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parachuted into an open area at the top of the gulch. Below them, they could see the fire burning on the ridge south of Mann Gulch toward the
Missouri River. Gear and individual jumpers were scattered widely due to the turbulent conditions. Their radio was destroyed after its parachute failed to open. After the smokejumpers had landed, a shout was heard coming from the front of the fire. The foreman, Wagner "Wag" Dodge, went out ahead to find the person shouting and to scout the fire. He left instructions for the team to finish gathering their equipment and eat, and then advance to the front of the fire. The voice turned out to be Jim Harrison who had already been fighting the fire alone for four hours.
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contour or elevation), and cross over to the thinly forested and grass-covered south-facing slope, north of the stream, where they would move "down gulch" (west towards the confluence between Mann Gulch and the
Missouri River). They could then fight the fire from the flank and steer it toward a low-fuel area. Dodge returned with Harrison to the supply area at the top of the gulch. The two stopped there to eat. From the high vantage point, Dodge noticed the smoke along the fire front boiling up, indicating an intensification of the heat of the fire. He and Harrison headed down the gulch to catch up with the crew.
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the far edge of Dodge's fire. Sallee later said he was not sure what Dodge was doing, and thought perhaps he intended the fire to act as a buffer between the men and the main fire. It was not until he got to the ridge crest and looked back down that he realized what Dodge had intended. As the rest of the crew came up, Dodge tried to direct them through the fire he had set and into the center burnt out area. Dodge later stated that someone, possibly squad leader
William Hellman, said, "To hell with that, I'm getting out of here." The rest of the team raced past Dodge up the slope toward the
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447:, was working the summer as recreation and fire prevention guard for the Meriwether Canyon Campground. He had been a smokejumper the previous year but had given it up because of the danger. As a ranger, he still had a responsibility to watch for and help fight fires, but it was not his primary role. On this day, he fought the fire on his own for four hours before he met the crew of smokejumpers who had been dispatched from Hale Field,
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936:, came to examine the damage. Despite a history of heart problems, he nevertheless conducted an on-ground survey of the fire site. He suffered a heart attack and died while finishing the day's research. Gisborne had forwarded theories as to the cause of the blowup prior to his arrival on site. Once there, he discovered several conditions, which caused him to change his concepts of
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continued carrying both his tools until Rumsey caught up with him, took his shovel and leaned it against a pine tree. Just a little further on, Rumsey and Sallee passed the recreation guard, Jim
Harrison, who, having been on the fire all afternoon, was now exhausted. He was sitting with his heavy pack on and was making no effort to take it off.
963:, in which 14 firefighters died. A primary factor in the latter appeared to be surprise of the sudden transition from surface fire to crown fire, leading to the development and adoption of LCES, an acronym for a four-point safety procedure to increase observance of the previous training protocols. LCES consists of posting
947:" and "Eighteen Situations That Shout Watch Out"—were incorporated into Forest Service firefighter training program, and safety training made mandatory to achieve certification to work on a fire line. However, the training methodology proved inadequate and the tragedy would be repeated twice: in the 1990
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Much controversy surrounded foreman Dodge and the fire he lit to escape. In answering the questions of the Forest
Service Review Board as to why he took the actions he did, Dodge stated he had never heard of such a fire being set; it had just seemed "logical" to him. In fact, it was not a method that
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Earl Cooley was the spotter/kicker (the airborne supervisor who directed the crew of smokejumpers who dropped in to fight the fire) the morning of the August 5, 1949 Mann Gulch fire jump. On July 12, 1940, as part of a two-man jump, Cooley had been the first ever smokejumper to jump on an operational
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collecting the bodies the day after the disaster, and spoke with Dodge then as they sat on a log. Rothermel, in the early 1990s and
Alexander in 2009 cite separate personal communications with Hardy asserting this account. Hardy assisted Norman Maclean in his research and accompanied him on a trip to
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Thirteen crosses were erected to mark the locations where the thirteen firefighters who died fighting the Mann Gulch fire fell. However, one of the smokejumpers who died in the Mann Gulch fire was David Navon, who was Jewish. In 2001, the cross marking the location where Navon died was replaced with
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of the main fire, the grass fire Dodge had set burned in the direction toward the ridge above. Turning to the three men by him — Robert Sallee, Walter Rumsey, and Eldon
Diettert — Dodge said, "Up this way," but the men misunderstood him. The three ran straight up for the ridge crest, moving up along
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in the rock ridge to reach the other side. In the dense smoke of the fire, the two had no way of knowing if the crevice they found actually "went through" to the other side or would be a blind trap. Diettert had been just to the right, slightly upgulch of Sallee and Rumsey, but he did not drop back
