
829:
825:
822:
821:
808:
807:
800:
793:
785:
777:
776:
766:
765:
756:
755:
749:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
727:
721:
720:
717:
716:
709:
703:
702:
698:
697:
694:
693:
686:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
660:
654:
653:
646:
640:
639:
635:
634:
631:
630:
623:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
597:
591:
590:
583:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
556:
555:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
536:
535:
530:
526:
525:
524:Units involved
521:
520:
508:
506:
505:
493:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
470:
469:
440:
426:
425:
421:
420:
417:
416:
408:
404:
403:
363:
361:
357:
356:
352:July 7–9, 1937
335:
327:
326:
308:
307:
300:
299:
293:
292:
289:
288:
271:
270:
266:
265:
258:
247:
225:
222:
211:
204:
197:(October 2019)
185:
184:
183:
181:
174:
167:
166:
162:
161:
154:
143:
121:
118:
107:
104:
85:
84:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3159:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:1937 in Japan
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3038:0-700-71274-7
3034:
3031:. Routledge.
3030:
3025:
3021:
3019:0-02-532200-1
3015:
3012:. MacMillan.
3011:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2923:, p. 85.
2922:
2918:Lei, Bryant.
2915:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2881:. p. 23.
2880:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2581:on 2019-06-04
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2549:
2541:
2539:962-8746-47-2
2535:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2350:
2339:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2238:
2235:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2193:This section
2191:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2136:Zhang Zizhong
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:similar to a
2010:
2009:Chinese sword
2006:
2005:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:Controversies
1960:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1866:Kwantung Army
1863:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1666:Lytton Report
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1603:Rokōkyō Jiken
1593:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:Taishō period
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Ryukyu (1879)
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Taiwan (1874)
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Central Hubei
1150:
1148:
1147:North Vietnam
1145:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:South Guangxi
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
991:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
954:
950:
949:Tianjin–Pukou
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
904:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
844:Lytton Report
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
831:
827:
826:
823:
817:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
787:
786:
783:
769:
753:
744:
740:
736:
731:Rokōkyō Jiken
728:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
704:
701:Japanese name
699:
695:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
659:
655:
647:
645:
641:
636:
632:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
592:
584:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
557:
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2363:China portal
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2206:Please help
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2088:Chairman of
2041:Chairman of
2034:Song Zheyuan
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1977:Ikuhiko Hata
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873:1st Shanghai
690:Qīqī Shìbiàn
684:Hanyu Pinyin
621:Hanyu Pinyin
575:Chinese name
491:Song Zheyuan
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303:Part of the
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2718:World War 2
2495:Generals.dk
2117:Zhao Dengyu
2098:Feng Zhi'an
1933:in August.
1897:Sword March
1862:Chosen Army
1741:Feng Zhi'an
1563:Jin dynasty
1222:Yenangyaung
1163:South Henan
1157:South Anhui
1098:Kunlun Pass
996:Taierzhuang
394: /
382:116°12′47″E
192:in Japanese
3111:Categories
3073:B0007BJI7I
3056:B000UV6MFQ
2946:2010-11-28
2862:22 October
2698:, p.
2585:2019-06-04
2473:References
2246:See also:
2159:Ji Xingwen
2141:Wade-Giles
2122:Wade-Giles
2081:Liu Ruming
2068:Tong Linge
2054:Qin Dechun
1882:volte-face
1874:Taku Forts
1779:Ji Xingwen
1760:Qin Dechun
1737:Qin Dechun
1726:Ji Xingwen
1673:Kuomintang
1631:Background
1581:Marco Polo
1576:Il Milione
1527:Since the
1315:West Hunan
1267:Mount Song
1249:West Hubei
1169:West Hubei
1044:Wenxi fire
1039:Wanjialing
888:Great Wall
562:660 killed
503:Qin Dechun
467:East Hebei
379:39°50′57″N
347:1937-07-09
340:1937-07-07
92:in Chinese
50:improve it
2575:0447-5763
2478:Citations
2286:Tientsin
2272:Location
2224:June 2019
2195:does not
2149:Mayor of
1942:Ma clique
1938:Ma Bufang
1814:Aftermath
1649:Manchukuo
1262:Myitkyina
1242:1943–1945
1125:1940–1942
1020:Chongqing
906:1937–1939
851:Jiangqiao
834:Manchuria
559:96 killed
529:29th Army
321:(right).
255:talk page
151:talk page
56:talk page
2335:See also
2305:Colonel
2269:Position
2157:Colonel
2134:General
2115:General
2096:General
2079:General
2066:General
2052:General
2032:General
1832:Langfang
1822:and the
1777:Colonel
1712:Incident
1639:and the
1520:and the
1295:Hengyang
1175:Shanggao
1064:Nanchang
982:Massacre
539:Strength
360:Location
231:provide
127:provide
3002:Sources
2816:1754204
2764:Colnect
2379:(1928)
2314:Peking
2300:Peking
2216:removed
2201:sources
2151:Tianjin
2013:machete
1946:Ma Biao
1940:of the
1730:Wanping
1722:Wanping
1718:Fengtai
1651:, with
1569:of the
1541:Wanping
1537:Tianjin
1533:Beijing
1516:of the
1508:or the
1335:Taihoku
1328:Air War
1321:Guangxi
1283:Ichi-Go
1275:Changde
1217:Toungoo
1207:Tachiao
1008:Lanfeng
976:Nanking
957:Taiyuan
898:Suiyuan
861:Jinzhou
366:Beijing
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2391:(1933)
2373:(1928)
2319:Major
2139:(張自忠;
2120:(趙登禹;
2090:Chahar
1754:, 1937
1212:Oktwin
1117:Wuyuan
1077:Swatow
1056:Hainan
1051:Canton
990:Xuzhou
968:Xinkou
922:Chahar
866:Harbin
839:Mukden
450:
435:
407:Result
2422:卢沟桥事变
2414:盧溝橋事變
2398:Notes
2162:(吉星文)
2109:Hebei
2101:(馮治安)
2043:Hebei
1906:guizi
1597:蘆溝橋事件
1033:Wuhan
713:盧溝橋事件
707:Kanji
601:卢沟桥事变
587:盧溝橋事變
549:5,600
453:Japan
438:China
370:China
364:Near
215:DeepL
111:DeepL
3069:ASIN
3052:ASIN
3033:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2864:2021
2851:ISBN
2812:OCLC
2783:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2571:ISSN
2534:ISBN
2502:2015
2455:七七事變
2447:七七事变
2266:Name
2252:The
2199:any
2197:cite
2021:Name
1704:the
1671:The
1653:Puyi
1500:The
1015:Amoy
893:Rehe
664:七七事变
650:七七事變
411:See
334:Date
229:must
227:You
208:View
125:must
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2530:185
2210:by
2004:dao
1610:노구교
217:or
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