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358:, said that a few days before the deed was signed, Eddy asserted her desire "to protect and preserve the literature of the movement in its purity and from aggressive attempts ... to adulterate the literature by injecting into it thoughts and teachings which would tend to becloud or destroy her teachings of Christian Science and thereby create chaos and confusion in the Christian Science ranks as well as to misrepresent her teachings to the outside world."
235:, Eddy's last personal secretary, whom she appointed to the Board of Directors shortly before she died, wrote in 1922, "The safety of the Christian Science church does not rest in the Board of Directors; it lies in the integrity of each individual member, and in the determination of the members to obey the By-laws."
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was first published in 1895. Like a constitution, it establishes the framework for the government and operations of the church, as well as its "basic character". Its by-laws are organized into 35 articles that establish the duties and responsibilities of church officers, provide guidelines and rules
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Until 1903, the Board of
Directors did have the authority, with Eddy's approval or direction, to amend most by-laws. In 1903, the by-law that granted this right was revised by Eddy to stipulate that she alone would have authority to alter church law and doctrine. The Board was not denied the right,
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again sparked controversy in the church around the estoppel clauses that resulted in another lawsuit. The book, which had previously been refused publication as being incompatible with Eddy's teaching, had been named in two wills with a large bequest to the church if it published the book. Critics
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in a case of this kind, where it is physically impossible to carry out specified conditions by the one named, that the next in authority assume that jurisdiction. And in this case the next in authority is the Board of
Directors of the Mother Church. Any competent court in the land will uphold the
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Christian
Science historian Stephen Gottschalk writes, "The evidence shows that thought in centuries where most of thought in years. The gradual paganizing of Christianity in the ancient world was an ever-present reminder to her of the possible secularizing of Christian Science in the future
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Branch churches are set up to be democratic and independent, related to but not controlled by The Mother Church. The appendix includes membership applications, the order of the church services, Sunday school and testimony meetings, as well as two deeds related to land conveyance for The Mother
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SECTION 1. Neither animosity nor mere personal attachment should impel the motives or acts of the members of The Mother Church. In
Science, divine Love alone governs man; and a Christian Scientist reflects the sweet amenities of Love, in rebuking sin, in true brotherliness, charitableness, and
163:
as having been "impelled" by circumstances which made the need for a rule apparent. The impetus was always the future protection of the church, to fortify its structural integrity by preventing battles for personal control and creeping bureaucracy, and to maintain its spiritual integrity by
219:, the church officers comprising the Board of Directors are charged with administration, and have no authority to govern the church, amend or interpret by-laws or create new ones. Eddy vested the authority for government of the church not in persons, but in the by-laws of the
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and teachers, define the responsibilities of individual members and provide the means of discipline. The "Rule for
Motives and Acts" (at right) typifies the nature of these by-laws and is the only by-law that was barely changed through the dozens of revisions.
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which required her involvement would default to the "next in authority", which in this case would be the Board of
Directors. However, after Eddy's passing some people both within and without of the church believed that without Eddy's presence the
284:, the estoppel clauses still add "moral force" and make it "morally incumbent upon the Directors" to take particular care to fulfill the 'spirit and letter' when considering steps governed by those by-laws.
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forgiveness. The members of this Church should daily watch and pray to be delivered from all evil, from prophesying, judging, condemning, counseling, influencing or being influenced erroneously.
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and a Board of
Trustees to manage it, stipulating the purpose of the Publishing Society in the deed, as to "more effectually and the religion of Christian Science as taught by me."
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preventing frivolous experimentation and the intrusions of personal opinion that would eventually adulterate the teaching and doctrine of
Christian Science. The final revision of the
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rather the by-law no longer mentioned the Board at all. The change was reinforced by the addition of a second deed of trust to the
Appendix, in which this revision was reiterated.
168:, the 89th edition, was published two weeks after Eddy's death in December 1910, although she had approved and signed the proof sheets of the edition before publication.
459:
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Church. As legal documents describing the Board of
Directors and setting limits to their authority, they cement the legal foundation for Eddy's intent regarding the
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upheld the Baker interpretation that the Board of Directors assumed jurisdiction over the estoppel clauses upon Eddy's death. However, according to Eddy biographer
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should function as a separate governing body within the church. This culminated in a period of litigation in 1921 when the
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church, there is no hierarchy. All members, including church officers, are bound by the rules of the
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through the attrition of its radical reliance on spiritual as opposed to material means."
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just as Mrs. Eddy intends it to function whether her signature is forthcoming or not."
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Church Manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts
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Self-Help and Popular Religion in Modern American Culture: An Interpretive Guide
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Church Manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts
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accused the Board, then in need of funds to cover losses stemming from
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God's Perfect Child: Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church
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The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science
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Mary Baker Eddy Library (October 13, 2020). Retrieved Aug 31, 2021.
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453:"What is the background of the 'Present Order of Services' in the
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Mary Baker Eddy Library (June 5, 2012). Retrieved July 29, 2013.
