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3823:, characterised him as being "by nature a romantic", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren. He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944; they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple strains of his alleged adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958. They divorced in March 1996. Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998.
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2846:, persuading many to work within the democratic system. With de Klerk, he also convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession. As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to deem it a victory for Mandela. The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. As widely expected, the ANC won a sweeping victory, taking 63% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally change the constitution. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking one. Mandela voted at the
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3651:, stating that "I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration." In this he has been described as being committed to "the Euro-North American modernist project of emancipation", something which distinguishes him from other African nationalist and socialist leaders like Nyerere who were concerned about embracing styles of democratic governance that were Western, rather than African, in origin. Mandela nevertheless also expressed admiration for what he deemed to be indigenous forms of democracy, describing Xhosa traditional society's mode of governance as "democracy in its purest form".
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government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the
Nationals, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Inkatha remained part of the coalition, and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed "Acting President", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president, he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. During a 1997 visit to London, he said that "the ruler of South Africa, the
3513:, declaring that there would be "few better gifts for us" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid. Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received much applause. Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself.
3344:, it remained unfinished and was only published posthumously in 2017. Mandela found such seclusion difficult and reverted to a busy public life involving a daily programme of tasks, meetings with world leaders and celebrities, andâwhen in Johannesburgâworking with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as "a war" that had killed more than "all previous wars"; affiliating himself with the
3856:, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. In 1986, Mandela's biographer characterised him as "the embodiment of the struggle for liberation" in South Africa. Meredith stated that in becoming "a potent symbol of resistance" to apartheid during the 1980s, he had gained "mythical status" internationally. Sampson commented that even during his life, this myth had become "so powerful that it blurs the realities", converting Mandela into "a secular saint". Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was widely thought of as "a golden age of hope and harmony", with much
1851:. In March 1956, he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it. Mandela's marriage broke down and Evelyn left him, taking their children to live with her brother. Initiating divorce proceedings in May 1956, she claimed that Mandela had physically abused her; he denied the allegations and fought for custody of their children. She withdrew her petition of separation in November, but Mandela filed for divorce in January 1958; the divorce was finalised in March, with the children placed in Evelyn's care. During the divorce proceedings, he began courting a social worker,
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South Africa's different racial groups. In 1994, free healthcare was introduced for children under six and pregnant women, a provision extended to all those using primary level public sector health care services in 1996. By the 1999 election, the ANC could boast that due to their policies, 3 million people were connected to telephone lines, 1.5 million children were brought into the education system, 500 clinics were upgraded or constructed, 2 million people were connected to the electricity grid, water access was extended to 3 million people, and 750,000 houses were constructed, housing nearly 3 million people.
2211:, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) by 7 feet (2.1 m), with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, which he was obtaining from the
3676:. He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial, and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists, and in his autobiography, where he outlined that the cooperation with the SACP was pragmatic, asking rhetorically, "who is to say that we were not using them?" According to the sociologist Craig Soudien, "sympathetic as Mandela was to socialism, a communist he was not." Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela "embraced communism and communists" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the
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held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. He gave his farewell speech to
Parliament on 29 March 1999 when it adjourned prior to the 1999 general elections, after which he retired. Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president.
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not in school and a third of the population illiterate. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. Government financial reserves were nearly depleted, with a fifth of the national budget being spent on debt repayment, meaning that the extent of the promised
Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was scaled back, with none of the proposed nationalisation or job creation. In 1996, the RDP was replaced with a new policy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), which maintained South Africa's
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2116:, which feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, he began correspondence studies for a
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release
Mandelaâthen at the height of his international fameâto defuse the volatile situation. Although considering Mandela a dangerous "arch-Marxist", Botha offered him, in February 1985, a release from prison if he "unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon". Mandela spurned the offer, releasing a statement through his daughter Zindzi stating, "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."
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1510:, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC president
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1243:, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their children. As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life. He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, where he studied English, Xhosa, history and geography. He developed a love of
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non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. He sought to target symbols of white supremacy and racist oppression rather than white people as individuals and was anxious not to inaugurate a race war in South Africa. This willingness to use violence distinguishes
Mandela from the ideology of
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3760:, he claimed to have lived by the "trappings of British style and manners". Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. In later life, he always looked for the best in people, even defending political opponents to his allies, who sometimes thought him too trusting of others. He was fond of
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2005:, Slovo and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. Although in later life Mandela denied, for political reasons, ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This was confirmed by both the SACP and the ANC after Mandela's death. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee.
1927:, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic. On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of "high treason", since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government.
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also served on its
Central Committee. His membership had been hidden by the ANC, aware that knowledge of Mandela's former SACP involvement might have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries. Mandela's view of these Western governments differed from those of MarxistâLeninists, for he did not believe that they were anti-democratic or reactionary and remained committed to democratic systems of governance.
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the same time, South Africa and the
African continent were part of the larger world. Our problems, while distinctive and special, were not unique, and a philosophy that placed those problems in an international and historical context of the greater world and the course of history was valuable. I was prepared to use whatever means necessary to speed up the erasure of human prejudice and the end of chauvinistic and violent nationalism.
1936:
3752:, commented that he was a "master of imagery and performance", excelling at presenting himself well in press photographs and producing sound bites. His public speeches were presented in a formal, stiff manner, and often consisted of clichéd set phrases. He typically spoke slowly, and carefully chose his words. Although he was not considered a great orator, his speeches conveyed "his personal commitment, charm and humour".
3598:, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC, and as a socialist. He was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist. According to biographer Tom Lodge, "for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends."
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2612:, in which the government lifted the state of emergency. In August, Mandelaârecognising the ANC's severe military disadvantageâoffered a ceasefire, the Pretoria Minute, for which he was widely criticised by MK activists. He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1,600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. At the ANC's
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2291:(BOSS), who hoped to see Mandela shot during the escape. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. Mandela, seeing an increase in the physical and mental abuse of prisoners, complained to visiting judges, who had Badenhorst reassigned. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards.
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would agree to negotiations, so that "there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in national and local elections. Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days
Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's
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Imprisonment caused problems for
Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would withdraw in protest until the accused were freed from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960. Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near
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two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings and assassinations before issuing its final report in
October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it "had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future".
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thus contributing to his "charismatic power". While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the "African gentleman", having "the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech" associated with such a position. In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became "one of the first media politicians ... embodying a glamour and a style that projected
3016:, were far younger. Mandela's relationship with de Klerk was strained; Mandela thought that de Klerk was intentionally provocative, and de Klerk felt that he was being intentionally humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela heavily chastised de Klerk for awarding amnesty to 3,500 police officers just before the election, and later criticised him for defending former
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3180:. He extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and initially also to Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. However, under pressure from the PRC, he cut recognition of Taiwan in November 1996, and he paid an official visit to Beijing in May 1999.
1541:, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving into a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of
2339:. That year, he began his autobiography, which was smuggled to London, but remained unpublished at the time; prison authorities discovered several pages, and his LLB study privileges were revoked for four years. Instead, he devoted his spare time to gardening and reading until the authorities permitted him to resume his LLB degree studies in 1980.
2777:, Mandela began meeting with big business figures, and he played down his support for nationalisation, fearing that he would scare away much-needed foreign investment. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992
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Mandela also received criticism for failing to sufficiently combat crime; South Africa had one of the world's highest crime rates, and the activities of international crime syndicates in the country grew significantly throughout the decade. Mandela's administration was also perceived as having failed to deal with the problem of corruption.
3208:. When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that "the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies." Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the United States and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans,
1553:, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in December 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's
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his nation in his own person, went against the spirit of democracy", and concerns were similarly expressed that he placed his own status and celebrity above the transformation of his country. His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with both the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the high levels of poverty in South Africa.
2636:, but, in June 1991, she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of
1473:. In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburgâthere forgiving Mandela for running awayâbefore returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland.
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figures of our time". One biographer considered him "a modern democratic hero". Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms, in contrast to his own statement that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances." He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and
2959:. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg.
2424:. Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system. Like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines.
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stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then guerrilla warfare might have been necessary. Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the
2520:. In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Following the fall of the
1989:. Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter's reputation, MK was later widely recognised as the party's armed wing. Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in
1295:. Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, and in 1937 he moved to
2988:". Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC, he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well as naming Buthelezi as
3614:âand applied them to the South African situation. At the same time, he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. In doing so he synthesised both counter-cultural and hegemonic views, for instance by drawing upon ideas from the then-dominant
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The significance of Mandela can be considered in two related ways. First, he has provided through his personal presence as a benign and honest conviction politician, skilled at exerting power but not obsessed with it to the point of view of excluding principles, a man who struggled to display respect
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Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as president made his own bed. Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal,
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His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through "legal revolution". Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a
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Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February 1998, he publicly stated that he was "in love with a remarkable lady", and under pressure from Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year. The following day, he
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pandemic in the country; by 1999, 10% of South Africa's population were HIV positive. Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with.
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Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children
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to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Tutu as its chair. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February 1996, it held
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Gracious but steely, steered a country in turmoil toward a negotiated settlement: a country that days before its first democratic election remained violent, riven by divisive views and personalities. He endorsed national reconciliation, an idea he did not merely foster in the abstract, but performed
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The early 1980s witnessed an escalation of violence across the country, and many predicted civil war. This was accompanied by economic stagnation as various multinational banksâunder pressure from an international lobbyâhad stopped investing in South Africa. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to
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I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to see realised. But if it needs
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rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled crowd of 10,000 people, initiating the campaign protests for which he was arrested and briefly interned in Marshall Square prison. These events established Mandela as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa. With further protests,
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for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and for not implementing the reforms of the Freedom Charter during his presidency. According to Barnard, "there is also a sense in which his chiefly bearing and mode of conduct, the very respect and authority he accrued in representing
3634:
Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. He had exhibited a commitment to the values of democracy and human rights since at least the 1960s. He held a
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A friend once asked me how I could reconcile my creed of African nationalism with a belief in dialectical materialism. For me, there was no contradiction. I was first and foremost an African nationalist fighting for our emancipation from minority rule and the right to control our own destiny. But at
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In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you." Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at
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The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa's first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a
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during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off; de Klerk
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led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure. After de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, Mandela took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the "head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime". Dominated by the National Party and ANC, little negotiation was
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in 1987, and having a further 11 meetings over the next three years. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently
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In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. He was met by an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, calling a state of emergency in June and initiating a
2010:
We of Umkhonto have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. Even at this late hour, we hope that our first actions will awaken everyone to a realization of the dangerous situation to which Nationalist policy is leading. We hope that we will bring the Government and its
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and a more militant executive committee containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo and Godfrey Pitje. Mandela later related that he and his colleagues had "guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path." Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he
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school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of "Nelson" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment that Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling "cut adrift", he later said
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Mandela generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having detractors on both the right and the radical left. During the 1980s, Mandela was widely labelled a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence. According
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as "a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people". He was highly image conscious and throughout his life always sought out fine quality clothes, with many commentators believing that he carried himself in a regal manner. His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters,
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that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million viewers. Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the "Mandela United Football Club", which had been responsible for torturing
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Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Mandela
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The 1955 Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, to ensure equal distribution of wealth. Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the
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Ellis also found evidence that Mandela had been an active member of the South African Communist Party (SACP) during the late 1950s and early 1960s, something that was confirmed after his death by both the ANC and the SACP, the latter of which claimed that he was not only a member of the party, but
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was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to place checks on political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition
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Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. The government introduced parity in grants for communities, including disability grants, child maintenance grants and old-age pensions, which had previously been set at different levels for
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and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding
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From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved. Black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an
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in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judgesâall linked to the governing National Partyâreplaced. In August, one charge was dropped, and in October the prosecution withdrew its indictment, submitting a reformulated version in November which argued that the ANC
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for two years. In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical, and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out. In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's "No
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abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down "with residual respect and a modicum of dignity." That year, Mandela, Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and
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The Land Reform Act 3 of 1996 safeguarded the rights of labour tenants living on farms where they grew crops or grazed livestock. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. Recognising that arms manufacturing was a key
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Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's
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through crowds, he gave a speech declaring his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but he made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not over and would continue as "a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid". He expressed hope that the government
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Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the other five accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to highlight their political cause; at the opening of the defence's proceedings,
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Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told
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being expressed for it. His name was often invoked by those criticising his successors like Mbeki and Zuma. Across the world, Mandela earned international acclaim for his activism in overcoming apartheid and fostering racial reconciliation, coming to be viewed as "a moral authority" with a great
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visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get along with each other. His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. His wife was rarely able to see him, being
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In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive and accused of "high treason" against the state. Held in Johannesburg Prison amid mass protests, they underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957,
1210:
had ever attended school ... On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this
3984:
Since the late 1980s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them "photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more", items that have been characterised as "Mandela kitsch". In the 1980s he was the subject of
2869:
dominated by the ANCâwhich had no experience of governing by itselfâbut containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with
2827:. Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule.
3843:
By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both "the father of the nation" and "the founding father of democracy". Outside of South Africa, he was a "global icon", with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as "one of the most revered
3609:
cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a "hybrid socio-political make-up". Mandela adopted some of his political ideas from other thinkersâamong them Indian independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, African American civil rights activists, and African
3572:
was held on 15 December in Qunu. Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. It was later revealed that 300 million rand (about 20 million dollars) originally earmarked for humanitarian development projects had been redirected to
3163:
Mandela expressed the view that "South Africa's future foreign relations be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations". Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. In
2524:
in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned
3639:
and human rights. Suttner argued that there were "two modes of leadership" that Mandela adopted. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a
1807:
After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. On his advice, Sisulu requested
1918:
Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison.
3559:
at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. Zuma publicly announced his death on television, proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body
2354:
of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he
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which, to mind, was similar to traditional African culture where life was shared and communal." In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist, although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time with his family.
1545:
nine months later. Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust.
3309:, a Zulu who had been imprisoned on Robben Island, as Mbeki's replacement for Deputy President. Zuma's candidacy was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party, although Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election.
2081:. He left Africa for London, England, where he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters and prominent politicians. Upon returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa by the ANC's leadership.
3204:. He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba and Libya and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. Castro visited South Africa in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the
2452:
police crackdown on unrest. The anti-apartheid resistance fought back, with the ANC committing 231 attacks in 1986 and 235 in 1987. The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the
3502:, London. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson,
1619:
Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950, and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian and communist activists to call a
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after a disputed election had prompted opposition uprisings. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence, with the approval of Mandela and Mbeki.
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from poorer parts of Africa; although public opinion toward these illegal immigrants was generally unfavourable, characterising them as disease-spreading criminals who were a drain on resources, Mandela called on South Africans to embrace them as "brothers and sisters".
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With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a
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removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition. The
2811:(RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. The party's slogan was "a better life for all", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. With the exception of the
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in Durban, Mandela admitted that the party had faults and wanted to build a task force for securing majority rule. At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected.
2513:, in December 1988. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and he used the time to complete his LLB degree. While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo.
1954:âa warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's
3304:
Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Mandela and the Executive supported
3952:", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement. In 2015 the UN General Assembly named the amended
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finance the funeral. The media was awash with tributes and reminiscences, while images of tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media. His US$ 4.1 million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions.
1201:, Gadla was a polygamist with four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa.
2170:
soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial.
3054:, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, "Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans." Mandela's efforts at reconciliation assuaged the fears of
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on several occasions for the possession of smuggled news clippings. He was initially classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, meaning that he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored.
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Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm,
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Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian president Suharto, whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July 1997 visit to Indonesia he privately urged Suharto to withdraw from the
2951:, at which a more militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with
1627:
in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the
2765:, Mandela made a publicised speech to calm rioting, soon after appearing at a mass funeral in Soweto for Tambo, who had died of a stroke. In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the United States, independently meeting President
1498:. Becoming increasingly politicised, Mandela marched in August 1943 in support of a successful bus boycott to reverse fare rises. Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu's
3038:. Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that "courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace." He encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated national rugby team, the
1315:, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a
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to all ... Second, in so doing he was able to be a hero and a symbol to an array of otherwise unlikely mates through his ability, like all brilliant nationalist politicians, to speak to very different audiences effectively at once.
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In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the
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and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too heavily on scaremongering about crime.
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visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel, while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital, although his condition remained unstable.
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province. One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Because Mandela was the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called "Left-Hand House", the descendants of his
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The first biography of Mandela was based on brief interviews with him that the author, Mary Benson, had conducted in the 1960s. Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. The first was Fatima Meer's
3917:. The same year, he was awarded the AtatĂŒrk Peace Award by Turkey; he at first refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. He was appointed to the
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as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. Boehmer described him as "a totem of the totemic values of our age: toleration and liberal democracy" and "a universal symbol of social justice".
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and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. The duo agreed on
11704:
3058:, but also drew criticism from more militant black people. Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority.
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with panache and conviction in reaching out to former adversaries. He initiated an era of hope that, while not long-lasting, was nevertheless decisive, and he garnered the highest international recognition and affection.
1943:
Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the "Black Pimpernel" in the pressâa reference to
2239:âthe latter considered largely ineffective by Mandelaâto improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. ANC prisoners elected him to their four-man "High Organ" along with Sisulu,
1763:; as a result, their clientele dwindled. As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect from the black community. Although a second daughter,
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Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the
3176:, for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the
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and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. Disgusted by her son's behaviour, Nosekeni returned to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the
2065:, and in April 1962 he went to Morocco where asked El Khatib to meet the king to ask him to give him ÂŁ5,000. The next day he got the ÂŁ5,000 along with some weapons and training to Mandela's soldier, and then went to
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Over the course of his life, Mandela was given over 250 awards, accolades, prizes, honorary degrees and citizenships in recognition of his political achievements. Among his awards were the Nobel Peace Prize, the US
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Mandela advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, with Sampson describing him as being "openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money". Mandela was influenced by
2748:
The democratic process was threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of black ethnic-secessionist groups like Inkatha and far-right Afrikaner parties; in June 1993, one of the latterâthe
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branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation.
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from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October.
2886:", meaning "Valley of Mercy" in Afrikaans. Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes.
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against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. Xuma did not support these measures and was removed from the presidency in a
2525:
political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa.
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economy in South Africa but that this was not feasible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s. This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the
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2874:. Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. Moving into the presidential office at
1907:(PAC); Mandela disagreed with the PAC's racially exclusionary views, describing them as "immature" and "naĂŻve". Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned
1743:, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. This Mandela Plan, or M-Plan, involved dividing the organisation into a
1117:
and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. Globally regarded as an icon of democracy and
3127:
to ensure that South African weaponry was not sold to authoritarian regimes. Under Mandela's administration, tourism was increasingly promoted, becoming a major sector of the South African economy.
2130:, refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as he left the courtroom, supporters sang "
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not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa. Aged 16, he, his cousin Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the
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departments officially designated the ANC as a terrorist organisation, resulting in Mandela remaining on their terrorism watch-list until 2008. On the left, some voices in the ANCâamong them
3414:". He attacked the United States more generally, asserting that "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America", citing the
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1808:
weaponry from the People's Republic of China, which was denied. Although the Chinese government supported the anti-apartheid struggle, they believed the movement insufficiently prepared for
11432:
2183:"âwas widely reported in the press despite official censorship. The trial gained international attention; there were global calls for the release of the accused from the United Nations and
1840:, which was forcibly closed down by police. The tenets of the Freedom Charter remained important for Mandela, and in 1956 he described it as "an inspiration to the people of South Africa".
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3338:
Retiring in June 1999, Mandela aimed to lead a quiet family life, divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. Although he set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled
2258:, hoping to build a mutual respect with the warders and convert them to his cause. Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative
819:
3243:'s military junta in Nigeria but later became a leading figure in calling for sanctions when Abacha's regime increased human rights violations. In 1996, he was appointed chairman of the
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Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes and the impact of
2034:
2108:. Many MK members suspected that the authorities had been tipped off with regard to Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these ideas little credence. In later years,
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1231:, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy and spent much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but his mother, being a devout Christian, sent him to a local
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massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference was held in Johannesburg at which Mandela, Buthelezi and de Klerk signed a peace accord, though the violence continued.
2191:
voted Mandela to its presidency. On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the
2154:
On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those that they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. The
14339:
Benneyworth, Garth (2011). "Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol".
3168:, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the "narrow, chauvinistic interests" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the
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and at times exhibited a quick temper. He was typically friendly and welcoming, and appeared relaxed in conversation with everyone, including his opponents. A self-described
2644:, which resulted in thousands of deaths. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. Mandela argued that there was a "
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Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and the press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Driven to
2460:, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. Mandela requested talks with Botha but was denied, instead secretly meeting with Minister of Justice
1915:. The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity.
1457:
township; despite being rife with poverty, crime and pollution, Alexandra always remained a special place for him. Although embarrassed by his poverty, he briefly dated a
821:
12073:
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3418:; this attracted international controversy, although he later improved his relationship with Bush. Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in
1981:("Spear of the Nation", abbreviated MK). Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from literature on guerrilla warfare by Marxist militants Mao and
9543:
2251:
members. Initiating the "University of Robben Island", whereby prisoners lectured on their own areas of expertise, he debated socio-political topics with his comrades.
1632:, affecting the actions of all protest groups. At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted.
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in Durban, and though the ANC's victory assured his election as president, he publicly accepted that the election had been marred by instances of fraud and sabotage.
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2640:. Mandela's prospects for a peaceful transition were further damaged by an increase in "black-on-black" violence, particularly between ANC and Inkatha supporters in
2613:
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In 2004, Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City, and in 2008 a Mandela statue was unveiled at the spot where Mandela was released from prison. On the
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a brave new African world of modernity and freedom". Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured
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regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975. Winnie was released from prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in
1794:
That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people.
1730:âin Johannesburg. Found guilty of "statutory communism", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months'
11636:
1398:, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his "first sight of South African capitalism in action", but was fired when the
14944:
Muthien, Yvonne; Khosa, Meshack; Magubane, Bernard (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.).
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He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, travelling to the United States to speak before the
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in October, with Mandela and his comrades charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to violently overthrow the government; their chief prosecutor was
2011:
supporters to their senses before it is too late so that both government and its policies can be changed before matters reach the desperate stage of civil war.
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and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a
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and killing opponentsâincluding childrenâin Soweto. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial.
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against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path of
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to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his
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By 1975, Mandela had become a Class A prisoner, which allowed him greater numbers of visits and letters. He corresponded with anti-apartheid activists like
1755:, operating in downtown Johannesburg. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved black people, often dealing with cases of
1490:, where he was the only black African student and faced racism. There, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish and Indian students, among them
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woman before unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter. To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the
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as "the Mandela Rules" to honour his legacy. Subsequently, the years 2019 to 2028 were also designated the United Nations Nelson Mandela Decade of Peace.
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2693:". Calling for domestic mass action, in August the ANC organised the largest-ever strike in South African history, and supporters marched on Pretoria.
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1035:, was sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state. Subsequently, the United States designated Mandela a terrorist until 2008.
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Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as
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The inside of Mandela's prison cell as it was when he was imprisoned in 1964 and his open cell window facing the prison yard on Robben Island, now a
1767:, was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. He may have had affairs with ANC member
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2648:" within the state intelligence services fuelling the "slaughter of the people" and openly blamed de Klerkâwhom he increasingly distrustedâfor the
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policy that did not address social inequality, no matter how Mandela defended it. In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the "
2489:
1358:, and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Although he had friends who held connections to the
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was appointed to prosecute the case, and in February the judge ruled that there was "sufficient reason" for the defendants to go on trial in the
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In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; although he retained the state presidency, he stepped down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by
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gave him ÂŁ5,000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian president
1402:(headman) discovered that he was a runaway. He stayed with a cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist
23238:
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Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". In Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.).
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2838:âincidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectivelyâMandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals, including P. W. Botha,
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Thereafter, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanism and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by friends like
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1958:. He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader
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14664:(2003). "The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality". In Theodore K. Rabb; Ezra N. Suleiman (eds.).
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Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Xhosa custom and taboo. He grew up with two sisters in his mother's
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3371:, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the
2469:. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would end its armed activities only when the government renounced violence.
1828:, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era. Based on the responses, a Freedom Charter was drafted by
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In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate
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2412:; he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now being permitted 52 letters a year. He was appointed patron of the multi-racial
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term colloquially meaning "troublemaker", and in later years became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather,
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conviction that "inclusivity, accountability and freedom of speech" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in
2664:(CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Centre, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although
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Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the
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3387:, Thailand, calling for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS. Mandela publicised AIDS as the cause of his son
3017:
2624:, Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with
1378:(SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was suspended from the university; he never returned to complete his degree.
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1759:. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the
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Suttner, Raymond (2016). "'I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free': Nelson Mandela's Early Journeys towards Political Awareness".
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concert at Wembley Stadium. Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President
1354:, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. He took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about
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14966:(2014). "From a 'Terrorist' to Global Icon: A Critical Decolonial Ethical Tribute to Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela of South Africa".
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4028:, have focused on covering his adult life in entirety or until his inaugural as president. Others, such as the 2009 feature film
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of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the
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Mandela's mother took him to the "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to the guardianship of the Thembu
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industry for the South African economy, Mandela endorsed the trade in weapons but brought in tighter regulations surrounding
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in June 1958. She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison. Together they had two children:
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3267:, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. In
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After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50
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and Raymond Mhlaba, and he involved himself in a group, named Ulundi, that represented all political prisoners (including
1442:
conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as
1414:, a liberal Jew sympathetic to the ANC's cause. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebeâa Hlubi member of the ANC and
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and other films, "the America film industry" has played a significant part in "the crafting of Mandela's global image".
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reluctantly agreed. The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year
1739:
Easy Walk to Freedom" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader
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the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the
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16187:
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2823:, South Africa's press opposed Mandela's election, fearing continued ethnic strife, instead supporting the National or
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3410:(whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is
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beginning in 1948, Mandela and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow. He was appointed president of the ANC's
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claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. On analysing Mandela's writings, the theologian
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1019:(SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant
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independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group,
3191:. Despite publicly criticising him on several occasions, Mandela liked Clinton, and personally supported him during
1911:. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the
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19806:
16688:
15736:
14613:; Blanton, Robert (1997). "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership".
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Mandela's international fame emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous
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and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an "exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader". His official biographer,
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Mandela on a visit to Australia in 2009; he is wearing one of the brightly coloured garments that became known as "
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In the latter part of his presidency, Mandela increasingly relied on his Deputy President, Thabo Mbeki (pictured).
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Ellis, Stephen (2016). "Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe".
13776:
10198:
9124:
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3945:
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2387:; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism and supported its suppression.
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achieved. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a
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that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands. A devotee of the god
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2628:, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the
1533:
Mandela and Evelyn in July 1944 at Walter and Albertina Sisulu's wedding party in the Bantu Men's Social Centre
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released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the
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1988 Soviet commemorative stamp, captioned "Fighter for the freedom of South Africa Nelson Mandela" in Russian
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3150:, and Mandela criticised those who left. At the same time, South Africa experienced an influx of millions of
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Mandela has also been depicted in films on multiple occasions. Some of these, such as the 2013 feature film
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with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a
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who became his first white friend. Mandela attended Communist Party gatherings, where he was impressed that
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76:
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3861:"concern for truth". Mandela's iconic status has been blamed for concealing the complexities of his life.
3220:. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by
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and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution".
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community. In Cuba, he became friends with President Castro, whom he had long admired. He met President
1615:
The ANC's tricolour flag; black for the people, green for the land, and gold for the resources of Africa
1465:, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the
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2773:. Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by
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names has changed since the time of Mandela's schooling, and that it would now be written Rholihlahla.
1031:
campaign against the apartheid government. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and, following the
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14812:. Sydney: Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University. pp. 99â107. Archived from
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Bromley, Roger (2014). "'Magic Negro', Saint or Comrade: Representations of Nelson Mandela in Film".
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against New Zealand, and after the Springboks won the match, Mandela presented the trophy to captain
3026:
Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including lawyer Percy Yutar and
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to call for his release. Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its
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model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style
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in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a
1900:
leadership committed high treason by advocating violent revolution, a charge the defendants denied.
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ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name
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2013, a bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at Pretoria's Union Buildings. In November 2009, the
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2584:, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the
2231:
Lime quarry on Robben Island where Mandela and other prisoners were forced to carry out hard labour
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1395:
633:
64:
35:
17:
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18506:
15101:
Soudien, Crain (2015). "Nelson Mandela, Robben Island and the Imagination of a New South Africa".
14867:
Mangcu, Xolela (2013). "Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought".
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described Mandela as a "liberal African nationalistâdecolonial humanist", while political analyst
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21983:
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14083:
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8149:
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3271:, troops were ordered into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister
3225:
3143:
2925:, which he had founded in 1995. Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of
2180:
1904:
1744:
1693:
1664:
1595:
1366:, Mandela avoided any involvement with the nascent movement, and became a vocal supporter of the
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attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. The headmaster emphasised the superiority of
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3796:, although added that his thought relied to a greater extent on the Southern African concept of
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and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making. He was an admirer of British-style
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Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999
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to Thatcher, for instance, the ANC was "a typical terrorist organisation". The US government's
3845:
3506:, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009.
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2436:
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2078:
2057:, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. After the symposium, he travelled to
1860:
1773:
1589:. Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating
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14084:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from the United Nations General Assembly
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1129:. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu
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14320:
Battersby, John (2011). "Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue". In Anthony Sampson (ed.).
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2350:(BCM). Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but, following the
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1970:
1950:
1687:; some supported this for ethical reasons, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic. At a
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from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a
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84:
80:
13444:"Nelson Mandela's letters detail his 27 years as the world's most famous political prisoner"
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5168:
2955:, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president
1050:. Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President
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14284:
Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990â99
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According to Lodge, Mandela's political thought reflected tensions between his support for
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in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. In the United States, he met President
2332:
2267:
2220:
2212:
2176:
2146:
1912:
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1667:. Commenting on communism, he later stated that he "found strongly drawn to the idea of a
1431:
1423:
1247:, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the
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1134:
1094:
from 1998 to 1999. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy,
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1024:
992:
988:
795:
623:
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8934:
8559:
8321:
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2367:, Scotland in 1981. In March 1980, the slogan "Free Mandela!" was developed by journalist
8:
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22677:
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22077:
21850:
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21191:
19947:
19882:
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19353:
19179:
17767:
17163:
16713:
16531:
16097:
16077:
15909:
15877:
15861:
11201:
10303:
9419:
8887:
4020:
3990:
3595:
3510:
3264:
3232:
3151:
2847:
2529:
2372:
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2322:
2216:
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1986:
1903:
In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the
1507:
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1110:
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11174:
10757:"Remembering the moment that SA soldiers marched into Lesotho - The Mail & Guardian"
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9108:
7352:
6448:
3539:, attracting international attention, before being re-admitted for a lung infection and
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that he inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and "stubborn sense of fairness".
1066:, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the
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16082:
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15240:
15208:
15179:
15150:
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15012:
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14598:
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14356:
13858:
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9483:
5892:
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4237:
4156:
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3801:
3793:
3721:
3348:, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to
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2678:
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1554:
1511:
1454:
1008:
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913:
706:
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9463:
9284:
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time. It has been repeatedly suggested that Mandela would have preferred to develop a
2124:. His hearing began in October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional
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16678:
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15154:
15122:
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15049:
15016:
14987:
14949:
14930:
14904:
14888:
14853:
14834:
14794:
14759:
14707:
14688:
14669:
14647:
14602:
14548:
14519:
14471:
14443:
14418:
14376:
14360:
14325:
14306:
14287:
13836:
13175:
10264:
10048:
4241:
4229:
4009:", which helped to bring awareness of his imprisonment to an international audience.
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3499:
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with local Xhosa chiefs, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to
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14748:
14721:
Kalumba, Kibujjo M. (1995). "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer".
12716:
11401:
10701:
3804:. According to Sampson, Mandela never had "a strong religious faith" however, while
2604:
in Australia. He visited Japan, but not the Soviet Union, a longtime ANC supporter.
2207:
In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on
1453:
Earning a small wage, Mandela rented a room in the house of the Xhoma family in the
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14019:
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Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to
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in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the
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Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the
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2585:
2400:
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celebrated his 60th birthday. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Lesotho, the
2254:
Though attending Christian Sunday services, Mandela studied Islam. He also studied
2248:
2117:
2054:
1974:
1920:
1888:
1764:
1756:
1740:
1371:
1347:
1323:
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1193:, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors.
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1043:
850:
595:
591:
18435:
17775:
17093:
17088:
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14540:
13889:"Canada presents Nelson Mandela with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal"
13135:
9716:
9515:
8994:
6268:
5596:
3482:
2472:
Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, including
2325:. Mandela's cell later contained more furniture, including a bed from around 1973.
2033:
The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the
1962:âwho was morally opposed to violenceâand allied activist groups of its necessity.
1792:
We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:
1086:
and expand healthcare services. Internationally, Mandela acted as mediator in the
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16442:
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15592:
15555:
15307:
15220:
15130:
15057:
15041:
14979:
14918:
14786:
14773:
Lukhele, Francis (2012). "Post-Prison Nelson Mandela: A 'Made-in-America Hero'".
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2070:
2016:â Statement released by MK to announce the start of their sabotage campaign
1994:
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1800:
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In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the
2952:
1870:
1526:, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive committee.
1291:, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in
1251:
rhetoric of a visiting chief, Joyi. Nevertheless, at the time he considered the
562:
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16894:
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16285:
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16026:
16014:
15901:
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2192:
2167:
2109:
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2027:
2002:
1990:
1959:
1924:
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1624:
1443:
1411:
1407:
1363:
1312:
1207:
1165:
1151:
1118:
1051:
896:
682:
603:
313:
160:
88:
51:
19604:
18566:
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18372:
17143:
16854:
15236:
15146:
14410:
13944:
13301:
10405:
10236:"Land Reform Policies in South Africa Compare To Human Rights Internationally"
9030:
8519:
7885:
4812:
4225:
2266:, who championed Mandela's cause outside of prison. In September 1970, he met
971:
and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its
22972:
22885:
22719:
22684:
22649:
22614:
22600:
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22519:
22431:
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22368:
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21973:
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20903:
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20874:
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20792:
20788:
20764:
20748:
20642:
20630:
20515:
20495:
20491:
20471:
20314:
20290:
20206:
20051:
19984:
19653:
19649:
19106:
19029:
18935:
18850:
18682:
18670:
18634:
18630:
18498:
18309:
18196:
18066:
18016:
17835:
17787:
17673:
17655:
17649:
17597:
17541:
17442:
17432:
17427:
17337:
17307:
17158:
17148:
17073:
16683:
16668:
16626:
16496:
16454:
16356:
16038:
15597:
15572:
15567:
15303:
15264:
15204:
14666:
The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics
14488:(2011). "The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948â1961".
13473:
7418:
7025:
4233:
3994:
3611:
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3548:
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3131:
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and the encouragement of foreign investment; many in the ANC derided it as a
3084:
3035:
2956:
2882:
estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed "
2879:
2870:
earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of
2770:
2674:
2641:
2560:
2466:
2461:
2380:
2236:
2208:
2155:
2095:
1892:
1785:
1768:
1712:
1590:
1503:
1427:
1403:
1386:
Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had
1346:. Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman,
1300:
1283:
for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at
1280:
1173:
1161:
1109:
Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on
1039:
1032:
968:
948:
213:
22663:
19849:
16866:
16179:
13369:
11447:
10986:
10970:
10733:
10665:
2427:
1883:, and continued until the case was adjourned in September. In January 1958,
1606:
1438:
mixed as equals. He later stated that he did not join the party because its
22808:
22783:
22755:
22723:
22670:
22635:
22554:
22403:
22340:
22305:
22175:
22128:
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22004:
21988:
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20864:
20732:
20676:
20622:
20601:
20576:
20405:
20282:
20222:
20141:
20129:
20103:
19892:
19812:
19719:
19413:
19369:
19198:
18824:
18783:
18746:
18735:
18698:
18626:
18542:
18405:
18204:
18157:
17863:
17763:
17633:
17591:
17569:
17447:
17392:
17347:
17312:
17178:
17138:
17058:
16889:
16871:
16824:
16792:
16460:
16448:
16436:
16415:
16386:
16344:
16291:
16279:
16072:
15409:
14556:
13664:
12743:
9092:
8916:"Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison"
8245:
8097:
8045:
7921:
4036:
4002:
3986:
3910:
3789:
3738:
3713:
3708:
3697:
3531:
Members of the public paying their respects outside Mandela's Houghton home
3463:
3391:'s death in January 2005, to defy the stigma about discussing the disease.
3364:
3326:
3284:
3188:
3055:
3020:
3009:
2992:. The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whomâlike
2948:
2910:
2766:
2502:
2465:
renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on
2368:
2336:
2275:
2271:
2259:
1966:
1884:
1708:
1640:
1636:
1599:
1458:
1391:
1351:
1335:
1186:
1181:
964:
944:
688:
431:
235:
19547:
16860:
15345:
14852:(large print ed.). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd.