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Communication – The crew's single radio broke because its parachute failed to open. It could have possibly prevented the disaster or helped get aid more quickly to the two burned men who died later. There were other dangerous fires going on at the same time and without radio contact, Forest
Service
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By the time Dodge reached his men, the fire west of them, down-gulch toward the
Missouri River, had already jumped from the ridge south of Mann Gulch to the bottom of the south facing slope north of the stream. The intense heat, combined with wind coming off the river, and the upslope direction of
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The two headed back up the gulch, and Dodge noted that one could not get closer than 100 feet (30 m) to the fire due to the heat. The crew met Dodge and
Harrison about halfway to the fire. Dodge instructed the team to move off the front of the fire, and instead "sidehill" (keeping to the same
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with little to no vegetation. They waited there for the fire to overtake them, moving from the bottom of the slide to the top as the fire moved past. Hellman was caught by the fire on the top of the ridge and was badly burned. Though he and Joseph Sylvia initially survived the fire, they suffered
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Dodge's order was to throw away just their packs and heavy tools, but to his surprise some of them had already thrown away all of their heavy equipment. On the other hand, some of them wouldn't abandon their heavy tools, even after Dodge's order. Diettert, one of the most intelligent of the crew,
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was high, rated 74 out of a possible 100. Wind conditions were turbulent. The plane flight was especially rough. One smokejumper got sick on the way and did not jump, returning with the airplane to Hale Field. Getting off the plane, he resigned from the smokejumpers. The remaining 15 smokejumpers
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to the crevice and continued on up the right side of the hogback. He did not find another escape route and was overtaken by the fire. Sallee and Rumsey came through the hogback to the ridge crest above what became known as Rescue Gulch. Dropping down off the ridge, they managed to find a
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It was originally thought that the unburned patches underneath the bodies indicated they had suffocated for lack of air before the fire caught them. However, the unburned patches are called protected areas as their bodies shielded the underlying grass and forest litter from the intense
651:, Maclean stated that when the fire passed over Dodge's position, "he was lifted off the ground two or three times." Later researchers repeated the claim. However, this statement was an exaggeration. Dodge actually wrote, in his statement to the board of review, "There were
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at the nearby campground and had been fighting the fire solo. As the team approached the fire to begin fighting it, unexpected high winds caused the fire to suddenly expand, cutting off the men's route and forcing them to flee uphill. During the next few minutes, a
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331:" of the fire covered 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) in ten minutes, claiming the lives of 13 firefighters, including 12 of the smokejumpers. Only three of the smokejumpers survived. The fire would continue for five more days before being controlled.
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from Hale Field in Missoula, Montana and was used to drop smokejumpers as well as for other operations for which Johnson Flying Service held contracts. “Miss Montana” has since been restored to airworthy condition and still flies out of Missoula.
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The C-47/DC-3 "Miss Montana" (a name applied during the eventual restoration, not used at the time of the fire and use by Johnson), registration number NC24320, was the only smokejumper plane available at Hale Field, near the current location of
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The events described above all transpired in a relatively short period of time. Studies estimated that the fire covered 3,000 acres in 10 minutes during this blow-up stage, an hour and 45 minutes after the smokejumpers had arrived.
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the burn (which pre-dries and heats the fuel, and leads to much faster fire movement when a fire is burning up-slope) pushed the flames up the gulch in the dry grass of the south facing slope, causing what fire fighters call a
1103:. Written from the perspective of foreman Dodge on his deathbed, the song describes "thirteen crosses high above the cold Missouri waters" and draws closely on other details from the events of the fire, describing Dodge as:
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Mann Gulch in 2013, looking southeast from the Missouri River. The fire came down off the near end of the ridge on the right into the gulch and "blew up", overtaking the fleeing smokejumper crew on the ridge to the
516:. The C-47/DC-3 could only hold 16 jumpers and their equipment. Even though more help was needed, fire bosses decided not to wait for a second plane, and instead sent No. NC24320 out on its own. NC24320 flew with
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that almost lifted me from the ground as the fire passed over." In another description of Dodge's ordeal, John Maclean said, "as the main fire passed, it picked him up and shook him like a dog with a bone."
