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217:, and other insects whose mouthparts are described as piercing-sucking, have modified mandibles. Rather than being tooth-like, the mandibles of such insects are lengthened into stylets, which form the outer two parts of the feeding tube, or beak. The mandibles are therefore instrumental in piercing the plant or animal tissues upon which these insects feed, and in helping draw up fluids to the insect's mouth.
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170:. They are usually lined with teeth and move sideways. Large pieces of leaves can therefore be cut and then pulverized near the mouth opening. The specific derived morphology of the teeth on the mandible varies depending on whether the insect eats broad-leafed herbs or grasses. This same simple structure is seen in all of the remaining
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is more anterior, but is a single fused structure). Their function is typically to grasp, crush, or cut the insect's food, or to defend against predators or rivals. Insect mandibles, which appear to be evolutionarily derived from legs, move in the horizontal plane unlike those of vertebrates, which
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have mandibles that follow the general form, as in grasshoppers. The mandibles are used to clip pieces of vegetation, gather wood fibers, dig nests, or to capture and disassemble prey. What is unusual is that many
Hymenoptera have the remaining mouthparts modified to form a
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insects are often used as a basic example of mandibulate (chewing) mouthparts, and the mandibles themselves are likewise generalized in structure. They are large and hardened, shaped like pinchers, with cutting surfaces on the
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Beetle mandibles show a remarkable amount of variability between species, and some are very highly adapted to the food sources or other uses that the species has for them. Certain
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are non-functional in feeding. The larvae in many lineages are predatory, with mandibles modified with grooves along which digestive saliva flows, while the larvae of the family
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larvae (family
Lampyridae) that feed on snails have grooved mandibles that not only physically break down their prey, but also deliver digestive fluids by these grooves.
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373:, and other stingless bees, utilize their mandibles for defense purposes and typically interlock them with other individuals while fighting for resources.
248:(family Carabidae) of the tribe Cychrini have long mandibles that project far in front of them, which aid them in feeding on snails inside their shells.
298:) have a variation of piercing mouthparts. During development they lose one mandible, so only the left mandible is present, modified into a stylet.
472:"Musculoskeletal modelling of the dragonfly mandible system as an aid to understanding the role of single muscles in an evolutionary context"
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sucking mouthparts (a few exceptional members of other orders may exhibit this, such as flower-feeding beetles that also have "tongues").
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237:, and many beetle larvae, have mandibles. In general form they are similar to those of grasshoppers: hardened and tooth-like.
416:(family Calliphoridae), and many others, lack mandibles altogether, and the mouthparts are designed for sponging up liquids.
361:(a "tongue" used to feed on liquids), making them virtually the only insects that normally possess both chewing mouthparts
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Johnson, Leslie K.; Hubbell, Stephen P. (1974-01-01). "Aggression and
Competition among Stingless Bees: Field Studies".
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are a pair of appendages near the insect's mouth, and the most anterior of the three pairs of oral appendages (the
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have the mouthparts developed into a sucking tube which they use to feed on the liquid tissues of freshwater
389:(family Culicidae), have mandibles that are modified into stylets for piercing, similar to the true bugs.
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family (Lucanidae) have greatly enlarged mandibles that are often forked, resembling the horns of various
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lack mandibles, with the remaining mouthparts forming an elongated sucking tube. The exception is the
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appear simple and generalized, although there are typically six or seven mandibular muscles.
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David, Sina; Funken, Johannes; Potthast, Wolfgang; Blanke, Alexander (1 April 2016).
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267:. Males of these beetles use their mandibles to grasp or displace each other as they
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drinking; the yellow mandibles can be seen on either side of the
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Stag beetle with mandibles modified no longer used in feeding
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appear to be derived from gill arches and move vertically.
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National Park
Service - Insect Design - Insect Mouth Parts
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For the corresponding mouthpart in other arthropods, see
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283:(lice) are also modified into piercing stylets.
153:Grasshoppers, crickets, and other simple insects
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174:insect orders, with the exception of the
166:portion and chewing or grinding surfaces
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53:adding citations to reliable sources
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476:The Journal of Experimental Biology
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201:rarely feed as adults, though the
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525:. Amateur Entomologist's Society.
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64:"Mandible" insect mouthpart
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574:The evolution of animal weapons
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523:"Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera)"
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424:All but a few adult
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131:The mandibles of a
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452:Grasshopper
426:Lepidoptera
394:Muscomorpha
354:Hymenoptera
352:Most adult
312:dobsonflies
306:Within the
253:stag beetle
159:orthopteran
458:References
414:blow flies
406:stable fly
387:mosquitoes
385:, notably
347:mouthparts
75:newspapers
398:house fly
359:proboscis
316:Sisyridae
215:Hemiptera
209:True bugs
180:Hemiptera
142:mandibles
583:Category
498:26896542
436:See also
133:bull ant
558:1934624
538:Ecology
320:sponges
242:firefly
235:beetles
221:Beetles
195:Odonata
168:basally
89:scholar
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343:Wasp
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