13227:
12885:
11374:
10918:
10902:
10433:
10108:
9582:
9566:
9499:
9403:
9148:
9049:
8978:
8754:
7953:
7372:
4040:, have focused on specific events in his life. Lukhele has argued that in
2227:
1779:
1647:, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by
1078:
despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage
22836:
22790:
22712:
22691:
22568:
22540:
22470:
22456:
22382:
22354:
22326:
22312:
22182:
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21875:
21800:
21790:
21762:
21568:
21482:
21466:
21430:
21390:
21381:
21364:
21350:
21270:
21257:
21148:
21140:
20740:
20704:
20688:
20650:
20108:
20041:
20026:
20000:
19759:
19711:
19681:
19665:
19078:
19061:
18972:
18939:
18558:
18522:
18486:
18047:
17691:
17685:
17661:
17627:
17573:
17547:
17525:
17422:
17417:
17402:
17362:
17342:
17332:
17272:
17256:
17123:
16935:
16899:
16849:
16814:
16409:
16362:
16303:
16135:
15978:
15960:
15791:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
15765:
15460:
15426:
15394:
15285:
14896:
12826:
12513:
6032:
4083:
4006:
3949:
3878:
3816:
3494:
Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008; a
3439:
3399:
3255:. He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between
3240:
3147:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2914:
2898:
2813:
2795:
2774:
2534:
2521:
2494:
2453:
2421:
2409:
2240:
2163:
2038:
1982:
1832:, calling for the creation of a democratic, non-racialist state with the
1731:
1727:
1701:
1697:
1538:
1169:
1098:. Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and
1095:
1079:
488:
179:
19924:
Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture
14626:
12064:
Vecchiatto, Paul; Stone, Setumo; Magubane, Khulekani (6 December 2013).
11287:
10561:
4288:
3458:
on the need for economic assistance to Africa. He spoke with US senator
3235:", and he was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. He took a
1836:
of major industry. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in
1529:
1058:
in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a
22857:
22776:
22698:
22575:
22484:
22477:
22375:
22224:
21958:
21825:
21737:
21601:
21593:
21310:
21195:
21015:
20939:
20856:
20684:
20605:
20378:
20082:
19715:
19705:
19489:
18950:
18835:
18724:
17875:
17679:
17557:
17397:
17317:
17297:
17068:
16957:
16466:
16421:
16368:
16309:
15336:
15327:
14610:
10545:
9014:
6932:
6060:
3757:
3745:
3407:
3306:
3236:
3228:
in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the two men guilty.
3100:
2997:
2993:
2865:
wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. Mandela headed a
2819:
2762:
2742:
2625:
2620:
Mandela was given an office in the newly purchased ANC headquarters at
2432:
2343:
1945:
1726:
and stood trial as one of the 21 accusedâamong them Moroka, Sisulu and
1656:
1565:, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated
1542:
1515:
1495:
1470:
1292:
1284:
610:
21637:
14802:
Mafela, Munzhedzi James (2008). "The Revelation of African Culture in
14510:
12869:
12652:
12237:
12187:"Nelson Mandela leaves $ 4.1-million estate to family, staff, schools"
10080:
9598:
8341:
8061:
7985:
7969:
3509:
In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the
3114:
2299:
98:
22822:
22347:
21915:
21183:
21171:
20931:
20088:
19860:
19381:
19361:
18678:
18169:
17437:
17282:
16840:
16819:
16632:
14948:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 361â374.
14468:
Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa
12473:
10385:
10189:
8421:
3857:
3540:
3527:
3411:
3301:
ruler, is Thabo Mbeki" and that he was "shifting everything to him".
3221:
2839:
2737:; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own
2601:
2505:
exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell, Mandela was moved to
2280:
2255:
2100:
On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with fellow activist
1908:
1848:
1648:
1491:
1419:
1342:
in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the
1307:
and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native
1232:
1004:
921:
15259:
13353:
11727:"Nelson Mandela, 94, responding positively to treatment in hospital"
10775:
10360:. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center. 9 January 2005. Archived from
10167:
9756:
8667:
5152:
3737:
shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as "
1874:
An apartheid sign; apartheid legislation impacted all areas of life.
1074:
abuses. Economically, his administration retained its predecessor's
22498:
22273:
20993:
20911:
20593:
19888:
16809:
14687:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. pp. 37â68.
12413:
12253:
11378:
11049:
10835:
8579:
8281:
7064:
5760:
5644:
4668:
3929:. Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the
3623:
3135:
2875:
2715:, in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the
2649:
2376:
2030:(16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve.
1896:
1837:
1550:
1502:
house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met
1435:
1410:
at the law firm of Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, a company run by
1177:
1099:
1028:
13914:
13720:"President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom"
12295:
12293:
12291:
12289:
12287:
10866:
5484:
4448:
4392:
3973:, published in 1999. Other biographies included Martin Meredith's
3425:
2984:
white population that they were protected and represented in "the
2035:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa
1935:
1481:
1450:
correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night.
1266:
22892:
21144:
21068:
19771:
18798:
17103:
15468:
15024:
Read, James H. (2010). "Leadership and power in Nelson Mandela's
12929:
10481:
9855:
7396:"Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela's long imprisonment"
6308:
3812:
3784:
He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the
3669:
3487:
3384:
3321:
3087:
but placed an emphasis on economic growth through a framework of
2738:
2593:
2364:
1998:
1439:
1316:
1288:
1012:
31:
22864:
17493:
15275:
13654:"US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008"
10263:. South African Government Online. 22 March 1996. Archived from
10157:
10155:
9692:
4138:"US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008"
3819:
said that he was "easily tempted" by women. Another biographer,
2570:
Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa
2556:
2403:, along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni,
1374:
broke out. At the end of his first year he became involved in a
1271:
19904:
18343:
15340:
15322:
14559:(2014). "Mandela and the Methodists: Faith, Fallacy and Fact".
13680:
12377:
12284:
12151:
10124:
3216:, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging
3164:
September 1998, Mandela was appointed secretary-general of the
2484:
2126:
1716:
1688:
1466:
1198:
1157:
23189:
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
22945:
14806:". In Anna Haebich; Frances Peters-Little; Peter Read (eds.).
12004:"Mandela's Death Leaves South Africa Without Its Moral Center"
11171:"Equipo Nizkor â Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq"
10597:
10595:
3885:
2741:
and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for
1585:, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with new
1330:, an elite black institution of approximately 150 students in
19939:
14301:
Barnard, Rita (2014). "Introduction". In Rita Barnard (ed.).
13969:. Gauteng Provincial Government. 27 July 2004. Archived from
11595:"Nelson Mandela's grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering"
11571:"South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row"
11216:
11069:
10152:
6552:
4189:
3734:
3626:, with which some commentators have sought to associate him.
3455:
3256:
3252:
3146:
toward black people in employment. This exodus resulted in a
3008:âhad long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as
2510:
2066:
2058:
1343:
1156:
Mandela was born on 18 July 1918, in the village of Mvezo in
995:
branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952
952:
411:
15280:
14901:
Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela
14189:
13891:. Queen's Printer for Canada. 23 August 2012. Archived from
12953:
12901:
12790:
12680:
12365:
11027:
11025:
10381:"South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85"
10096:
9704:
6985:
6983:
4328:
3462:
and President George W. Bush and first met the then-senator
3074:
2408:
officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a
2247:) on the island, through which he forged links with PAC and
1322:
In 1939, with Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on a
22762:
21011:
19898:
15162:
Suttner, Raymond (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Masculinities".
14946:
Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994â1999
14685:
Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994â1999
13341:
13025:
12847:
12845:
12802:
12778:
12766:
12640:
12613:
12449:
12389:
10934:
10592:
9871:
8547:
8173:
8137:
3808:
stated that Mandela's religious belief was "never robust".
3402:, describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US president
3260:
1506:, an ANC member affiliated with the "Africanist" branch of
1446:. To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a
1228:
904:; 18 July 1918 â 5 December 2013) was a South African
874:
868:
755:
443:
18551:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
15225:
Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies
13835:. African National Congress. 12 April 1992. Archived from
10823:
10533:
10421:
10279:
7012:
7010:
6256:
3535:
In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a
3247:(SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the
2563:
in Johannesburg, which became the ANC headquarters in 1991
2026:, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on
1930:
14249:
14247:
12857:
12630:
12628:
12565:
12425:
12168:
12166:
11814:"Mandela wished a 'peaceful end' by Cape Town Archbishop"
11617:
11496:
11351:
11275:
11022:
10749:
10721:
6980:
4214:
Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies
3764:, and had a lifelong interest in archaeology and boxing.
3134:
accused Mandela's government of doing little to stem the
1607:
Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950â1954
856:
19850:
Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation
14305:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â26.
14179:
14177:
14175:
14086:(Report). United Nations. 29 September 2015. p. 6.
13833:"Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela"
13599:
13597:
13595:
13532:
13520:
13317:
13289:
13267:"Nelson Mandela to spend Christmas in S Africa hospital"
12965:
12842:
10856:
10854:
10582:
10580:
9813:
9811:
4740:
4548:
2853:
14395:"Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela"
14259:
13633:
13609:
13568:
13508:
13097:
13073:
13061:
12941:
12704:
12553:
12501:
12489:
12437:
12401:
12353:
12329:
12317:
12305:
12274:
12272:
12201:
12063:
11858:"Nelson Mandela condition worsens as Zuma cancels trip"
10946:
10811:
10607:
10509:
10497:
10358:"Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?"
10261:"No. 3 of 1996: Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996"
9883:
9823:
9680:
9439:
9344:
8824:
8535:
8357:
8233:
8125:
7007:
6416:
3034:, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero
2342:
By the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by
1780:
Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955â1961
1362:(ANC) who wanted South Africa to be independent of the
19548:
Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation
17739:
17016:
16171:
14995:
Nelson, Steven (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies".
14244:
14201:
13621:
13580:
13556:
13544:
13385:
13049:
13037:
13013:
13001:
12625:
12529:
12341:
12163:
12035:"Mandela's memorial service to be held on December 10"
10469:
10291:
10216:
5944:
5748:
3269:
South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation
2357:
Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding
2219:, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in
2179:" speech. That speechâwhich was inspired by Castro's "
2089:
1381:
908:
activist, politician, and statesman who served as the
23154:
People from King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality
23109:
Honorary companions of the Order of the Star of Ghana
23089:
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic
22910:
21246:
19867:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
19644:
United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia
17219:
14172:
13809:. London: Independent Print Limited. 3 October 1992.
13592:
13496:
13397:
13329:
12814:
12668:
12601:
10958:
10851:
10577:
9808:
8113:
4960:
4752:
4436:
3954:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
3892:
List of awards and honours received by Nelson Mandela
3375:
against HIV/AIDS. He gave the closing address at the
3172:
and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the
2061:, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President
1700:. In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC president
883:
859:
21518:
18877:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
14943:
14020:"Nelson Mandela statue unveiled in Pretoria by Zuma"
12989:
12977:
12589:
12541:
12461:
12269:
11943:"South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg"
11140:"Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS"
10781:
10190:
Leatt, Annie; Shung-King, Maylene & Monson, Jo.
10142:
9451:
5776:
1776:
and rejected Mandela's preoccupation with politics.
1007:
activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the
871:
865:
17566:(Constitutional Development and Provincial Affairs)
15223:; Tomaselli, Ruth (2003). "The Media and Mandela".
14638:
Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba
14160:
13085:
12692:
12577:
11517:"Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony"
10192:"Healing inequalities: The free health care policy"
8685:
6995:
6048:
4360:
2195:to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to
2140:be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.
1939:
Thatched room at Liliesleaf Farm, where Mandela hid
1603:was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949.
862:
853:
22133:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
16787:
15219:
14922:
14635:
13915:"Mandela to be honoured with Canadian citizenship"
12096:
12066:"Nelson Mandela to be laid to rest on December 15"
11787:"Nelson Mandela hospitalized in serious condition"
9130:
3447:public events and denied most interview requests.
3352:. Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for
3316:
3078:Houses in Soweto constructed under the RDP program
2371:, sparking an international campaign that led the
1909:the passes that they were legally obliged to carry
1311:, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a speaker of
30:"Mandela" redirects here. Not to be confused with
19819:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
18925:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
14222:"Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song"
13117:"The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela: Genealogy"
11337:"The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo"
11315:"Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa"
3839:in London's Parliament Square following his death
2540:
2053:. Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor
1522:(ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the
1038:Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between
254:Deputy President of the African National Congress
23134:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
22970:
19316:
13738:
3959:
3925:, and was the first living person to be made an
3703:
2112:, a former American diplomat, revealed that the
23204:Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement
14962:
13686:
13674:
13474:"Mandela death: How a prisoner became a legend"
13379:
13311:
12923:
12419:
12383:
12299:
12157:
11914:"Mandela discharged from South Africa hospital"
3907:Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
3516:
3466:. Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean president
2750:
2041:, Ethiopia. Leaving South Africa in secret via
1977:, in 1961 Mandela, Sisulu and Slovo co-founded
1675:In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint
1482:Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943â1949
1476:
1267:Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934â1940
188:President of the African National Congress
19059:
14682:
14633:
13943:. Royal Insight. November 2002. Archived from
10161:
7018:"SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba"
4346:
4334:
4318:
3479:, in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday.
3322:Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999â2004
2901:, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like
2551:
2390:
2235:The political prisoners took part in work and
23099:Honorary companions of the Order of Australia
23064:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
22114:
22020:
21653:
21232:
20157:
19955:
19627:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
19518:
19302:
19045:
18515:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
18248:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
17725:
17479:
17205:
17002:
16773:
16209:
16195:
16093:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song)
15588:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
15484:
15133:(2007). "(Mis)Understanding Nelson Mandela".
13704:"How the awards have just kept flooding in".
12129:"Nelson Mandela funeral: 'Millions misspent'"
8913:The text of Mandela's speech can be found at
8477:"Mandela's response to being offered freedom"
3486:Mandela receiving the freedom of the city of
3379:in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, spoke at the
2547:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
2122:University of London International Programmes
1722:In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the
23284:International SimĂłn BolĂvar Prize recipients
23139:Members of the South African Communist Party
23054:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
22034:
20171:
15821:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
13418:"The world's most famous political prisoner"
11540:"Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public"
10375:
10006:"How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup"
9622:"Mandela becomes SA's first black president"
3948:proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July, as "
3279:
2759:attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2485:Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988â1990
1390:for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to
1279:Intending to gain skills needed to become a
1275:Photograph of Mandela, taken in Umtata, 1937
23169:Presidents of the African National Congress
14642:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. pp.
14609:
14338:
14324:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 587â610.
13859:"Royal Decree 270/1999, 12th February 1999"
13119:. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from
12919:
12891:
12808:
12772:
12658:
11842:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8776:
7533:. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from
7310:
7198:
7170:
7042:"SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member"
3977:, first published in 1997, and Tom Lodge's
3886:Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours
2632:for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader
2202:
27:President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999
23104:Honorary companions of the Order of Canada
23074:Respiratory disease deaths in South Africa
23024:21st-century South African philanthropists
22121:
22107:
22027:
22013:
21660:
21646:
21239:
21225:
20164:
20150:
19962:
19948:
19742:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
19525:
19511:
19309:
19295:
19052:
19038:
17732:
17718:
17486:
17472:
17212:
17198:
17009:
16995:
16780:
16766:
16202:
16188:
15887:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation
15519:President of the African National Congress
15491:
15477:
15417:President of the African National Congress
15349:
13967:"Madiba conferred freedom of Johannesburg"
13109:
11757:"Nelson Mandela arrives home in ambulance"
11425:"Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela's 90th"
7524:
2962:
2395:In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to
1164:. He was given the forename Rolihlahla, a
97:
23079:Infectious disease deaths in South Africa
18803:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
15450:Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
14850:Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962â1994
14592:
14577:"The Shadow of Nelson Mandela, 1918â2013"
14509:
14440:Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction
14319:
14303:The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela
14048:
13996:. Media Club South Africa. Archived from
12863:
12431:
11623:
11502:
11460:
11369:
11357:
11297:
11281:
11222:
11075:
11031:
11016:
10996:
10980:
3672:, and during the revolution he advocated
3523:Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela
3023:when the latter was charged with murder.
2977:The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela
2784:
2689:be stationed in South Africa to prevent "
2677:governed by majority rule. Following the
1406:. The latter secured Mandela a job as an
1338:, politics, "native administration", and
23164:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
23044:Alumni of University of London Worldwide
21100:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
18318:International Committee of the Red Cross
18150:International Committee of the Red Cross
18107:Nansen International Office for Refugees
17913:International Committee of the Red Cross
15673:Reconstruction and Development Programme
14917:
14831:Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918â1962
13825:
13777:"List of all Bharat Ratna award winners"
13699:
13697:
13695:
13538:
13514:
13359:
13295:
13249:
13233:
13213:
13141:
13103:
12971:
12935:
12895:
12875:
12851:
12836:
12726:
12227:
12001:
11937:
11935:
11537:
11456:
11293:
11045:"Mandela 'responding well to treatment'"
11012:
10992:
10976:
10924:
10908:
10892:
10801:
10459:
10439:
10411:
10317:
10177:
10146:
10114:
10102:
10086:
10070:
10054:
10038:
9964:
9944:
9928:
9908:
9845:
9798:
9778:
9766:
9746:
9726:
9670:
9654:
9588:
9572:
9525:
9505:
9489:
9477:
9429:
9409:
9393:
9373:
9334:
9314:
9294:
9254:
9238:
9218:
9198:
9178:
9154:
9138:
9114:
9098:
9082:
9055:
9039:
9004:
8968:
8944:
8897:
8846:
8788:
8744:
8724:
8657:
8633:
8609:
8569:
8525:
8509:
8459:
8431:
8411:
8383:
8347:
8331:
8311:
8271:
8219:
8199:
8163:
8087:
8051:
8035:
8011:
7991:
7975:
7959:
7943:
7927:
7911:
7891:
7879:
7851:
7827:
7803:
7775:
7719:
7687:
7659:
7639:
7607:
7571:
7500:
7476:
7378:
7362:
7338:
7302:
7274:
7242:
7194:
7130:
7102:
7074:
6966:
6918:
6890:
6846:
6818:
6782:
6750:
6726:
6698:
6662:
6630:
6606:
6582:
6558:
6538:
6478:
6458:
6422:
6402:
6366:
6338:
6294:
6274:
6246:
6210:
6182:
6126:
6022:
5994:
5974:
5934:
5910:
5862:
5830:
5738:
5706:
5610:
5586:
5554:
5522:
5474:
5418:
5394:
5370:
5342:
5314:
5290:
5262:
5214:
5182:
5142:
5114:
5086:
5050:
5018:
4986:
4950:
4926:
4898:
4874:
4850:
4826:
4802:
4778:
4730:
4706:
4678:
4662:
4634:
4610:
4586:
4538:
4506:
4482:
4458:
4426:
4402:
4322:
4278:
3830:
3707:
3658:
3654:
3618:in promoting his anti-apartheid vision.
3526:
3481:
3429:
3325:
3283:
3182:
3113:
3073:
3046:. Mandela wore a Springbok shirt at the
2809:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2794:
2695:
2662:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
2655:
2555:
2488:
2426:
2226:
1934:
1869:
1707:
1610:
1528:
1270:
359:2 September 1998 â 14 June 1999
23084:Deaths from respiratory tract infection
23009:20th-century South African male writers
21667:
19917:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
19676:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
18667:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
15746:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years
15190:
15161:
15129:
15100:
15056:
14847:
14828:
14772:
14720:
14668:. London: Routledge. pp. 206â224.
14634:Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002).
14555:
14456:
14437:
14389:
14300:
14265:
14253:
14219:
13670:
13651:
13639:
13627:
13615:
13603:
13586:
13574:
13526:
13403:
13391:
13375:
13363:
13347:
13323:
13307:
13253:
13237:
13221:
13209:
13189:
13181:
13169:
13161:
13149:
13079:
13067:
13055:
13043:
13031:
13019:
12959:
12947:
12907:
12879:
12832:
12796:
12784:
12742:
12730:
12722:
12710:
12686:
12646:
12619:
12559:
12523:
12519:
12507:
12495:
12455:
12443:
12407:
12395:
12371:
12359:
12335:
12323:
12311:
12263:
12259:
12231:
12207:
11888:"Nelson Mandela released from hospital"
11637:"Nelson Mandela 'breathing on his own'"
11592:
11422:
11330:
11328:
11308:
11306:
11234:
11173:. Derechos.org. Reuters. Archived from
10952:
10940:
10928:
10912:
10896:
10845:
10817:
10805:
10743:
10715:
10695:
10675:
10633:
10613:
10601:
10571:
10555:
10527:
10515:
10503:
10463:
10443:
10415:
10329:
10118:
10090:
10074:
10058:
10042:
9968:
9948:
9932:
9912:
9889:
9877:
9849:
9829:
9817:
9802:
9782:
9750:
9730:
9710:
9698:
9686:
9674:
9658:
9608:
9592:
9576:
9529:
9509:
9493:
9473:
9457:
9445:
9433:
9413:
9397:
9377:
9350:
9338:
9318:
9298:
9278:
9258:
9234:
9222:
9194:
9182:
9158:
9142:
9118:
9102:
9086:
9059:
9043:
9024:
9008:
8988:
8972:
8948:
8918:. ANC. 11 February 1990. Archived from
8901:
8850:
8830:
8792:
8764:
8748:
8728:
8688:"Mandela Moved to House at Prison Farm"
8686:Christopher S. Wren (8 December 1988).
8673:
8661:
8637:
8613:
8589:
8573:
8553:
8541:
8529:
8513:
8463:
8415:
8387:
8363:
8351:
8335:
8315:
8291:
8275:
8255:
8239:
8227:
8223:
8203:
8179:
8167:
8143:
8131:
8107:
8091:
8071:
8055:
8039:
8015:
7995:
7979:
7963:
7947:
7931:
7915:
7895:
7871:
7855:
7847:
7831:
7823:
7807:
7799:
7779:
7771:
7759:
7751:
7727:
7715:
7695:
7683:
7667:
7655:
7635:
7611:
7603:
7579:
7563:
7508:
7480:
7468:
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5294:
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5174:
5158:
5146:
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5090:
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4990:
4978:
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4902:
4890:
4878:
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4854:
4838:
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4782:
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4758:
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4694:
4674:
4650:
4626:
4606:
4590:
4574:
4554:
4542:
4526:
4514:
4510:
4494:
4474:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4398:
4386:
4378:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4210:: the isiXhosa translator's tall order"
4174:
4166:
4162:
3826:
2761:. Following the murder of ANC activist
2420:implemented by South African president
1993:, Mandela moved to the communist-owned
1931:MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961â62
1463:Witwatersrand Native Labour Association
1145:
1090:and served as secretary-general of the
827:Mandela during his 1994 visit to the US
200:7 July 1991 â 20 December 1997
14:
23269:University of the Witwatersrand alumni
23209:South African anti-apartheid activists
23114:Honorary members of the Order of Merit
23029:21st-century South African politicians
23014:20th-century South African politicians
22971:
16724:Congress of South African Trade Unions
16223:
14994:
14866:
14809:Indigenous Biography and Autobiography
14801:
14745:Spear: Mandela and the Revolutionaries
14701:
14660:
14571:
14367:
14281:
14207:
14090:from the original on 30 September 2020
13869:from the original on 13 September 2017
13562:
13550:
13502:
13201:
13007:
12820:
12674:
12634:
12535:
12479:
12243:
12219:
12172:
12032:
11763:. London. 6 April 2013. Archived from
11400:. SAinfo. 19 July 2007. Archived from
11375:"Mandela joins 'Elders' on turning 89"
11254:
11195:
10872:
10829:
10793:
10739:
10707:
10687:
10671:
10625:
10567:
10539:
10487:
10475:
10455:
10427:
10309:
10297:
10285:
10222:
10197:. Children's Institute. Archived from
10130:
10003:
9861:
9646:
9604:
9521:
9425:
9365:
9310:
9290:
9270:
9210:
9170:
9074:
9020:
9000:
8984:
8960:
8893:
8862:
8780:
8760:
8716:
8585:
8501:
8451:
8443:
8427:
8403:
8399:
8379:
8375:
8303:
8287:
8191:
8119:
8027:
7867:
7843:
7819:
7791:
7743:
7711:
7651:
7627:
7595:
7555:
7492:
7460:
7326:
7262:
7150:
7114:
7086:
6954:
6910:
6838:
6802:
6770:
6718:
6682:
6650:
6570:
6522:
6386:
6314:
6226:
6166:
6110:
6082:
6006:
5898:
5846:
5814:
5782:
5722:
5690:
5622:
5502:
5458:
5434:
5198:
5066:
5034:
5002:
4690:
4566:
4470:
4414:
4354:
4266:
4082:Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla.
3913:, and in 1992 Pakistan gave him their
3815:. He was heterosexual, and biographer
3245:Southern African Development Community
3069:
2745:and Mandela's for unitary government.
2722:coalition government of national unity
2289:South African Bureau of State Security
1985:as well as from the military theorist
1818:South African Congress of Trade Unions
1816:, the Coloured People's Congress, the
1563:South African general election in 1948
1520:African National Congress Youth League
955:, South Africa. He studied law at the
504:
23239:South African prisoners and detainees
22397:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
22102:
22008:
21641:
21220:
20145:
19943:
19905:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education
19848:
19546:
19506:
19290:
19033:
17713:
17467:
17193:
16990:
16761:
16183:
16170:
15472:
15086:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
15078:
14753:
14526:
14484:
14465:
14286:. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
14195:
14183:
14166:
14148:from the original on 18 December 2022
14122:from the original on 23 December 2022
14030:from the original on 19 December 2013
13991:
13692:
13335:
13217:
13185:
13165:
13145:
12995:
12698:
12607:
12595:
12583:
12571:
12547:
12483:
12467:
12347:
12278:
12247:
12223:
12197:from the original on 27 January 2016.
12184:
12094:
11932:
11811:
11793:from the original on 14 December 2020
11677:from the original on 28 December 2017
11568:
11514:
11385:from the original on 25 February 2013
11334:
11321:from the original on 6 December 2013.
11312:
11263:from the original on 25 February 2013
11243:from the original on 25 February 2013
11137:
11087:
11008:
10964:
10888:
10876:
10860:
10841:
10797:
10763:from the original on 11 November 2022
10727:
10711:
10691:
10629:
10586:
10551:
10491:
10393:from the original on 26 February 2013
10345:from the original on 26 February 2013
10313:
10173:
10034:
9992:from the original on 25 February 2013
9960:
9924:
9904:
9865:
9841:
9794:
9762:
9742:
9722:
9650:
9469:
9389:
9369:
9330:
9274:
9250:
9214:
9174:
9134:
9078:
8964:
8940:
8842:
8784:
8740:
8720:
8653:
8629:
8605:
8565:
8505:
8455:
8407:
8327:
8307:
8267:
8215:
8159:
8103:
8083:
8007:
7907:
7875:
7755:
7731:
7723:
7699:
7691:
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7663:
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6778:
6754:
6730:
6702:
6694:
6666:
6634:
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6586:
6542:
6534:
6506:
6482:
6438:
6406:
6398:
6370:
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6334:
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6262:
6242:
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6206:
6186:
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6150:
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6118:
6094:
6090:
6054:
6042:
6018:
5990:
5970:
5966:
5930:
5926:
5906:
5882:
5858:
5826:
5822:
5798:
5766:
5734:
5730:
5702:
5698:
5674:
5670:
5634:
5606:
5582:
5578:
5550:
5546:
5518:
5514:
5490:
5470:
5466:
5446:
5414:
5410:
5390:
5366:
5362:
5338:
5310:
5286:
5282:
5258:
5238:
5234:
5210:
5178:
5162:
5138:
5134:
5110:
5106:
5082:
5078:
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5042:
5014:
5010:
4982:
4946:
4922:
4918:
4894:
4870:
4846:
4842:
4822:
4798:
4774:
4726:
4702:
4698:
4658:
4654:
4630:
4582:
4578:
4534:
4530:
4502:
4498:
4478:
4422:
4382:
4366:
4350:
4302:
4298:
4274:
4203:
4170:
3576:
3426:"Retiring from retirement": 2004â2013
3231:Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an "
2854:Presidency of South Africa: 1994â1999
2215:through a correspondence course with
1180:Territories of South Africa's modern
920:focused on dismantling the legacy of
895:
549:
512:
23184:Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize
20577:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
19786:Malaria Research and Training Centre
19535:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award
15811:Nelson Mandela International Airport
15716:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech)
15193:Journal of Asian and African Studies
15023:
14895:
14425:from the original on 12 January 2021
14232:from the original on 9 February 2017
13277:from the original on 29 January 2013
13205:
13091:
12983:
12754:from the original on 3 December 2012
12662:
12139:from the original on 4 December 2017
12109:from the original on 10 January 2022
12076:from the original on 6 December 2013
12033:Pillay, Verashni (6 December 2013).
12014:from the original on 6 December 2013
11868:from the original on 26 January 2014
11707:from the original on 30 January 2013
11697:"Mandela Has Surgery for Gallstones"
11550:from the original on 28 January 2017
11435:from the original on 9 November 2012
11325:
11303:
11168:
11138:Nolen, Stephanie (5 December 2013).
11114:
9628:from the original on 7 November 2012
9541:
8812:from the original on 23 October 2012
8649:
8625:
8601:
8447:
8251:
8195:
8155:
8067:
8031:
7795:
7747:
7631:
7599:
7559:
7496:
7464:
7330:
7266:
7234:
7210:
7186:
7154:
7118:
7090:
7070:
7040:Marrian, Natasha (6 December 2013).
6806:
6686:
6654:
6574:
6526:
6498:
6474:
6390:
6230:
6170:
6142:
6010:
5902:
5850:
5626:
5570:
5538:
5506:
5438:
5330:
5202:
5070:
4646:
4622:
4602:
4570:
4314:
3999:Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)
3118:Mandela on a visit to Brazil in 1998
2933:In December 1994, Mandela published
2431:Bust of Mandela erected on London's
2274:. South African Minister of Justice
1747:with a more centralised leadership.
936:, he served as the president of the
575:
541:
23129:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
23069:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
19766:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
17658:(Public Service and Administration)
17594:(Environmental Affairs and Tourism)
17576:(1998â1999) (Correctional Services)
15678:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
15103:Journal of Southern African Studies
14775:Canadian Journal of African Studies
14758:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14706:. Bellville: Pearson South Africa.
14704:Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance
14490:Journal of Southern African Studies
14470:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14442:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14220:Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2013).
14064:from the original on 29 August 2013
14054:"UN gives backing to 'Mandela Day'"
13652:Windrem, Robert (7 December 2013).
12045:from the original on 1 October 2022
12002:Polgreen, Lydia (5 December 2013).
11667:"Nelson Mandela has lung infection"
11196:Murphy, Jarrett (30 January 2003).
3786:Methodist Church of Southern Africa
3063:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3061:Mandela oversaw the formation of a
2791:1994 South African general election
2090:Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962â1964
1382:Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941â1943
1068:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
983:established apartheid, a system of
127:10 May 1994 â 14 June 1999
24:
23274:World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
23039:Alumni of the University of London
23004:20th-century South African lawyers
18903:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
18769:International Atomic Energy Agency
18182:American Friends Service Committee
17018:Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement
16427:Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919â1923)
16172:Articles related to Nelson Mandela
15836:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
15498:
14735:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x
14142:"Nelson Mandela International Day"
13994:"Long walk immortalised in bronze"
13992:Stern, Jennifer (27 August 2008).
13813:from the original on 24 March 2013
13783:from the original on 11 March 2013
13660:from the original on 3 March 2016.
13415:
12098:"Nelson Mandela: the long goodbye"
11953:from the original on 15 April 2016
11737:from the original on 19 April 2016
11527:from the original on 24 July 2013.
11484:from the original on 16 March 2016
11381:. Associated Press. 20 July 2007.
11235:Pienaar, John (1 September 2002).
11150:from the original on 18 April 2017
11127:from the original on 18 July 2004.
11117:"Mandela urges action to fight TB"
10782:Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000
10143:Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000
8863:Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990).
8806:"1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela"
3933:and granted him membership in the
3377:XIII International AIDS Conference
3158:
2630:International Defence and Aid Fund
1630:Suppression of Communism Act, 1950
1573:took power, soon uniting with the
1486:Mandela began studying law at the
25:
23300:
23289:20th-century presidents in Africa
23264:University of South Africa alumni
21248:Arthur Ashe Courage Award winners
19778:Manhiça Centre of Health Research
18384:International Labour Organization
16979:â Died in office *Acting President
15730:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
15253:
15062:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
14322:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
13921:from the original on 23 June 2013
13484:from the original on 29 June 2021
13454:from the original on 28 June 2021
13424:from the original on 29 June 2021
11983:from the original on 19 July 2018
11920:from the original on 4 March 2016
11894:from the original on 4 March 2016
11643:. 18 January 2011. Archived from
11474:"World Cup 'perfect gift for SA'"
11057:from the original on 24 July 2013
10647:"Analysis: Lockerbie's long road"
7024:. 6 December 2013. Archived from
4248:from the original on 25 July 2022
4118:from the original on 5 April 2016
3909:. In 1990, India awarded him the
1211:particular name, I have no idea.
1056:1994 multiracial general election
1003:. He was repeatedly arrested for
23094:South African HIV/AIDS activists
22956:
22944:
22932:
22920:
21515:USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal
19807:National Transplant Organization
17495:Second Cabinet of Nelson Mandela
16740:
16739:
16689:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College
16149:
16148:
15633:state memorial service attendees
14375:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
14341:South African Historical Journal
14213:
14134:
14102:
14076:
14042:
14012:
13985:
13959:
13933:
13907:
13881:
13851:
13795:
13769:
13722:. The White House. 9 July 2002.
13712:
13645:
13466:
13436:
13409:
13259:
12748:"How Mandela changed SA fashion"
12736:
12185:Dixon, Robyn (3 February 2014).
12178:
12121:
12095:Mount, Harry (9 December 2013).
12088:
12057:
12026:
11995:
11965:
11916:. Al Jazeera. 1 September 2013.
11906:
11880:
11850:
11805:
11779:
11749:
11719:
11689:
11659:
11629:
11562:
11531:
11508:
11466:
11416:
11363:
11228:
11189:
11162:
11131:
11108:
11081:
11037:
10653:from the original on 9 July 2013
10639:
10521:
10323:
10228:
10183:
10004:Carlin, John (19 October 2007).
9974:
9614:
9535:
9228:
9188:
8907:
8856:
8798:
8679:
8469:
7518:
7406:from the original on 16 May 2016
7388:
3720:Mandela was widely considered a
3381:XV International AIDS Conference
2943:. In late 1994, he attended the
2799:Mandela casting his vote in the
2600:in Malaysia, and Prime Minister
2307:
2298:
2283:and remained unable to see him.
1715:in the Johannesburg township of
1376:students' representative council
1133:, Madiba, and described as the "
1015:, he secretly joined the banned
849:
817:
741:
545:
508:
19790:Kintampo Health Research Centre
18583:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
17796:Institut de Droit International
16607:Provincial Executive Committees
15972:
15966:
15535:
15376:State President of South Africa
15260:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory
14561:Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae
14274:
13746:"Prizes: And the Winner Is ..."
13726:from the original on 7 May 2013
11538:Polgreen, Lydia (24 May 2013).
11255:Fenton, Tom (30 January 2003).
9542:Levy, Glen (15 November 2010).
8698:from the original on 1 May 2013
7531:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory
3946:United Nations General Assembly
3317:Post-presidency and final years
2084:
1537:At Sisulu's house, Mandela met
1488:University of the Witwatersrand
1088:Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial
940:(ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
910:first president of South Africa
571:
537:
500:
266:May 1985 â 7 July 1991
40:Nelson Mandela (disambiguation)
23259:University of Fort Hare alumni
23179:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
23034:African and Black nationalists
22274:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
19969:
19827:for the Advancement of Science
17554:(1997â1999) (Arts and Culture)
17544:(Agriculture and Land Affairs)
15801:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate
15603:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
15510:18 July 1918 â 5 December 2013
15265:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
14747:(Ohio University Press, 2022)
14615:Presidential Studies Quarterly
13917:. CBC News. 19 November 2001.
13863:Spanish Official State Gazette
11313:Keyes, Allison (17 May 2005).
11237:"Mandela warns Bush over Iraq"
9131:Tomaselli & Tomaselli 2003
7048:. South Africa. Archived from
4197:
4180:
4130:
4098:
4086:notes that the orthography of
4076:
3919:Order of Isabella the Catholic
3594:Mandela identified as both an
3564:from 11 to 13 December at the
2923:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
2541:End of apartheid and elections
1812:. With the involvement of the
1514:on the subject at his home in
1160:, then part of South Africa's
967:. There he became involved in
963:before working as a lawyer in
13:
1:
23244:South African revolutionaries
23234:South African Nobel laureates
23219:South African Marxist writers
23214:South African autobiographers
22140:Leaders & revolutionaries
19537:for International Cooperation
18322:League of Red Cross Societies
17848:Paul Estournelles de Constant
16729:South African Communist Party
16068:International Tribute Concert
15935:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
15176:10.1080/14725843.2015.1009623
15115:10.1080/03057070.2015.1012915
14833:. Little, Brown and Company.