483:, an especially volatile fuel. Additionally, the burn-over incident occurred on a hot day, on a south-facing slope, in the early afternoon. All of these factors would have contributed to the
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But in this case Dodge appears to have discovered it on the spot, as the only means available to him to save his crew. None of the men realized what it was and only Dodge was saved by it.
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Memorial cross marking the spot where smokejumper Joseph B. Sylvia was fatally burned while fleeing the advancing wildfire. Thirteen memorial markers are located on the steep hillside.
664:, who had rebuffed Maclean's overture to collaborate and proceeded to publish his own book. But the mistaken story actually originated with C. E. "Mike" Hardy, who was the head of the
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By this point, the fire was moving extremely fast up the 76% incline of the northern slope (37.23 degree slope) of Mann Gulch, and Dodge realized they would not be able to make the
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of Mann Gulch ridge, hoping they had enough time to get through the rock ridge line to safer ground on the other side. Only Dodge entered the burned-out area of his escape fire.
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Slope – Fire spreads faster up a slope, and the south facing slope north of Mann Gulch was about a 75% incline in places. The slope also makes it very difficult to run.
1083:, which also includes a section on the Mann Gulch fire. In 2004, he also published an article called "Fire and Ashes: The Last Survivor of the Mann Gulch Fire," in
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Lillquist, Karl (November 2006). "Teaching with Catastrophe: Topographic Map Interpretation and the Physical Geography of the 1949 Mann Gulch, Montana Wildfire".
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and both died in the hospital the next day. Wag Dodge entered the charred center of the escape fire he had built and survived the intensely burning main fire.
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1156:"Underneath Montana Skies", another song about the Mann Gulch fire, was written by Patrick Michael Karnahan of Black Irish Band, and is also on the album
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drew lessons from the tragedy of the Mann Gulch fire by designing new training techniques and safety measures that developed how the agency approached
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1018:. The aircraft was restored as a memorial to the smokejumpers and the fire guard who lost their lives at Mann Gulch on August 5, 1949. It was made
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1087:. The article was adapted from the Mann Gulch section of his book, in which he interviewed Bob Sallee, the last remaining survivor of the fire.
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parachuted into the area on the afternoon of August 5, 1949, to fight the fire, rendezvousing with a former smokejumper who was employed as a
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on May 19, 1999. A sign is placed near Mann Gulch to memorialize the tragedy, and can be seen from the waters of the nearby Missouri River.
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1030:. On August 5, 2019, "Miss Montana" flew back over Mann Gulch on the 70th anniversary of the fire and dropped wreaths for the 13 men lost.
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5:45 PM : The crew had seen the fire coming up towards them on the south-facing slope north of the stream and had turned to run.
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to lie in so that, deprived of fuel, the main fire would pass the new, burned-out clearing and divert around him and his crew. In the
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A few parents of the smokejumpers tried to sue the government with one charge that the "escape fire" had actually burned the men.
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and that day was extremely hot. Winds in the Gulch were also strong "up gulch," the same direction in which the men tried to run.
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in his youth, recounted the events of the fire and ensuing tragedy and undertook a detailed investigation of the fire's causes.
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5:56 PM: The fire had swept over them. The time at which the fire engulfed the men was judged by the melted hands on Harrison's
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1511:"Teaching with catastrophe: Topographic map interpretation and the physical geography of the 1949 Mann Gulch, Montana wildfire"
940:, particularly those pertaining to fire "blow-ups". He noted this to his companion just before his death on November 9, 1949.
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A later investigation produced a map and timeline recreating the events of the Mann Gulch fire disaster on August 5, 1949.
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1755:"An Analysis of Dodge's Escape Fire on the 1949 Mann Gulch Fire in Terms of a Survival Zone for Wildland Firefighters"
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1014:"Miss Montana", the C-47/DC-3 that carried the smokejumpers that day, was later placed on exhibit in Missoula at the
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Lessons learned from the Mann Gulch fire had a significant effect on firefighter training. Two training protocols—"
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512:, on August 5, 1949, when the call came in seeking 25 smokejumpers to fight a blaze in a hard-to-reach area of the
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fire jump. In the 1950s, Cooley served as the smokejumper base superintendent and was the first president of the
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Four of the men reached the ridge crest, but only two, Bob Sallee and Walter Rumsey, managed to escape through a
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in front of the fire. With the fire less than 100 yards (90 m) behind, he took a match out and
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Weick, Karl E. (1993). "The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster".