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is the book that establishes the structure and governance of
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The 89th and final edition of the Manual of the Mother Church
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In 1898, in another deed of trust, Eddy established the
657:. Greenwood Press, pp. 81-82. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
502:. The Christian Science Publishing Society, pp. 68-69.
159:, Eddy described the work of establishing the various
151:, then an editor of Christian Science periodicals and
425:. Indiana University Press, pp. 242-243 and 394.
476:"Did Eddy authorize the 89th edition of the Manual?"
412:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 90-91.
308:s estoppel clauses in order to receive the funds.
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580:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), pp. 316 and 359.
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301:s entry into television, of violating the
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926:List of former Christian Science churches
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571:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), pp. 255-256.
562:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), pp. 242-243.
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595:. Duell, Sloan and Pearce, pp. 142-144.
409:Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Authority
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764:Christian Science Publishing Society
618:Beasley, Norman (1956), pp. 143-144.
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346:Christian Science Publishing Society
278:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
274:Christian Science Publishing Society
76:Christian Science Publishing Society
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542:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), p. 241.
533:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), p. 244.
512:Article VIII, "Guidance of Members"
443:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006), p. 227.
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931:Massachusetts Metaphysical College
639:Encyclopedia of American religions
287:The 1991 publication of a book by
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916:Dupee Estate-Mary Baker Eddy Home
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609:Peel, Robert (1977), pp. 346-347.
499:The Christian Science Way of Life
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1432:The Destiny of The Mother Church
1682:Religious handbooks and manuals
911:Christian Science Reading Rooms
882:Christian Science practitioners
864:The Herald of Christian Science
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1554:Scientific statement of being
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856:The Christian Science Journal
832:The Christian Science Monitor
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147:Writing in September 1895 to
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689:89th (final) edition of the
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434:Peel, Robert (1977), p. 225.
421:Gottschalk, Stephen (2006),
177:A Rule for Motives and Acts.
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737:Church of Christ, Scientist
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243:There are 32 by-laws with "
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128:Manual of The Mother Church
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759:Christian Science Center
642:. Gale Research, p. 140.
589:Beasley, Norman (1956),
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1662:Christian Science texts
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1254:Ernest Sutherland Bates
769:Mary Baker Eddy Library
93:Print, ebook, audiobook
1672:1895 non-fiction books
1617:History of New Thought
1146:Samuel Putnam Bancroft
651:Anker, Roy M. (1999),
423:Rolling Away The Stone
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125:commonly known as the
16:Book of church by-laws
1641:Religion and children
1549:Resurrection of Jesus
1499:Beliefs and practices
843:(weekly bible lesson)
592:The Continuing Spirit
496:John, DeWitt (1962),
406:Peel, Robert (1977),
352:, then editor of the
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1590:Free Exercise Clause
1524:Contemplative prayer
1353:Lyman Pierson Powell
1274:Richard Clarke Cabot
1045:Stansfield M. Turner
1006:Christian Scientists
970:Augusta Emma Stetson
945:Christian Scientists
889:(at church services)
111:christianscience.com
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1363:Irving C. Tomlinson
1343:William Dana Orcutt
1284:Edwin Franden Dakin
680:1st edition of the
172:Church constitution
64:1910 (89th edition)
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1529:Efficacy of prayer
1373:James Henry Wiggin
1309:Stephen Gottschalk
1156:Charles Lightoller
1050:William H. Webster
676:- Official website
517:2013-07-24 at the
462:2012-08-15 at the
369:William R. Rathvon
253:William R. Rathvon
61:1895 (1st edition)
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1602:Mind–body problem
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157:The Mother Church
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1358:Rodney Stark
1326:Willa Cather
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1314:B. O. Flower
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153:First Reader
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1607:New Thought
1580:Eschatology
1476:Legal cases
1348:Robert Peel
1193:Henry Fonda
1178:Anne Archer
1020:Nancy Astor
980:Calvin Frye
975:Bliss Knapp
835:(newspaper)
824:Periodicals
807:Prose Works
289:Bliss Knapp
282:Robert Peel
233:Adam Dickey
1656:Categories
1368:Mark Twain
1126:King Vidor
1101:Val Kilmer
1035:Egil Krogh
867:(magazine)
859:(magazine)
851:(magazine)
388:References
373:common law
255:and Judge
143:Background
1320:McClure's
1076:Doris Day
774:Mapparium
72:Publisher
55:Published
1534:Idealism
1013:Politics
515:Archived
460:Archived
245:estoppel
223:itself.
47:Language
1563:Related
1240:Writers
887:Readers
161:by-laws
106:Website
50:English
1455:Groups
1247:People
378:Manual
303:Manual
270:Manual
265:Manual
249:Manual
229:Manual
221:Manual
217:Manual
213:Manual
196:Manual
166:Manual
37:Author
1392:Books
1139:Other
312:Notes
306:'
299:'
207:As a
98:Pages
199:for
194:The
119:The
209:lay
155:of
1658::
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483:^
395:^
721:e
714:t
707:v
457:"
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