14541:10.1080/14682745.2015.1078315
11593:Moreton, Cole (2 July 2013).
11515:Batty, David (11 July 2010).
11398:"Mandela launches The Elders"
11169:Weir, Keith (13 April 2003).
11088:Tebas, Pablo (13 July 2000).
9492:, pp. 488â489, 504â510;
9117:, pp. 429â436, 435â460;
8865:"Mandela free after 27 years"
8038:, pp. 287â288, 304â310;
7806:, pp. 281â283, 290â291;
7022:South African Communist Party
6921:, pp. 197â198, 200â201;
6409:, pp. 118â120, 125â128;
6333:, pp. 218â233, 234â236;
5281:, pp. 116â117, 119â120;
4064:
4015:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
3960:Biographies and popular media
3899:Presidential Medal of Freedom
3704:Personality and personal life
3042:, as South Africa hosted the
2921:552,000 annual income to the
2683:Organisation of African Unity
2614:July 1991 national conference
2596:in Indonesia, Prime Minister
2175:Mandela gave his three-hour "
2045:, on his way Mandela visited
1863:, born in February 1959, and
1814:South African Indian Congress
1799:â Opening words of the
1140:
1017:South African Communist Party
719:Presidential Medal of Freedom
467:South African Communist Party
305:December 1952 â 1958
22999:20th-century philanthropists
19318:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates
17694:(Water Affairs and Forestry)
16602:National Executive Committee
16078:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song)
15683:Constitution of South Africa
15668:Government of National Unity
15297:Nelson Mandela's family tree
15042:10.1080/17540291.2010.524792
14980:10.1080/01436597.2014.907703
14787:10.1080/00083968.2012.702088
14723:Journal of Social Philosophy
14594:10.1080/03056244.2014.883111
14502:10.1080/03057070.2011.592659
14353:10.1080/02582473.2011.549375
13753:. 8 May 1989. Archived from
11569:Smith, David (3 July 2013).
11423:Bingham, John (6 May 2008).
11257:"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq"
11198:"Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq"
11115:Hogg, Chris (15 July 2004).
9982:"Mandela rallies Springboks"
9544:"Top 10 Political Prisoners"
8676:, pp. 384â385, 392â393.
7918:, pp. 236â241, 288â294.
7874:, pp. 83, 90, 136â138;
5493:, p. inset photographs.
4069:
3629:
3589:â Nelson Mandela, 1994
3517:Illness and death: 2011â2013
3294:Constitution of South Africa
3170:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
2867:Government of National Unity
2860:Presidency of Nelson Mandela
2753:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
2348:Black Consciousness Movement
2049:and met with its president,
1724:Suppression of Communism Act
1477:Early revolutionary activity
947:, Mandela was born into the
7:
23254:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel
23149:People acquitted of treason
23144:Nobel Peace Prize laureates
19877:Hispanic Society of America
19803:The Transplantation Society
19752:2004: The European Union's
19736:International Space Station
15806:Nelson Mandela Invitational
15551:1955 Congress of the People
14929:. New York: PublicAffairs.
14903:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
7802:, pp. 82â84, 108â116;
6657:, pp. 90â92, 141â143;
6301:, pp. 98â99, 105â106;
4047:
3406:and British prime minister
3396:NATO intervention in Kosovo
3193:his impeachment proceedings
3178:1997 Asian financial crisis
3105:International Monetary Fund
2552:Early negotiations: 1990â91
2391:Pollsmoor Prison: 1982â1988
2383:and British prime minister
2114:Central Intelligence Agency
2069:, Tunisia, where President
1965:Inspired by the actions of
1879:overseen by defence lawyer
1845:Bantu Authorities Act, 1951
1659:, eventually embracing the
1645:wars of national liberation
1418:âand Nat Bregman, a Jewish
1299:, the Methodist college in
961:University of Witwatersrand
897:[xolĂÉŹaÉŹamandÉÌËla]
10:
23305:
23229:South African nationalists
23174:Presidents of South Africa
22291:Artists & entertainers
20438:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
19899:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
18996:Center for Civil Liberties
17856:International Peace Bureau
16597:National Working Committee
16268:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
16250:Zacharias Richard Mahabane
16111:Cape Town City Hall statue
15786:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship
15776:Nelson Mandela Institution
15541:Mandela and Tambo law firm
15009:10.2979/transition.116.130
14964:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J.
14881:10.2979/transition.112.101
14749:online review of this book
14466:Broun, Kenneth S. (2012).
11200:. CBS News. Archived from
11092:. The Body. Archived from
10162:Houston & Muthien 2000
8382:, pp. 20, 23, 26â27;
6281:, pp. 95â99, 105â106.
4347:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002
4335:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002
4319:Guiloineau & Rowe 2002
4111:Collins English Dictionary
3889:
3724:, described by biographer
3520:
3332:London School of Economics
3187:Mandela with US president
2857:
2832:conflict in Bophuthatswana
2788:
2544:
2493:"Free Mandela" protest in
2359:in India in 1979, and the
2189:University of London Union
2093:
1783:
1448:University of South Africa
1149:
1060:broad coalition government
829:Recorded on 4 October 1994
629:University of South Africa
29:
22747:
22593:Scientists & thinkers
22592:
22441:
22290:
22139:
22043:
21934:
21771:
21703:
21675:
21264:
21254:
20958:
20724:
20389:
20379:The American Fighting-Man
20182:
20099:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
20070:
20014:
19993:
19977:
19855:
19844:
19797:World Health Organization
19748:Luiz InĂĄcio Lula da Silva
19730:Fernando Henrique Cardoso
19553:
19542:
19324:
19214:
19189:
19164:
19139:
19114:
19094:
19069:
18708:
18457:
18214:
17991:
17751:
17698:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi
17534:
17518:
17502:
17303:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi
17265:
17244:
17228:
17024:
16977:
16913:
16833:
16799:
16737:
16712:
16642:
16589:
16520:
16402:
16325:
16230:
16219:
16212:African National Congress
16177:
16144:
16056:African National Congress
16048:
15985:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
15953:
15854:
15846:Nelson Mandela University
15756:
15738:Conversations With Myself
15706:
15648:
15528:
15513:President of South Africa
15506:
15457:
15446:
15438:
15433:
15423:
15414:
15406:
15401:
15391:
15385:President of South Africa
15382:
15364:
15359:
15276:Mandela Rhodes Foundation
15270:Nelson Mandela Foundation
15237:10.1080/17533170300404204
15147:10.1080/17532520701786202
15135:African Historical Review
15064:. London: HarperCollins.
14848:Mandela, Nelson (2004) .
14581:African Political Economy
14411:10.1080/13534640500331666
13779:. NDTV. 21 January 2011.
13220:, pp. 104, 132â145;
13164:, pp. 144, 148â149;
11890:. CNN. 1 September 2013.
10073:, pp. 527, 551â564;
10061:, pp. 491, 496, 524.
10045:, pp. 491, 496, 524.
9317:, pp. 449â450, 488;
8808:. BBC. 11 February 1990.
8410:, pp. 152â153, 156;
7946:, pp. 295, 299â301;
7610:, pp. 252â254, 256;
7213:, pp. 176â177, 180;
7157:, pp. 171â172, 176;
6973:, pp. 191, 222â229;
6853:, pp. 186â188, 193;
6545:, pp. 104, 132â145;
6177:, pp. 205â207, 231;
6149:, pp. 199â200, 204;
5513:, pp. 144, 148â149;
4226:10.2989/16073610309486337
4034:and the 2010 documentary
4024:and the 1996 documentary
3927:honorary Canadian citizen
3744:For political scientists
3603:Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni
3434:Mandela and US president
3361:Mandela Rhodes Foundation
3346:Treatment Action Campaign
3280:Withdrawing from politics
2990:Minister for Home Affairs
2909:. He also met with Queen
2769:, and each receiving the
2751:
2416:(UDF), founded to combat
1567:Herenigde Nasionale Party
1524:Bantu Men's Social Centre
1360:African National Congress
1344:Native Affairs Department
1287:Methodist High School in
1189:of the royal family were
1104:Nelson Mandela Foundation
938:African National Congress
845:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
838:
806:
802:
790:
783:
763:
749:
737:
675:
665:
642:
609:
586:
477:
460:
455:African National Congress
450:
438:
421:
394:
389:
385:
375:
363:
352:
344:Secretary-General of the
341:
331:
319:
309:
298:
288:
278:
270:
259:
251:
241:
229:
204:
193:
185:
173:
154:
131:
120:
115:President of South Africa
112:
108:
96:
49:
23249:South African socialists
23224:South African Methodists
23199:Sakharov Prize laureates
23124:Inmates of Robben Island
21921:Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor
21096:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
19782:Ifakara Health Institute
19446:Akshaya Patra Foundation
19155:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.
19130:Frederik Willem de Klerk
18691:MĂ©decins Sans FrontiĂšres
15967:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
15826:Mandela National Stadium
15796:Nelson Mandela Challenge
15598:Mandela House and museum
15402:Party political offices
15205:10.1177/0021909614541973
14829:Mandela, Nelson (1994).
14756:Mandela: A Critical Life
14702:Hutton, Barbara (1994).
14438:Boehmer, Elleke (2008).
12938:, pp. xvi, 482â483.
10649:. BBC. 31 January 2001.
10133:, pp. 122â124, 162.
10012:. London. Archived from
9951:, pp. 520, 522â523.
9935:, pp. 520, 522â523.
9701:, pp. 497â499, 510.
9400:, pp. 434â445, 473.
9321:, pp. 466, 470â471.
8871:. London. Archived from
8042:, pp. 248â254, 302.
7882:, pp. 284, 296â298.
7702:, pp. 102â104, 107.
6857:, pp. 144â146, 154.
6193:, pp. 81â82, 84â85.
5309:, pp. 122, 126â27;
5209:, pp. 99, 108â110;
3700:during the early 1990s.
3696:in the Soviet Union and
3263:political groups in the
3224:, the trial was held at
3202:occupation of East Timor
2203:Robben Island: 1964â1982
634:Witwatersrand University
161:Frederik Willem de Klerk
140:Frederik Willem de Klerk
36:Mandela (disambiguation)
23119:Honorary King's Counsel
23059:Burials in South Africa
23019:21st-century Methodists
22994:20th-century Methodists
21984:Quarraisha Abdool Karim
20594:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
19672:Government of Guatemala
19599:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
19589:University of Salamanca
18178:Friends Service Council
16473:Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo
16256:Josiah Tshangana Gumede
16238:John Langalibalele Dube
16131:Washington, D.C. statue
15693:Intervention in Lesotho
15628:Death and state funeral
15313:considered for deletion
12920:Glad & Blanton 1997
12892:Glad & Blanton 1997
12809:Glad & Blanton 1997
12773:Glad & Blanton 1997
12659:Glad & Blanton 1997
10466:, pp. 510, 565â68.
10418:, pp. 510, 565â68.
8777:Glad & Blanton 1997
7586:, pp. 6â10, 19â20.
4204:Mtuze, Peter T (2003).
4054:List of peace activists
3985:several songs, such as
3981:, brought out in 2006.
3649:parliamentary democracy
3546:Archbishop of Cape Town
3470:to resign over growing
3416:atomic bombing of Japan
3144:positive discrimination
2963:National reconciliation
2727:an interim constitution
2414:United Democratic Front
2181:History Will Absolve Me
1905:Pan-Africanist Congress
1889:Transvaal Supreme Court
1694:Public Safety Act, 1953
1665:dialectical materialism
1328:University of Fort Hare
1102:through the charitable
957:University of Fort Hare
670:Anti-apartheid activism
619:University of Fort Hare
103:Mandela in October 1994
22204:Martin Luther King Jr.
20553:Martin Luther King Jr.
19621:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
19390:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
19220:Nobel Prize recipients
19166:Physiology or Medicine
18575:UN Peacekeeping Forces
18424: (declined award)
18333:Martin Luther King Jr.
17676:(Sport and Recreation)
16850:Charles Robberts Swart
16659:Congress of the People
16009:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini
15442:Andrés Pastrana Arango
14282:Barber, James (2004).
14198:, pp. vii, 13â14.
13252:, pp. xvii, 576;
11812:AFP 2 (26 June 2013).
7527:"I am prepared to die"
6573:, pp. 68, 71â72;
5137:, pp. 22, 31â32;
5109:, pp. 13, 19â21;
4425:, pp. 16, 23â24;
4018:, the 2017 miniseries
3875:Frank B. Wilderson III
3846:Martin Luther King Jr.
3840:
3772:
3717:
3664:
3640:particular objective.
3586:
3532:
3491:
3443:
3341:The Presidential Years
3335:
3289:
3196:
3119:
3079:
2975:â Rita Barnard,
2972:
2803:
2785:General election: 1994
2708:
2564:
2498:
2444:
2437:Greater London Council
2232:
2160:Pretoria Supreme Court
2142:
2120:(LLB) degree from the
2077:and Guinean president
2013:
1940:
1875:
1826:Congress of the People
1796:
1719:
1616:
1534:
1334:. He studied English,
1276:
1213:
1001:Congress of the People
813:Nelson Mandela's voice
370:Andrés Pastrana Arango
34:. For other uses, see
22442:Builders & titans
22246:Franklin D. Roosevelt
22087:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
21979:Patience Mthunzi-Kufa
21010:The Good Samaritans:
20307:Franklin D. Roosevelt
20247:Franklin D. Roosevelt
20231:Franklin D. Roosevelt
20047:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
20037:Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein
20022:Gro Harlem Brundtland
19593:University of Coimbra
19482:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
18847:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
18527:Alfonso GarcĂa Robles
18507:Adolfo PĂ©rez Esquivel
18479:Amnesty International
18091:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
17670:(Safety and Security)
17646:(Minerals and Energy)
17638:Membathisi Mdladlana
17378:Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo
17221:First Mandela Cabinet
16946:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri
15831:Nelson Mandela Bridge
15816:Nelson Mandela Square
15618:90th Birthday Tribute
15613:70th Birthday Tribute
15583:Victor Verster Prison
15286:Nelson Mandela Museum
14968:Third World Quarterly
14743:Landau, Paul Stuart.
13803:"Mandela in Pakistan"
12482:, pp. 231, 232;
11973:"Nelson Mandela dies"
11335:Hennessey, Kathleen.
10759:. 19 September 2018.
10377:Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea
10057:, pp. 517, 536;
10041:, pp. 517, 536;
9673:, pp. 523, 543;
8479:. ANC. Archived from
8254:, pp. 313, 314;
8010:, pp. 142, 145;
7930:, pp. 301, 313;
7714:, pp. 161, 163;
6753:, pp. 176, 184;
6633:, pp. 162, 165;
6265:, pp. 28â29, 75.
5577:, pp. 150, 210;
5545:, pp. 149, 152;
4007:Asimbonanga (Mandela)
3942:Day of Reconciliation
3901:, the Soviet Union's
3834:
3767:
3711:
3662:
3655:Socialism and Marxism
3616:Afrikaner nationalism
3581:
3537:respiratory infection
3530:
3485:
3452:Brookings Institution
3433:
3330:Mandela visiting the
3329:
3287:
3239:approach to removing
3214:Lamin Khalifah Fhimah
3210:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi
3186:
3117:
3077:
2967:
2798:
2699:
2687:UN peacekeeping force
2656:CODESA talks: 1991â92
2559:
2530:Cape Town's City Hall
2507:Victor Verster Prison
2492:
2456:nationalist movement
2430:
2230:
2137:
2132:Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika
2008:
1971:26th of July Movement
1951:The Scarlet Pimpernel
1938:
1873:
1855:, whom he married in
1822:Congress of Democrats
1790:
1713:Mandela's former home
1711:
1681:nonviolent resistance
1614:
1596:vote of no confidence
1587:apartheid legislation
1571:Daniel François Malan
1532:
1274:
1257:ulwaluko circumcision
1216:â Mandela, 1994
1204:
1123:more than 250 honours
1048:Victor Verster Prison
981:white-only government
916:democratic election.
22583:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
22083:no award (2015-2016)
22074:no award (2012-2013)
22065:no award (2009-2010)
21901:Fulufhelo Nelwamondo
21891:Hendrik Simon Schaaf
21127:The Silence Breakers
20994:The American Soldier
20975:The Whistleblowers:
20833:The Endangered Earth
20615:The Middle Americans
20569:William Westmoreland
20462:Dwight D. Eisenhower
20331:Dwight D. Eisenhower
19702:Fatana Ishaq Gailani
19686:Olayinka Koso-Thomas
19634:Frederik W. de Klerk
19450:Sulabh International
18962:World Food Programme
17682:(Trade and Industry)
17652:(Public Enterprises)
17640:(1998â1999) (Labour)
17622:Sankie Mtembi-Nkondo
17616:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
17564:Mohammed Valli Moosa
17550:(1996â1997, 1999) /
17373:Mohammed Valli Moosa
17358:Membathisi Mdladlana
17288:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
16715:Allied organisations
16704:Shell House massacre
16674:Little Rivonia Trial
16622:ANC Veterans' League
16523:National Conferences
16262:Pixley ka Isaka Seme
16083:"Mandela Day" (song)
15895:Mandela and de Klerk
15841:Ponts Nelson-Mandela
15771:Nelson Mandela Forum
15722:Long Walk to Freedom
15688:1995 Rugby World Cup
15026:Long Walk to Freedom
14925:Mandela: A Biography
14804:Long Walk to Freedom
14060:. 11 November 2009.
14026:. 16 December 2013.
13941:"The Order of Merit"
13865:. 13 February 1999.
13687:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
13675:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
13380:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
13312:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
13273:. 24 December 2012.
13236:, pp. 539â542;
13216:, pp. 144â149;
13212:, pp. 306â311;
13188:, pp. 102â104;
12962:, pp. 431, 582.
12924:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
12910:, pp. 411, 498.
12799:, pp. 128, 134.
12689:, pp. 432, 554.
12420:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
12384:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
12374:, pp. 105, 108.
12300:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
12246:, pp. 231â232;
12222:, pp. 25, 232;
12158:Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2014
11789:. CNN. 8 June 2013.
11703:. 15 December 2012.
11673:. 11 December 2012.
11015:, pp. 584â586;
11011:, pp. 219â220;
10804:, pp. 529â530;
10796:, pp. 128â129;
10742:, pp. 111â113;
10710:, pp. 176â177;
10690:, pp. 108â110;
10674:, pp. 124â125;
10632:, pp. 215â216;
10570:, pp. 104â105;
10442:, pp. 544â547;
10312:, pp. 135â137;
10145:, pp. 369â370;
9971:, pp. 516, 524.
9967:, pp. 525â527;
9947:, pp. 523â524;
9931:, pp. 523â524;
9915:, pp. 511, 534.
9907:, pp. 204â205;
9801:, pp. 574â575;
9797:, pp. 222â223;
9785:, pp. 500, 507.
9781:, pp. 539â542;
9749:, pp. 547â548;
9745:, pp. 208â209;
9713:, pp. 501, 504.
9624:. BBC. 10 May 1994.
9575:, pp. 510â512;
9508:, pp. 500â501;
9476:, pp. 477â478;
9432:, pp. 495â496;
9337:, pp. 476â480;
9333:, pp. 180â181;
9297:, pp. 489â491;
9257:, pp. 467â471;
9253:, pp. 177â178;
9237:, pp. 462â463;
9221:, pp. 462â463;
9201:, pp. 448, 452.
9181:, pp. 443â446;
9177:, pp. 174â175;
9157:, pp. 425â426;
9141:, pp. 418â424;
9121:, pp. 431, 448.
9105:, pp. 431, 448.
9085:, pp. 439â440;
9042:, pp. 412â413;
8971:, pp. 409â410;
8947:, pp. 403â405;
8900:, pp. 400â402;
8849:, pp. 399â402;
8791:, pp. 369â397;
8787:, pp. 165â166;
8747:, pp. 387â388;
8743:, pp. 161â162;
8660:, pp. 369â370;
8628:, pp. 318â319;
8612:, pp. 371â383;
8608:, pp. 183â184;
8572:, pp. 362â368;
8528:, pp. 359â360;
8508:, pp. 157â158;
8462:, pp. 351â352;
8450:, pp. 315â318;
8446:, pp. 237â238;
8414:, pp. 249â256;
8402:, pp. 247â248;
8386:, pp. 341â346;
8334:, pp. 346â347;
8310:, pp. 147â149;
8274:, pp. 338â339;
8226:, pp. 277â283;
8222:, pp. 327â328;
8202:, pp. 324â327;
8198:, pp. 304â306;
8194:, pp. 186â188;
8106:, pp. 128â129;
8090:, pp. 308â310;
8086:, pp. 127â128;
8070:, pp. 207â208;
8058:, pp. 222, 235.
8034:, pp. 306â307;
8030:, pp. 192â194;
8014:, pp. 303â304;
7962:, pp. 301â302;
7914:, pp. 292â295;
7910:, pp. 130â131;
7894:, pp. 298â299;
7850:, pp. 102â108;
7834:, pp. 205, 258.
7794:, p. 166, 182;
7758:, pp. 307â308;
7730:, pp. 196â197;
7722:, pp. 268â272;
7698:, pp. 194â195;
7670:, pp. 191â194;
7666:, pp. 298â302;
7662:, pp. 258â265;
7642:, pp. 252, 259.
7634:, pp. 232â233;
7614:, pp. 186â190;
7598:, pp. 138â139;
7582:, pp. 183â186;
7578:, pp. 292â295;
7574:, pp. 242â250;
7570:, pp. 108â109;
7562:, pp. 223â226;
7558:, pp. 134â137;
7479:, pp. 218â426;
7475:, pp. 104â106;
7471:, pp. 468â482;
7467:, pp. 210â213;
7463:, pp. 120â134;
7447:, pp. 292â293;
7443:, pp. 463â465;
7427:, pp. 456â459;
7381:, pp. 216â217;
7361:, pp. 278â279;
7345:, pp. 275â276;
7341:, pp. 215â216;
7337:, pp. 435â435;
7333:, pp. 201â202;
7329:, pp. 116â117;
7309:, pp. 261â262;
7297:, pp. 443â445;
7281:, pp. 259â261;
7277:, pp. 210â211;
7273:, pp. 441â443;
7269:, pp. 196â197;
7249:, pp. 256â259;
7241:, pp. 432â440;
7237:, pp. 185â194;
7221:, pp. 255â256;
7217:, pp. 427â432;
7189:, pp. 173â175;
7169:, pp. 251â254;
7161:, pp. 418â425;
7137:, pp. 239â246;
7125:, pp. 413â415;
7097:, pp. 411â412;
6969:, pp. 201â204;
6961:, pp. 397â409;
6941:, pp. 209â210;
6925:, pp. 209â214;
6917:, pp. 397â398;
6897:, pp. 206â210;
6893:, pp. 199â200;
6889:, pp. 393â396;
6873:, pp. 188â189;
6869:, pp. 289â291;
6849:, pp. 192â193;
6845:, pp. 283â287;
6821:, pp. 188â189;
6813:, pp. 377â380;
6789:, pp. 183â185;
6785:, pp. 187â188;
6777:, pp. 373â374;
6749:, pp. 357â364;
6729:, pp. 172â175;
6725:, pp. 347â357;
6705:, pp. 173â175;
6701:, pp. 167â170;
6693:, pp. 342â346;
6689:, pp. 144â147;
6669:, pp. 171â173;
6665:, pp. 167â168;
6661:, pp. 327â330;
6629:, pp. 331â334;
6613:, pp. 167â168;
6605:, pp. 299â305;
6589:, pp. 163â164;
6585:, pp. 136â141;
6581:, pp. 283â292;
6561:, pp. 165, 186.
6541:, pp. 144â149;
6533:, pp. 306â311;
6509:, pp. 102â104;
6485:, pp. 100â102;
6481:, pp. 143â144;
6441:, pp. 130â132;
6437:, pp. 253â274;
6405:, pp. 129â133;
6397:, pp. 243â249;
6369:, pp. 108â109;
6361:, pp. 226â227;
6341:, pp. 114â117;
6297:, pp. 104â105;
6293:, pp. 293â294;
6277:, pp. 103â104;
6237:, pp. 210â216;
6205:, pp. 209â210;
6189:, pp. 116â117;
6185:, pp. 107â108;
6117:, pp. 195â198;
6089:, pp. 194â195;
6069:, pp. 188â192;
6041:, pp. 183â188;
6017:, pp. 182â183;
5925:, pp. 177â172;
5857:, pp. 165â167;
5729:, pp. 162â165;
5697:, pp. 159â162;
5669:, pp. 154â157;
5633:, pp. 153â154;
5465:, pp. 139â143;
5445:, pp. 142â143;
5409:, pp. 137â139;
5361:, pp. 122â123;
5337:, pp. 127â131;
5257:, pp. 118â119;
5233:, pp. 113â116;
5133:, pp. 104â105;
4208:Long Walk to Freedom
3835:Flowers left at the
3827:Reception and legacy
3674:scientific socialism
3369:University of Oxford
3166:Non-Aligned Movement
3097:Washington consensus
3044:1995 Rugby World Cup
2936:Long Walk to Freedom
2927:freedom of the press
2836:Shell House massacre
2779:World Economic Forum
2717:Ciskei Defence Force
2705:World Economic Forum
2592:in India, President
2379:allies US president
2333:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
2268:British Labour Party
2221:solitary confinement
2213:University of London
2177:I Am Prepared to Die
2147:Rivonia Trial Speech
1913:Sharpeville massacre
1824:, the ANC planned a
1146:Childhood: 1918â1934
1135:Father of the Nation
1092:Non-Aligned Movement
1070:to investigate past
1062:which promulgated a
1025:Sharpeville massacre
924:by fostering racial
914:fully representative
796:Long Walk to Freedom
624:University of London
346:Non-Aligned Movement
23159:Political prisoners
22731:Ludwig Wittgenstein
22678:John Maynard Keynes
22450:Stephen Bechtel Sr.
22078:Hifikepunye Pohamba
21926:Vhahangwele Masindi
21851:Douglas Butterworth
21836:Hendrik J. Koornhof
21669:Order of Mapungubwe
21192:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
20176:Persons of the Year
19883:Amref Health Africa
19565:Enrique V. Iglesias
19559:José López Portillo
19422:Chandi Prasad Bhatt
19354:Ramakrishna Mission
18643:Pugwash Conferences
16590:Structure and wings
16116:Johannesburg statue
15963:(great-grandfather)
14754:Lodge, Tom (2006).
13480:. 7 December 2013.
13350:, pp. 125â126.
13256:, pp. 549â551.
13224:, pp. 110â113.
13034:, pp. 106â107.
12787:, pp. 582â583.
12649:, pp. 433â435.
12622:, pp. 164â165.
12574:, pp. 217â218.
12526:, pp. 135â138.
12458:, pp. 113â114.
12422:, pp. 906â907.
12398:, pp. 119â120.
12234:, pp. 37, 584.
12135:. 4 December 2017.
12039:Mail & Guardian
11979:. 5 December 2013.
11977:Mail & Guardian
11949:. 5 December 2013.
11463:, pp. 594â597.
11404:on 25 February 2013
11225:, pp. 591â592.
11078:, pp. 589â590.
11019:, pp. 590â591.
10999:, pp. 588â589.
10983:, pp. 587â588.
10943:, pp. 551â552.
10931:, pp. 549â551.
10915:, pp. 537â543.
10899:, pp. 537â543.
10832:, pp. 128â129.
10746:, pp. 558â559.
10730:, pp. 217â218.
10698:, pp. 556â557.
10678:, pp. 556â557.
10636:, pp. 563â564.
10604:, pp. 562â563.
10558:, pp. 561â567.
10542:, pp. 107â108.
10530:, pp. 560â561.
10430:, pp. 137â138.
10364:on 26 February 2013
10320:, pp. 571â573.
10288:, pp. 102â194.
10267:on 26 February 2013
10149:, pp. 520â521.
10121:, pp. 514â515.
10105:, pp. 518â520.
10077:, pp. 528â532.
10016:on 25 February 2013
10010:The Daily Telegraph
9880:, pp. 507â511.
9852:, pp. 495â496.
9805:, pp. 546â549.
9753:, pp. 525â527.
9677:, pp. 496â497.
9661:, pp. 508â511.
9611:, pp. 491â492.
9595:, pp. 492â493.
9496:, pp. 480â489.
9416:, pp. 467â477.
9341:, pp. 468â469.
9281:, pp. 467â468.
9261:, pp. 463â466.
9241:, pp. 466â467.
9225:, pp. 461â462.
9185:, pp. 456â459.
9173:, pp. 45, 69;
9145:, pp. 436â442.
9089:, pp. 429â430.
9062:, pp. 428â429.
9046:, pp. 424â427.
9027:, pp. 418â420.
8991:, pp. 415â418.
8975:, pp. 412â414.
8951:, pp. 409â410.
8904:, pp. 408â409.
8875:on 14 February 2013
8795:, pp. 399â402.
8767:, pp. 392â397.
8751:, pp. 390â392.
8640:, pp. 369â370.
8616:, pp. 373â380.
8576:, pp. 363â378.
8556:, pp. 354â357.
8532:, pp. 347â355.
8516:, pp. 343â345.
8466:, pp. 330â332.
8418:, pp. 338â342.
8390:, pp. 335â336.
8338:, pp. 324â325.
8318:, pp. 324â325.
8278:, pp. 319â320.
8258:, pp. 315â316.
8230:, pp. 363â364.
8206:, pp. 259â276.
8182:, pp. 285â286.
8170:, pp. 242â243.
8146:, pp. 314â315.
8110:, pp. 226â227.
8094:, pp. 223â225.
8018:, pp. 246â247.
7898:, pp. 210â214.
7810:, pp. 206â207.
7734:, pp. 116â128.
7483:, pp. 174â176.
7451:, pp. 173â174.
7431:, pp. 172â173.
7349:, pp. 170â172.
7317:, pp. 169â170.
7285:, pp. 167â169.
7253:, pp. 165â167.
7225:, pp. 163â165.
7177:, pp. 160â162.
7141:, pp. 158â159.
6992:, pp. 667â668.
6977:, pp. 154â156.
6929:, pp. 151â154.
6901:, pp. 150â151.
6877:, pp. 147â149.
6793:, pp. 140â143.
6761:, pp. 134â135.
6737:, pp. 132â133.
6709:, pp. 130â131.
6673:, pp. 117â122.
6641:, pp. 122â123.
6617:, pp. 116â117.
6593:, pp. 103â106.
6549:, pp. 110â113.
6465:, pp. 101â102.
6345:, p. 120â123;
6249:, pp. 95â101;
6021:, pp. 77, 80;
5929:, pp. 45, 47;
5517:, pp. 24, 25;
5141:, pp. 43, 48;
5105:, pp. 96â101;
4729:, pp. 27, 31;
4509:, pp. 2, 4â5;
4357:, pp. 102â103.
3991:Free Nelson Mandela
3792:described him as a
3596:African nationalist
3511:2010 FIFA World Cup
3265:Burundian Civil War
3233:African Renaissance
3099:" advocated by the
3070:Domestic programmes
3018:Minister of Defence
2848:Ohlange High School
2703:and Mandela at the
2610:Groot Schuur Minute
2574:François Mitterrand
2373:UN Security Council
2361:Freedom of the City
2323:World Heritage Site
2217:Wolsey Hall, Oxford
2185:World Peace Council
1987:Carl von Clausewitz
1774:Jehovah's Witnesses
1508:African nationalism
1332:Alice, Eastern Cape
1253:European colonizers
1172:, was ruler of the
1115:communist terrorist
1113:denounced him as a
975:in 1944. After the
930:African nationalist
928:. Ideologically an
526:Winifred Madikizela
471:Tripartite Alliance
446:, Eastern Cape
442:Mandela Graveyard,
22851:Emmeline Pankhurst
22770:Lady Diana Spencer
22748:Heroes & icons
22534:Charles E. Merrill
22253:Theodore Roosevelt
21881:Malegapuru Makgoba
21409:2006: Ahmad &
20757:Ayatollah Khomeini
20422:John Foster Dulles
20057:Juan Manuel Santos
19825:Max Planck Society
19571:Belisario Betancur
19438:Vivekananda Kendra
19406:Coretta Scott King
19174:Richard J. Roberts
19149:Russell Alan Hulse
18914:Juan Manuel Santos
18240:George C. Marshall
18083:Carl von Ossietzky
17978:Austen Chamberlain
17844:A. M. F. Beernaert
17812:Theodore Roosevelt
17804:Bertha von Suttner
16612:ANC Women's League
16274:Alfred Bitini Xuma
15871:Death of Apartheid
15623:Awards and honours
15360:Political offices
15348:on Nobelprize.org
15291:Nelson Mandela Day
15164:African Identities
15080:Smith, David James
13757:on 22 October 2010
13204:, pp. 74â76;
13168:, pp. 59â62;
13123:on 16 January 2016
12839:, pp. xvâxvi.
12008:The New York Times
11824:on 27 January 2016
11701:The New York Times
11605:on 27 January 2016
11544:The New York Times
11204:on 15 January 2016
11144:The Globe and Mail
11090:"Closing Ceremony"
11053:. 15 August 2001.
9988:. 6 October 2003.
9428:, pp. 76â77;
9213:, pp. 72â73;
8987:, pp. 58â59;
8763:, pp. 41â42;
8692:The New York Times
8604:, pp. 20â23;
7774:, pp. 79â80;
7754:, pp. 75â78;
7718:, pp. 63â68;
7658:, pp. 43â57;
7638:, pp. 42â44;
7606:, pp. 33â42;
7566:, pp. 27â32;
7537:on 1 February 2016
7313:, pp. 91â93;
7201:, pp. 81, 84.
6965:, pp. 92â93;
6781:, pp. 83â84;
6721:, pp. 85â86;
6697:, pp. 81â82;
6685:, pp. 83â84;
6537:, pp. 75â77;
6525:, pp. 74â76;
6501:, pp. 79â80;
6477:, pp. 79â80;
6401:, pp. 65â66;
6393:, pp. 71â75;
6389:, pp. 64â67;
6337:, pp. 59â60;
6245:, pp. 87â93;
6229:, pp. 54â57;
6169:, pp. 58â59;
6125:, pp. 83â84;
6113:, pp. 50â51;
6025:, pp. 88â89;
6013:, pp. 56â58;
6009:, pp. 44â46;
5933:, pp. 75â76;
5865:, pp. 81â83;
5861:, pp. 74â75;
5853:, pp. 48â49;
5849:, pp. 38â40;
5769:, pp. 68â70;
5741:, pp. 78â79;
5737:, pp. 72â73;
5725:, pp. 36â37;
5709:, pp. 76â78;
5705:, pp. 70â72;
5701:, pp. 41â42;
5553:, pp. 60â64;
5541:, pp. 40â41;
5521:, pp. 59â62;
5509:, pp. 39â40;
5477:, pp. 44â46;
5473:, pp. 52â56;
5461:, pp. 28â29;
5441:, pp. 34â35;
5421:, pp. 42â43;
5413:, pp. 33â34;
5397:, pp. 36, 43.
5365:, pp. 27â28;
5345:, pp. 34â35;
5341:, pp. 64â65;
5333:, pp. 33â34;
5293:, pp. 33â34;
5241:, pp. 45â46;
5213:, pp. 44â45;
5145:, pp. 31â32;
5117:, pp. 28â30;
5089:, pp. 27â28;
5081:, pp. 12â13;
5077:, pp. 89â94;
5073:, pp. 25â26;
5053:, pp. 20â22;
5049:, pp. 36â39;
5041:, pp. 73â76;
5021:, pp. 19â20;
5017:, pp. 34â35;
5013:, pp. 11â12;
5009:, pp. 78â86;
4981:, pp. 70â71;
4893:, pp. 67â69;
4877:, pp. 17â19;
4873:, pp. 33â34;
4869:, pp. 62â63;
4857:, pp. 21, 25.
4853:, pp. 15â18;
4849:, pp. 33â34;
4841:, pp. 62â65;
4805:, pp. 14â15;
4797:, pp. 53â54;
4777:, pp. 31â32;
4733:, pp. 12â13;
4725:, pp. 45â47;
4705:, pp. 29â31;
4697:, pp. 36â42;
4653:, pp. 31â34;
4649:, pp. 11â12;
4609:, pp. 27â29;
4585:, pp. 26â27;
4577:, pp. 22â25;
4497:, pp. 18â19;
4481:, pp. 23â24;
4385:, pp. 21â22;
3854:political prisoner
3841:
3802:Christian theology
3794:Christian humanist
3722:charismatic leader
3718:
3680:ideology by 1960.