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Weick, Karl E. (1993). "The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster".
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Ross Brown wrote a song entitled "The Mann Gulch," with a scratch version available on YouTube.
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Anon (August 12, 1949). "Foreman of Ill-Fated Smokejumper Crew Tells of Death in Forest Fire".
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because of the confined atmosphere, is virtually nonexistent among wildland fire fatalities.
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366:(1992), which was published after his death. Maclean, who had worked in northwestern Montana
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479:– Fire spreads fast in dry grass. The south facing slope of Mann Gulch was mostly knee high
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Several factors that combined to create the disaster are described in Norman Maclean's book
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Investigators stand on the steep, burned-out terrain of the north slope of Mann Gulch, 1949.
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1350:"Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology: Lewis and Clark in Montana – a geologic perspective"
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2011:
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wrote a song about this fire entitled "Cold Missouri Waters", released on his 1995 album
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the Forest Service had considered, nor would it work in the intense heat of the normal
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fires that they typically fought. Similar types of escape fires had been used by the
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The route the men took to the ridge, including the location of the three survivors.
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Weick, Karl E. (1996). "Drop Your Tools: An Allegory for Organizational Studies".
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that cuts through steep terrain for approximately five miles ( 8 km ) in the
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The song was revived as a tribute to the 19 firefighters who died in the massive
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Thirteen firefighters died, with eleven killed in the fire and two who sustained
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James O. Harrison around noon on August 5, 1949. Harrison, a college student at
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Levi Barrett released his song about the tragedy, "Mann Gulch Fire" in 2018.
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Robert W. Sallee, youngest man on the crew, age 17 at time of the fire, from
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830:, age 33 at the time of the fire. Dodge died five years after the fire from
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Retrieval of victims' remains on August 6, 1949, the day after the disaster.
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Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
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Of his decision to set the escape fire, the song imagines Dodge saying:
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National Register of Historic Places in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
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1416:"Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Gates of the Rocky Mountains"
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852:. Last survivor of the smokejumpers; he died May 26, 2014, at age 82.
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Anon (August 14, 1949). "Dodge Describes Tragedy of Fire Fighters".
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and died later in the hospital. Only three of the sixteen survived.
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It was hot, with a temperature of 97 °F (36 °C), and the
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1474:"S290 Unit 10 Fuel Moisture:Factors Affecting Dead Fuel Moisture"
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Norman Maclean's son John N. Maclean wrote a book in 2003 titled
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Four-hundred-and-fifty men fought for five more days to get the
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360:(1902–1990) researched the fire and its behavior for his book
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Alexander, Martin E.; Ackerman, Mark Y.; Baxter, Gregory J.
2262:, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report
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I lay face down and prayed above the cold Missouri waters.
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Too big to fight it, we'd have to fight that slope instead
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against the fast-moving, brief-duration grass fires of the
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Fire and ashes : on the front lines battling wildfire
2084:"Folk tune becomes tribute to fallen Arizona firefighters"
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I struck a match to waist-high grass, running out of time.
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So I ordered them to sidehill and we'd fight it from below
396:, was loosely based on the events of the Mann Gulch fire.
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1285:. 1992 Awards - General Nonfiction Winner. Archived from
2029:"Fire + Ashes: The Last Survivor of The Mann Gulch Fire"
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1072:, which was published after his death. The book won the
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of the fire, as they would have decreased fuel moisture
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on their journey west in 1805. The fire was spotted by
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1720:. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Co. p. 98.
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We can't make it, this is the only chance you'll get."
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There was no way down, we headed for the ridge instead
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We'd have it licked by morning even if we took it slow
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leaders did not know what was happening on Mann Gulch.
306:(then known as the Gates of the Mountains Wild Area),
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NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
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But they cursed me, ran for the rocks above instead.
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But the fire crowned, it jumped the valley just ahead
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Fire and Ashes: On the Front Lines Battling Wildfires
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Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know
979:, and ensuring that all members of the process, from
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5:00 PM :The scattered cargo had been gathered.
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to "crew bosses", understand and follow its tenets.
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U.S. Forest Service Research Center at Priest River
837:Walter B. Rumsey, age 21 at time of the fire, from
676:, which had spread to 4,500 acres (1,800 ha).
399:The location of the Mann Gulch fire was added as a
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1575:"The Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't be Won"
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405:United States National Register of Historic Places
2221:A great day to fight fire : Mann Gulch, 1949
1026:75th anniversary commemorations with a flight to
955:, which killed six firefighters, and in the 1994
794:Marvin L. Sherman, age 21, from Missoula, Montana
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1881:Shusterman, D; Kaplan, JZ; Canabarro, C (1993).
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1134:Tried to tell them, "Step into this fire I set.
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1985:"A World War II-era veteran returns to the air"
1883:"Immediate health effects of an urban wildfire"
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585:. In doing so, he was attempting to create an
348:fire research and the science of fire behavior
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2392:Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't Be Won
2252:Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't Be Won
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1437:"US Forest Service History, Mann Gulch Fire"
2516:20th-century wildfires in the United States
2461:1949 natural disasters in the United States
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1022:and flown to France in 2019 as part of the
887:, and the method had been written about by
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708:, frozen at 5:56 p.m. by the intense heat.
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2506:United States Forest Service firefighting
1963:"Miss Montana – Miss Montana to Normandy"
1900:
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660:attributed the story to Earl Cooley, the
150:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2224:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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2165:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2059:"James Keelaghan - Cold Missouri Waters"
2033:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
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1085:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
1051:The fire was a topic in the prologue to
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346:. The agency also increased emphasis on
2491:August 1949 events in the United States
2256:United States Department of Agriculture
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1935:
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1062:The Mann Gulch fire was the subject of
1037:Commemorative sign at Mann Gulch, 2013.
866:. He died November 9, 2009, at age 98.
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1329:"Men and Fire: Remembering Mann Gulch"
1277:"National Book Critics Circle: Awards"
1241:"National Register Information System"
1235:
1233:
662:spotter and kicker aboard the airplane
583:set fire to the grass in front of them
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382:for nonfiction in 1992. The 1952 film
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2321:Wildfire Lessons from Mann Gulch Fire
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1982:
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1379:
1130:I don't know why, I just thought it.
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142:Mann Gulch Wildfire Historic District
2311:"August 5, 1949: Mann Gulch Tragedy"
2017:, 1992. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
1858:National Fire Protection Association
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1470:National Wildfire Coordinating Group
1246:National Register of Historic Places
1180:was loosely based on this incident.
695:4:10 PM : All crew jumped.
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57:adding citations to reliable sources
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2128:rossbrown406 (September 18, 2009).
1230:
967:, providing all firefighters radio
925:Several months following the fire,
826:R. Wagner (Wag) Dodge, Missoula SJ
737:Those who were killed by the fire:
435:, The place was noted and named by
24:
2313:. Peeling Back the Bark blog, the
2250:Rothermel, Richard C. (May 1993).
1108:I gauged the fire, I'd seen bigger
1074:National Book Critics Circle Award
380:National Book Critics Circle Award
25:
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1112:We'd have our backs to that river
809:Newton R. Thompson, age 23, from
764:William J. Hellman, age 24, from
304:Gates of the Mountains Wilderness
294:reported on August 5, 1949, in a
2283:Administrative Science Quarterly
1638:Administrative Science Quarterly
1382:Administrative Science Quarterly
945:Ten Standard Firefighting Orders
864:National Smokejumper Association
815:Silas R. Thompson, age 21, from
803:Henry J. Thol Jr., age 19, from
747:Eldon E. Diettert, age 19, from
741:Robert J. Bennett, age 22, from
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212:
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33:
2466:1949 fires in the United States
2456:Lewis and Clark County, Montana
2396:a 1993 technical report by the
2121:
2076:
2051:
2020:
2004:
1976:
1955:
1936:Merriam, Ginny (May 11, 2001).
1929:
1846:
1812:Journal of Geoscience Education
1788:
1691:
1676:
1518:Journal of Geoscience Education
1462:
797:Joseph B. Sylvia, age 24, from
782:Leonard L. Piper, age 23, from
732:
44:needs additional citations for
1429:
1408:
1342:
1269:
1209:wildfires in the United States
911:smoke and toxic gas inhalation
869:
788:Stanley J. Reba, age 25, from
770:Philip R. McVey, age 22, from
653:three extreme gusts of hot air
265:
13:
1:
2372:Mann Gulch Virtual Field Trip
2269:Turner, Dave. (Spring 1999).