3665:
3610:nationalists like
3577:Political ideology
3568:in Pretoria and a
3533:
3492:
3444:
3336:
3290:
3273:Pakalitha Mosisili
3206:Order of Good Hope
3197:
3120:
3080:
2913:on her March 1995
2804:
2731:liberal democratic
2709:
2679:Boipatong massacre
2565:
2499:
2445:
2439:administration of
2233:
2145:â Mandela's
2063:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2001:, there joined by
1941:
1876:
1720:
1661:Marxist philosophy
1617:
1555:Transvaal Province
1535:
1512:Alfred Bitini Xuma
1388:arranged marriages
1368:British war effort
1277:
1227:in the village of
1023:in 1961 after the
1009:1956 Treason Trial
985:racial segregation
902:Rolihlahla Mandela
707:Isitwalandwe Medal
399:Rolihlahla Mandela
22939:Freedom of speech
22908:
22907:
22902:
22901:
22830:Charles Lindbergh
22763:The American G.I.
22657:Robert H. Goddard
22643:Alexander Fleming
22267:Margaret Thatcher
22239:Eleanor Roosevelt
22197:Ruhollah Khomeini
22190:Pope John Paul II
22169:Mikhail Gorbachev
22155:Winston Churchill
22096:
22095:
22002:
22001:
21954:Tshilidzi Marwala
21846:Johann Lutjeharms
21635:
21634:
21214:
21213:
21196:Spirit of Ukraine
20896:Pope John Paul II
20873:The Peacemakers:
20849:George H. W. Bush
20841:Mikhail Gorbachev
20825:Mikhail Gorbachev
20669:Susan Brownmiller
20585:Lyndon B. Johnson
20561:Lyndon B. Johnson
20470:U.S. Scientists:
20454:Charles de Gaulle
20446:Nikita Khrushchev
20398:Mohammed Mosaddeq
20371:Winston Churchill
20299:Winston Churchill
20191:Charles Lindbergh
20139:
20138:
20032:Elbegdorj Tsakhia
19937:
19936:
19933:
19932:
19840:
19839:
19832:Fulbright Program
19754:Erasmus Programme
19615:Mikhail Gorbachev
19533:Laureates of the
19500:
19499:
19284:
19283:
19191:Economic Sciences
19027:
19026:
18888:Kailash Satyarthi
18773:Mohamed ElBaradei
18591:Mikhail Gorbachev
18286:Philip Noel-Baker
18270:Lester B. Pearson
18232:Albert Schweitzer
18013:Ferdinand Buisson
18005:Gustav Stresemann
17884:Henri La Fontaine
17745:Nobel Peace Prize
17707:
17706:
17606:(Foreign Affairs)
17461:
17460:
17408:Kraai van Niekerk
17293:Dawie de Villiers
17245:Deputy Presidents
17187:
17186:
16984:
16983:
16952:Kgalema Motlanthe
16755:
16754:
16679:uMkhonto we Sizwe
16654:Defiance Campaign
16516:
16515:
16512:
16511:
16485:Kgalema Motlanthe
16403:Secretary-General
16375:Kgalema Motlanthe
16164:
16163:
16106:Atlanta sculpture
15638:funeral attendees
15546:UMkhonto we Sizwe
15467:
15466:
15458:Succeeded by
15434:Diplomatic posts
15424:Succeeded by
15392:Succeeded by
15380:
15093:978-0-297-85524-8
15071:978-0-00-743797-9
14955:978-0-7969-1970-0
14936:978-1-58648-832-1
14910:978-0-241-12787-2
14859:978-0-7540-8724-3
14840:978-0-7540-8723-6
14765:978-0-19-921935-3
14713:978-0-86877-417-6
14694:978-0-7969-1970-0
14675:978-0-415-93381-0
14653:978-1-55643-417-4
14477:978-0-19-974022-2
14449:978-0-19-280301-6
14382:978-0-14-008941-7
14331:978-0-00-743797-9
14312:978-1-107-01311-7
14293:978-0-8214-1566-5
13947:on 5 January 2005
13839:on 1 October 2006
13448:Los Angeles Times
13310:, pp. 1, 2;
12746:(5 August 2004).
12191:Los Angeles Times
11733:. 28 March 2013.
11341:Los Angeles Times
7674:, pp. 68â75.
7618:, pp. 43â49.
6445:, pp. 96â99.
6413:, pp. 87â95.
6349:, pp. 82â84.
6305:, pp. 76â77.
6253:, pp. 77â80.
6133:, pp. 71â72.
6101:, pp. 72â73.
6045:, p. 52, 53.
6029:, pp. 66â67.
5941:, pp. 64â65.
5889:, pp. 63â64.
5869:, pp. 61â62.
5837:, pp. 63â64.
5805:, pp. 55â56.
5745:, pp. 53â55.
5713:, pp. 51â52.
5613:, pp. 48â49.
5481:, pp. 39â41.
5425:, pp. 38â39.
5349:, pp. 34â35.
5165:, pp. 48â49.
5149:, pp. 32â33.
5121:, pp. 30â31.
5093:, pp. 29â30.
5057:, pp. 27â28.
5025:, pp. 26â27.
4881:, pp. 24â25.
4809:, pp. 18â21.
4785:, pp. 17â18.
4749:, pp. 48â50.
4709:, pp. 9â11;
4557:, pp. 8, 20.
4517:, pp. 91â92.
4513:, pp. 5, 7;
4429:, pp. 1, 3;
4144:. 7 December 2013
3931:Order of St. John
3915:Nishan-e-Pakistan
3905:, and the Libyan
3903:Lenin Peace Prize
3690:social democratic
3645:liberal democracy
3218:Pan Am Flight 103
2903:Harry Oppenheimer
2582:George H. W. Bush
2578:Pope John Paul II
2474:a tribute concert
2385:Margaret Thatcher
2264:Progressive Party
2197:life imprisonment
2079:Ahmed Sékou Touré
2024:Nobel Peace Prize
1979:Umkhonto we Sizwe
1853:Winnie Madikizela
1810:guerrilla warfare
1753:Mandela and Tambo
1677:Defiance Campaign
1669:classless society
1127:Nobel Peace Prize
1076:liberal framework
1021:uMkhonto we Sizwe
997:Defiance Campaign
842:
841:
822:
727:see list for more
713:Nobel Peace Prize
701:Nishan-e-Pakistan
695:Lenin Peace Prize
489:Evelyn Ntoko Mase
16:(Redirected from
23296:
23049:Anti-capitalists
22961:
22960:
22959:
22949:
22948:
22937:
22936:
22935:
22925:
22924:
22923:
22916:
22895:
22888:
22881:
22874:
22867:
22860:
22853:
22846:
22839:
22832:
22825:
22818:
22811:
22804:
22793:
22786:
22779:
22772:
22765:
22758:
22740:
22733:
22726:
22715:
22708:
22706:William Shockley
22701:
22694:
22687:
22680:
22673:
22666:
22659:
22652:
22645:
22638:
22631:
22629:Philo Farnsworth
22624:
22617:
22610:
22603:
22585:
22578:
22571:
22564:
22557:
22550:
22543:
22536:
22529:
22522:
22515:
22508:
22501:
22494:
22487:
22480:
22473:
22466:
22459:
22452:
22434:
22427:
22420:
22418:Steven Spielberg
22413:
22406:
22399:
22392:
22385:
22378:
22371:
22364:
22357:
22350:
22343:
22336:
22329:
22322:
22315:
22308:
22301:
22283:
22276:
22269:
22262:
22255:
22248:
22241:
22234:
22227:
22220:
22213:
22206:
22199:
22192:
22185:
22178:
22171:
22164:
22157:
22150:
22148:David Ben-Gurion
22123:
22116:
22109:
22100:
22099:
22048:Joaquim Chissano
22029:
22022:
22015:
22006:
22005:
21994:Thokozani Majozi
21937:
21774:
21706:
21678:
21662:
21655:
21648:
21639:
21638:
21628:
21620:
21612:
21604:
21596:
21588:
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21557:
21550:
21543:
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21529:
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21509:
21501:
21493:
21485:
21477:
21469:
21461:
21453:
21445:
21437:
21425:
21413:
21405:
21393:
21385:
21384:& K. Tillman
21374:
21367:
21360:
21353:
21346:
21337:
21329:
21321:
21313:
21305:
21297:
21289:
21281:
21273:
21241:
21234:
21227:
21218:
21217:
21207:
21199:
21187:
21179:
21167:
21159:
21157:
21130:
21122:
21114:
21106:
21104:
21088:
21080:
21072:
21064:
21056:
21048:
21040:
21032:
21024:
21022:
21005:
20997:
20989:
20987:
20970:
20967:Rudolph Giuliani
20951:
20943:
20935:
20923:
20915:
20907:
20899:
20891:
20889:
20868:
20860:
20852:
20844:
20836:
20828:
20820:
20812:
20804:
20796:
20784:
20776:
20768:
20760:
20752:
20744:
20736:
20717:
20715:
20701:Billie Jean King
20667:American Women:
20662:
20654:
20646:
20634:
20626:
20618:
20610:
20608:
20588:
20580:
20572:
20564:
20556:
20548:
20540:
20532:
20530:
20512:William Shockley
20488:Joshua Lederberg
20484:Donald A. Glaser
20465:
20457:
20449:
20441:
20433:
20425:
20417:
20409:
20401:
20382:
20374:
20366:
20358:
20350:
20342:
20334:
20326:
20318:
20310:
20302:
20294:
20286:
20278:
20266:
20258:
20250:
20242:
20234:
20226:
20218:
20210:
20202:
20194:
20166:
20159:
20152:
20143:
20142:
20120:Aung San Suu Kyi
20078:Martti Ahtisaari
19964:
19957:
19950:
19941:
19940:
19846:
19845:
19805:and the Spanish
19698:Rigoberta MenchĂș
19544:
19543:
19527:
19520:
19513:
19504:
19503:
19493:
19485:
19477:
19469:
19461:
19453:
19441:
19433:
19425:
19417:
19409:
19401:
19393:
19385:
19377:
19365:
19357:
19349:
19341:
19338:A. T. Ariyaratne
19333:
19311:
19304:
19297:
19288:
19287:
19222:
19180:Phillip A. Sharp
19176:(United Kingdom)
19054:
19047:
19040:
19031:
19030:
19020:
19009:
19007:Narges Mohammadi
18998:
18979:
18964:
18953:
18942:
18927:
18916:
18905:
18894:
18892:Malala Yousafzai
18879:
18868:
18857:
18838:
18827:
18816:
18814:Martti Ahtisaari
18805:
18790:
18775:
18760:
18749:
18738:
18727:
18701:
18693:
18685:
18673:
18661:
18659:José Ramos-Horta
18649:
18637:
18621:
18609:
18607:Rigoberta MenchĂș
18601:
18599:Aung San Suu Kyi
18593:
18585:
18577:
18569:
18561:
18553:
18545:
18537:
18529:
18517:
18509:
18501:
18493:
18481:
18473:
18471:Mairead Corrigan
18450:
18442:
18430:
18415:
18414:
18408:
18397:
18386:
18375:
18364:
18363:
18355:
18354:
18346:
18335:
18324:
18312:
18304:
18302:Dag Hammarskjöld
18296:
18288:
18280:
18272:
18264:
18263:
18257:
18256:
18250:
18242:
18234:
18226:
18207:
18199:
18191:
18190:
18184:
18172:
18160:
18152:
18144:
18143:
18137:
18136:
18130:
18129:
18123:
18122:
18116:
18115:
18109:
18101:
18093:
18085:
18077:
18075:Arthur Henderson
18069:
18061:
18060:
18054:
18042:
18040:Nathan Söderblom
18034:
18032:Frank B. Kellogg
18026:
18025:
18019:
18007:
17984:
17972:
17971:
17965:
17964:
17958:
17950:
17944:Hjalmar Branting
17938:
17930:
17922:
17921:
17915:
17907:
17906:
17900:
17899:
17893:
17892:
17886:
17878:
17870:
17858:
17850:
17838:
17826:
17814:
17806:
17798:
17790:
17782:
17770:
17734:
17727:
17720:
17711:
17710:
17560:(Communications)
17519:Deputy President
17488:
17481:
17474:
17465:
17464:
17353:Patrick McKenzie
17323:Chris Liebenberg
17214:
17207:
17200:
17191:
17190:
17011:
17004:
16997:
16988:
16987:
16919:(post-Apartheid)
16782:
16775:
16768:
16759:
16758:
16748:
16743:
16742:
16716:
16646:
16617:ANC Youth League
16524:
16326:Deputy President
16228:
16227:
16221:
16220:
16213:
16204:
16197:
16190:
16181:
16180:
16168:
16167:
16152:
16151:
16088:"Rise Up" (song)
16003:Makaziwe Mandela
15997:Makgatho Mandela
15698:Mahlamba Ndlopfu
15578:Pollsmoor Prison
15493:
15486:
15479:
15470:
15469:
15452:
15439:Preceded by
15407:Preceded by
15371:
15365:Preceded by
15357:
15356:
15353:
15316:
15248:
15221:Tomaselli, Keyan
15216:
15187:
15170:(3â4): 342â356.
15158:
15131:Suttner, Raymond
15126:
15097:
15075:
15058:Sampson, Anthony
15053:
15030:Journal of Power
15020:
15003:(116): 130â142.
14991:
14959:
14940:
14928:
14919:Meredith, Martin
14914:
14892:
14875:(112): 101â116.
14863:
14844:
14825:
14823:
14821:
14798:
14769:
14738:
14717:
14698:
14679:
14657:
14641:
14630:
14606:
14596:
14587:(140): 292â296.
14568:
14552:
14529:Cold War History
14523:
14513:
14481:
14462:
14453:
14434:
14432:
14430:
14386:
14364:
14335:
14316:
14297:
14269:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14217:
14211:
14205:
14199:
14193:
14187:
14181:
14170:
14164:
14158:
14157:
14155:
14153:
14138:
14132:
14131:
14129:
14127:
14121:
14114:
14106:
14100:
14099:
14097:
14095:
14080:
14074:
14073:
14071:
14069:
14046:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14035:
14016:
14010:
14009:
14007:
14005:
13989:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13952:
13937:
13931:
13930:
13928:
13926:
13911:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13885:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13874:
13855:
13849:
13848:
13846:
13844:
13829:
13823:
13822:
13820:
13818:
13799:
13793:
13792:
13790:
13788:
13773:
13767:
13766:
13764:
13762:
13742:
13736:
13735:
13733:
13731:
13716:
13710:
13709:
13701:
13690:
13684:
13678:
13668:
13662:
13661:
13649:
13643:
13637:
13631:
13625:
13619:
13613:
13607:
13601:
13590:
13584:
13578:
13572:
13566:
13560:
13554:
13548:
13542:
13536:
13530:
13524:
13518:
13512:
13506:
13500:
13494:
13493:
13491:
13489:
13470:
13464:
13463:
13461:
13459:
13450:. 13 July 2018.
13440:
13434:
13433:
13431:
13429:
13413:
13407:
13401:
13395:
13389:
13383:
13373:
13367:
13357:
13351:
13345:
13339:
13333:
13327:
13326:, pp. 1, 2.
13321:
13315:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13282:
13263:
13257:
13247:
13241:
13231:
13225:
13199:
13193:
13179:
13173:
13159:
13153:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13128:
13113:
13107:
13101:
13095:
13089:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13059:
13053:
13047:
13041:
13035:
13029:
13023:
13017:
13011:
13005:
12999:
12993:
12987:
12981:
12975:
12969:
12963:
12957:
12951:
12945:
12939:
12933:
12927:
12917:
12911:
12905:
12899:
12889:
12883:
12873:
12867:
12861:
12855:
12849:
12840:
12830:
12824:
12818:
12812:
12806:
12800:
12794:
12788:
12782:
12776:
12770:
12764:
12763:
12761:
12759:
12740:
12734:
12720:
12714:
12708:
12702:
12696:
12690:
12684:
12678:
12672:
12666:
12656:
12650:
12644:
12638:
12632:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12599:
12593:
12587:
12581:
12575:
12569:
12563:
12557:
12551:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12527:
12517:
12511:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12487:
12477:
12471:
12465:
12459:
12453:
12447:
12441:
12435:
12429:
12423:
12417:
12411:
12405:
12399:
12393:
12387:
12381:
12375:
12369:
12363:
12357:
12351:
12345:
12339:
12333:
12327:
12321:
12315:
12309:
12303:
12297:
12282:
12276:
12267:
12257:
12251:
12241:
12235:
12217:
12211:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12182:
12176:
12170:
12161:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12144:
12125:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12114:
12100:
12092:
12086:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12072:. South Africa.
12061:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12030:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12019:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11969:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11939:
11930:
11929:
11927:
11925:
11910:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11899:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11875:
11873:
11864:. 27 June 2013.
11854:
11848:
11847:
11841:
11833:
11831:
11829:
11820:. Archived from
11809:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11798:
11783:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11772:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11723:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11693:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11663:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11633:
11627:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11601:. Archived from
11590:
11588:
11586:
11577:. Archived from
11566:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11535:
11529:
11528:
11512:
11506:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11470:
11464:
11454:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11420:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11394:
11392:
11390:
11367:
11361:
11355:
11349:
11348:
11347:on 26 June 2013.
11343:. Archived from
11332:
11323:
11322:
11310:
11301:
11291:
11285:
11279:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11252:
11250:
11248:
11232:
11226:
11220:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11193:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11166:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11112:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11085:
11079:
11073:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11041:
11035:
11029:
11020:
11006:
11000:
10990:
10984:
10974:
10968:
10962:
10956:
10950:
10944:
10938:
10932:
10922:
10916:
10906:
10900:
10886:
10880:
10870:
10864:
10858:
10849:
10839:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10809:
10791:
10785:
10779:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10753:
10747:
10737:
10731:
10725:
10719:
10705:
10699:
10685:
10679:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10643:
10637:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10605:
10599:
10590:
10584:
10575:
10565:
10559:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10519:
10513:
10507:
10501:
10495:
10485:
10479:
10473:
10467:
10453:
10447:
10437:
10431:
10425:
10419:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10379:(19 July 2003).
10373:
10371:
10369:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10331:Sampson, Anthony
10327:
10321:
10307:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10248:on 31 March 2012
10247:
10241:. Archived from
10240:
10232:
10226:
10220:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10203:
10196:
10187:
10181:
10171:
10165:
10159:
10150:
10140:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10084:
10078:
10068:
10062:
10052:
10046:
10032:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10001:
9999:
9997:
9978:
9972:
9958:
9952:
9942:
9936:
9922:
9916:
9902:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9875:
9869:
9859:
9853:
9839:
9833:
9827:
9821:
9815:
9806:
9792:
9786:
9776:
9770:
9760:
9754:
9740:
9734:
9720:
9714:
9708:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9684:
9678:
9668:
9662:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9618:
9612:
9602:
9596:
9586:
9580:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9550:. Archived from
9539:
9533:
9519:
9513:
9503:
9497:
9487:
9481:
9467:
9461:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9423:
9417:
9407:
9401:
9387:
9381:
9363:
9354:
9348:
9342:
9328:
9322:
9308:
9302:
9288:
9282:
9268:
9262:
9248:
9242:
9232:
9226:
9208:
9202:
9192:
9186:
9168:
9162:
9152:
9146:
9128:
9122:
9112:
9106:
9096:
9090:
9072:
9063:
9053:
9047:
9037:
9028:
9018:
9012:
8998:
8992:
8982:
8976:
8958:
8952:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8911:
8905:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8860:
8854:
8840:
8834:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8802:
8796:
8774:
8768:
8758:
8752:
8738:
8732:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8647:
8641:
8623:
8617:
8599:
8593:
8583:
8577:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8523:
8517:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8473:
8467:
8441:
8435:
8425:
8419:
8397:
8391:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8345:
8339:
8325:
8319:
8301:
8295:
8285:
8279:
8265:
8259:
8249:
8243:
8237:
8231:
8213:
8207:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8101:
8095:
8081:
8075:
8065:
8059:
8049:
8043:
8025:
8019:
8005:
7999:
7989:
7983:
7973:
7967:
7957:
7951:
7941:
7935:
7925:
7919:
7905:
7899:
7889:
7883:
7865:
7859:
7841:
7835:
7817:
7811:
7789:
7783:
7769:
7763:
7741:
7735:
7709:
7703:
7681:
7675:
7649:
7643:
7625:
7619:
7593:
7587:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7525:Nelson Mandela.
7522:
7516:
7490:
7484:
7458:
7452:
7438:
7432:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7392:
7386:
7376:
7370:
7356:
7350:
7324:
7318:
7311:Benneyworth 2011
7292:
7286:
7260:
7254:
7232:
7226:
7208:
7202:
7199:Benneyworth 2011
7184:
7178:
7171:Benneyworth 2011
7148:
7142:
7112:
7106:
7084:
7078:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7014:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6978:
6952:
6946:
6936:
6930:
6908:
6902:
6884:
6878:
6864:
6858:
6836:
6830:
6800:
6794:
6768:
6762:
6744:
6738:
6716:
6710:
6680:
6674:
6648:
6642:
6624:
6618:
6600:
6594:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6520:
6514:
6496:
6490:
6472:
6466:
6452:
6446:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6384:
6378:
6356:
6350:
6328:
6322:
6312:
6306:
6288:
6282:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6224:
6218:
6200:
6194:
6164:
6158:
6140:
6134:
6108:
6102:
6080:
6074:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6036:
6030:
6004:
5998:
5984:
5978:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5920:
5914:
5896:
5890:
5876:
5870:
5844:
5838:
5812:
5806:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5720:
5714:
5688:
5682:
5664:
5658:
5648:
5642:
5620:
5614:
5600:
5594:
5568:
5562:
5536:
5530:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5456:
5450:
5432:
5426:
5404:
5398:
5384:
5378:
5356:
5350:
5328:
5322:
5304:
5298:
5276:
5270:
5252:
5246:
5228:
5222:
5196:
5190:
5172:
5166:
5156:
5150:
5128:
5122:
5100:
5094:
5064:
5058:
5032:
5026:
5000:
4994:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4940:
4934:
4912:
4906:
4888:
4882:
4864:
4858:
4836:
4830:
4816:
4810:
4792:
4786:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4720:
4714:
4688:
4682:
4672:
4666:
4644:
4638:
4620:
4614:
4600:
4594:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4524:
4518:
4492:
4486:
4485:, pp. 2, 4.
4468:
4462:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4421:, pp. 7â8;
4412:
4406:
4396:
4390:
4381:, pp. 8â9;
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4312:
4306:
4292:
4286:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4190:official website
4186:See for example
4184:
4178:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4102:
4091:
4080:
3967:Higher Than Hope
3877:âaccused him of
3780:
3694:socialist states
3678:MarxistâLeninist
3590:
3420:Barlinnie prison
3350:anti-retrovirals
3174:Kashmir conflict
3152:illegal migrants
3089:market economics
3052:Francois Pienaar
3032:Betsie Schoombie
3028:Hendrik Verwoerd
2979:
2872:Deputy President
2844:Constand Viljoen
2825:Democratic Party
2781:in Switzerland.
2756:
2755:
2598:Mahathir Mohamad
2586:African American
2501:Recovering from
2401:Tokai, Cape Town
2397:Pollsmoor Prison
2311:
2302:
2249:Yu Chi Chan Club
2150:
2118:Bachelor of Laws
2055:Haile Selassie I
2017:
1975:Cuban Revolution
1921:Pietermaritzburg
1803:
1757:police brutality
1741:Jawaharlal Nehru
1372:Second World War
1305:European culture
1281:privy councillor
1249:anti-imperialist
1217:
1125:, including the
1064:new constitution
1044:Pollsmoor Prison
1011:. Influenced by
987:that privileged
951:royal family in
899:
894:
887:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
824:
823:
759:
758:
745:
579:
577:
573:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
428:
408:
406:
390:Personal details
378:
366:
357:
347:
334:
322:
303:
291:
281:
264:
252:2nd and 4th
244:
232:
198:
176:
169:
157:
125:
101:
91:
47:
46:
21:
23304:
23303:
23299:
23298:
23297:
23295:
23294:
23293:
22969:
22968:
22967:
22957:
22955:
22943:
22933:
22931:
22921:
22919:
22911:
22909:
22904:
22903:
22898:
22891:
22884:
22879:Andrei Sakharov
22877:
22872:Jackie Robinson
22870:
22863:
22856:
22849:
22842:
22835:
22828:
22821:
22814:
22807:
22796:
22789:
22782:
22775:
22768:
22761:
22754:
22743:
22738:Wright brothers
22736:
22729:
22718:
22711:
22704:
22697:
22690:
22683:
22676:
22669:
22662:
22655:
22648:
22641:
22634:
22627:
22622:Albert Einstein
22620:
22613:
22608:Tim Berners-Lee
22606:
22599:
22588:
22581:
22574:
22567:
22560:
22553:
22546:
22539:
22532:
22525:
22518:
22511:
22504:
22497:
22492:Amadeo Giannini
22490:
22483:
22476:
22469:
22462:
22455:
22448:
22437:
22430:
22425:Igor Stravinsky
22423:
22416:
22409:
22402:
22395:
22388:
22381:
22374:
22367:
22362:Aretha Franklin
22360:
22353:
22346:
22339:
22334:Charlie Chaplin
22332:
22325:
22318:
22311:
22304:
22299:Louis Armstrong
22297:
22286:
22279:
22272:
22265:
22260:Margaret Sanger
22258:
22251:
22244:
22237:
22230:
22223:
22216:
22209:
22202:
22195:
22188:
22181:
22174:
22167:
22160:
22153:
22146:
22135:
22127:
22097:
22092:
22039:
22033:
22003:
21998:
21964:Tebello Nyokong
21935:
21930:
21906:Siyabulela Xuza
21866:Bernie Fanaroff
21831:Pragasen Pillay
21811:Valerie Mizrahi
21806:Sibusiso Sibisi
21796:Patricia Berjak
21772:
21767:
21758:Zwelakhe Sisulu
21723:Basil Schonland
21704:
21699:
21676:
21671:
21666:
21636:
21631:
21623:
21615:
21607:
21599:
21591:
21583:
21574:
21567:
21560:
21553:
21546:
21539:
21532:
21525:
21512:
21504:
21496:
21488:
21480:
21472:
21464:
21456:
21448:
21440:
21428:
21416:
21408:
21396:
21388:
21379:
21370:
21363:
21356:
21349:
21340:
21332:
21324:
21316:
21308:
21300:
21292:
21284:
21276:
21268:
21260:
21250:
21245:
21215:
21210:
21202:
21190:
21182:
21170:
21162:
21137:Jamal Khashoggi
21135:The Guardians:
21134:
21133:
21125:
21117:
21109:
21092:
21091:
21083:
21075:
21067:
21061:Mark Zuckerberg
21059:
21051:
21043:
21035:
21027:
21009:
21008:
21000:
20992:
20985:Sherron Watkins
20974:
20973:
20965:
20954:
20946:
20938:
20926:
20918:
20910:
20902:
20894:
20872:
20871:
20863:
20855:
20847:
20839:
20831:
20823:
20815:
20807:
20801:Peter Ueberroth
20799:
20787:
20779:
20771:
20763:
20755:
20747:
20739:
20731:
20720:
20673:Kathleen Byerly
20666:
20665:
20657:
20649:
20639:Henry Kissinger
20637:
20629:
20621:
20613:
20592:
20591:
20583:
20575:
20567:
20559:
20551:
20545:Pope John XXIII
20543:
20537:John F. Kennedy
20535:
20528:Robert Woodward
20524:James Van Allen
20469:
20468:
20460:
20452:
20444:
20436:
20428:
20420:
20414:Konrad Adenauer
20412:
20404:
20396:
20385:
20377:
20369:
20363:Harry S. Truman
20361:
20355:George Marshall
20353:
20347:James F. Byrnes
20345:
20339:Harry S. Truman
20337:
20329:
20323:George Marshall
20321:
20313:
20305:
20297:
20289:
20281:
20271:Chiang Kai-shek
20269:
20261:
20253:
20245:
20239:Hugh S. Johnson
20237:
20229:
20221:
20215:Mohandas Gandhi
20213:
20205:
20199:Walter Chrysler
20197:
20189:
20178:
20170:
20140:
20135:
20094:Lakhdar Brahimi
20066:
20062:Ernesto Zedillo
20010:
19989:
19973:
19968:
19938:
19929:
19911:Ellen MacArthur
19871:Paris Agreement
19851:
19836:
19724:Valeri Polyakov
19577:Contadora group
19549:
19538:
19531:
19501:
19496:
19488:
19480:
19474:Qaboos bin Said
19472:
19464:
19456:
19444:
19436:
19428:
19420:
19412:
19404:
19396:
19388:
19380:
19368:
19360:
19352:
19346:Gerhard Fischer
19344:
19336:
19328:
19320:
19315:
19285:
19280:
19218:
19210:
19207:(United States)
19201:(United States)
19185:
19182:(United States)
19160:
19157:(United States)
19151:(United States)
19135:
19110:
19109:(United States)
19090:
19081:(United States)
19065:
19058:
19028:
19023:
19018:to be announced
19012:
19001:
18988:Ales Bialiatski
18982:
18967:
18956:
18945:
18930:
18919:
18908:
18897:
18882:
18871:
18860:
18855:Tawakkol Karman
18841:
18830:
18819:
18808:
18793:
18778:
18763:
18758:Wangari Maathai
18752:
18741:
18730:
18715:
18704:
18696:
18688:
18676:
18664:
18652:
18640:
18624:
18612:
18604:
18596:
18588:
18580:
18572:
18564:
18556:
18548:
18540:
18532:
18520:
18512:
18504:
18496:
18484:
18476:
18464:
18453:
18448:Andrei Sakharov
18445:
18433:
18428:Henry Kissinger
18418:
18412:
18411:
18400:
18389:
18378:
18367:
18359:
18358:
18350:
18349:
18338:
18327:
18315:
18307:
18299:
18291:
18283:
18275:
18267:
18261:
18260:
18254:
18253:
18245:
18237:
18229:
18221:
18210:
18202:
18194:
18188:
18187:
18175:
18163:
18155:
18147:
18141:
18140:
18134:
18133:
18127:
18126:
18120:
18119:
18113:
18112:
18104:
18096:
18088:
18080:
18072:
18064:
18058:
18057:
18052:Nicholas Butler
18045:
18037:
18029:
18023:
18022:
18010:
18001:Aristide Briand
17998:
17987:
17975:
17969:
17968:
17962:
17961:
17956:Fridtjof Nansen
17953:
17948:Christian Lange
17941:
17933:
17925:
17919:
17918:
17910:
17904:
17903:
17897:
17896:
17890:
17889:
17881:
17873:
17861:
17853:
17841:
17829:
17817:
17809:
17801:
17793:
17785:
17773:
17758:
17747:
17738:
17708:
17703:
17668:Sydney Mufamadi
17530:
17514:
17498:
17492:
17462:
17457:
17388:Sydney Mufamadi
17261:
17240:
17224:
17218:
17188:
17183:
17020:
17015:
16985:
16980:
16973:
16968:Cyril Ramaphosa
16918:
16909:
16878:Nico Diederichs
16838:
16835:State President
16829:
16795:
16786:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16733:
16714:
16708:
16664:Freedom Charter
16644:
16638:
16585:
16522:
16508:
16479:Cyril Ramaphosa
16443:Elijah Mdolomba
16398:
16381:Cyril Ramaphosa
16333:Walter Rubusana
16321:
16316:Cyril Ramaphosa
16244:Sefako Makgatho
16215:
16211:
16208:
16173:
16165:
16160:
16140:
16126:Pretoria statue
16044:
16035:(granddaughter)
16023:(granddaughter)
16021:Ndileka Mandela
15949:
15855:Film depictions
15850:
15758:
15752:
15708:
15702:
15644:
15593:Liliesleaf Farm
15556:Freedom Charter
15524:
15511:
15502:
15497:
15463:
15454:
15448:
15444:
15429:
15420:
15412:
15397:
15388:
15370:
15301:
15256:
15251:
15094:
15072:
14956:
14937:
14911:
14860:
14841:
14819:
14817:
14816:on 24 July 2013
14766:
14714:
14695:
14676:
14662:Herbst, Jeffrey
14654:
14478:
14459:Altre ModernitĂ
14450:
14428:
14426:
14391:Boehmer, Elleke
14383:
14332:
14313:
14294:
14277:
14272:
14264:
14260:
14252:
14245:
14235:
14233:
14218:
14214:
14206:
14202:
14194:
14190:
14182:
14173:
14165:
14161:
14151:
14149:
14140:
14139:
14135:
14125:
14123:
14119:
14112:
14110:"Ods Home Page"
14108:
14107:
14103:
14093:
14091:
14082:
14081:
14077:
14067:
14065:
14052:
14051:, p. 601;
14047:
14043:
14033:
14031:
14018:
14017:
14013:
14003:
14001:
14000:on 24 July 2013
13990:
13986:
13976:
13974:
13973:on 21 June 2008
13965:
13964:
13960:
13950:
13948:
13939:
13938:
13934:
13924:
13922:
13913:
13912:
13908:
13898:
13896:
13887:
13886:
13882:
13872:
13870:
13857:
13856:
13852:
13842:
13840:
13831:
13830:
13826:
13816:
13814:
13807:The Independent
13801:
13800:
13796:
13786:
13784:
13775:
13774:
13770:
13760:
13758:
13744:
13743:
13739:
13729:
13727:
13718:
13717:
13713:
13708:. 18 July 2012.
13703:
13702:
13693:
13685:
13681:
13669:
13665:
13650:
13646:
13638:
13634:
13626:
13622:
13614:
13610:
13602:
13593:
13585:
13581:
13573:
13569:
13561:
13557:
13549:
13545:
13537:
13533:
13529:, p. xxvi.
13525:
13521:
13513:
13509:
13501:
13497:
13487:
13485:
13472:
13471:
13467:
13457:
13455:
13442:
13441:
13437:
13427:
13425:
13416:Hooper, Simon.
13414:
13410:
13402:
13398:
13390:
13386:
13374:
13370:
13362:, p. 599;
13358:
13354:
13346:
13342:
13334:
13330:
13322:
13318:
13306:
13302:
13294:
13290:
13280:
13278:
13265:
13264:
13260:
13248:
13244:
13232:
13228:
13200:
13196:
13184:, p. 296;
13180:
13176:
13160:
13156:
13148:, p. 147;
13144:, p. 481;
13140:
13136:
13126:
13124:
13115:
13114:
13110:
13102:
13098:
13090:
13086:
13078:
13074:
13066:
13062:
13054:
13050:
13042:
13038:
13030:
13026:
13018:
13014:
13006:
13002:
12994:
12990:
12982:
12978:
12970:
12966:
12958:
12954:
12950:, pp. 5â6.
12946:
12942:
12934:
12930:
12922:, p. 581;
12918:
12914:
12906:
12902:
12894:, p. 582;
12890:
12886:
12878:, p. xvi;
12874:
12870:
12862:
12858:
12850:
12843:
12835:, p. 119;
12831:
12827:
12819:
12815:
12807:
12803:
12795:
12791:
12783:
12779:
12771:
12767:
12757:
12755:
12741:
12737:
12729:, p. 495;
12725:, p. 133;
12721:
12717:
12709:
12705:
12697:
12693:
12685:
12681:
12673:
12669:
12661:, p. 570;
12657:
12653:
12645:
12641:
12633:
12626:
12618:
12614:
12606:
12602:
12594:
12590:
12582:
12578:
12570:
12566:
12558:
12554:
12546:
12542:
12534:
12530:
12522:, p. 365;
12518:
12514:
12506:
12502:
12494:
12490:
12478:
12474:
12466:
12462:
12454:
12450:
12442:
12438:
12430:
12426:
12418:
12414:
12406:
12402:
12394:
12390:
12382:
12378:
12370:
12366:
12358:
12354:
12350:, p. viii.
12346:
12342:
12334:
12330:
12322:
12318:
12310:
12306:
12298:
12285:
12277:
12270:
12258:
12254:
12242:
12238:
12230:, p. 241;
12226:, p. 220;
12218:
12214:
12206:
12202:
12183:
12179:
12171:
12164:
12156:
12152:
12142:
12140:
12127:
12126:
12122:
12112:
12110:
12093:
12089:
12079:
12077:
12062:
12058:
12048:
12046:
12031:
12027:
12017:
12015:
12000:
11996:
11986:
11984:
11971:
11970:
11966:
11956:
11954:
11941:
11940:
11933:
11923:
11921:
11912:
11911:
11907:
11897:
11895:
11886:
11885:
11881:
11871:
11869:
11856:
11855:
11851:
11835:
11834:
11827:
11825:
11810:
11806:
11796:
11794:
11785:
11784:
11780:
11770:
11768:
11767:on 8 April 2013
11755:
11754:
11750:
11740:
11738:
11725:
11724:
11720:
11710:
11708:
11695:
11694:
11690:
11680:
11678:
11665:
11664:
11660:
11650:
11648:
11635:
11634:
11630:
11622:
11618:
11608:
11606:
11584:
11582:
11567:
11563:
11553:
11551:
11536:
11532:
11513:
11509:
11501:
11497:
11487:
11485:
11480:. 11 May 2004.