1224:
1200:Wildfire emergency management
776:David R. Navon, age 28, from
712:
356:English professor and author
228:Show map of the United States
2476:Natural disasters in Montana
2131:The Mann Gulch by Ross Brown
1983:Golds, Alan (June 2, 2019).
1282:National Book Critics Circle
1001:
920:
336:United States Forest Service
131:United States historic place
7:
2377:Satellite map of Mann Gulch
1888:Western Journal of Medicine
1183:
971:with lookouts, identifying
751:, died on his 19th birthday
721:Memorial photos, 13 victims
679:
524:
502:
410:
10:
2532:
1832:10.5408/1089-9995-54.5.561
1538:10.5408/1089-9995-54.5.561
1214:Glossary of wildfire terms
683:
2111:Black Irish Band (2007).
2027:Maclean, John N. (2004).
1762:Wildland Fire Information
1076:for non-fiction in 1992.
1016:Museum of Mountain Flying
817:Charlotte, North Carolina
784:Blairsville, Pennsylvania
758:Fire Guard, age 20, from
686:Mann Gulch Fire: Timeline
494:Weather – The season was
276:
264:NRHP reference
263:
255:
251:1,195 acres (484 ha)
247:
237:
181:
169:
165:
156:
147:
140:
136:
1860:. 2014. pp. 62–63.
1797:Seeing What Others Don't
1764:. FireWhat, Incorporated
1509:Lillquist, Karl (2006).
1090:
1046:
975:, and designating valid
445:Montana State University
298:located along the upper
2501:Firefighting in Montana
2218:Matthews, Mark (2007).
1582:Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-299
1169:
799:Plymouth, Massachusetts
624:crevice or deep fissure
2496:Firefighting memorials
2451:Helena National Forest
2366:Forest History Society
2315:Forest History Society
1573:Rothermel, Richard C.
1143:
1123:
1038:
998:
857:Additional individuals
756:Helena National Forest
722:
644:
619:
606:
575:
535:
518:Johnson Flying Service
514:Helena National Forest
433:Gates of the Mountains
415:The fire started when
308:Helena National Forest
159:U.S. Historic district
2362:Mann Gulch Fire, 1949
2275:Forest History Today.
2271:"The Thirteenth Fire"
2246:on November 30, 2007.
2195:. New York: H. Holt.
1716:Cooley, Earl (1984).
1608:"The Thirteenth Fire"
1606:Turner, Dave (1999).
1586:USDA Forestry Service
1251:National Park Service
1127:
1105:
1036:
996:
889:James Fenimore Cooper
850:Willow Creek, Montana
720:
642:
617:
604:
570:
532:
354:University of Chicago
2446:Wildfires in Montana
2422:46.8796°N 111.9049°W
2162:Young men & fire
1615:Forest History Today
1195:Wildfire suppression
1177:Red Skies of Montana
822:Those who survived:
811:Alhambra, California
510:Sentinel High School
459:Contributing factors
385:Red Skies of Montana
344:emergency management
340:wildfire suppression
53:improve this article
2418: /
2364:, a history by the
2340:Vecchione, Judith.
1926:, pp. 222–225.
1824:2006JGeEd..54..561L
1685:Great Falls Tribune
1530:2006JGeEd..54..561L
1356:on February 5, 2009
1007:a marker bearing a
778:Modesto, California
754:James O. Harrison,
401:historical district
203:Show map of Montana
2427:46.8796; -111.9049
2326:2012-04-30 at the
2150:External resources
2013:Young Men and Fire
1938:"A Star for David"
1718:Trimotor and trail
1219:Fire investigation
1069:Young Men and Fire
1042:Depiction in media
1039:
999:
913:, while common in
877:tall growth forest
805:Kalispell, Montana
790:Brooklyn, New York
766:Kalispell, Montana
723:
674:fire under control
658:Young Men and Fire
649:Young Men and Fire
645:
620:
607:
540:fire danger rating
536:
466:Young Men and Fire
376:Young Men and Fire
363:Young Men and Fire
2398:US Forest Service
2383:in progress (via
2231:978-0-8061-3857-2
2202:978-0-8050-7591-5
2172:978-0-226-50061-4
1205:List of wildfires
1147:Yarnell Hill Fire
957:South Canyon Fire
907:thermal radiation
843:an airplane crash
841:. Rumsey died in
760:Missoula, Montana
749:Missoula, Montana
610:Immediate outcome
449:Missoula, Montana
388:, starring actor
284:
283:
129:
128:
121:
103:
68:"Mann Gulch fire"
16:(Redirected from
2523:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2307:
2247:
2242:. Archived from
2214:
2184:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2010:Norman Maclean,
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1952:
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1948:
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1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1327:Tim Sendelbach.