11472:
11471:
11467:
11459:, p. 598;
11455:
11448:
11438:
11436:
11429:The Independent
11421:
11417:
11407:
11405:
11396:
11388:
11386:
11373:
11372:, p. 600;
11368:
11364:
11356:
11352:
11333:
11326:
11311:
11304:
11296:, p. 593;
11292:
11288:
11280:
11276:
11266:
11264:
11246:
11244:
11233:
11229:
11221:
11217:
11207:
11205:
11194:
11190:
11180:
11178:
11167:
11163:
11153:
11151:
11136:
11132:
11113:
11109:
11099:
11097:
11086:
11082:
11074:
11070:
11060:
11058:
11043:
11042:
11038:
11030:
11023:
11007:
11003:
10995:, p. 576;
10991:
10987:
10979:, p. 576;
10975:
10971:
10963:
10959:
10951:
10947:
10939:
10935:
10927:, p. 576;
10923:
10919:
10911:, p. 568;
10907:
10903:
10895:, p. 568;
10891:, p. 211;
10887:
10883:
10875:, p. 130;
10871:
10867:
10859:
10852:
10844:, p. 207;
10840:
10836:
10828:
10824:
10816:
10812:
10800:, p. 204;
10792:
10788:
10780:
10776:
10766:
10764:
10755:
10754:
10750:
10738:
10734:
10726:
10722:
10714:, p. 216;
10706:
10702:
10694:, p. 215;
10686:
10682:
10670:
10666:
10656:
10654:
10645:
10644:
10640:
10628:, p. 144;
10624:
10620:
10612:
10608:
10600:
10593:
10585:
10578:
10566:
10562:
10554:, p. 216;
10550:
10546:
10538:
10534:
10526:
10522:
10514:
10510:
10502:
10498:
10486:
10482:
10474:
10470:
10462:, p. 573;
10458:, p. 131;
10454:
10450:
10438:
10434:
10426:
10422:
10414:, p. 573;
10410:
10406:
10396:
10394:
10367:
10365:
10356:
10348:
10346:
10335:"Mandela at 85"
10333:(6 July 2003).
10328:
10324:
10316:, p. 219;
10308:
10304:
10296:
10292:
10284:
10280:
10270:
10268:
10259:
10251:
10249:
10245:
10238:
10234:
10233:
10229:
10221:
10217:
10207:
10205:
10204:on 24 July 2013
10201:
10194:
10188:
10184:
10176:, p. 205;
10172:
10168:
10160:
10153:
10141:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10117:, p. 519;
10113:
10109:
10101:
10097:
10089:, p. 563;
10085:
10081:
10069:
10065:
10053:
10049:
10037:, p. 213;
10033:
10029:
10019:
10017:
9995:
9993:
9980:
9979:
9975:
9963:, p. 212;
9959:
9955:
9943:
9939:
9927:, p. 212;
9923:
9919:
9911:, p. 528;
9903:
9896:
9888:
9884:
9876:
9872:
9860:
9856:
9848:, p. 517;
9844:, p. 213;
9840:
9836:
9828:
9824:
9816:
9809:
9793:
9789:
9777:
9773:
9765:, p. 186;
9761:
9757:
9741:
9737:
9729:, p. 543;
9725:, p. 209;
9721:
9717:
9709:
9705:
9697:
9693:
9685:
9681:
9669:
9665:
9657:, p. 566;
9653:, p. 210;
9645:
9641:
9631:
9629:
9620:
9619:
9615:
9603:
9599:
9591:, p. 514;
9587:
9583:
9571:
9567:
9557:
9555:
9554:on 3 April 2013
9540:
9536:
9528:, p. 512;
9520:
9516:
9504:
9500:
9488:
9484:
9472:, p. 188;
9468:
9464:
9456:
9452:
9444:
9440:
9424:
9420:
9412:, p. 495;
9408:
9404:
9396:, p. 497;
9392:, p. 182;
9388:
9384:
9376:, p. 494;
9372:, p. 182;
9364:
9357:
9349:
9345:
9329:
9325:
9309:
9305:
9289:
9285:
9277:, p. 180;
9269:
9265:
9249:
9245:
9233:
9229:
9217:, p. 177;
9209:
9205:
9197:, p. 460;
9193:
9189:
9169:
9165:
9153:
9149:
9137:, p. 174;
9129:
9125:
9113:
9109:
9101:, p. 409;
9097:
9093:
9081:, p. 173;
9073:
9066:
9058:, p. 439;
9054:
9050:
9038:
9031:
9019:
9015:
9007:, p. 410;
8999:
8995:
8983:
8979:
8967:, p. 172;
8963:, pp. 57;
8959:
8955:
8943:, p. 171;
8939:
8935:
8925:
8923:
8922:on 28 July 2008
8914:
8912:
8908:
8892:
8888:
8878:
8876:
8861:
8857:
8845:, p. 167;
8841:
8837:
8829:
8825:
8815:
8813:
8804:
8803:
8799:
8779:, p. 567;
8775:
8771:
8759:
8755:
8739:
8735:
8727:, p. 388;
8715:
8711:
8701:
8699:
8684:
8680:
8672:
8668:
8656:, p. 160;
8652:, p. 320;
8648:
8644:
8636:, p. 369;
8632:, p. 160;
8624:
8620:
8600:
8596:
8584:
8580:
8568:, p. 160;
8564:
8560:
8552:
8548:
8540:
8536:
8524:
8520:
8512:, p. 358;
8504:, p. 254;
8500:
8496:
8486:
8484:
8483:on 22 June 2008
8475:
8474:
8470:
8458:, p. 157;
8442:
8438:
8430:, p. 210;
8426:
8422:
8398:
8394:
8378:, p. 224;
8374:
8370:
8366:, pp. 329.
8362:
8358:
8350:, p. 347;
8346:
8342:
8330:, p. 148;
8326:
8322:
8314:, p. 340;
8306:, p. 218;
8302:
8298:
8286:
8282:
8270:, p. 155;
8266:
8262:
8250:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8218:, p. 135;
8214:
8210:
8190:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8166:, p. 317;
8162:, p. 139;
8158:, p. 268;
8154:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8102:
8098:
8082:
8078:
8066:
8062:
8054:, p. 301;
8050:
8046:
8026:
8022:
8006:
8002:
7994:, p. 334;
7990:
7986:
7978:, p. 337;
7974:
7970:
7958:
7954:
7942:
7938:
7926:
7922:
7906:
7902:
7890:
7886:
7878:, p. 124;
7870:, p. 175;
7866:
7862:
7854:, p. 283;
7846:, p. 169;
7842:
7838:
7830:, p. 299;
7826:, p. 126;
7822:, p. 174;
7818:
7814:
7798:, p. 266;
7790:
7786:
7778:, p. 279;
7770:
7766:
7750:, p. 262;
7746:, p. 165;
7742:
7738:
7726:, p. 306;
7710:
7706:
7694:, p. 303;
7690:, p. 268;
7682:
7678:
7654:, p. 140;
7650:
7646:
7630:, p. 160;
7626:
7622:
7602:, p. 226;
7594:
7590:
7554:
7550:
7540:
7538:
7523:
7519:
7511:, p. 193;
7507:, p. 302;
7503:, p. 265;
7499:, p. 258;
7495:, p. 159;
7491:
7487:
7459:
7455:
7439:
7435:
7423:
7419:
7409:
7407:
7402:. 15 May 2016.
7394:
7393:
7389:
7377:
7373:
7365:, p. 216;
7357:
7353:
7325:
7321:
7305:, p. 211;
7301:, p. 100;
7293:
7289:
7265:, p. 114;
7261:
7257:
7245:, p. 210;
7233:
7229:
7209:
7205:
7197:, p. 209;
7185:
7181:
7153:, p. 111;
7149:
7145:
7133:, p. 206;
7121:, p. 170;
7117:, p. 110;
7113:
7109:
7093:, p. 171;
7089:, p. 108;
7085:
7081:
7073:, p. 171;
7069:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7052:on 6 March 2016
7031:
7029:
7028:on 3 March 2016
7016:
7015:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6988:
6981:
6957:, p. 107;
6953:
6949:
6937:
6933:
6913:, p. 107;
6909:
6905:
6885:
6881:
6865:
6861:
6837:
6833:
6825:, p. 178;
6809:, p. 151;
6801:
6797:
6769:
6765:
6757:, p. 177;
6745:
6741:
6733:, p. 175;
6717:
6713:
6681:
6677:
6649:
6645:
6637:, p. 167;
6625:
6621:
6609:, p. 142;
6601:
6597:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6521:
6517:
6505:, p. 296;
6497:
6493:
6473:
6469:
6461:, p. 147;
6457:, p. 275;
6453:
6449:
6433:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6385:
6381:
6373:, p. 118;
6357:
6353:
6329:
6325:
6313:
6309:
6289:
6285:
6273:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6225:
6221:
6201:
6197:
6165:
6161:
6141:
6137:
6109:
6105:
6081:
6077:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6037:
6033:
6005:
6001:
5989:, p. 170;
5985:
5981:
5965:, p. 165;
5961:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5921:
5917:
5897:
5893:
5881:, p. 176;
5877:
5873:
5845:
5841:
5821:, p. 176;
5813:
5809:
5797:, p. 168;
5793:
5789:
5781:
5777:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5721:
5717:
5689:
5685:
5665:
5661:
5653:, p. 154;
5649:
5645:
5621:
5617:
5605:, p. 151;
5601:
5597:
5569:
5565:
5537:
5533:
5501:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5457:
5453:
5433:
5429:
5405:
5401:
5389:, p. 136;
5385:
5381:
5357:
5353:
5329:
5325:
5305:
5301:
5277:
5273:
5253:
5249:
5229:
5225:
5197:
5193:
5177:, p. 100;
5173:
5169:
5161:, p. 106;
5157:
5153:
5129:
5125:
5101:
5097:
5065:
5061:
5033:
5029:
5001:
4997:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4941:
4937:
4913:
4909:
4889:
4885:
4865:
4861:
4837:
4833:
4817:
4813:
4793:
4789:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4721:
4717:
4689:
4685:
4673:
4669:
4645:
4641:
4621:
4617:
4613:, pp. 8â9.
4601:
4597:
4593:, pp. 7â9.
4565:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4525:
4521:
4493:
4489:
4469:
4465:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4413:
4409:
4397:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4313:
4309:
4293:
4289:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4050:
3962:
3923:Order of Canada
3894:
3888:
3829:
3821:Martin Meredith
3782:
3774:
3750:Anthony Sampson
3706:
3657:
3632:
3607:Raymond Suttner
3592:
3588:
3579:
3566:Union Buildings
3525:
3519:
3496:tribute concert
3460:Hillary Clinton
3428:
3363:was created at
3354:prostate cancer
3324:
3319:
3282:
3249:First Congo War
3237:soft diplomatic
3161:
3159:Foreign affairs
3072:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2945:49th conference
2941:Richard Stengel
2895:Whoopi Goldberg
2891:Michael Jackson
2862:
2856:
2793:
2787:
2691:state terrorism
2666:Cyril Ramaphosa
2658:
2634:Muammar Gaddafi
2590:R. Venkataraman
2554:
2549:
2543:
2487:
2478:Wembley Stadium
2441:Ken Livingstone
2393:
2352:Soweto uprising
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2205:
2152:
2144:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2071:Habib Bourguiba
2019:
2015:
1995:Liliesleaf Farm
1933:
1881:Vernon Berrangé
1834:nationalisation
1830:Rusty Bernstein
1805:
1801:Freedom Charter
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1765:Makaziwe Phumia
1761:Group Areas Act
1643:'s support for
1609:
1575:Afrikaner Party
1484:
1479:
1416:Communist Party
1384:
1356:Abraham Lincoln
1348:K. D. Matanzima
1340:Roman Dutch law
1309:African culture
1269:
1245:African history
1219:
1215:
1154:
1148:
1143:
892:
885:
852:
848:
834:
833:
832:
831:
830:
828:
825:
818:
815:
779:
754:
753:
733:
661:
638:
582:
581:
569:
565:
555:
535:
531:
528:
518:
498:
494:
491:
462:
461:Other political
451:Political party
430:
426:
425:5 December 2013
410:
404:
402:
401:
400:
376:
364:
358:
353:
345:
332:
326:Walter Rubusana
320:
304:
299:
289:
279:
265:
260:
242:
230:
225:
221:
216:
199:
194:
174:
166:State President
163:
155:
150:
146:
141:
126:
121:
104:
92:
59:
57:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23302:
23292:
23291:
23286:
23281:
23276:
23271:
23266:
23261:
23256:
23251:
23246:
23241:
23236:
23231:
23226:
23221:
23216:
23211:
23206:
23201:
23196:
23191:
23186:
23181:
23176:
23171:
23166:
23161:
23156:
23151:
23146:
23141:
23136:
23131:
23126:
23121:
23116:
23111:
23106:
23101:
23096:
23091:
23086:
23081:
23076:
23071:
23066:
23061:
23056:
23051:
23046:
23041:
23036:
23031:
23026:
23021:
23016:
23011:
23006:
23001:
22996:
22991:
22986:
22981:
22979:Nelson Mandela
22966:
22965:
22953:
22941:
22929:
22906:
22905:
22900:
22899:
22897:
22896:
22889:
22882:
22875:
22868:
22861:
22854:
22847:
22844:Marilyn Monroe
22840:
22833:
22826:
22819:
22816:Kennedy family
22812:
22805:
22802:Tenzing Norgay
22798:Edmund Hillary
22794:
22787:
22780:
22773:
22766:
22759:
22751:
22749:
22745:
22744:
22742:
22741:
22734:
22727:
22716:
22709:
22702:
22695:
22688:
22681:
22674:
22667:
22660:
22653:
22646:
22639:
22632:
22625:
22618:
22611:
22604:
22596:
22594:
22590:
22589:
22587:
22586:
22579:
22572:
22565:
22558:
22551:
22548:Walter Reuther
22544:
22537:
22530:
22527:Louis B. Mayer
22523:
22516:
22513:William Levitt
22509:
22502:
22495:
22488:
22481:
22474:
22467:
22464:Willis Carrier
22460:
22453:
22445:
22443:
22439:
22438:
22436:
22435:
22428:
22421:
22414:
22407:
22400:
22393:
22386:
22379:
22372:
22365:
22358:
22351:
22344:
22337:
22330:
22323:
22316:
22309:
22302:
22294:
22292:
22288:
22287:
22285:
22284:
22277:
22270:
22263:
22256:
22249:
22242:
22235:
22228:
22221:
22218:Nelson Mandela
22214:
22211:Vladimir Lenin
22207:
22200:
22193:
22186:
22179:
22172:
22165:
22162:Mahatma Gandhi
22158:
22151:
22143:
22141:
22137:
22136:
22126:
22125:
22118:
22111:
22103:
22094:
22093:
22091:
22090:
22084:
22081:
22075:
22072:
22066:
22063:
22057:
22053:Nelson Mandela
22044:
22041:
22040:
22032:
22031:
22024:
22017:
22009:
22000:
21999:
21997:
21996:
21991:
21986:
21981:
21976:
21971:
21969:Himla Soodyall
21966:
21961:
21956:
21951:
21946:
21944:Peter Beighton
21940:
21938:
21932:
21931:
21929:
21928:
21923:
21918:
21913:
21908:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21888:
21886:Ismail Mohamed
21883:
21878:
21873:
21868:
21863:
21858:
21853:
21848:
21843:
21841:Bongani Mayosi
21838:
21833:
21828:
21823:
21818:
21816:Wieland Gevers
21813:
21808:
21803:
21798:
21793:
21788:
21783:
21777:
21775:
21769:
21768:
21766:
21765:
21760:
21755:
21753:Mangena Mokone
21750:
21745:
21740:
21735:
21730:
21728:Sydney Brenner
21725:
21720:
21718:F. W. de Klerk
21715:
21709:
21707:
21701:
21700:
21698:
21697:
21695:Albert Luthuli
21692:
21687:
21685:Nelson Mandela
21681:
21679:
21673:
21672:
21665:
21664:
21657:
21650:
21642:
21633:
21632:
21630:
21629:
21621:
21613:
21605:
21597:
21589:
21581:
21580:
21579:
21572:
21565:
21558:
21551:
21544:
21537:
21530:
21510:
21502:
21494:
21486:
21478:
21470:
21462:
21454:
21446:
21438:
21426:
21414:
21406:
21394:
21386:
21377:
21376:
21375:
21368:
21361:
21354:
21338:
21330:
21322:
21314:
21306:
21298:
21290:
21282:
21274:
21265:
21262:
21261:
21255:
21252:
21251:
21244:
21243:
21236:
21229:
21221:
21212:
21211:
21209:
21208:
21200:
21188:
21180:
21168:
21164:Greta Thunberg
21160:
21131:
21123:
21115:
21107:
21094:Ebola Fighters
21089:
21081:
21073:
21065:
21057:
21049:
21041:
21037:Vladimir Putin
21033:
21025:
21006:
21002:George W. Bush
20998:
20990:
20977:Cynthia Cooper
20971:
20962:
20960:
20956:
20955:
20953:
20952:
20948:George W. Bush
20944:
20936:
20924:
20916:
20908:
20900:
20892:
20883:Nelson Mandela
20879:F. W. de Klerk
20869:
20861:
20853:
20845:
20837:
20829:
20821:
20817:Corazon Aquino
20813:
20805:
20797:
20785:
20777:
20769:
20761:
20753:
20745:
20737:
20728:
20726:
20722:
20721:
20719:
20718:
20697:Barbara Jordan
20663:
20655:
20647:
20635:
20627:
20619:
20611:
20598:William Anders
20589:
20581:
20573:
20565:
20557:
20549:
20541:
20533:
20520:Charles Townes
20500:Edward Purcell
20476:Charles Draper
20466:
20458:
20450:
20442:
20434:
20430:Harlow Curtice
20426:
20418:
20410:
20402:
20393:
20391:
20387:
20386:
20384:
20383:
20375:
20367:
20359:
20351:
20343:
20335:
20327:
20319:
20311:
20303:
20295:
20287:
20279:
20275:Soong Mei-ling
20267:
20263:Wallis Simpson
20259:
20255:Haile Selassie
20251:
20243:
20235:
20227:
20219:
20211:
20203:
20195:
20186:
20184:
20180:
20179:
20169:
20168:
20161:
20154:
20146:
20137:
20136:
20134:
20133:
20132:(former chair)
20127:
20125:Muhammad Yunus
20122:
20117:
20114:Nelson Mandela
20111:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20091:
20086:
20085:(former chair)
20080:
20074:
20072:
20071:Former Members
20068:
20067:
20065:
20064:
20059:
20054:
20049:
20044:
20039:
20034:
20029:
20024:
20018:
20016:
20012:
20011:
20009:
20008:
20003:
19997:
19995:
19991:
19990:
19988:
19987:
19981:
19979:
19975:
19974:
19967:
19966:
19959:
19952:
19944:
19935:
19934:
19931:
19930:
19928:
19927:
19920:
19913:
19907:
19901:
19895:
19885:
19879:
19873:
19863:
19856:
19853:
19852:
19842:
19841:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19834:
19828:
19821:
19815:
19809:
19799:
19793:
19780:(Mozambique),
19774:
19768:
19762:
19756:
19750:
19744:
19738:
19732:
19726:
19708:
19694:Fatiha Boudiaf
19678:
19668:
19662:
19656:
19646:
19640:
19638:Nelson Mandela
19630:
19623:
19617:
19611:Jacques Delors
19607:
19601:
19595:
19585:
19579:
19573:
19567:
19561:
19554:
19551:
19550:
19540:
19539:
19530:
19529:
19522:
19515:
19507:
19498:
19497:
19495:
19494:
19486:
19478:
19470:
19466:YĆhei Sasakawa
19462:
19458:Ekal Vidyalaya
19454:
19442:
19434:
19426:
19418:
19410:
19402:
19394:
19386:
19378:
19374:Nelson Mandela
19366:
19358:
19350:
19342:
19334:
19330:Julius Nyerere
19325:
19322:
19321:
19314:
19313:
19306:
19299:
19291:
19282:
19281:
19279:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19215:
19212:
19211:
19209:
19208:
19205:Douglass North
19202:
19195:
19193:
19187:
19186:
19184:
19183:
19177:
19170:
19168:
19162:
19161:
19159:
19158:
19152:
19145:
19143:
19137:
19136:
19134:
19133:
19132:(South Africa)
19127:
19126:(South Africa)
19124:Nelson Mandela
19120:
19118:
19112:
19111:
19105:
19103:
19092:
19091:
19089:
19088:
19082:
19079:Kary B. Mullis
19075:
19073:
19067:
19066:
19057:
19056:
19049:
19042:
19034:
19025:
19024:
19022:
19021:
19010:
18999:
18980:
18977:Dmitry Muratov
18965:
18954:
18943:
18928:
18917:
18906:
18895:
18880:
18869:
18866:European Union
18858:
18839:
18828:
18817:
18806:
18791:
18788:Muhammad Yunus
18776:
18761:
18750:
18739:
18728:
18721:United Nations
18712:
18710:
18706:
18705:
18703:
18702:
18694:
18686:
18674:
18662:
18650:
18647:Joseph Rotblat
18638:
18622:
18619:F. W. de Klerk
18615:Nelson Mandela
18610:
18602:
18594:
18586:
18578:
18570:
18562:
18554:
18546:
18538:
18530:
18518:
18510:
18502:
18494:
18491:Menachem Begin
18482:
18474:
18467:Betty Williams
18461:
18459:
18455:
18454:
18452:
18451:
18443:
18431:
18416:
18409:
18398:
18395:Norman Borlaug
18387:
18376:
18365:
18356:
18347:
18336:
18325:
18313:
18305:
18297:
18294:Albert Luthuli
18289:
18281:
18273:
18265:
18258:
18251:
18243:
18235:
18227:
18218:
18216:
18212:
18211:
18209:
18208:
18200:
18192:
18185:
18173:
18161:
18153:
18145:
18138:
18131:
18124:
18117:
18110:
18102:
18094:
18086:
18078:
18070:
18062:
18055:
18043:
18035:
18027:
18020:
18008:
17995:
17993:
17989:
17988:
17986:
17985:
17973:
17966:
17959:
17951:
17939:
17936:LĂ©on Bourgeois
17931:
17928:Woodrow Wilson
17923:
17916:
17908:
17901:
17894:
17887:
17879:
17871:
17859:
17851:
17839:
17832:Klas Arnoldson
17827:
17820:Ernesto Moneta
17815:
17807:
17799:
17791:
17783:
17771:
17768:Frédéric Passy
17755:
17753:
17749:
17748:
17737:
17736:
17729:
17722:
17714:
17705:
17704:
17702:
17701:
17695:
17689:
17683:
17677:
17671:
17665:
17664:(Public Works)
17659:
17653:
17647:
17644:Penuell Maduna
17641:
17636:(1996â1998) /
17631:
17625:
17619:
17618:(Home Affairs)
17613:
17610:Nkosazana Zuma
17607:
17601:
17595:
17589:
17586:Sibusiso Bengu
17583:
17577:
17572:(1996â1998) /
17567:
17561:
17555:
17552:Lionel Mtshali
17545:
17538:
17536:
17532:
17531:
17529:
17528:
17522:
17520:
17516:
17515:
17513:
17512:
17510:Nelson Mandela
17506:
17504:
17500:
17499:
17491:
17490:
17483:
17476:
17468:
17459:
17458:
17456:
17455:
17453:Nkosazana Zuma
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17383:Lionel Mtshali
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17330:
17328:Penuell Maduna
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17278:Sibusiso Bengu
17275:
17269:
17267:
17263:
17262:
17260:
17259:
17254:
17252:F. W. de Klerk
17248:
17246:
17242:
17241:
17239:
17238:
17236:Nelson Mandela
17232:
17230:
17226:
17225:
17217:
17216:
17209:
17202:
17194:
17185:
17184:
17182:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17031:
17025:
17022:
17021:
17014:
17013:
17006:
16999:
16991:
16982:
16981:
16978:
16975:
16974:
16972:
16971:
16970:(2018-present)
16965:
16955:
16949:
16943:
16933:
16926:Nelson Mandela
16922:
16920:
16911:
16910:
16908:
16907:
16905:F. W. de Klerk
16902:
16897:
16895:Marais Viljoen
16892:
16887:
16884:Marais Viljoen
16881:
16875:
16869:
16864:
16858:
16852:
16846:
16844:
16831:
16830:
16828:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16806:
16804:
16797:
16796:
16789:Heads of State
16785:
16784:
16777:
16770:
16762:
16753:
16752:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16732:
16731:
16726:
16720:
16718:
16710:
16709:
16707:
16706:
16701:
16699:Bisho massacre
16696:
16694:Operation Vula
16691:
16686:
16681:
16676:
16671:
16666:
16661:
16656:
16650:
16648:
16640:
16639:
16637:
16636:
16629:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16593:
16591:
16587:
16586:
16584:
16583:
16577:
16571:
16565:
16559:
16553:
16547:
16541:
16535:
16528:
16526:
16518:
16517:
16514:
16513:
16510:
16509:
16507:
16506:
16505:(2022âpresent)
16503:Fikile Mbalula
16500:
16494:
16491:Gwede Mantashe
16488:
16482:
16476:
16470:
16464:
16458:
16452:
16446:
16440:
16434:
16431:TD Mweli Skota
16428:
16425:
16419:
16413:
16406:
16404:
16400:
16399:
16397:
16396:
16395:(2022âpresent)
16393:Paul Mashatile
16390:
16384:
16378:
16372:
16366:
16360:
16354:
16351:Nelson Mandela
16348:
16342:
16339:Nelson Mandela
16336:
16329:
16327:
16323:
16322:
16320:
16319:
16318:(2017âpresent)
16313:
16307:
16301:
16298:Nelson Mandela
16295:
16289:
16286:Albert Luthuli
16283:
16277:
16271:
16265:
16259:
16253:
16247:
16241:
16234:
16232:
16225:
16217:
16216:
16207:
16206:
16199:
16192:
16184:
16178:
16175:
16174:
16162:
16161:
16159:
16158:
16145:
16142:
16141:
16139:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16099:Nelson Mandela
16095:
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16052:
16050:
16046:
16045:
16043:
16042:
16036:
16033:Zoleka Mandela
16030:
16027:Mandla Mandela
16024:
16018:
16015:Zindzi Mandela
16012:
16006:
16000:
15994:
15988:
15982:
15976:
15973:Nosekeni Fanny
15970:
15964:
15957:
15955:
15951:
15950:
15948:
15947:
15939:
15931:
15927:Winnie Mandela
15923:
15915:
15907:
15903:Goodbye Bafana
15899:
15891:
15883:
15875:
15867:
15858:
15856:
15852:
15851:
15849:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15781:46664 concerts
15778:
15773:
15768:
15762:
15760:
15754:
15753:
15751:
15750:
15742:
15734:
15726:
15718:
15712:
15710:
15704:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15654:
15652:
15646:
15645:
15643:
15642:
15641:
15640:
15635:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15559:
15558:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15532:
15530:
15526:
15525:
15523:
15522:
15516:
15507:
15504:
15503:
15500:Nelson Mandela
15496:
15495:
15488:
15481:
15473:
15465:
15464:
15459:
15456:
15445:
15440:
15436:
15435:
15431:
15430:
15425:
15422:
15413:
15408:
15404:
15403:
15399:
15398:
15393:
15390:
15381:
15368:F. W. de Klerk
15366:
15362:
15361:
15355:
15354:
15346:Nelson Mandela
15343:
15334:
15328:Nelson Mandela
15325:
15319:Nelson Mandela
15299:
15294:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15267:
15262:
15255:
15254:External links
15252:
15250:
15249:
15217:
15188:
15159:
15141:(2): 107â130.
15127:
15109:(2): 353â366.
15098:
15092:
15076:
15070:
15054:
15036:(3): 317â339.
15021:
14992:
14974:(6): 905â921.
14960:
14954:
14941:
14935:
14915:
14909:
14893:
14864:
14858:
14845:
14839:
14826:
14799:
14781:(2): 289â301.
14770:
14764:
14751:
14740:
14739:
14729:(3): 161â171.
14718:
14712:
14699:
14693:
14680:
14674:
14658:
14652:
14631:
14621:(3): 565â590.
14607:
14569:
14553:
14524:
14496:(4): 657â676.
14486:Ellis, Stephen
14482:
14476:
14463:
14454:
14448:
14435:
14387:
14381:
14373:Nelson Mandela
14365:
14336:
14330:
14317:
14311:
14298:
14292:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14270:
14268:, p. 289.
14258:
14243:
14212:
14210:, p. 138.
14200:
14188:
14186:, p. vii.
14171:
14159:
14133:
14101:
14075:
14049:Battersby 2011
14041:
14011:
13984:
13958:
13932:
13906:
13880:
13850:
13824:
13794:
13768:
13737:
13711:
13706:The Cape Times
13691:
13689:, p. 918.
13679:
13677:, p. 918.
13663:
13644:
13642:, p. 360.
13632:
13620:
13618:, p. 173.
13608:
13591:
13579:
13577:, p. 582.
13567:
13565:, p. 101.
13555:
13553:, p. 296.
13543:
13541:, p. 599.
13531:
13519:
13507:
13495:
13465:
13435:
13420:. Al Jazeera.
13408:
13396:
13384:
13382:, p. 918.
13378:, p. 82;
13368:
13352:
13340:
13338:, p. 225.
13328:
13316:
13314:, p. 906.
13300:
13298:, p. 565.
13288:
13258:
13242:
13240:, p. 500.
13226:
13208:, p. 93;
13194:
13192:, p. 110.
13174:
13154:
13152:, p. 246.
13134:
13108:
13096:
13084:
13082:, p. 142.
13072:
13070:, p. 342.
13060:
13048:
13036:
13024:
13012:
13010:, p. 295.
13000:
12988:
12986:, p. 189.
12976:
12974:, p. 164.
12964:
12952:
12940:
12928:
12926:, p. 907.
12912:
12900:
12898:, p. xvi.
12884:
12882:, p. 583.
12868:
12866:, p. 599.
12864:Battersby 2011
12856:
12854:, p. xvi.
12841:
12825:
12813:
12811:, p. 576.
12801:
12789:
12777:
12775:, p. 577.
12765:
12735:
12733:, p. 503.
12715:
12713:, p. 111.
12703:
12691:
12679:
12667:
12665:, p. 326.
12651:
12639:
12637:, p. 294.
12624:
12612:
12610:, p. 231.
12600:
12588:
12576:
12564:
12562:, p. 361.
12552:
12540:
12538:, p. 232.
12528:
12512:
12510:, p. 282.
12500:
12498:, p. 298.
12488:
12472:
12460:
12448:
12446:, p. 162.
12436:
12434:, p. 605.
12432:Battersby 2011
12424:
12412:
12410:, p. 433.
12400:
12388:
12386:, p. 914.
12376:
12364:
12362:, p. 107.
12352:
12340:
12338:, p. 102.
12328:
12326:, p. 109.
12316:
12314:, p. 122.
12304:
12302:, p. 907.
12283:
12268:
12262:, p. 13;
12252:
12250:, p. 231.
12236:
12212:
12210:, p. 173.
12200:
12177:
12175:, p. 130.
12162:
12160:, p. 917.
12150:
12120:
12087:
12056:
12025:
11994:
11964:
11931:
11905:
11879:
11849:
11804:
11778:
11748:
11718:
11688:
11658:
11647:on 13 May 2013
11628:
11626:, p. 607.
11624:Battersby 2011
11616:
11581:on 9 July 2013
11561:
11530:
11507:
11505:, p. 600.
11503:Battersby 2011
11495:
11465:
11461:Battersby 2011
11446:
11415:
11370:Battersby 2011
11362:
11360:, p. 594.
11358:Battersby 2011
11350:
11324:
11302:
11300:, p. 598.
11298:Battersby 2011
11286:
11284:, p. 593.
11282:Battersby 2011
11274:
11227:
11223:Battersby 2011
11215:
11188:
11177:on 14 May 2019
11161:
11130:
11107:
11080:
11076:Battersby 2011
11068:
11036:
11034:, p. 598.
11032:Battersby 2011
11021:
11017:Battersby 2011
11001:
10997:Battersby 2011
10985:
10981:Battersby 2011
10969:
10967:, p. 219.
10957:
10955:, p. 578.
10945:
10933:
10917:
10901:
10881:
10879:, p. 211.
10865:
10863:, p. 211.
10850:
10848:, p. 536.
10834:
10822:
10820:, p. 535.
10810:
10808:, p. 534.
10786:
10784:, p. 366.
10774:
10748:
10732:
10720:
10718:, p. 558.
10700:
10680:
10664:
10638:
10618:
10616:, p. 564.
10606:
10591:
10589:, p. 214.
10576:
10574:, p. 560.
10560:
10544:
10532:
10520:
10518:, p. 559.
10508:
10506:, p. 555.
10496:
10494:, p. 214.
10490:, p. 89;
10480:
10478:, p. 133.
10468:
10448:
10446:, p. 510.
10432:
10420:
10404:
10322:
10302:
10300:, p. 130.
10290:
10278:
10227:
10225:, p. 312.
10215:
10182:
10180:, p. 521.
10166:
10151:
10135:
10123:
10107:
10095:
10093:, p. 532.
10079:
10063:
10047:
10027:
9973:
9953:
9937:
9917:
9894:
9892:, p. 508.
9882:
9870:
9868:, p. 204.
9864:, p. 88;
9854:
9834:
9832:, p. 524.
9822:
9807:
9787:
9771:
9769:, p. 517.
9755:
9735:
9733:, p. 517.
9715:
9703:
9691:
9689:, p. 502.
9679:
9663:
9649:, p. 87;
9639:
9613:
9597:
9581:
9579:, p. 490.
9565:
9534:
9532:, p. 491.
9524:, p. 82;
9514:
9512:, p. 488.
9498:
9482:
9480:, p. 484.
9462:
9450:
9448:, p. 479.
9438:
9436:, p. 478.
9418:
9402:
9382:
9380:, p. 474.
9368:, p. 68;
9355:
9353:, p. 471.
9343:
9323:
9313:, p. 46;
9303:
9301:, p. 472.
9293:, p. 80;
9283:
9273:, p. 79;
9263:
9243:
9227:
9203:
9187:
9163:
9161:, p. 444.
9147:
9123:
9107:
9091:
9077:, p. 47;
9064:
9048:
9029:
9023:, p. 60;
9013:
9011:, p. 420.
9003:, p. 60;
8993:
8977:
8953:
8933:
8906:
8886:
8855:
8853:, p. 407.
8835:
8833:, p. 403.
8823:
8797:
8769:
8753:
8733:
8731:, p. 386.
8723:, p. 62;
8719:, p. 41;
8709:
8678:
8666:
8664:, p. 381.
8642:
8618:
8594:
8592:, p. 368.
8588:, p. 35;
8578:
8558:
8546:
8544:, p. 355.
8534:
8518:
8494:
8468:
8454:, p. 36;
8436:
8434:, p. 340.
8420:
8406:, p. 30;
8392:
8368:
8356:
8354:, p. 326.
8340:
8320:
8296:
8294:, p. 321.
8290:, p. 24;
8280:
8260:
8244:
8242:, p. 296.
8232:
8208:
8184:
8172:
8148:
8136:
8134:, p. 228.
8124:
8112:
8096:
8076:
8074:, p. 231.
8060:
8044:
8020:
8000:
7998:, p. 241.
7984:
7982:, p. 222.
7968:
7966:, p. 221.
7952:
7950:, p. 229.
7936:
7934:, p. 232.
7920:
7900:
7884:
7860:
7858:, p. 205.
7836:
7812:
7784:
7782:, p. 205.
7764:
7762:, p. 204.
7736:
7704:
7686:, p. 62;
7676:
7644:
7620:
7588:
7548:
7517:
7485:
7453:
7433:
7417:
7387:
7385:, p. 172.
7371:
7369:, p. 172.
7351:
7319:
7287:
7255:
7227:
7203:
7193:, p. 97;
7179:
7173:, p. 81;
7165:, p. 95;
7143:
7129:, p. 95;
7107:
7105:, p. 204.
7101:, p. 90;
7079:
7077:, p. 207.
7063:
7006:
6994:
6979:
6947:
6945:, p. 151.
6931:
6903:
6879:
6859:
6841:, p. 99;
6831:
6829:, p. 143.
6817:, p. 84;
6805:, p. 94;
6795:
6773:, p. 98;
6763:
6739:
6711:
6675:
6653:, p. 79;
6643:
6619:
6595:
6577:, p. 83;
6563:
6551:
6529:, p. 93;
6515:
6513:, p. 110.
6491:
6489:, p. 110.
6467:
6447:
6427:
6425:, p. 134.
6415:
6379:
6365:, p. 60;
6351:
6323:
6317:, p. 66;
6307:
6283:
6267:
6255:
6241:, p. 73;
6233:, p. 61;
6219:
6213:, p. 95;
6209:, p. 87;
6195:
6181:, p. 58;
6173:, p. 60;
6159:
6153:, p. 86;
6145:, p. 64;
6135:
6129:, p. 92;
6121:, p. 54;
6103:
6097:, p. 85;
6093:, p. 54;
6085:, p. 51;
6075:
6059:
6047:
6031:
5999:
5997:, p. 103.
5993:, p. 94;
5979:
5973:, p. 77;
5969:, p. 53;
5955:
5953:, p. 172.
5943:
5937:, p. 87;
5915:
5909:, p. 48;
5905:, p. 55;
5901:, p. 42;
5891:
5885:, p. 78;
5871:
5839:
5833:, p. 88;
5829:, p. 78;
5825:, p. 47;
5817:, p. 41;
5807:
5801:, p. 44;
5787:
5775:
5759:
5757:, p. 165.
5747:
5733:, p. 44;
5715:
5693:, p. 35;
5683:
5677:, p. 66;
5673:, p. 37;
5659:
5643:
5637:, p. 66;
5629:, p. 43;
5625:, p. 36;
5615:
5609:, p. 64;
5595:
5589:, p. 48;
5585:, p. 67;
5581:, p. 30;
5573:, p. 40;
5563:
5557:, p. 48;
5549:, p. 29;
5531:
5525:, p. 47;
5505:, p. 24;
5495:
5483:
5469:, p. 35;
5451:
5437:, p. 31;
5427:
5417:, p. 53;
5399:
5393:, p. 53;
5379:
5373:, p. 44;
5369:, p. 48;
5351:
5323:
5317:, p. 34;
5313:, p. 49;
5299:
5289:, p. 47;
5285:, p. 22;
5271:
5265:, p. 33;
5261:, p. 24;
5247:
5237:, p. 23;
5223:
5217:, p. 33;
5205:, p. 26;
5201:, p. 23;
5191:
5185:, p. 33;
5181:, p. 44;
5167:
5151:
5123:
5113:, p. 41;
5095:
5085:, p. 40;
5069:, p. 23;
5059:
5045:, p. 12;
5037:, p. 21;
5027:
5005:, p. 21;
4995:
4989:, p. 19;
4985:, p. 11;
4971:
4959:
4953:, p. 18;
4949:, p. 10;
4945:, p. 68;
4935:
4929:, p. 18;
4925:, p. 35;
4921:, p. 10;
4917:, p. 68;
4907:
4901:, p. 18;
4897:, p. 34;
4883:
4859:
4831:
4825:, p. 32;
4821:, p. 56;
4811:
4801:, p. 32;
4787:
4781:, p. 14;
4773:, p. 52;
4763:
4751:
4739:
4715:
4693:, p. 17;
4683:
4677:, p. 43;
4667:
4661:, p. 18;
4639:
4633:, p. 27;
4629:, p. 25;
4615:
4595:
4569:, p. 17;
4559:
4547:
4537:, p. 25;
4529:, p. 20;
4519:
4505:, p. 24;
4487:
4477:, p. 12;
4473:, p. 16;
4463:
4457:, p. 15;
4447:
4435:
4417:, p. 15;
4407:
4401:, p. 17;
4391:
4371:
4359:
4349:, p. 26;
4339:
4327:
4321:, p. 23;
4307:
4287:
4277:, p. 17;
4269:, p. 16;
4259:
4220:(3): 141â152.
4196:
4179:
4173:, p. 17;
4169:, p. 21;
4155:
4129:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4059:Mandela effect
4056:
4049:
4046:
3961:
3958:
3935:Order of Merit
3890:Main article:
3887:
3884:
3837:Mandela statue
3828:
3825:
3806:Elleke Boehmer
3766:
3762:Indian cuisine
3705:
3702:
3656:
3653:
3631:
3628:
3601:The historian
3580:
3578:
3575:
3521:Main article:
3518:
3515:
3504:Mandla Mandela
3436:George W. Bush
3427:
3424:
3404:George W. Bush
3373:46664 campaign
3356:in July 2001.
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3281:
3278:
3160:
3157:
3071:
3068:
2986:Rainbow Nation
2966:
2964:
2961:
2947:of the ANC in
2907:Anglo American
2858:Main article:
2855:
2852:
2789:Main article:
2786:
2783:
2735:bill of rights
2713:Bisho massacre
2711:Following the
2675:unitary system
2671:federal system
2657:
2654:
2553:
2550:
2545:Main article:
2542:
2539:
2518:F. W. de Klerk
2486:
2483:
2405:Ahmed Kathrada
2392:
2389:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2237:hunger strikes
2204:
2201:
2193:death sentence
2168:Quartus de Wet
2136:
2110:Donald Rickard
2102:Cecil Williams
2094:Main article:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2075:William Tubman
2051:Julius Nyerere
2037:(PAFMECSA) in
2007:
2003:Raymond Mhlaba
1960:Albert Luthuli
1948:'s 1905 novel
1932:
1929:
1789:
1784:Main article:
1781:
1778:
1745:cell structure
1685:Mahatma Gandhi
1683:influenced by
1653:Vladimir Lenin
1625:general strike
1608:
1605:
1598:, replaced by
1579:National Party
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1412:Lazar Sidelsky
1408:articled clerk
1383:
1380:
1364:British Empire
1268:
1265:
1203:
1174:Thembu Kingdom
1152:Mandela family
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1121:, he received
1119:social justice
1084:combat poverty
1052:F. W. de Klerk
977:National Party
926:reconciliation
918:His government
906:anti-apartheid
840:
839:
836:
835:
826:
816:
811:
810:
809:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
792:
788:
787:
785:Writing career
781:
780:
778:
777:
774:
771:
767:
765:
761:
760:
751:
747:
746:
739:
735:
734:
732:
731:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
683:Sakharov Prize
679:
677:
673:
672:
667:
663:
662:
660:
659:
656:
655:philanthropist
653:
650:
646:
644:
640:
639:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
613:
607:
606:
588:
584:
583:
567:
561:
560:
559:
558:
533:
529:
524:
523:
522:
521:
496:
492:
487:
486:
485:
484:
481:
479:
475:
474:
464:
458:
457:
452:
448:
447:
440:
436:
435:
434:, South Africa
429:(aged 95)
423:
419:
418:
398:
396:
392:
391:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
350:
349:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
314:Albert Luthuli
311:
307:
306:
296:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
257:
256:
249:
248:
245:
239:
238:
233:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
210:
208:
202:
201:
191:
190:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
158:
152:
151:
149:
148:
143:
137:
135:
129:
128:
118:
117:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
94:
93:
58:
56:Nelson Mandela
55:
52:His Excellency
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23301:
23290:
23287:
23285:
23282:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23272:
23270:
23267:
23265:
23262:
23260:
23257:
23255:
23252:
23250:
23247:
23245:
23242:
23240:
23237:
23235:
23232:
23230:
23227:
23225:
23222:
23220:
23217:
23215:
23212:
23210:
23207:
23205:
23202:
23200:
23197:
23195:
23192:
23190:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23177:
23175:
23172:
23170:
23167:
23165:
23162:
23160:
23157:
23155:
23152:
23150:
23147:
23145:
23142:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23075:
23072:
23070:
23067:
23065:
23062:
23060:
23057:
23055:
23052:
23050:
23047:
23045:
23042:
23040:
23037:
23035:
23032:
23030:
23027:
23025:
23022:
23020:
23017:
23015:
23012:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23002:
23000:
22997:
22995:
22992:
22990:
22987:
22985:
22982:
22980:
22977:
22976:
22974:
22964:
22954:
22952:
22947:
22942:
22940:
22930:
22928:
22918:
22917:
22914:
22894:
22890:
22887:
22886:Mother Teresa
22883:
22880:
22876:
22873:
22869:
22866:
22862:
22859:
22855:
22852:
22848:
22845:
22841:
22838:
22834:
22831:
22827:
22824:
22820:
22817:
22813:
22810:
22806:
22803:
22799:
22795:
22792:
22788:
22785:
22781:
22778:
22774:
22771:
22767:
22764:
22760:
22757:
22753:
22752:
22750:
22746:
22739:
22735:
22732:
22728:
22725:
22721:
22720:Francis Crick
22717:
22714:
22710:
22707:
22703:
22700:
22696:
22693:
22689:
22686:
22685:Leakey family
22682:
22679:
22675:
22672:
22668:
22665:
22661:
22658:
22654:
22651:
22650:Sigmund Freud
22647:
22644:
22640:
22637:
22633:
22630:
22626:
22623:
22619:
22616:
22615:Rachel Carson
22612:
22609:
22605:
22602:
22601:Leo Baekeland
22598:
22597:
22595:
22591:
22584:
22580:
22577:
22573:
22570:
22566:
22563:
22562:David Sarnoff
22559:
22556:
22552:
22549:
22545:
22542:
22538:
22535:
22531:
22528:
22524:
22521:
22520:Lucky Luciano
22517:
22514:
22510:
22507:
22503:
22500:
22496:
22493:
22489:
22486:
22482:
22479:
22475:
22472:
22468:
22465:
22461:
22458:
22454:
22451:
22447:
22446:
22444:
22440:
22433:
22432:Oprah Winfrey
22429:
22426:
22422:
22419:
22415:
22412:
22411:Frank Sinatra
22408:
22405:
22401:
22398:
22394:
22391:
22390:Pablo Picasso
22387:
22384:
22380:
22377:
22373:
22370:
22369:Martha Graham
22366:
22363:
22359:
22356:
22352:
22349:
22345:
22342:
22338:
22335:
22331:
22328:
22324:
22321:
22320:Marlon Brando
22317:
22314:
22310:
22307:
22303:
22300:
22296:
22295:
22293:
22289:
22282:
22278:
22275:
22271:
22268:
22264:
22261:
22257:
22254:
22250:
22247:
22243:
22240:
22236:
22233:
22232:Ronald Reagan
22229:
22226:
22222:
22219:
22215:
22212:
22208:
22205:
22201:
22198:
22194:
22191:
22187:
22184:
22180:
22177:
22173:
22170:
22166:
22163:
22159:
22156:
22152:
22149:
22145:
22144:
22142:
22138:
22134:
22132:
22124:
22119:
22117:
22112:
22110:
22105:
22104:
22101:
22088:
22085:
22082:
22079:
22076:
22073:
22070:
22067:
22064:
22061:
22058:
22055:
22054:
22049:
22046:
22045:
22042:
22037:
22036:Ibrahim Prize
22030:
22025:
22023:
22018:
22016:
22011:
22010:
22007:
21995:
21992:
21990:
21987:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21975:
21974:Monique Zaahl
21972:
21970:
21967:
21965:
21962:
21960:
21957:
21955:
21952:
21950:
21949:Hamilton Naki
21947:
21945:
21942:
21941:
21939:
21933:
21927:
21924:
21922:
21919:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21862:
21859:
21857:
21854:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21778:
21776:
21770:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21754:
21751:
21749:
21748:Doris Lessing
21746:
21744:
21743:Frank Nabarro
21741:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21733:J. M. Coetzee
21731:
21729:
21726:
21724:
21721:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21713:Allan Cormack
21711:
21710:
21708:
21702:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21682:
21680:
21674:
21670:
21663:
21658:
21656:
21651:
21649:
21644:
21643:
21640:
21627:
21622:
21619:
21614:
21611:
21606:
21603:
21598:
21595:
21590:
21587:
21582:
21577:
21573:
21570:
21566:
21563:
21559:
21556:
21552:
21549:
21545:
21542:
21538:
21535:
21531:
21528:
21524:
21523:
21516:
21511:
21508:
21503:
21500:
21495:
21492:
21487:
21484:
21479:
21476:
21471:
21468:
21463:
21460:
21455:
21452:
21447:
21444:
21439:
21436:
21432:
21427:
21424:
21420:
21415:
21412:
21407:
21404:
21400:
21395:
21392:
21387:
21383:
21378:
21373:
21369:
21366:
21362:
21359:
21355:
21352:
21348:
21347:
21344:
21339:
21336:
21331:
21328:
21323:
21320:
21315:
21312:
21307:
21304:
21299:
21296:
21291:
21288:
21283:
21280:
21275:
21272:
21267:
21266:
21263:
21259:
21253:
21249:
21242:
21237:
21235:
21230:
21228:
21223:
21222:
21219:
21205:
21201:
21197:
21193:
21189:
21185:
21181:
21177:
21176:Kamala Harris
21173:
21169:
21165:
21161:
21156:
21155:
21150:
21146:
21142:
21138:
21132:
21128:
21124:
21120:
21116:
21112:
21111:Angela Merkel
21108:
21103:
21102:Salome Karwah
21099:
21095:
21090:
21086:
21082:
21078:
21074:
21070:
21069:The Protester
21066:
21062:
21058:
21054:
21050:
21046:
21042:
21038:
21034:
21030:
21026:
21021:
21020:Melinda Gates
21017:
21013:
21007:
21003:
20999:
20995:
20991:
20986:
20982:
20981:Coleen Rowley
20978:
20972:
20968:
20964:
20963:
20961:
20957:
20949:
20945:
20941:
20937:
20933:
20929:
20925:
20921:
20917:
20913:
20909:
20905:
20904:Newt Gingrich
20901:
20897:
20893:
20888:
20887:Yitzhak Rabin
20884:
20880:
20876:
20875:Yasser Arafat
20870:
20866:
20862:
20858:
20854:
20850:
20846:
20842:
20838:
20834:
20830:
20826:
20822:
20818:
20814:
20810:
20809:Deng Xiaoping
20806:
20802:
20798:
20794:
20793:Yuri Andropov
20790:
20789:Ronald Reagan
20786:
20782:
20778:
20774:
20770:
20766:
20765:Ronald Reagan
20762:
20758:
20754:
20750:
20749:Deng Xiaoping
20746:
20742:
20738:
20734:
20730:
20729:
20727:
20723:
20714:
20710:
20706:
20702:
20698:
20694:
20690:
20686:
20682:
20678:
20674:
20670:
20664:
20660:
20656:
20652:
20648:
20644:
20643:Richard Nixon
20640:
20636:
20632:
20631:Richard Nixon
20628:
20624:
20620:
20616:
20612:
20607:
20603:
20599:
20595:
20590:
20586:
20582:
20578:
20574:
20570:
20566:
20562:
20558:
20554:
20550:
20546:
20542:
20538:
20534:
20529:
20525:
20521:
20517:
20516:Edward Teller
20513:
20509:
20505:
20501:
20497:
20496:Linus Pauling
20493:
20492:Willard Libby
20489:
20485:
20481:
20477:
20473:
20472:George Beadle
20467:
20463:
20459:
20455:
20451:
20447:
20443:
20439:
20435:
20431:
20427:
20423:
20419:
20415:
20411:
20407:
20406:Elizabeth II
20403:
20399:
20395:
20394:
20392:
20388:
20380:
20376:
20372:
20368:
20364:
20360:
20356:
20352:
20348:
20344:
20340:
20336:
20332:
20328:
20324:
20320:
20316:
20315:Joseph Stalin
20312:
20308:
20304:
20300:
20296:
20292:
20291:Joseph Stalin
20288:
20284:
20280:
20276:
20272:
20268:
20264:
20260:
20256:
20252:
20248:
20244:
20240:
20236:
20232:
20228:
20224:
20220:
20216:
20212:
20208:
20207:Owen D. Young
20204:
20200:
20196:
20192:
20188:
20187:
20185:
20181:
20177:
20175:
20167:
20162:
20160:
20155:
20153:
20148:
20147:
20144:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20075:
20073:
20069:
20063:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20052:Ricardo Lagos
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20019:
20017:
20013:
20007:
20004:
20002:
19999:
19998:
19996:
19994:Deputy Chairs
19992:
19986:
19985:Mary Robinson
19983:
19982:
19980:
19976:
19972:
19965:
19960:
19958:
19953:
19951:
19946:
19945:
19942:
19925:
19921:
19918:
19914:
19912:
19908:
19906:
19902:
19900:
19896:
19894:
19890:
19886:
19884:
19880:
19878:
19874:
19872:
19868:
19864:
19862:
19858:
19857:
19854:
19847:
19843:
19833:
19829:
19826:
19822:
19820:
19816:
19814:
19810:
19808:
19804:
19800:
19798:
19794:
19791:
19787:
19783:
19779:
19775:
19773:
19769:
19767:
19763:
19761:
19757:
19755:
19751:
19749:
19745:
19743:
19739:
19737:
19733:
19731:
19727:
19725:
19721:
19717:
19713:
19709:
19707:
19703:
19699:
19695:
19691:
19687:
19683:
19679:
19677:
19673:
19669:
19667:
19663:
19661:
19657:
19655:
19654:Yasser Arafat
19651:
19650:Yitzhak Rabin
19647:
19645:
19641:
19639:
19635:
19631:
19628:
19624:
19622:
19618:
19616:
19612:
19608:
19606:
19602:
19600:
19596:
19594:
19590:
19586:
19584:
19583:RaĂșl AlfonsĂn
19580:
19578:
19574:
19572:
19568:
19566:
19562:
19560:
19556:
19555:
19552:
19545:
19541:
19536:
19528:
19523:
19521:
19516:
19514:
19509:
19508:
19505:
19491:
19487:
19483:
19479:
19475:
19471:
19467:
19463:
19459:
19455:
19451:
19447:
19443:
19439:
19435:
19431:
19427:
19423:
19419:
19415:
19411:
19407:
19403:
19399:
19395:
19391:
19387:
19383:
19379:
19375:
19371:
19367:
19363:
19359:
19355:
19351:
19347:
19343:
19339:
19335:
19331:
19327:
19326:
19323:
19319:
19312:
19307:
19305:
19300:
19298:
19293:
19292:
19289:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19221:
19217:
19216:
19213:
19206:
19203:
19200:
19197:
19196:
19194:
19192:
19188:
19181:
19178:
19175:
19172:
19171:
19169:
19167:
19163:
19156:
19153:
19150:
19147:
19146:
19144:
19142:
19138:
19131:
19128:
19125:
19122:
19121:
19119:
19117:
19113:
19108:
19107:Toni Morrison
19104:
19101:
19097:
19093:
19086:
19085:Michael Smith
19083:
19080:
19077:
19076:
19074:
19072:
19068:
19063:
19055:
19050:
19048:
19043:
19041:
19036:
19035:
19032:
19019:
19015:
19011:
19008:
19004:
19000:
18997:
18993:
18989:
18985:
18981:
18978:
18974:
18970:
18966:
18963:
18959:
18955:
18952:
18948:
18944:
18941:
18937:
18936:Denis Mukwege
18933:
18929:
18926:
18922:
18918:
18915:
18911:
18907:
18904:
18900:
18896:
18893:
18889:
18885:
18881:
18878:
18874:
18870:
18867:
18863:
18859:
18856:
18852:
18851:Leymah Gbowee
18848:
18844:
18840:
18837:
18833:
18829:
18826:
18822:
18818:
18815:
18811:
18807:
18804:
18800:
18796:
18792:
18789:
18785:
18781:
18777:
18774:
18770:
18766:
18762:
18759:
18755:
18751:
18748:
18744:
18740:
18737:
18733:
18729:
18726:
18722:
18718:
18714:
18713:
18711:
18707:
18700:
18695:
18692:
18687:
18684:
18683:David Trimble
18680:
18675:
18672:
18671:Jody Williams
18668:
18663:
18660:
18656:
18651:
18648:
18644:
18639:
18636:
18635:Yasser Arafat
18632:
18631:Yitzhak Rabin
18628:
18623:
18620:
18616:
18611:
18608:
18603:
18600:
18595:
18592:
18587:
18584:
18579:
18576:
18571:
18568:
18563:
18560:
18555:
18552:
18547:
18544:
18539:
18536:
18531:
18528:
18524:
18519:
18516:
18511:
18508:
18503:
18500:
18499:Mother Teresa
18495:
18492:
18488:
18483:
18480:
18475:
18472:
18468:
18463:
18462:
18460:
18456:
18449:
18444:
18441:
18437:
18436:SeĂĄn MacBride
18432:
18429:
18425:
18423:
18417:
18410:
18407:
18403:
18399:
18396:
18392:
18388:
18385:
18381:
18377:
18374:
18370:
18366:
18362:
18357:
18353:
18348:
18345:
18341:
18337:
18334:
18330:
18326:
18323:
18319:
18314:
18311:
18310:Linus Pauling
18306:
18303:
18298:
18295:
18290:
18287:
18282:
18279:
18274:
18271:
18266:
18259:
18252:
18249:
18244:
18241:
18236:
18233:
18228:
18225:
18220:
18219:
18217:
18213:
18206:
18201:
18198:
18197:John Boyd Orr
18193:
18186:
18183:
18179:
18174:
18171:
18167:
18162:
18159:
18154:
18151:
18146:
18139:
18132:
18125:
18118:
18111:
18108:
18103:
18100:
18095:
18092:
18087:
18084:
18079:
18076:
18071:
18068:
18067:Norman Angell
18063:
18056:
18053:
18049:
18044:
18041:
18036:
18033:
18028:
18021:
18018:
18017:Ludwig Quidde
18014:
18009:
18006:
18002:
17997:
17996:
17994:
17990:
17983:
17982:Charles Dawes
17979:
17974:
17967:
17960:
17957:
17952:
17949:
17945:
17940:
17937:
17932:
17929:
17924:
17917:
17914:
17909:
17902:
17895:
17888:
17885:
17880:
17877:
17872:
17869:
17865:
17860:
17857:
17852:
17849:
17845:
17840:
17837:
17836:Fredrik Bajer
17833:
17828:
17825:
17824:Louis Renault
17821:
17816:
17813:
17808:
17805:
17800:
17797:
17792:
17789:
17788:Randal Cremer
17784:
17781:
17780:Charles Gobat
17777:
17776:Ălie Ducommun
17772:
17769:
17765:
17761:
17757:
17756:
17754:
17750:
17746:
17742:
17735:
17730:
17728:
17723:
17721:
17716:
17715:
17712:
17699:
17696:
17693:
17690:
17687:
17684:
17681:
17678:
17675:
17674:Steve Tshwete
17672:
17669:
17666:
17663:
17660:
17657:
17656:Zola Skweyiya
17654:
17651:
17650:Stella Sigcau
17648:
17645:
17642:
17639:
17635:
17632:
17629:
17626:
17623:
17620:
17617:
17614:
17611:
17608:
17605:
17602:
17599:
17598:Trevor Manuel
17596:
17593:
17590:
17587:
17584:
17581:
17578:
17575:
17571:
17568:
17565:
17562:
17559:
17556:
17553:
17549:
17546:
17543:
17542:Derek Hanekom
17540:
17539:
17537:
17533:
17527:
17524:
17523:
17521:
17517:
17511:
17508:
17507:
17505:
17501:
17496:
17489:
17484:
17482:
17477:
17475:
17470:
17469:
17466:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17443:Steve Tshwete
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17433:Zola Skweyiya
17431:
17429:
17428:Stella Sigcau
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17338:Trevor Manuel
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17308:Derek Hanekom
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17270:
17268:
17264:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17249:
17247:
17243:
17237:
17234:
17233:
17231:
17227:
17222:
17215:
17210:
17208:
17203:
17201:
17196:
17195:
17192:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17026:
17023:
17019:
17012:
17007:
17005:
17000:
16998:
16993:
16992:
16989:
16976:
16969:
16966:
16963:
16959:
16956:
16953:
16950:
16947:
16944:
16941:
16937:
16934:
16931:
16927:
16924:
16923:
16921:
16916:
16912:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16885:
16882:
16879:
16876:
16873:
16870:
16868:
16865:
16862:
16859:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16836:
16832:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16790:
16783:
16778:
16776:
16771:
16769:
16764:
16763:
16760:
16750:
16749:
16736:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16721:
16719:
16717:
16711:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16684:Radio Freedom
16682:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16672:
16670:
16669:Rivonia Trial
16667:
16665:
16662:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16651:
16649:
16647:
16641:
16635:
16634:
16630:
16628:
16627:Luthuli House
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16594:
16592:
16588:
16581:
16578:
16575:
16572:
16569:
16566:
16563:
16560:
16557:
16554:
16551:
16548:
16545:
16542:
16539:
16536:
16533:
16530:
16529:
16527:
16525:
16519:
16504:
16501:
16498:
16497:Ace Magashule
16495:
16492:
16489:
16486:
16483:
16480:
16477:
16474:
16471:
16468:
16465:
16462:
16459:
16456:
16455:Walter Sisulu
16453:
16450:
16447:
16444:
16441:
16438:
16435:
16432:
16429:
16426:
16423:
16420:
16417:
16414:
16411:
16408:
16407:
16405:
16401:
16394:
16391:
16388:
16385:
16382:
16379:
16376:
16373:
16370:
16367:
16364:
16361:
16358:
16357:Walter Sisulu
16355:
16352:
16349:
16346:
16343:
16340:
16337:
16334:
16331:
16330:
16328:
16324:
16317:
16314:
16311:
16308:
16305:
16302:
16299:
16296:
16293:
16290:
16287:
16284:
16281:
16278:
16275:
16272:
16269:
16266:
16263:
16260:
16257:
16254:
16251:
16248:
16245:
16242:
16239:
16236:
16235:
16233:
16229:
16226:
16222:
16218:
16214:
16205:
16200:
16198:
16193:
16191:
16186:
16185:
16182:
16176:
16169:
16157:
16156:
16147:
16146:
16143:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16121:London statue
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16100:
16096:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16062:
16059:
16058:
16057:
16054:
16053:
16051:
16047:
16040:
16039:Ndaba Mandela
16037:
16034:
16031:
16028:
16025:
16022:
16019:
16016:
16013:
16010:
16007:
16004:
16001:
15998:
15995:
15992:
15989:
15986:
15983:
15980:
15977:
15974:
15971:
15968:
15965:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15952:
15946:
15944:
15943:Mandela's Gun
15940:
15938:
15936:
15932:
15930:
15928:
15924:
15922:
15920:
15916:
15914:
15912:
15908:
15906:
15904:
15900:
15898:
15896:
15892:
15890:
15888:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15876:
15874:
15872:
15868:
15866:
15864:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15853:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15763:
15761:
15755:
15749:
15747:
15743:
15741:
15739:
15735:
15733:
15731:
15727:
15725:
15723:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15713:
15711:
15705:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15658:1994 election
15656:
15655:
15653:
15651:
15647:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15630:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15573:Robben Island
15571:
15569:
15568:Rivonia Trial
15566:
15564:
15563:Treason Trial
15561:
15557:
15554:
15553:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15533:
15531:
15527:
15520:
15517:
15514:
15509:
15508:
15505:
15501:
15494:
15489:
15487:
15482:
15480:
15475:
15474:
15471:
15462:
15453:
15451:
15443:
15437:
15432:
15428:
15419:
15418:
15411:
15405:
15400:
15396:
15387:
15386:
15379:
15378:
15377:
15369:
15363:
15358:
15352:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15320:
15314:
15310:
15309:
15305:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15246:
15242:
15238:
15234:
15230:
15226:
15222:
15218:
15214:
15210:
15206:
15202:
15198:
15194:
15189:
15185:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15160:
15156:
15152:
15148:
15144:
15140:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15124:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15108:
15104:
15099:
15095:
15089:
15085:
15084:Young Mandela
15081:
15077:
15073:
15067:
15063:
15059:
15055:
15051:
15047:
15043:
15039:
15035:
15031:
15027:
15022:
15018:
15014:
15010:
15006:
15002:
14998:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14981:
14977:
14973:
14969:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14951:
14947:
14942:
14938:
14932:
14927:
14926:
14920:
14916:
14912:
14906:
14902:
14898:
14894:
14890:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14865:
14861:
14855:
14851:
14846:
14842:
14836:
14832:
14827:
14815:
14811:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14796:
14792:
14788:
14784:
14780:
14776:
14771:
14767:
14761:
14757:
14752:
14750:
14746:
14742:
14741:
14736:
14732:
14728:
14724:
14719:
14715:
14709:
14705:
14700:
14696:
14690:
14686:
14681:
14677:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14655:
14649:
14645:
14640:
14639:
14632:
14628:
14624:
14620:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14586:
14582:
14578:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14562:
14558:
14557:Forster, Dion
14554:
14550:
14546:
14542:
14538:
14534:
14530:
14525:
14521:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14491:
14487:
14483:
14479:
14473:
14469:
14464:
14460:
14455:
14451:
14445:
14441:
14436:
14424:
14420:
14416:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14378:
14374:
14370:
14366:
14362:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14347:(1): 78â101.
14346:
14342:
14337:
14333:
14327:
14323:
14318:
14314:
14308:
14304:
14299:
14295:
14289:
14285:
14280:
14279:
14267:
14262:
14256:, p. 41.
14255:
14250:
14248:
14231:
14227:
14223:
14216:
14209:
14204:
14197:
14192:
14185:
14180:
14178:
14176:
14168:
14163:
14147:
14143:
14137:
14118:
14111:
14105:
14089:
14085:
14079:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14029:
14025:
14021:
14015:
13999:
13995:
13988:
13972:
13968:
13962:
13946:
13942:
13936:
13920:
13916:
13910:
13895:on 2 May 2013
13894:
13890:
13884:
13868:
13864:
13860:
13854:
13838:
13834:
13828:
13812:
13808:
13804:
13798:
13782:
13778:
13772:
13756:
13752:
13751:
13747:
13741:
13725:
13721:
13715:
13707:
13700:
13698:
13696:
13688:
13683:
13676:
13673:, p. 2;
13672:
13667:
13659:
13655:
13648:
13641:
13636:
13630:, p. 46.
13629:
13624:
13617:
13612:
13605:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13589:, p. 17.
13588:
13583:
13576:
13571:
13564:
13559:
13552:
13547:
13540:
13539:Meredith 2010
13535:
13528:
13523:
13517:, p. xv.
13516:
13515:Meredith 2010
13511:
13505:, p. 13.
13504:
13499:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13469:
13453:
13449:
13445:
13439:
13423:
13419:
13412:
13405:
13400:
13394:, p. 16.
13393:
13388:
13381:
13377:
13372:
13365:
13361:
13360:Meredith 2010
13356:
13349:
13344:
13337:
13332:
13325:
13320:
13313:
13309:
13304:
13297:
13296:Meredith 2010
13292:
13276:
13272:
13268:
13262:
13255:
13251:
13250:Meredith 2010
13246:
13239:
13235:
13234:Meredith 2010
13230:
13223:
13219:
13215:
13214:Meredith 2010
13211:
13207:
13203:
13198:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13178:
13172:, p. 36.
13171:
13167:
13163:
13158:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13142:Meredith 2010
13138:
13122:
13118:
13112:
13106:, p. 21.
13105:
13104:Meredith 2010
13100:
13094:, p. 78.
13093:
13088:
13081:
13076:
13069:
13064:
13058:, p. 86.
13057:
13052:
13046:, p. 65.
13045:
13040:
13033:
13028:
13022:, p. 89.
13021:
13016:
13009:
13004:
12998:, p. 29.
12997:
12992:
12985:
12980:
12973:
12972:Meredith 2010
12968:
12961:
12956:
12949:
12944:
12937:
12936:Meredith 2010
12932:
12925:
12921:
12916:
12909:
12904:
12897:
12896:Meredith 2010
12893:
12888:
12881:
12877:
12876:Meredith 2010
12872:
12865:
12860:
12853:
12852:Meredith 2010
12848:
12846:
12838:
12837:Meredith 2010
12834:
12829:
12823:, p. 87.
12822:
12817:
12810:
12805:
12798:
12793:
12786:
12781:
12774:
12769:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12744:Khumalo, Fred
12739:
12732:
12728:
12727:Meredith 2010
12724:
12719:
12712:
12707:
12700:
12695:
12688:
12683:
12677:, p. 51.
12676:
12671:
12664:
12660:
12655:
12648:
12643:
12636:
12631:
12629:
12621:
12616:
12609:
12604:
12598:, p. 17.
12597:
12592:
12585:
12580:
12573:
12568:
12561:
12556:
12550:, p. 18.
12549:
12544:
12537:
12532:
12525:
12521:
12516:
12509:
12504:
12497:
12492:
12485:
12481:
12476:
12470:, p. xi.
12469:
12464:
12457:
12452:
12445:
12440:
12433:
12428:
12421:
12416:
12409:
12404:
12397:
12392:
12385:
12380:
12373:
12368:
12361:
12356:
12349:
12344:
12337:
12332:
12325:
12320:
12313:
12308:
12301:
12296:
12294:
12292:
12290:
12288:
12281:, p. ix.
12280:
12275:
12273:
12266:, p. 14.
12265:
12261:
12256:
12249:
12245:
12240:
12233:
12229:
12228:Meredith 2010
12225:
12221:
12216:
12209:
12204:
12196:
12192:
12188:
12181:
12174:
12169:
12167:
12159:
12154:
12138:
12134:
12130:
12124:
12108:
12104:
12103:The Telegraph
12099:
12091:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12060:
12044:
12040:
12036:
12029:
12013:
12009:
12005:
11998:
11982:
11978:
11974:
11968:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11936:
11919:
11915:
11909:
11893:
11889:
11883:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11853:
11845:
11839:
11823:
11819:
11818:The Telegraph
11815:
11808:
11792:
11788:
11782:
11766:
11762:
11761:The Telegraph
11758:
11752:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11722:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11692:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11632:
11625:
11620:
11604:
11600:
11599:The Telegraph
11596:
11580:
11576:
11572:
11565:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11534:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11511:
11504:
11499:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11469:
11462:
11458:
11457:Meredith 2010
11453:
11451:
11434:
11430:
11426:
11419:
11403:
11399:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11359:
11354:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11331:
11329:
11320:
11316:
11309:
11307:
11299:
11295:
11294:Meredith 2010
11290:
11283:
11278:
11262:
11258:
11242:
11238:
11231:
11224:
11219:
11203:
11199:
11192:
11176:
11172:
11165:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11134:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11111:
11096:on 8 May 2013
11095:
11091:
11084:
11077:
11072:
11056:
11052:
11051:
11046:
11040:
11033:
11028:
11026:
11018:
11014:
11013:Meredith 2010
11010:
11005:
10998:
10994:
10993:Meredith 2010
10989:
10982:
10978:
10977:Meredith 2010
10973:
10966:
10961:
10954:
10949:
10942:
10937:
10930:
10926:
10925:Meredith 2010
10921:
10914:
10910:
10909:Meredith 2010
10905:
10898:
10894:
10893:Meredith 2010
10890:
10885:
10878:
10874:
10869:
10862:
10857:
10855:
10847:
10843:
10838:
10831:
10826:
10819:
10814:
10807:
10803:
10802:Meredith 2010
10799:
10795:
10790:
10783:
10778:
10762:
10758:
10752:
10745:
10741:
10736:
10729:
10724:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10704:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10684:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10652:
10648:
10642:
10635:
10631:
10627:
10622:
10615:
10610:
10603:
10598:
10596:
10588:
10583:
10581:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10557:
10553:
10548:
10541:
10536:
10529:
10524:
10517:
10512:
10505:
10500:
10493:
10489:
10484:
10477:
10472:
10465:
10461:
10460:Meredith 2010
10457:
10452:
10445:
10441:
10440:Meredith 2010
10436:
10429:
10424:
10417:
10413:
10412:Meredith 2010
10408:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10378:
10363:
10359:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10326:
10319:
10318:Meredith 2010
10315:
10311:
10306:
10299:
10294:
10287:
10282:
10266:
10262:
10244:
10237:
10231:
10224:
10219:
10200:
10193:
10186:
10179:
10178:Meredith 2010
10175:
10170:
10164:, p. 62.