1324:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1237:
1151:Yarnell, Arizona
845:in 1980, age 52.
832:Hodgkin lymphoma
743:Paris, Tennessee
417:lightning struck
394:Joseph M. Newman
392:and directed by
267:
229:
223:
222:
216:
204:
198:
197:
191:
174:
134:
133:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2511:1940s wildfires
2471:1949 in Montana
2436:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2352:
2350:
2336:
2328:Wayback Machine
2296:10.2307/2393339
2232:
2203:
2173:
2157:Maclean, Norman
2152:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2134:(YouTube video)
2126:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1867:978-145590862-2
1852:
1851:
1847:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1650:10.2307/2393722
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1617:(Spring): 26–28
1610:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1495:
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1467:
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1455:
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1414:
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1409:
1394:10.2307/2393339
1378:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1289:on June 4, 2019
1275:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:. July 9, 2010.
1239:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1186:
1174:The 1952 movie
1172:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:A Recent Future
1097:James Keelaghan
1093:
1049:
1044:
1004:
981:"hotshot" crews
923:
915:structure fires
872:
859:
735:
715:
688:
682:
612:
564:, shovels, and
553:
527:
505:
461:
437:Lewis and Clark
413:
390:Richard Widmark
318:. A team of 15
288:Mann Gulch fire
242:Helena, Montana
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
177:
161:
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105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
18:Mann Gulch Fire
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2458:
2453:
2448:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2335:
2334:External links
2332:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2308:
2290:(4): 628–652.
2277:
2267:
2260:Forest Service
2248:
2230:
2215:
2201:
2185:
2171:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2120:
2103:
2092:. July 3, 2013
2075:
2050:
2019:
2003:
1975:
1954:
1942:missoulian.com
1928:
1916:
1895:(2): 133–138.
1873:
1866:
1856:. Quincy, MA:
1845:
1818:(5): 561–571.
1802:
1787:
1785:, p. 157.
1775:
1745:
1743:, p. 180.
1733:
1726:
1705:
1700:The Missoulian
1690:
1675:
1673:, p. 106.
1663:
1644:(2): 301–313.
1628:
1598:
1558:
1524:(5): 561–571.
1501:
1486:
1461:
1449:
1428:
1407:
1388:(4): 628–652.
1367:
1341:
1312:
1310:, p. 155.
1300:
1268:
1256:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1128:
1106:
1092:
1089:
1064:Norman Maclean
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1003:
1000:
930:Harry Gisborne
927:fire scientist
922:
919:
881:plains Indians
871:
868:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
839:Larned, Kansas
835:
820:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
752:
745:
734:
731:
714:
711:
710:
709:
702:
699:
696:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
666:litter bearers
634:heavy injuries
611:
608:
552:
549:
526:
523:
504:
501:
500:
499:
492:
488:
474:
460:
457:
429:Missouri River
412:
409:
372:Forest Service
358:Norman Maclean
300:Missouri River
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
268:
261:
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9:
6:
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2:
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2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Maclean, John
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2114:Into the Fire
2107:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1924:Matthews 2007
1920:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1799:. p. 84.
1798:
1795:Klein, Gary.
1791:
1784:
1779:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1727:0-87842-173-4
1723:
1719:
1712:
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1701:
1694:
1686:
1679:
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1659:
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1609:
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1587:
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1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1499:, p. 42.
1498:
1493:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1459:, p. 31.