10163:
10158:
10156:
10148:
10147:Meredith 2010
10144:
10139:
10132:
10127:
10120:
10116:
10115:Meredith 2010
10111:
10104:
10103:Meredith 2010
10099:
10092:
10088:
10087:Meredith 2010
10083:
10076:
10072:
10071:Meredith 2010
10067:
10060:
10056:
10055:Meredith 2010
10051:
10044:
10040:
10039:Meredith 2010
10036:
10031:
10015:
10011:
10007:
9991:
9987:
9983:
9977:
9970:
9966:
9965:Meredith 2010
9962:
9957:
9950:
9946:
9945:Meredith 2010
9941:
9934:
9930:
9929:Meredith 2010
9926:
9921:
9914:
9910:
9909:Meredith 2010
9906:
9901:
9899:
9891:
9886:
9879:
9874:
9867:
9863:
9858:
9851:
9847:
9846:Meredith 2010
9843:
9838:
9831:
9826:
9819:
9814:
9812:
9804:
9800:
9799:Meredith 2010
9796:
9791:
9784:
9780:
9779:Meredith 2010
9775:
9768:
9767:Meredith 2010
9764:
9759:
9752:
9748:
9747:Meredith 2010
9744:
9739:
9732:
9728:
9727:Meredith 2010
9724:
9719:
9712:
9707:
9700:
9695:
9688:
9683:
9676:
9672:
9671:Meredith 2010
9667:
9660:
9656:
9655:Meredith 2010
9652:
9648:
9643:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9610:
9607:, p. 3;
9606:
9601:
9594:
9590:
9589:Meredith 2010
9585:
9578:
9574:
9573:Meredith 2010
9569:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9538:
9531:
9527:
9526:Meredith 2010
9523:
9518:
9511:
9507:
9506:Meredith 2010
9502:
9495:
9491:
9490:Meredith 2010
9486:
9479:
9478:Meredith 2010
9475:
9471:
9466:
9459:
9454:
9447:
9442:
9435:
9431:
9430:Meredith 2010
9427:
9422:
9415:
9411:
9410:Meredith 2010
9406:
9399:
9395:
9394:Meredith 2010
9391:
9386:
9379:
9375:
9374:Meredith 2010
9371:
9367:
9362:
9360:
9352:
9347:
9340:
9336:
9335:Meredith 2010
9332:
9327:
9320:
9316:
9315:Meredith 2010
9312:
9307:
9300:
9296:
9295:Meredith 2010
9292:
9287:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9267:
9260:
9256:
9255:Meredith 2010
9252:
9247:
9240:
9239:Meredith 2010
9236:
9231:
9224:
9220:
9219:Meredith 2010
9216:
9212:
9207:
9200:
9199:Meredith 2010
9196:
9191:
9184:
9180:
9179:Meredith 2010
9176:
9172:
9167:
9160:
9156:
9155:Meredith 2010
9151:
9144:
9140:
9139:Meredith 2010
9136:
9133:, p. 6;
9132:
9127:
9120:
9116:
9115:Meredith 2010
9111:
9104:
9100:
9099:Meredith 2010
9095:
9088:
9084:
9083:Meredith 2010
9080:
9076:
9071:
9069:
9061:
9057:
9056:Meredith 2010
9052:
9045:
9041:
9040:Meredith 2010
9036:
9034:
9026:
9022:
9017:
9010:
9006:
9005:Meredith 2010
9002:
8997:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8974:
8970:
8969:Meredith 2010
8966:
8962:
8957:
8950:
8946:
8945:Meredith 2010
8942:
8937:
8921:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8899:
8898:Meredith 2010
8896:, p. 2;
8895:
8890:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8859:
8852:
8848:
8847:Meredith 2010
8844:
8839:
8832:
8827:
8811:
8807:
8801:
8794:
8790:
8789:Meredith 2010
8786:
8783:, p. 1;
8782:
8778:
8773:
8766:
8762:
8757:
8750:
8746:
8745:Meredith 2010
8742:
8737:
8730:
8726:
8725:Meredith 2010
8722:
8718:
8713:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8682:
8675:
8670:
8663:
8659:
8658:Meredith 2010
8655:
8651:
8646:
8639:
8635:
8634:Meredith 2010
8631:
8627:
8622:
8615:
8611:
8610:Meredith 2010
8607:
8603:
8598:
8591:
8587:
8582:
8575:
8571:
8570:Meredith 2010
8567:
8562:
8555:
8550:
8543:
8538:
8531:
8527:
8526:Meredith 2010
8522:
8515:
8511:
8510:Meredith 2010
8507:
8503:
8498:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8465:
8461:
8460:Meredith 2010
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8440:
8433:
8432:Meredith 2010
8429:
8424:
8417:
8413:
8412:Meredith 2010
8409:
8405:
8401:
8396:
8389:
8385:
8384:Meredith 2010
8381:
8377:
8372:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8349:
8348:Meredith 2010
8344:
8337:
8333:
8332:Meredith 2010
8329:
8324:
8317:
8313:
8312:Meredith 2010
8309:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8277:
8273:
8272:Meredith 2010
8269:
8264:
8257:
8253:
8248:
8241:
8236:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8220:Meredith 2010
8217:
8212:
8205:
8201:
8200:Meredith 2010
8197:
8193:
8188:
8181:
8176:
8169:
8165:
8164:Meredith 2010
8161:
8157:
8152:
8145:
8140:
8133:
8128:
8122:, p. 60.
8121:
8116:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8093:
8089:
8088:Meredith 2010
8085:
8080:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8057:
8053:
8052:Meredith 2010
8048:
8041:
8037:
8036:Meredith 2010
8033:
8029:
8024:
8017:
8013:
8012:Meredith 2010
8009:
8004:
7997:
7993:
7992:Meredith 2010
7988:
7981:
7977:
7976:Meredith 2010
7972:
7965:
7961:
7960:Meredith 2010
7956:
7949:
7945:
7944:Meredith 2010
7940:
7933:
7929:
7928:Meredith 2010
7924:
7917:
7913:
7912:Meredith 2010
7909:
7904:
7897:
7893:
7892:Meredith 2010
7888:
7881:
7880:Meredith 2010
7877:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7857:
7853:
7852:Meredith 2010
7849:
7845:
7840:
7833:
7829:
7828:Meredith 2010
7825:
7821:
7816:
7809:
7805:
7804:Meredith 2010
7801:
7797:
7793:
7788:
7781:
7777:
7776:Meredith 2010
7773:
7768:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7720:Meredith 2010
7717:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7688:Meredith 2010
7685:
7680:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7660:Meredith 2010
7657:
7653:
7648:
7641:
7640:Meredith 2010
7637:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7608:Meredith 2010
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7572:Meredith 2010
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7515:, p. 74.
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7501:Meredith 2010
7498:
7494:
7489:
7482:
7478:
7477:Meredith 2010
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7437:
7430:
7426:
7421:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7379:Meredith 2010
7375:
7368:
7364:
7363:Meredith 2010
7360:
7355:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7339:Meredith 2010
7336:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7303:Meredith 2010
7300:
7296:
7291:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7275:Meredith 2010
7272:
7268:
7264:
7259:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7243:Meredith 2010
7240:
7236:
7231:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7200:
7196:
7195:Meredith 2010
7192:
7188:
7183:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7131:Meredith 2010
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7103:Meredith 2010
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7075:Meredith 2010
7072:
7067:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7003:
6998:
6991:
6986:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6967:Meredith 2010
6964:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6944:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6919:Meredith 2010
6916:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6891:Meredith 2010
6888:
6883:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6863:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6847:Meredith 2010
6844:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6819:Meredith 2010
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6783:Meredith 2010
6780:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6751:Meredith 2010
6748:
6743:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6727:Meredith 2010
6724:
6720:
6715:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6699:Meredith 2010
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6663:Meredith 2010
6660:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6631:Meredith 2010
6628:
6623:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6607:Meredith 2010
6604:
6599:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6583:Meredith 2010
6580:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6560:
6559:Meredith 2010
6555:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6539:Meredith 2010
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6519:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6479:Meredith 2010
6476:
6471:
6464:
6460:
6459:Meredith 2010
6456:
6451:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6424:
6423:Meredith 2010
6419:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6403:Meredith 2010
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6383:
6377:, p. 84.
6376:
6372:
6368:
6367:Meredith 2010
6364:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6339:Meredith 2010
6336:
6332:
6327:
6321:, p. 92.
6320:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6295:Meredith 2010
6292:
6287:
6280:
6276:
6275:Meredith 2010
6271:
6264:
6259:
6252:
6248:
6247:Meredith 2010
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6216:
6212:
6211:Meredith 2010
6208:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6183:Meredith 2010
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6157:, p. 73.
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6132:
6128:
6127:Meredith 2010
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6073:, p. 68.
6072:
6068:
6063:
6057:, p. 47.
6056:
6051:
6044:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6023:Meredith 2010
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5996:
5995:Meredith 2010
5992:
5988:
5983:
5977:, p. 92.
5976:
5975:Meredith 2010
5972:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5936:
5935:Meredith 2010
5932:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5913:, p. 94.
5912:
5911:Meredith 2010
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5868:
5864:
5863:Meredith 2010
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5836:
5832:
5831:Meredith 2010
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5785:, p. 26.
5784:
5779:
5773:, p. 35.
5772:
5768:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5744:
5740:
5739:Meredith 2010
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5708:
5707:Meredith 2010
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5681:, p. 49.
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5657:, p. 42.
5656:
5652:
5647:
5641:, p. 48.
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5612:
5611:Meredith 2010
5608:
5604:
5599:
5593:, p. 36.
5592:
5588:
5587:Meredith 2010
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5561:, p. 36.
5560:
5556:
5555:Meredith 2010
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5529:, p. 36.
5528:
5524:
5523:Meredith 2010
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5476:
5475:Meredith 2010
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5449:, p. 54.
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5420:
5419:Meredith 2010
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5396:
5395:Meredith 2010
5392:
5388:
5383:
5377:, p. 37.
5376:
5372:
5371:Meredith 2010
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5348:
5344:
5343:Meredith 2010
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5321:, p. 34.
5320:
5316:
5315:Meredith 2010
5312:
5308:
5303:
5297:, p. 33.
5296:
5292:
5291:Meredith 2010
5288:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5269:, p. 34.
5268:
5264:
5263:Meredith 2010
5260:
5256:
5251:
5245:, p. 33.
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5221:, p. 33.
5220:
5216:
5215:Meredith 2010
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5189:, p. 34.
5188:
5184:
5183:Meredith 2010
5180:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5144:
5143:Meredith 2010
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5116:
5115:Meredith 2010
5112:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5092:
5088:
5087:Meredith 2010
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5051:Meredith 2010
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5019:Meredith 2010
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4993:, p. 26.
4992:
4988:
4987:Meredith 2010
4984:
4980:
4975:
4969:, p. 25.
4968:
4963:
4957:, p. 93.
4956:
4952:
4951:Meredith 2010
4948:
4944:
4939:
4933:, p. 25.
4932:
4928:
4927:Meredith 2010
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4905:, p. 25.
4904:
4900:
4899:Meredith 2010
4896:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4876:
4875:Meredith 2010
4872:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4851:Meredith 2010
4848:
4845:, p. 9;
4844:
4840:
4835:
4829:, p. 15.
4828:
4827:Meredith 2010
4824:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4803:Meredith 2010
4800:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4780:
4779:Meredith 2010
4776:
4772:
4767:
4761:, p. 17.
4760:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4737:, p. 15.
4736:
4732:
4731:Meredith 2010
4728:
4724:
4719:
4713:, p. 14.
4712:
4708:
4707:Meredith 2010
4704:
4701:, p. 8;
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4681:, p. 11.
4680:
4679:Meredith 2010
4676:
4671:
4664:
4663:Meredith 2010
4660:
4657:, p. 3;
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4635:Meredith 2010
4632:
4628:
4625:, p. 7;
4624:
4619:
4612:
4611:Meredith 2010
4608:
4605:, p. 7;
4604:
4599:
4592:
4589:, p. 5;
4588:
4587:Meredith 2010
4584:
4581:, p. 3;
4580:
4576:
4573:, p. 4;
4572:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4541:, p. 5;
4540:
4539:Meredith 2010
4536:
4533:, p. 3;
4532:
4528:
4523:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:Meredith 2010
4504:
4501:, p. 3;
4500:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4483:Meredith 2010
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4459:Meredith 2010
4456:
4451:
4445:, p. 19.
4444:
4439:
4432:
4428:
4427:Meredith 2010
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4403:Meredith 2010
4400:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4369:, p. 19.
4368:
4363:
4356:
4353:, p. 1;
4352:
4348:
4343:
4337:, p. 26.
4336:
4331:
4324:
4323:Meredith 2010
4320:
4317:, p. 3;
4316:
4311:
4305:, p. 16.
4304:
4301:, p. 2;
4300:
4297:, p. 4;
4296:
4291:
4284:
4281:, p. 2;
4280:
4279:Meredith 2010
4276:
4273:, p. 3;
4272:
4268:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4165:, p. 3;
4164:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:Hugh Masekela
3992:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3838:
3833:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3739:Madiba shirts
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3714:Madiba shirts
3710:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3574:
3571:
3570:state funeral
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3549:Thabo Makgoba
3547:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3468:Robert Mugabe
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:Edwin Cameron
3130:Critics like
3128:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:mixed economy
3076:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:Daniel Theron
3033:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:, Joe Slovo,
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2971:
2960:
2958:
2957:Samora Machel
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:Groote Schuur
2877:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2801:1994 election
2797:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Liberty Medal
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:KwaZulu-Natal
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2561:Luthuli House
2558:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2467:majority rule
2463:
2462:Kobie Coetsee
2459:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:Ronald Reagan
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2287:agent of the
2284:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:Eddie Daniels
2242:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Robben Island
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:Rivonia Trial
2151:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2096:Rivonia Trial
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2028:Dingane's Day
2025:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:Treason Trial
1891:. The formal
1890:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1867:(1960â2020).
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1786:Treason Trial
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:Lillian Ngoyi
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1591:direct action
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Anton Lembede
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:class warfare
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Walter Sisulu
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:, as well as
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Fort Beaufort
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:Cape Province
1159:
1153:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Robben Island
1036:
1034:
1033:Rivonia Trial
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:and the 1955
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:anti-colonial
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
890:
889:
879:
846:
837:
814:
805:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:Notable works
789:
786:
782:
775:
772:
769:
768:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
657:
654:
651:
648:
647:
645:
641:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
614:
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:6, including
589:
585:
564:
563:Graça Simbine
557:
556:
527:
520:
519:
490:
483:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
459:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:Resting place
437:
433:
424:
420:
417:
413:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
374:
371:
368:
362:
356:
351:
348:
340:
336:
330:
327:
324:
318:
315:
312:
308:
302:
297:
294:Walter Sisulu
293:
287:
283:
277:
273:
269:
263:
258:
255:
250:
246:
240:
237:
234:
228:
219:
215:
214:Walter Sisulu
212:
211:
209:
207:
203:
197:
192:
189:
184:
181:
178:
172:
167:
162:
159:
153:
144:
139:
138:
136:
134:
130:
124:
119:
116:
111:
107:
100:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
23279:Xhosa people
22963:South Africa
22809:Helen Keller
22784:Billy Graham
22756:Muhammad Ali
22724:James Watson
22671:Edwin Hubble
22636:Enrico Fermi
22555:Pete Rozelle
22506:Estée Lauder
22404:Bart Simpson
22341:Le Corbusier
22306:Lucille Ball
22217:
22176:Adolf Hitler
22130:
22060:Festus Mogae
22052:
22051:
21989:Namrita Lall
21896:William Soga
21871:George Ekama
21861:Barry Schoub
21856:Pieter Steyn
21821:Phuti Ngoepe
21786:George Ellis
21781:Percy Amoils
21690:Oliver Tambo
21684:
21541:Denhollander
21442:
21256:Named after
21204:Taylor Swift
21152:
21119:Donald Trump
21098:Kent Brantly
21085:Pope Francis
21077:Barack Obama
21053:Ben Bernanke
21045:Barack Obama
20959:2001âpresent
20928:Bill Clinton
20920:Andrew Grove
20882:
20865:Bill Clinton
20781:The Computer
20733:Jimmy Carter
20709:Carol Sutton
20677:Alison Cheek
20623:Willy Brandt
20602:Frank Borman
20508:Emilio SegrĂš
20283:Adolf Hitler
20223:Pierre Laval
20173:
20130:Desmond Tutu
20113:
20104:Jimmy Carter
20006:Graça Machel
19893:Khan Academy
19813:Bill Drayton
19788:(Mali), and
19784:(Tanzania),
19720:Chiaki Mukai
19690:Graça Machel
19660:MĂĄrio Soares
19637:
19414:Desmond Tutu
19398:VĂĄclav Havel
19373:
19370:Grameen Bank
19250:
19199:Robert Fogel
19123:
19017:
18994: /
18990: /
18975: /
18938: /
18890: /
18853: /
18849: /
18825:Barack Obama
18801: /
18786: /
18784:Grameen Bank
18771: /
18747:Shirin Ebadi
18736:Jimmy Carter
18723: /
18709:2001âpresent
18699:Kim Dae-jung
18681: /
18669: /
18657: /
18645: /
18633: /
18629: /
18627:Shimon Peres
18617: /
18614:
18543:Desmond Tutu
18525: /
18489: /
18469: /
18438: /
18426: /
18420:
18406:Willy Brandt
18320: /
18278:Georges Pire
18224:LĂ©on Jouhaux
18205:Ralph Bunche
18180: /
18168: /
18158:Cordell Hull
18099:Robert Cecil
18050: /
18015: /
18003: /
17980: /
17946: /
17868:Alfred Fried
17866: /
17864:Tobias Asser
17846: /
17834: /
17822: /
17778: /
17766: /
17764:Henry Dunant
17634:Tito Mboweni
17592:Pallo Jordan
17570:Sipo Mzimela
17509:
17448:Abe Williams
17393:Sipo Mzimela
17348:Tito Mboweni
17313:Pallo Jordan
17235:
17118:
16925:
16890:John Vorster
16872:Jan de Klerk
16825:Elizabeth II
16793:South Africa
16744:
16631:
16461:Oliver Tambo
16449:James Calata
16437:E. J. Khaile
16416:Selope Thema
16387:David Mabuza
16350:
16345:Oliver Tambo
16338:
16297:
16292:Oliver Tambo
16280:James Moroka
16153:
16098:
16073:Madiba shirt
15991:Graça Machel
15942:
15934:
15926:
15918:
15910:
15902:
15894:
15886:
15878:
15870:
15862:
15745:
15737:
15729:
15721:
15499:
15447:
15415:
15410:Oliver Tambo
15383:
15373:
15372:
15306:
15228:
15224:
15199:(1): 17â31.
15196:
15192:
15167:
15163:
15138:
15134:
15106:
15102:
15083:
15061:
15033:
15029:
15025:
15000:
14996:
14971:
14967:
14945:
14924:
14900:
14897:Meer, Fatima
14872:
14868:
14849:
14830:
14818:. Retrieved
14814:the original
14808:
14803:
14778:
14774:
14755:
14744:
14726:
14722:
14703:
14684:
14665:
14637:
14618:
14614:
14584:
14580:
14573:Freund, Bill
14564:
14560:
14532:
14528:
14493:
14489:
14467:
14461:(12): 40â58.
14458:
14439:
14427:. Retrieved
14405:(4): 46â55.
14402:
14398:
14372:
14369:Benson, Mary
14344:
14340:
14321:
14302:
14283:
14275:Bibliography
14266:Lukhele 2012
14261:
14254:Bromley 2014
14234:. Retrieved
14226:The Guardian
14225:
14215:
14203:
14191:
14169:, p. 8.
14162:
14150:. Retrieved
14136:
14124:. Retrieved
14104:
14092:. Retrieved
14078:
14066:. Retrieved
14057:
14044:
14032:. Retrieved
14023:
14014:
14002:. Retrieved
13998:the original
13987:
13975:. Retrieved
13971:the original
13961:
13949:. Retrieved
13945:the original
13935:
13923:. Retrieved
13909:
13897:. Retrieved
13893:the original
13883:
13873:13 September
13871:. Retrieved
13862:
13853:
13841:. Retrieved
13837:the original
13827:
13815:. Retrieved
13806:
13797:
13785:. Retrieved
13771:
13759:. Retrieved
13755:the original
13748:
13740:
13728:. Retrieved
13714:
13705:
13682:
13671:Barnard 2014
13666:
13656:. NBC News.
13647:
13640:Sampson 2011
13635:
13628:Boehmer 2005
13623:
13616:Boehmer 2008
13611:
13606:, p. 2.
13604:Barnard 2014
13587:Suttner 2016
13582:
13575:Sampson 2011
13570:
13558:
13546:
13534:
13527:Sampson 2011
13522:
13510:
13498:
13486:. Retrieved
13477:
13468:
13456:. Retrieved
13447:
13438:
13426:. Retrieved
13411:
13406:, p. 1.
13404:Boehmer 2008
13399:
13392:Boehmer 2008
13387:
13376:Boehmer 2008
13371:
13366:, p. 4.
13364:Barnard 2014
13355:
13348:Suttner 2007
13343:
13331:
13324:Barnard 2014
13319:
13308:Barnard 2014
13303:
13291:
13279:. Retrieved
13270:
13261:
13254:Sampson 2011
13245:
13238:Sampson 2011
13229:
13222:Sampson 2011
13210:Mandela 1994
13197:
13190:Sampson 2011
13182:Mandela 1994
13177:
13170:Sampson 2011
13162:Mandela 1994
13157:
13150:Sampson 2011
13137:
13125:. Retrieved
13121:the original
13111:
13099:
13087:
13080:Boehmer 2008
13075:
13068:Suttner 2014
13063:
13056:Boehmer 2008
13051:
13044:Sampson 2011
13039:
13032:Forster 2014
13027:
13020:Forster 2014
13015:
13003:
12991:
12979:
12967:
12960:Sampson 2011
12955:
12948:Barnard 2014
12943:
12931:
12915:
12908:Sampson 2011
12903:
12887:
12880:Sampson 2011
12871:
12859:
12833:Suttner 2007
12828:
12816:
12804:
12797:Boehmer 2008
12792:
12785:Sampson 2011
12780:
12768:
12756:. Retrieved
12738:
12731:Sampson 2011
12723:Boehmer 2008
12718:
12711:Boehmer 2008
12706:
12701:, p. 2.
12694:
12687:Sampson 2011
12682:
12670:
12654:
12647:Sampson 2011
12642:
12620:Kalumba 1995
12615:
12603:
12591:
12586:, p. 7.
12579:
12567:
12560:Soudien 2015
12555:
12543:
12531:
12524:Sampson 2011
12520:Mandela 1994
12515:
12508:Sampson 2011
12503:
12496:Sampson 2011
12491:
12486:, p. 7.
12475:
12463:
12456:Suttner 2007
12451:
12444:Kalumba 1995
12439:
12427:
12415:
12408:Sampson 2011
12403:
12396:Suttner 2007
12391:
12379:
12372:Boehmer 2008
12367:
12360:Boehmer 2008
12355:
12343:
12336:Boehmer 2008
12331:
12324:Boehmer 2008
12319:
12312:Suttner 2007
12307:
12264:Barnard 2014
12260:Boehmer 2008
12255:
12239:
12232:Sampson 2011
12215:
12208:Mandela 1994
12203:
12190:
12180:
12153:
12141:. Retrieved
12132:
12123:
12111:. Retrieved
12102:
12090:
12078:. Retrieved
12070:Business Day
12069:
12059:
12047:. Retrieved
12038:
12028:
12016:. Retrieved
12007:
11997:
11985:. Retrieved
11976:
11967:
11955:. Retrieved
11946:
11922:. Retrieved
11908:
11896:. Retrieved
11882:
11870:. Retrieved
11861:
11852:
11826:. Retrieved
11822:the original
11817:
11807:
11795:. Retrieved
11781:
11769:. Retrieved
11765:the original
11760:
11751:
11739:. Retrieved
11730:
11721:
11709:. Retrieved
11700:
11691:
11679:. Retrieved
11670:
11661:
11649:. Retrieved
11645:the original
11640:
11631:
11619:
11609:13 September
11607:. Retrieved
11603:the original
11598:
11585:13 September
11583:. Retrieved
11579:the original
11575:The Guardian
11574:
11564:
11554:13 September
11552:. Retrieved
11543:
11533:
11521:The Guardian
11520:
11510:
11498:
11488:13 September
11486:. Retrieved
11477:
11468:
11437:. Retrieved
11428:
11418:
11406:. Retrieved
11402:the original
11387:. Retrieved
11365:
11353:
11345:the original
11340:
11289:
11277:
11265:. Retrieved
11245:. Retrieved
11230:
11218:
11206:. Retrieved
11202:the original
11191:
11179:. Retrieved
11175:the original
11164:
11152:. Retrieved
11143:
11133:
11120:
11110:
11098:. Retrieved
11094:the original
11083:
11071:
11059:. Retrieved
11048:
11039:
11004:
10988:
10972:
10960:
10953:Sampson 2011
10948:
10941:Sampson 2011
10936:
10929:Sampson 2011
10920:
10913:Sampson 2011
10904:
10897:Sampson 2011
10884:
10868:
10846:Sampson 2011
10837:
10825:
10818:Sampson 2011
10813:
10806:Sampson 2011
10789:
10777:
10765:. Retrieved
10751:
10744:Sampson 2011
10735:
10723:
10716:Sampson 2011
10703:
10696:Sampson 2011
10683:
10676:Sampson 2011
10667:
10655:. Retrieved
10641:
10634:Sampson 2011
10621:
10614:Sampson 2011
10609:
10602:Sampson 2011
10572:Sampson 2011
10563:
10556:Sampson 2011
10547:
10535:
10528:Sampson 2011
10523:
10516:Sampson 2011
10511:
10504:Sampson 2011
10499:
10483:
10471:
10464:Sampson 2011
10451:
10444:Sampson 2011
10435:
10423:
10416:Sampson 2011
10407:
10395:. Retrieved
10384:
10366:. Retrieved
10362:the original
10347:. Retrieved
10339:The Observer
10338:
10325:
10305:
10293:
10281:
10269:. Retrieved
10265:the original
10250:. Retrieved
10243:the original
10230:
10218:
10206:. Retrieved
10199:the original
10185:
10169:
10138:
10126:
10119:Sampson 2011
10110:
10098:
10091:Sampson 2011
10082:
10075:Sampson 2011
10066:
10059:Sampson 2011
10050:
10043:Sampson 2011
10030:
10018:. Retrieved
10014:the original
10009:
9994:. Retrieved
9985:
9976:
9969:Sampson 2011
9956:
9949:Sampson 2011
9940:
9933:Sampson 2011
9920:
9913:Sampson 2011
9890:Sampson 2011
9885:
9878:Sampson 2011
9873:
9857:
9850:Sampson 2011
9837:
9830:Sampson 2011
9825:
9820:, p. 1.
9818:Barnard 2014
9803:Sampson 2011
9790:
9783:Sampson 2011
9774:
9758:
9751:Sampson 2011
9738:
9731:Sampson 2011
9718:
9711:Sampson 2011
9706:
9699:Sampson 2011
9694:
9687:Sampson 2011
9682:
9675:Sampson 2011
9666:
9659:Sampson 2011
9642:
9630:. Retrieved
9616:
9609:Sampson 2011
9600:
9593:Sampson 2011
9584:
9577:Sampson 2011
9568:
9556:. Retrieved
9552:the original
9547:
9537:
9530:Sampson 2011
9517:
9510:Sampson 2011
9501:
9494:Sampson 2011
9485:
9474:Sampson 2011
9465:
9458:Sampson 2011
9453:
9446:Sampson 2011
9441:
9434:Sampson 2011
9421:
9414:Sampson 2011
9405:
9398:Sampson 2011
9385:
9378:Sampson 2011
9351:Sampson 2011
9346:
9339:Sampson 2011
9326:
9319:Sampson 2011
9306:
9299:Sampson 2011
9286:
9279:Sampson 2011
9266:
9259:Sampson 2011
9246:
9235:Sampson 2011
9230:
9223:Sampson 2011
9206:
9195:Sampson 2011
9190:
9183:Sampson 2011
9166:
9159:Sampson 2011
9150:
9143:Sampson 2011
9126:
9119:Sampson 2011
9110:
9103:Sampson 2011
9094:
9087:Sampson 2011
9060:Sampson 2011
9051:
9044:Sampson 2011
9025:Sampson 2011
9016:
9009:Sampson 2011
8996:
8989:Sampson 2011
8980:
8973:Sampson 2011
8956:
8949:Sampson 2011
8936:
8924:. Retrieved
8920:the original
8909:
8902:Sampson 2011
8889:
8877:. Retrieved
8873:the original
8869:The Guardian
8868:
8858:
8851:Sampson 2011
8838:
8831:Sampson 2011
8826:
8814:. Retrieved
8800:
8793:Sampson 2011
8772:
8765:Sampson 2011
8756:
8749:Sampson 2011
8736:
8729:Sampson 2011
8712:
8700:. Retrieved
8691:
8681:
8674:Sampson 2011
8669:
8662:Sampson 2011
8645:
8638:Sampson 2011
8621:
8614:Sampson 2011
8597:
8590:Sampson 2011
8581:
8574:Sampson 2011
8561:
8554:Sampson 2011
8549:
8542:Sampson 2011
8537:
8530:Sampson 2011
8521:
8514:Sampson 2011
8497:
8485:. Retrieved
8481:the original
8471:
8464:Sampson 2011
8439:
8423:
8416:Sampson 2011
8395:
8388:Sampson 2011
8371:
8364:Sampson 2011
8359:
8352:Sampson 2011
8343:
8336:Sampson 2011
8323:
8316:Sampson 2011
8299:
8292:Sampson 2011
8283:
8276:Sampson 2011
8263:
8256:Sampson 2011
8247:
8240:Sampson 2011
8235:
8228:Soudien 2015
8224:Sampson 2011
8211:
8204:Sampson 2011
8187:
8180:Sampson 2011
8175:
8168:Sampson 2011
8151:
8144:Sampson 2011
8139:
8132:Sampson 2011
8127:
8115:
8108:Sampson 2011
8099:
8092:Sampson 2011
8079:
8072:Sampson 2011
8063:
8056:Sampson 2011
8047:
8040:Sampson 2011
8023:
8016:Sampson 2011
8003:
7996:Sampson 2011
7987:
7980:Sampson 2011
7971:
7964:Sampson 2011
7955:
7948:Sampson 2011
7939:
7932:Sampson 2011
7923:
7916:Sampson 2011
7903:
7896:Sampson 2011
7887:
7872:Mandela 2004
7863:
7856:Sampson 2011
7848:Mandela 2004
7839:
7832:Sampson 2011
7824:Mandela 2004
7815:
7808:Sampson 2011
7800:Mandela 2004
7787:
7780:Sampson 2011
7772:Mandela 2004
7767:
7760:Sampson 2011
7752:Mandela 2004
7739:
7728:Sampson 2011
7716:Mandela 2004
7707:
7696:Sampson 2011
7684:Mandela 2004
7679:
7668:Sampson 2011
7656:Mandela 2004
7647:
7636:Mandela 2004
7623:
7612:Sampson 2011
7604:Mandela 2004
7591:
7580:Sampson 2011
7564:Mandela 2004
7551:
7539:. Retrieved
7535:the original
7530:
7520:
7509:Sampson 2011
7488:
7481:Sampson 2011
7469:Mandela 1994
7456:
7449:Sampson 2011
7441:Mandela 1994
7436:
7429:Sampson 2011
7425:Mandela 1994
7420:
7408:. Retrieved
7400:The Guardian
7399:
7390:
7383:Sampson 2011
7374:
7367:Sampson 2011
7359:Mandela 1994
7354:
7347:Sampson 2011
7335:Mandela 1994
7322:
7315:Sampson 2011
7295:Mandela 1994
7290:
7283:Sampson 2011
7271:Mandela 1994
7258:
7251:Sampson 2011
7239:Mandela 1994
7230:
7223:Sampson 2011
7215:Mandela 1994
7206:
7182:
7175:Sampson 2011
7159:Mandela 1994
7146:
7139:Sampson 2011
7123:Mandela 1994
7110:
7095:Mandela 1994
7082:
7066:
7054:. Retrieved
7050:the original
7046:Business Day
7045:
7030:. Retrieved
7026:the original
7021:
7004:, p. 1.
6997:
6975:Sampson 2011
6959:Mandela 1994
6950:
6943:Sampson 2011
6934:
6927:Sampson 2011
6915:Mandela 1994
6906:
6899:Sampson 2011
6887:Mandela 1994
6882:
6875:Sampson 2011
6867:Mandela 1994
6862:
6855:Sampson 2011
6843:Mandela 1994
6834:
6827:Sampson 2011
6811:Mandela 1994
6798:
6791:Sampson 2011
6775:Mandela 1994
6766:
6759:Sampson 2011
6747:Mandela 1994
6742:
6735:Sampson 2011
6723:Mandela 1994
6714:
6707:Sampson 2011
6691:Mandela 1994
6678:
6671:Sampson 2011
6659:Mandela 1994
6646:
6639:Sampson 2011
6627:Mandela 1994
6622:
6615:Sampson 2011
6603:Mandela 1994
6598:
6591:Sampson 2011
6579:Mandela 1994
6566:
6554:
6547:Sampson 2011
6531:Mandela 1994
6518:
6511:Sampson 2011
6503:Mandela 1994
6494:
6487:Sampson 2011
6470:
6463:Sampson 2011
6455:Mandela 1994
6450:
6443:Sampson 2011
6435:Mandela 1994
6430:
6418:
6411:Sampson 2011
6395:Mandela 1994
6382:
6375:Sampson 2011
6359:Mandela 1994
6354:
6347:Sampson 2011
6331:Mandela 1994
6326:
6319:Sampson 2011
6310:
6303:Sampson 2011
6291:Mandela 1994
6286:
6270:
6258:
6251:Sampson 2011
6235:Mandela 1994
6222:
6217:, p. 7.
6215:Sampson 2011
6203:Mandela 1994
6198:
6191:Sampson 2011
6175:Mandela 1994
6162:
6155:Sampson 2011
6147:Mandela 1994
6138:
6131:Sampson 2011
6115:Mandela 1994
6106:
6099:Sampson 2011
6087:Mandela 1994
6078:
6071:Sampson 2011
6067:Mandela 1994
6062:
6050:
6039:Mandela 1994
6034:
6027:Sampson 2011
6015:Mandela 1994
6002:
5987:Mandela 1994
5982:
5963:Mandela 1994
5958:
5951:Mandela 1994
5946:
5939:Sampson 2011
5923:Mandela 1994
5918:
5894:
5887:Sampson 2011
5879:Mandela 1994
5874:
5867:Sampson 2011
5855:Mandela 1994
5842:
5835:Sampson 2011
5819:Mandela 1994
5810:
5803:Sampson 2011
5795:Mandela 1994
5790:
5778:
5771:Sampson 2011
5762:
5755:Mandela 1994
5750:
5743:Sampson 2011
5727:Mandela 1994
5718:
5711:Sampson 2011
5695:Mandela 1994
5686:
5679:Sampson 2011
5667:Mandela 1994
5662:
5655:Sampson 2011
5651:Mandela 1994
5646:
5639:Sampson 2011
5631:Mandela 1994
5618:
5603:Mandela 1994
5598:
5591:Sampson 2011
5575:Mandela 1994
5566:
5559:Sampson 2011
5543:Mandela 1994
5534:
5527:Sampson 2011
5511:Mandela 1994
5498:
5486:
5479:Sampson 2011
5463:Mandela 1994
5454:
5443:Mandela 1994
5430:
5423:Sampson 2011
5407:Mandela 1994
5402:
5387:Mandela 1994
5382:
5375:Sampson 2011
5359:Mandela 1994
5354:
5347:Sampson 2011
5335:Mandela 1994
5326:
5319:Sampson 2011
5307:Mandela 1994
5302:
5295:Sampson 2011
5279:Mandela 1994
5274:
5267:Sampson 2011
5255:Mandela 1994
5250:
5243:Sampson 2011
5231:Mandela 1994
5226:
5219:Sampson 2011
5207:Mandela 1994
5194:
5187:Sampson 2011
5175:Mandela 1994
5170:
5159:Mandela 1994
5154:
5147:Sampson 2011
5131:Mandela 1994
5126:
5119:Sampson 2011
5103:Mandela 1994
5098:
5091:Sampson 2011
5075:Mandela 1994
5062:
5055:Sampson 2011
5039:Mandela 1994
5030:
5023:Sampson 2011
5007:Mandela 1994
4998:
4991:Sampson 2011
4979:Mandela 1994
4974:
4967:Sampson 2011
4962:
4955:Forster 2014
4943:Mandela 1994
4938:
4931:Sampson 2011
4915:Mandela 1994
4910:
4903:Sampson 2011
4891:Mandela 1994
4886:
4879:Sampson 2011
4867:Mandela 1994
4862:
4855:Sampson 2011
4839:Mandela 1994
4834:
4819:Mandela 1994
4814:
4807:Sampson 2011
4795:Mandela 1994
4790:
4783:Sampson 2011
4771:Mandela 1994
4766:
4759:Sampson 2011
4754:
4747:Mandela 1994
4742:
4735:Sampson 2011
4723:Mandela 1994
4718:
4711:Sampson 2011
4695:Mandela 1994
4686:
4675:Mandela 1994
4670:
4665:, p. 8.
4651:Mandela 1994
4642:
4637:, p. 9.
4627:Mandela 1994
4618:
4607:Mandela 1994
4598:
4591:Sampson 2011
4575:Mandela 1994
4562:
4555:Mandela 1994
4550:
4545:, p. 7.
4543:Sampson 2011
4527:Mandela 1994
4522:
4515:Forster 2014
4511:Sampson 2011
4495:Mandela 1994
4490:
4475:Mandela 1994
4466:
4461:, p. 3.
4455:Mandela 1994
4450:
4443:Mandela 1994
4438:
4433:, p. 4.
4431:Sampson 2011
4419:Mandela 1994
4410:
4405:, p. 1.
4399:Mandela 1994
4394:
4389:, p. 4.
4387:Sampson 2011
4379:Mandela 1994
4374:
4362:
4342:
4330:
4325:, p. 1.
4310:
4295:Mandela 1994
4290:
4285:, p. 3.
4283:Sampson 2011
4271:Mandela 1994
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4217:
4213:
4207:
4199:
4182:
4177:, p. 3.
4175:Sampson 2011
4167:Boehmer 2008
4163:Mandela 1994
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4141:
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4078:
4041:
4037:The 16th Man
4035:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4003:Johnny Clegg
3987:The Specials
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3939:
3911:Bharat Ratna
3895:
3863:
3851:
3842:
3810:
3790:Dion Forster
3783:
3773:
3768:
3754:
3743:
3730:
3719:
3698:Eastern Bloc
3686:
3682:
3666:
3642:
3633:
3620:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3562:lay in state
3554:
3534:
3508:
3498:was held in
3493:
3472:human rights
3464:Barack Obama
3449:
3445:
3393:
3365:Rhodes House
3358:
3339:
3337:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3230:
3198:
3189:Bill Clinton
3162:
3141:
3129:
3121:
3109:
3081:
3060:
3056:white people
3025:
3021:Magnus Malan
3010:Tito Mboweni
2982:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2953:Graça Machel
2949:Bloemfontein
2934:
2932:
2911:Elizabeth II
2888:
2863:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2767:Bill Clinton
2747:
2710:
2659:
2619:
2606:
2566:
2527:
2515:
2503:tuberculosis
2500:
2476:at London's
2471:
2450:
2446:
2394:
2369:Percy Qoboza
2341:
2337:Desmond Tutu
2330:
2285:
2276:Jimmy Kruger
2272:Denis Healey
2260:Helen Suzman
2253:
2234:
2206:
2187:, while the
2173:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2125:
2099:
2085:Imprisonment
2043:Bechuanaland
2032:
2020:
2014:
2009:
1967:Fidel Castro
1964:
1949:
1942:
1917:
1902:
1885:Oswald Pirow
1877:
1842:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1749:
1721:
1674:
1641:Soviet Union
1637:Moses Kotane
1634:
1618:
1600:James Moroka
1577:to form the
1560:
1548:
1536:
1485:
1467:Queen Regent
1452:
1399:
1392:Johannesburg
1385:
1352:Oliver Tambo
1336:anthropology
1321:
1278:
1260:
1238:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1195:
1187:cadet branch
1182:Eastern Cape
1155:
1108:
1072:human rights
1037:
973:Youth League
965:Johannesburg
942:
901:
844:
843:
794:
784:
724:
689:Bharat Ratna
463:affiliations
432:Johannesburg
427:(2013-12-05)
416:South Africa
409:18 July 1918
377:Succeeded by
354:
337:Oliver Tambo
333:Succeeded by
300:
290:Succeeded by
284:Oliver Tambo
274:Oliver Tambo
261:
243:Succeeded by
236:Oliver Tambo
195:
175:Succeeded by
122:
44:
22989:2013 deaths
22984:1918 births
22837:Harvey Milk
22791:Che Guevara
22713:Alan Turing
22692:Jean Piaget
22569:Juan Trippe
22541:Akio Morita
22471:Walt Disney
22457:Leo Burnett
22383:James Joyce
22355:T. S. Eliot
22327:Coco Chanel
22313:The Beatles
22281:Lech WaĆÄsa
22183:Ho Chi Minh
22089:(2017/2018)
22069:Pedro Pires
21911:Malik Maaza
21876:Glenda Gray
21801:Claire Penn
21791:Lionel Opie
21763:Edna Molewa
21517:survivors;
21258:Arthur Ashe
21154:The Capital
21151:/ Staff of
21149:Kyaw Soe Oo
21141:Maria Ressa
20773:Lech WaĆÄsa
20741:Anwar Sadat
20713:Addie Wyatt
20705:Susie Sharp
20693:Carla Hills
20689:Ella Grasso
20681:Jill Conway
20659:King Faisal
20651:John Sirica
20504:Isidor Rabi
20480:John Enders
20109:Li Zhaoxing
20042:Hina Jilani
20027:Helen Clark
20001:Ban Ki-moon
19889:Salman Khan
19760:Simone Veil
19712:Pedro Duque
19682:Emma Bonino
19666:Helmut Kohl
19605:Ăscar Arias
19062:Nobel Prize
18973:Maria Ressa
18940:Nadia Murad
18655:Carlos Belo
18567:Ăscar Arias
18559:Elie Wiesel
18535:Lech WaĆÄsa
18523:Alva Myrdal
18487:Anwar Sadat
18440:Eisaku SatĆ
18373:René Cassin
18166:Emily Balch
18048:Jane Addams
17692:Kader Asmal
17688:(Transport)
17686:Mac Maharaj
17662:Jeff Radebe
17628:Dullah Omar
17588:(Education)
17574:Ben Skosana
17548:Ben Ngubane
17526:Thabo Mbeki
17497:(1996â1999)
17423:Jeff Radebe
17418:Dullah Omar
17403:Ben Ngubane
17363:Roelf Meyer
17343:John Mavuso
17333:Mac Maharaj
17273:Kader Asmal
17257:Thabo Mbeki
17223:(1994â1996)
17164:Ahmadinejad
17054:Jayewardene
16954:(2008-2009)
16936:Thabo Mbeki
16917:(from 1994)
16900:P. W. Botha
16855:Eben Dönges
16837:(1961â1994)
16815:Edward VIII
16803:(1910â1961)
16499:(2017â2022)
16493:(2007â2017)
16487:(1997â2007)
16481:(1991â1997)
16475:(1969â1991)
16469:(1958â1969)
16463:(1955â1958)
16457:(1949â1955)
16451:(1936â1949)
16445:(1930â1936)
16439:(1927â1930)
16433:(1923â1927)
16424:(1917â1919)
16418:(1915â1917)
16412:(1912â1915)
16410:Sol Plaatje
16389:(2017â2022)
16383:(2012â2017)
16377:(2007â2012)
16371:(1997â2007)
16365:(1994â1997)
16363:Thabo Mbeki
16359:(1991â1994)
16353:(1985â1991)
16347:(1958â1985)
16341:(1952â1958)
16335:(1912â1936)
16312:(2007â2017)
16306:(1997â2007)
16304:Thabo Mbeki
16300:(1991â1997)
16294:(1967â1991)
16288:(1952â1967)
16282:(1949â1952)
16276:(1940â1949)
16270:(1937â1940)
16264:(1930â1936)
16258:(1927â1930)
16252:(1924â1927)
16246:(1917â1924)
16240:(1912â1917)
16136:Ismail Ayob
15979:Evelyn Mase
15961:Ngubengcuka
15766:Mandela Day
15521:(1991â1997)
15515:(1994â1999)
15461:Thabo Mbeki
15427:Thabo Mbeki
15395:Thabo Mbeki
15337:Appearances
15231:(2): 1â10.
14611:Glad, Betty
14535:(1): 1â18.
14208:Nelson 2014
14152:23 December
14126:23 December
14068:11 November
14034:23 December
14004:30 November
13899:14 February
13787:14 February
13563:Mangcu 2013
13551:Freund 2014
13503:Benson 1986
13202:Benson 1986
13008:Freund 2014
12821:Barber 2004
12675:Benson 1986
12635:Freund 2014
12536:Benson 1986
12480:Benson 1986
12244:Benson 1986
12220:Benson 1986
12173:Nelson 2014
12113:11 December
11924:1 September
11898:1 September
11711:15 December
11681:16 December
11208:13 December
11146:. Toronto.
11100:25 February
10873:Barber 2004
10830:Barber 2004
10794:Barber 2004
10767:11 November
10740:Barber 2004
10708:Barber 2004
10688:Barber 2004
10672:Barber 2004
10626:Barber 2004
10568:Barber 2004
10540:Barber 2004
10488:Barber 2004
10476:Barber 2004
10456:Barber 2004
10428:Barber 2004
10310:Barber 2004
10298:Barber 2004
10286:Barber 2004
10271:26 February
10252:11 February
10223:Herbst 2003
10131:Barber 2004
9862:Barber 2004
9647:Barber 2004
9605:Barber 2004
9522:Barber 2004
9426:Barber 2004
9366:Barber 2004
9311:Barber 2004
9291:Barber 2004
9271:Barber 2004
9211:Barber 2004
9171:Barber 2004
9075:Barber 2004
9021:Barber 2004
9001:Barber 2004
8985:Barber 2004
8961:Barber 2004
8894:Barber 2004
8781:Barber 2004
8761:Barber 2004
8717:Barber 2004
8702:13 February
8586:Barber 2004
8502:Benson 1986
8452:Barber 2004
8444:Benson 1986
8428:Benson 1986
8404:Barber 2004
8400:Benson 1986
8380:Barber 2004
8376:Benson 1986
8304:Benson 1986
8288:Barber 2004
8192:Benson 1986
8120:Hutton 1994
8028:Benson 1986
7868:Benson 1986
7844:Benson 1986
7820:Benson 1986
7792:Benson 1986
7744:Benson 1986
7712:Benson 1986
7652:Benson 1986
7628:Benson 1986
7596:Benson 1986
7556:Benson 1986
7541:16 December
7493:Benson 1986
7461:Benson 1986
7327:Benson 1986
7263:Benson 1986
7151:Benson 1986
7115:Benson 1986
7087:Benson 1986
6955:Benson 1986
6911:Benson 1986
6839:Benson 1986
6803:Benson 1986
6771:Benson 1986
6719:Benson 1986
6683:Benson 1986
6651:Benson 1986
6571:Benson 1986
6523:Benson 1986
6387:Benson 1986
6315:Benson 1986
6227:Benson 1986
6167:Benson 1986
6111:Benson 1986
6083:Benson 1986
6007:Benson 1986
5899:Benson 1986
5847:Benson 1986
5815:Benson 1986
5783:Benson 1986
5723:Benson 1986
5691:Benson 1986
5623:Benson 1986
5503:Benson 1986
5459:Benson 1986
5435:Benson 1986
5199:Benson 1986
5067:Benson 1986
5035:Benson 1986
5003:Benson 1986
4691:Benson 1986
4567:Benson 1986
4471:Benson 1986
4415:Benson 1986
4355:Mafela 2008
4267:Benson 1986
4206:"Mandela's
4122:17 December
4084:Peter Mtuze
3950:Mandela Day
3879:selling out
3817:Fatima Meer
3777:Bill Freund
3726:Mary Benson
3440:Oval Office
3400:war in Iraq
3241:Sani Abacha
3148:brain drain
3093:neo-liberal
3014:Jeff Radebe
3006:Dullah Omar
3002:Mac Maharaj
2915:state visit
2899:Spice Girls
2814:Weekly Mail
2775:Thabo Mbeki
2729:based on a
2646:third force
2622:Shell House
2576:in France,
2535:FNB Stadium
2522:Berlin Wall
2495:East Berlin
2422:P. W. Botha
2410:roof garden
2270:politician
2241:Govan Mbeki
2164:Percy Yutar
2039:Addis Ababa
1983:Che Guevara
1732:hard labour
1728:Yusuf Dadoo
1702:J. B. Marks
1698:martial law
1639:and by the
1539:Evelyn Mase
1170:Ngubengcuka
1096:Thabo Mbeki
1080:land reform
381:Thabo Mbeki
365:Preceded by
321:Preceded by
280:Preceded by
247:Thabo Mbeki
231:Preceded by
222:(1994â1997)
220:Thabo Mbeki
217:(1991â1994)
180:Thabo Mbeki
156:Preceded by
147:(1994â1999)
145:Thabo Mbeki
142:(1994â1996)
22973:Categories
22858:Rosa Parks
22777:Anne Frank
22699:Jonas Salk
22664:Kurt Gödel
22576:Sam Walton
22485:Bill Gates
22478:Henry Ford
22376:Jim Henson
22225:Mao Zedong
22038:recipients
21959:Daya Reddy
21826:Tim Noakes
21738:Aaron Klug
21534:Dantzscher
21382:P. Tillman
21345:passengers
21016:Bill Gates
20940:Jeff Bezos
20857:Ted Turner
20685:Betty Ford
20606:Jim Lovell
20083:Kofi Annan
19971:The Elders
19875:2017: The
19740:2002: The
19716:John Glenn
19706:Somaly Mam
19490:Gita Press
19096:Literature
18951:Abiy Ahmed
18836:Liu Xiaobo
18725:Kofi Annan
18422:LĂȘ Äức Thá»
17876:Elihu Root
17680:Alec Erwin
17604:Alfred Nzo
17580:Joe Modise
17558:Jay Naidoo
17413:Alfred Nzo
17398:Jay Naidoo
17368:Joe Modise
17318:Derek Keys
17298:Alec Erwin
17044:BoumédiÚne
16958:Jacob Zuma
16867:Jim Fouché
16467:Duma Nokwe
16422:Saul Msane
16369:Jacob Zuma
16310:Jacob Zuma
16041:(grandson)
16029:(grandson)
16017:(daughter)
16011:(daughter)
16005:(daughter)
15757:Legacy and
15663:Presidency
15650:Presidency
15608:The Elders
15536:Early life
15455:1998â1999
15421:1991â1997
15389:1994â1999
15293:(archived)
15281:The Elders
15272:(archived)
14997:Transition
14869:Transition
14511:2263/19620
14236:23 January
14196:Lodge 2006
14184:Lodge 2006
14167:Lodge 2006
13977:26 October
13951:26 October
13925:26 October
13761:24 October
13730:26 October
13336:Lodge 2006
13218:Smith 2010
13186:Smith 2010
13166:Smith 2010
13146:Smith 2010
12996:Lodge 2006
12758:28 October
12699:Lodge 2006
12608:Smith 2010
12596:Ellis 2016
12584:Ellis 2016
12572:Smith 2010
12548:Ellis 2016
12484:Ellis 2016
12468:Lodge 2006
12348:Lodge 2006
12279:Lodge 2006
12248:Smith 2010
12224:Lodge 2006
12143:4 December
12105:. London.
12080:6 December
12049:6 December
12018:5 December
11957:5 December
11651:30 January
11439:27 October
11408:27 October
11247:27 October
11009:Lodge 2006
10965:Lodge 2006
10889:Lodge 2006
10877:Lodge 2006
10861:Lodge 2006
10842:Lodge 2006
10798:Lodge 2006
10728:Lodge 2006
10712:Lodge 2006
10692:Lodge 2006
10630:Lodge 2006
10587:Lodge 2006
10552:Lodge 2006
10492:Lodge 2006
10341:. London.
10314:Lodge 2006
10174:Lodge 2006
10035:Lodge 2006
10020:28 October
9996:28 October
9961:Lodge 2006
9925:Lodge 2006
9905:Lodge 2006
9866:Lodge 2006
9842:Lodge 2006
9795:Lodge 2006
9763:Lodge 2006
9743:Lodge 2006
9723:Lodge 2006
9651:Lodge 2006
9470:Lodge 2006
9390:Lodge 2006
9370:Lodge 2006
9331:Lodge 2006
9275:Lodge 2006
9251:Lodge 2006
9215:Lodge 2006
9175:Lodge 2006
9135:Lodge 2006
9079:Lodge 2006
8965:Lodge 2006
8941:Lodge 2006
8926:28 October
8879:28 October
8843:Lodge 2006
8816:28 October
8785:Lodge 2006
8741:Lodge 2006
8721:Lodge 2006
8654:Lodge 2006
8630:Lodge 2006
8606:Lodge 2006
8566:Lodge 2006
8506:Lodge 2006
8487:28 October
8456:Lodge 2006
8408:Lodge 2006
8328:Lodge 2006
8308:Lodge 2006
8268:Lodge 2006
8216:Lodge 2006
8160:Lodge 2006
8104:Lodge 2006
8084:Lodge 2006
8008:Lodge 2006
7908:Lodge 2006
7876:Lodge 2006
7756:Smith 2010
7732:Broun 2012
7724:Smith 2010
7700:Broun 2012
7692:Smith 2010
7672:Broun 2012
7664:Smith 2010
7616:Broun 2012
7584:Broun 2012
7576:Smith 2010
7568:Lodge 2006
7513:Broun 2012
7505:Smith 2010
7473:Lodge 2006
7445:Smith 2010
7343:Smith 2010
7307:Smith 2010
7299:Lodge 2006
7279:Smith 2010
7247:Smith 2010
7219:Smith 2010
7191:Lodge 2006
7167:Smith 2010
7163:Lodge 2006
7135:Smith 2010
7127:Lodge 2006
7099:Lodge 2006
7056:7 December
7002:Ellis 2016
6990:Ellis 2011
6971:Smith 2010
6963:Lodge 2006
6939:Smith 2010
6923:Smith 2010
6895:Smith 2010
6871:Smith 2010
6851:Smith 2010
6823:Smith 2010
6815:Lodge 2006
6787:Smith 2010
6779:Lodge 2006
6755:Smith 2010
6731:Smith 2010
6703:Smith 2010
6695:Lodge 2006
6667:Smith 2010
6635:Smith 2010
6611:Smith 2010
6587:Smith 2010
6543:Smith 2010
6535:Lodge 2006
6507:Smith 2010
6483:Smith 2010
6439:Smith 2010
6407:Smith 2010
6399:Lodge 2006
6371:Smith 2010
6363:Lodge 2006
6343:Smith 2010
6335:Lodge 2006
6299:Smith 2010
6279:Smith 2010
6263:Lodge 2006
6243:Smith 2010
6239:Lodge 2006
6207:Smith 2010
6187:Smith 2010
6179:Lodge 2006
6151:Smith 2010
6123:Smith 2010
6119:Lodge 2006
6095:Smith 2010
6091:Lodge 2006
6055:Lodge 2006
6043:Lodge 2006
6019:Smith 2010
5991:Smith 2010
5971:Smith 2010
5967:Lodge 2006
5931:Smith 2010
5927:Lodge 2006
5907:Lodge 2006
5883:Smith 2010
5859:Smith 2010
5827:Smith 2010
5823:Lodge 2006
5799:Lodge 2006
5767:Smith 2010
5735:Smith 2010
5731:Lodge 2006
5703:Smith 2010
5699:Lodge 2006
5675:Smith 2010
5671:Lodge 2006
5635:Smith 2010
5607:Smith 2010
5583:Smith 2010
5579:Lodge 2006
5551:Smith 2010
5547:Lodge 2006
5519:Smith 2010
5515:Lodge 2006
5491:Smith 2010
5471:Smith 2010
5467:Lodge 2006
5447:Smith 2010
5415:Smith 2010
5411:Lodge 2006
5391:Smith 2010
5367:Smith 2010
5363:Lodge 2006
5339:Smith 2010
5311:Smith 2010
5287:Smith 2010
5283:Lodge 2006
5259:Lodge 2006
5239:Smith 2010
5235:Lodge 2006
5211:Smith 2010
5179:Smith 2010
5163:Smith 2010
5139:Smith 2010
5135:Lodge 2006
5111:Smith 2010
5107:Lodge 2006
5083:Smith 2010
5079:Lodge 2006
5047:Smith 2010
5043:Lodge 2006
5015:Smith 2010
5011:Lodge 2006
4983:Lodge 2006
4947:Lodge 2006
4923:Smith 2010
4919:Lodge 2006
4895:Smith 2010
4871:Smith 2010
4847:Smith 2010
4843:Lodge 2006
4823:Smith 2010
4799:Smith 2010
4775:Smith 2010
4727:Smith 2010
4703:Smith 2010
4699:Lodge 2006
4659:Smith 2010
4655:Lodge 2006
4631:Smith 2010
4583:Smith 2010
4579:Lodge 2006
4535:Smith 2010
4531:Lodge 2006
4503:Smith 2010
4499:Lodge 2006
4479:Smith 2010
4423:Smith 2010
4383:Smith 2010
4367:Smith 2010
4351:Lodge 2006
4303:Smith 2010
4299:Lodge 2006
4275:Smith 2010
4171:Smith 2010
4065:References
3779:, academic
3758:Anglophile
3746:Betty Glad
3557:local time
3477:The Elders
3408:Tony Blair
3307:Jacob Zuma
3226:Camp Zeist
3101:World Bank
3040:Springboks
3030:'s widow,
2998:Alfred Nzo
2994:Joe Modise
2884:Genadendal
2820:New Nation
2763:Chris Hani
2743:federalism
2626:Dali Mpofu
2433:South Bank
2344:Steve Biko
2047:Tanganyika
1946:Emma Orczy
1696:to permit
1657:Mao Zedong
1543:meningitis
1516:Sophiatown
1496:Ruth First
1471:Basutoland
1396:Queenstown
1293:Thembuland
1285:Clarkebury
1206:No one in
1191:morganatic
1178:Transkeian
1141:Early life
1027:and led a
756:Foundation
649:Politician
643:Occupation
611:Alma mater
544:;
507:;
405:1918-07-18
23194:Saboteurs
22951:Socialism
22927:Biography
22823:Bruce Lee
22348:Bob Dylan
21916:Ari Sitas
21610:Klitschko
21411:Kohestani
21343:Flight 93
21295:Claiborne
21184:Elon Musk
21172:Joe Biden
20932:Ken Starr
20725:1976â2000
20390:1951â1975
20183:1927â1950
20116:(founder)
20089:Ela Bhatt
19861:Knowledge
19382:John Hume
19362:Baba Amte
19071:Chemistry
19064:laureates
18679:John Hume
18458:1976â2000
18215:1951â1975
18170:John Mott
17992:1926â1950
17752:1901â1925
17741:Laureates
17700:(Welfare)
17630:(Justice)
17624:(Housing)
17600:(Finance)
17582:(Defence)
17535:Ministers
17503:President
17438:Joe Slovo
17283:Pik Botha
17266:Ministers
17229:President
17144:R. Castro
17139:F. Castro
17059:F. Castro
17049:Gopallawa
16962:2009-2018
16940:1999-2008
16930:1994-1999
16915:President
16861:Tom Naudé
16841:Apartheid
16820:George VI
16633:ANC Today
16231:President
15759:namesakes
15707:Books and
15311:is being
15245:144534323
15213:144447985
15184:145448829
15155:218645921
15123:143225875
15060:(2011) .
15050:143804607
15017:154241514
14988:144338285
14889:150631478
14795:142631031
14603:153570087
14567:: 87â115.
14549:155994044
14520:144061623
14429:27 August
14419:144267205
14361:144616007
13843:2 January
13206:Meer 1988
13092:Meer 1988
12984:Meer 1988
12663:Read 2010
11838:cite news
11181:3 October
10386:AllAfrica
9986:BBC Sport
8650:Meer 1988
8626:Meer 1988
8602:Meer 1988
8448:Meer 1988
8252:Meer 1988
8196:Meer 1988
8156:Meer 1988
8068:Meer 1988
8032:Meer 1988
7796:Meer 1988
7748:Meer 1988
7632:Meer 1988
7600:Meer 1988
7560:Meer 1988
7497:Meer 1988
7465:Meer 1988
7331:Meer 1988
7267:Meer 1988
7235:Meer 1988
7211:Meer 1988
7187:Meer 1988
7155:Meer 1988
7119:Meer 1988
7091:Meer 1988
7071:Meer 1988
6807:Meer 1988
6687:Meer 1988
6655:Meer 1988
6575:Meer 1988
6527:Meer 1988
6499:Meer 1988
6475:Meer 1988
6391:Meer 1988
6231:Meer 1988
6171:Meer 1988
6143:Meer 1988
6011:Meer 1988
5903:Meer 1988
5851:Meer 1988
5627:Meer 1988
5571:Meer 1988
5539:Meer 1988
5507:Meer 1988
5439:Meer 1988
5331:Meer 1988
5203:Meer 1988
5071:Meer 1988
4647:Meer 1988
4623:Meer 1988
4603:Meer 1988
4571:Meer 1988
4315:Meer 1988
4242:143354489
4234:1607-3614
4148:10 August
4106:"Mandela"
4070:Footnotes
3858:nostalgia
3630:Democracy
3541:gallstone
3500:Hyde Park
3412:Iraqi oil
3222:Scots law
2840:Pik Botha
2602:Bob Hawke
2281:Brandfort
2256:Afrikaans
2158:began at
1895:began in
1865:Zindziswa
1849:Cape Town
1736:suspended
1649:Karl Marx
1583:racialist
1581:. Openly
1551:Peter Mda
1492:Joe Slovo
1455:Alexandra
1436:Coloureds
1424:Europeans
1420:communist
1370:when the
1324:BA degree
1297:Healdtown
1261:Dalibunga
1233:Methodist
1208:my family
1131:clan name
1111:the right
1005:seditious
993:Transvaal
934:socialist
922:apartheid
776:Dalibunga
764:Nicknames
738:Signature
666:Known for
604:Zindziswa
355:In office
342:19th
310:President
301:In office
271:President
262:In office
196:In office
186:11th
123:In office
22499:Ray Kroc
21677:Platinum
21435:T. Smith
21423:Ringland
21399:MacLaren
21311:D. Smith
20912:David Ho
19891:and the
19869:and the
19674:and the
19087:(Canada)
18992:Memorial
17612:(Health)
17134:Abdullah
17129:Mahathir
17114:Pastrana
17079:DrnovĆĄek
16810:George V
16747:Category
16532:Morogoro
16155:Category
15975:(mother)
15969:(father)
15919:Invictus
15709:speeches
15304:template
15082:(2010).
14921:(2010).
14899:(1988).
14627:27551769
14575:(2014).
14423:Archived
14399:Parallax
14393:(2005).
14371:(1986).
14230:Archived
14146:Archived
14117:Archived
14088:Archived
14062:Archived
14058:BBC News
14028:Archived
14024:BBC News
13919:Archived
13867:Archived
13811:Archived
13781:Archived
13724:Archived
13658:Archived
13482:Archived
13478:BBC News
13452:Archived
13422:Archived
13275:Archived
13271:BBC News
12752:Archived
12195:Archived
12137:Archived
12133:BBC News
12107:Archived
12074:Archived
12043:Archived
12012:Archived
11981:Archived
11951:Archived
11947:BBC News
11918:Archived
11892:Archived
11866:Archived
11862:BBC News
11791:Archived
11735:Archived
11731:CTV News
11705:Archived
11675:Archived
11671:BBC News
11548:Archived
11525:Archived
11482:Archived
11478:BBC News
11433:Archived
11383:Archived
11379:NBC News
11319:Archived
11261:Archived
11241:Archived
11148:Archived
11125:Archived
11121:BBC News
11055:Archived
11050:BBC News
10761:Archived
10651:Archived
10391:Archived
10343:Archived
9990:Archived
9626:Archived
9558:25 March
8810:Archived
8696:Archived
7404:Archived
4246:Archived
4142:NBC News
4116:Archived
4048:See also
4042:Invictus
4031:Invictus
3921:and the
3800:than on
3775:â
3731:visually
3624:Gandhism
3454:and the
3389:Makgatho
3299:de facto
3292:The new
3136:HIV/AIDS
2897:and the
2876:Tuynhuys
2834:and the
2817:and the
2701:De Klerk
2650:Sebokeng
2638:Houghton
2377:Cold War
2346:and the
2319:national
2166:. Judge
1897:Pretoria
1838:Kliptown
1820:and the
1428:Africans
1100:HIV/AIDS
1029:sabotage
959:and the
658:activist
592:Makgatho
587:Children
113:1st
18:Mandella
22913:Portals
22893:Bill W.
21626:Gleason
21586:Russell
21569:Raisman
21562:Nichols
21555:Maroney
21548:Douglas
21507:Shriver
21475:Roberts
21467:Summitt
21459:Bozella
21443:Mandela
21365:Burnett
21358:Bingham
21335:Freeman
21327:Sanders
21279:Palermo
21271:Valvano
21145:Wa Lone
20015:Members
19792:(Ghana)
19772:Al Gore
19629:(UNHCR)
19476:(2019)
19141:Physics
18799:Al Gore
17743:of the
17169:Rouhani
17154:Tantawi
17149:Mubarak
17119:Mandela
17104:Suharto
16839:(under
16801:Monarch
16645:History
16224:Leaders
16061:history
16049:Related
15911:Endgame
15879:Mandela
15863:Mandela
14820:15 June
14094:18 July
13488:29 June
13458:29 June
13428:29 June
13281:13 July
13127:13 July
12750:. BBC.
11872:27 June
11771:6 April
11741:10 June
11641:News 24
11317:. NPR.
11259:. CBS.
11239:. BBC.
7032:29 June
4252:25 July
4026:Mandela
4001:", and
3979:Mandela
3975:Mandela
3971:Mandela
3871:Defense
3813:manhood
3670:Marxism
3637:natural
3612:Nkrumah
3488:Tshwane
3438:in the
3385:Bangkok
3334:in 2000
3125:Armscor
2739:premier
2594:Suharto
2509:, near
2458:Inkatha
2443:in 1985
2435:by the
2418:reforms
2365:Glasgow
2262:of the
1999:Rivonia
1973:in the
1622:May Day
1561:In the
1500:Orlando
1440:atheism
1432:Indians
1326:at the
1317:prefect
1289:Engcobo
1176:in the
1013:Marxism
900:; born
750:Website
580:
568:
554:
534:
530:
517:
497:
493:
478:Spouses
32:Mandala
22800:&
22722:&
22080:(2014)
22071:(2011)
22062:(2008)
22056:(2007)
21936:Bronze
21773:Silver
21624:2024:
21618:USWNST
21616:2023:
21608:2022:
21600:2021:
21592:2020:
21584:2019:
21576:Wieber
21513:2018:
21505:2017:
21499:Dobson
21497:2016:
21491:Jenner
21489:2015:
21481:2014:
21473:2013:
21465:2012:
21457:2011:
21451:Thomas
21449:2010:
21441:2009:
21433:&
21431:Carlos
21429:2008:
21421:&
21419:Cullen
21417:2007:
21403:Yeboah
21401:&
21397:2005:
21389:2004:
21380:2003:
21351:Beamer
21341:2002:
21333:2001:
21325:2000:
21317:1999:
21309:1998:
21301:1997:
21293:1996:
21287:Cosell
21285:1995:
21277:1994:
21269:1993:
21206:(2023)
21198:(2022)
21186:(2021)
21178:(2020)
21166:(2019)
21158:(2018)
21129:(2017)
21121:(2016)
21113:(2015)
21105:(2014)
21087:(2013)
21079:(2012)
21071:(2011)
21063:(2010)
21055:(2009)
21047:(2008)
21039:(2007)
21031:(2006)
21023:(2005)
21004:(2004)
20996:(2003)
20988:(2002)
20969:(2001)
20950:(2000)
20942:(1999)
20934:(1998)
20922:(1997)
20914:(1996)
20906:(1995)
20898:(1994)
20890:(1993)
20867:(1992)
20859:(1991)
20851:(1990)
20843:(1989)
20835:(1988)
20827:(1987)
20819:(1986)
20811:(1985)
20803:(1984)
20795:(1983)
20783:(1982)
20775:(1981)
20767:(1980)
20759:(1979)
20751:(1978)
20743:(1977)
20735:(1976)
20716:(1975)
20661:(1974)
20653:(1973)
20645:(1972)
20633:(1971)
20625:(1970)
20617:(1969)
20609:(1968)
20587:(1967)
20579:(1966)
20571:(1965)
20563:(1964)
20555:(1963)
20547:(1962)
20539:(1961)
20531:(1960)
20464:(1959)
20456:(1958)
20448:(1957)
20440:(1956)
20432:(1955)
20424:(1954)
20416:(1953)
20408:(1952)
20400:(1951)
20381:(1950)
20373:(1949)
20365:(1948)
20357:(1947)
20349:(1946)
20341:(1945)
20333:(1944)
20325:(1943)
20317:(1942)
20309:(1941)
20301:(1940)
20293:(1939)
20285:(1938)
20277:(1937)
20265:(1936)
20257:(1935)
20249:(1934)
20241:(1933)
20233:(1932)
20225:(1931)
20217:(1930)
20209:(1929)
20201:(1928)
20193:(1927)
19922:2024:
19919:(DNDi)
19915:2023:
19909:2022:
19903:2021:
19897:2020:
19887:2019:
19881:2018:
19865:2016:
19859:2015:
19830:2014:
19823:2013:
19817:2012:
19811:2011:
19801:2010:
19795:2009:
19776:2008:
19770:2007:
19764:2006:
19758:2005:
19746:2003:
19734:2001:
19728:2000:
19722:, and
19710:1999:
19704:, and
19680:1998:
19670:1997:
19664:1996:
19658:1995:
19648:1994:
19642:1993:
19632:1992:
19625:1991:
19619:1990:
19609:1989:
19603:1988:
19597:1987:
19587:1986:
19581:1985:
19575:1984:
19569:1983:
19563:1982:
19557:1981:
19492:(2021)
19484:(2020)
19468:(2018)
19460:(2017)
19452:(2016)
19440:(2015)
19432:(2014)
19424:(2013)
19416:(2005)
19408:(2004)
19400:(2003)
19392:(2002)
19384:(2001)
19376:(2000)
19364:(1999)
19356:(1998)
19348:(1997)
19340:(1996)
19332:(1995)
18697:2000:
18689:1999:
18677:1998:
18665:1997:
18653:1996:
18641:1995:
18625:1994:
18613:1993:
18605:1992:
18597:1991:
18589:1990:
18581:1989:
18573:1988:
18565:1987:
18557:1986:
18549:1985:
18541:1984:
18533:1983:
18521:1982:
18513:1981:
18505:1980:
18497:1979:
18485:1978:
18477:1977:
18465:1976:
18446:1975:
18434:1974:
18419:1973:
18344:UNICEF
18316:1963:
18308:1962:
18300:1961:
18292:1960:
18284:1959:
18276:1958:
18268:1957:
18246:1954:
18238:1953:
18230:1952:
18222:1951:
18203:1950:
18195:1949:
18176:1947:
18164:1946:
18156:1945:
18148:1944:
18105:1938:
18097:1937:
18089:1936:
18081:1935:
18073:1934:
18065:1933:
18046:1931:
18038:1930:
18030:1929:
18011:1927:
17999:1926:
17976:1925:
17954:1922:
17942:1921:
17934:1920:
17926:1919:
17911:1917:
17882:1913:
17874:1912:
17862:1911:
17854:1910:
17842:1909:
17830:1908:
17818:1907:
17810:1906:
17802:1905:
17794:1904:
17786:1903:
17774:1902:
17179:Aliyev
17174:Maduro
17109:Samper
17094:KostiÄ
17074:Mugabe
17039:Kaunda
17034:Nasser
16582:(2022)
16576:(2017)
16570:(2012)
16564:(2007)
16558:(2002)
16552:(1997)
16546:(1994)
16540:(1991)
16534:(1969)
15993:(wife)
15987:(wife)
15981:(wife)
15954:Family
15945:(2016)
15937:(2013)
15929:(2011)
15921:(2009)
15913:(2009)
15905:(2007)
15897:(1997)
15889:(1996)
15881:(1996)
15873:(1995)
15865:(1987)
15748:(2017)
15740:(2010)
15732:(1999)
15724:(1994)
15341:C-SPAN
15323:Curlie
15317:
15308:Curlie
15243:
15211:
15182:
15153:
15121:
15090:
15068:
15048:
15015:
14986:
14952:
14933:
14907:
14887:
14856:
14837:
14793:
14762:
14710:
14691:
14672:
14650:
14625:
14601:
14547:
14518:
14474:
14446:
14417:
14379:
14359:
14328:
14309:
14290:
13817:7 June
11828:5 July
11797:8 June
11389:26 May
11267:26 May
11154:11 May
11061:26 May
10657:26 May
10397:26 May
10368:26 May
10349:26 May
10208:15 May
9632:26 May
7410:20 May
4240:
4232:
4021:Madiba
3798:Ubuntu
3490:, 2008
3442:, 2005
2757:(AWB)â
2707:, 1992
2497:, 1986
2149:, 1964
2127:kaross
2106:Howick
1861:Zenani
1857:Bizana
1717:Soweto
1689:Durban
1655:, and
1569:under
1518:; the
1434:, and
1400:induna
1241:regent
1199:Qamata
1158:Umtata
989:whites
949:Thembu
893:Xhosa:
770:Madiba
721:(2002)
715:(1993)
709:(1992)
703:(1992)
697:(1990)
691:(1990)
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