1458:
1457:Matthews 2007
1453:
1438:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
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1376:
1374:
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1330:
1323:
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1234:
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1220:
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1215:
1212:
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1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Into the Fire
1154:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1126:
1121:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
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1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1009:Star of David
995:
991:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:escape routes
970:
969:communication
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
938:fire activity
935:
931:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
902:
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897:
895:
890:
886:
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867:
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851:
847:
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812:
808:
806:
802:
800:
796:
793:
791:
787:
785:
781:
779:
775:
773:
772:Babb, Montana
769:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
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738:
730:
728:
719:
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616:
603:
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588:
584:
580:
574:
569:
567:
566:crosscut saws
563:
559:
548:
544:
541:
531:
522:
519:
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511:
497:
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489:
486:
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478:
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472:
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467:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:forest ranger
438:
434:
430:
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418:
408:
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402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
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381:
377:
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369:
368:logging camps
365:
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337:
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317:
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309:
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297:
293:
289:
279:
277:Added to NRHP
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112:
109:December 2020
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2403:
2400:on the fire.
2390:
2379:, showing a
2351:. Retrieved
2345:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2251:
2244:the original
2220:
2192:
2161:
2136:. Retrieved
2130:
2123:
2113:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2087:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2036:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1919:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1853:
1848:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1783:Maclean 1992
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1748:
1741:Maclean 2004
1736:
1717:
1702:. p. 1.
1699:
1693:
1687:. p. 1.
1684:
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1671:Maclean 1992
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1497:Maclean 1992
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280:May 19, 1999
238:Nearest city
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51:Please help
46:verification
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26:
2425: /
2413:111°54′18″W
2385:Google Maps
2381:forest fire
2342:"Fire Wars"
2264:INT-GTR-299
2043:October 25,
1153:, in 2013.
985:Type 2 crew
932:, from the
894:The Prairie
870:Controversy
727:fatal burns
669:the site.
587:escape fire
2440:Categories
2410:46°52′47″N
2063:Genius.com
2039:(3): 18–33
1225:References
1053:Adam Grant
988:volunteers
891:(1827) in
713:Casualties
629:rock slide
591:back draft
579:ridge line
485:volatility
481:cheatgrass
421:Mann Gulch
324:fire guard
312:U.S. state
79:newspapers
2138:April 14,
2089:USA TODAY
2068:April 14,
2015:(excerpt)
1840:141475876
1546:141475876
1020:airworthy
1002:Memorials
949:Dude fire
921:Aftermath
558:"blow up"
551:"Blow up"
425:tributary
419:south of
310:, in the
2353:July 16,
2324:Archived
2240:86115553
2211:55531907
2191:(2004).
2181:25630633
2159:(1992).
2096:April 7,
1990:CBS News
1947:April 7,
1768:July 16,
1621:June 16,
1591:June 17,
1551:June 16,
1479:March 6,
1334:March 6,
1293:July 31,
1190:Wildfire
1184:See also
1066:'s book
1059:(2021).
1055:'s book
1028:Normandy
965:lookouts
961:Colorado
680:Timeline
562:Pulaskis
525:Incident
503:Airplane
496:very dry
411:The fire
378:won the
292:wildfire
271:99000596
2304:2393339
1996:June 9,
1968:June 9,
1911:8434462
1902:1021964
1820:Bibcode
1658:2393722
1526:Bibcode
1442:July 7,
1421:July 7,
1402:2393339
1360:July 7,
953:Arizona
828:foreman
596:hogback
451:, in a
427:of the
403:to the
329:blow-up
316:Montana
302:in the
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2117:(CD).
1836:S2CID
1758:(PDF)
1654:JSTOR
1611:(PDF)
1578:(PDF)
1542:S2CID
1514:(PDF)
1398:JSTOR
1149:near
1091:Music
1047:Books
1024:D-Day
534:left.
296:gulch
256:Built
100:JSTOR
86:books
2355:2015
2236:OCLC
2226:ISBN
2207:OCLC
2197:ISBN
2177:OCLC
2167:ISBN
2140:2024
2098:2019
2070:2024
2045:2006
1998:2019
1970:2019
1949:2019
1907:PMID
1862:ISBN
1770:2015
1722:ISBN
1623:2013
1593:2013
1553:2013
1481:2023
1444:2014
1423:2014
1362:2014
1336:2023
1295:2013
1207:and
1170:Film
477:Fuel
423:, a
342:and
334:The
286:The
259:1949
248:Area
72:news
2347:PBS
2292:doi
1897:PMC
1893:158
1828:doi
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