143:
20:
107:
The
Chinese government also sought the support of foreign doctors, a number of whom died as a consequence of the disease. In Harbin, this included the Frenchman GΓ©rald Mesny, from the Imperial Medical College in Tientsin, who disputed Wu's recommendation of masks; a few days later, he died after
161:-wearing by doctors, nurses, patients, contacts, and (to the degree that it was possible) the population at large was the first time such an epidemic containment measure had been attempted. The event was also influential in establishing the use of
72:
and was incredibly deadly, with a near 100 percent mortality rate. Its spread was magnified by marmot hunters gathering in the bitter winter months, and the eventual travel of migrant workers during the
1482:
1353:
305:"World History Connected | Vol. 14 No. 3 | Michael Corsi: Identities in Crisis: Representations of Other and Self in Manchuria during the Plague Years of 1910-1911"
1518:
153:
The
Manchurian plague is believed to have highlighted the importance of a multinational medical response, setting precedents for organizations such as the
172:
Parallels have also been made between the management and control of the
Manchurian plague and other outbreaks of infectious disease such as the
1630:
1396:
1298:
1016:
1316:
1208:
469:
1488:
1159:
1512:
1452:
1360:
1280:
1112:
142:
1428:
1458:
1022:
1422:
806:
1147:
1052:
980:
925:
449:
405:
378:
237:
115:, who fell ill within eight days of inspecting and quarantining hundreds of poor laborers; he died two days later in Mukden.
1402:
1346:
1171:
1118:
173:
1177:
100:
in April 1911, the first major event of its kind that brought together an international team of scientists concerned with
1735:
1286:
1082:
1076:
1058:
956:
876:
677:
631:
1340:
1100:
986:
553:
Liu, He; Jiao, Mingli; Zhao, Siqi; Xing, Kai; Li, Ye; Ning, Ning; Liang, Libo; Wu, Qunhong; Hao, Yanhua (April 2015).
1523:
1494:
1384:
1328:
1244:
605:
108:
catching the plague when visiting patients without wearing a mask. Another was the 26-year-old Arthur F. Jackson, a
1636:
1440:
1310:
1274:
1262:
1165:
1088:
126:, and Mukden. Although the disease was largely confined to Manchuria, cases were found elsewhere in cities such as
1760:
1755:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1506:
1500:
1470:
1390:
1292:
1232:
1195:
1183:
1094:
919:
705:
46:
in 1910β1911. It killed 60,000 people, stimulating a multinational medical response and the wearing of the first
1618:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1464:
1408:
1378:
1366:
254:
109:
77:. Russia and Japan both had economic interests in the region and needed to cooperate with Chinese authorities.
1740:
1334:
1250:
852:
162:
147:
47:
279:"Inaugural address delivered at the opening of the International Plague Conference, Mukden, April 4th, 1911"
1304:
1124:
1010:
1004:
913:
1688:
1682:
1476:
1446:
1256:
1226:
1106:
882:
555:"Controlling Ebola: what we can learn from China's 1911 battle against the pneumonic plague in Manchuria"
1268:
937:
907:
68:
infected with bacterial pneumonia. Tarbagan marmots were hunted for their fur in
Manchuria. It was an
1750:
992:
655:
154:
19:
304:
1660:
1642:
1666:
1570:
1564:
931:
864:
846:
670:
81:
1715:
1710:
1612:
1558:
1372:
963:
949:
766:
1745:
1594:
1552:
1130:
395:
368:
59:
201:
1201:
998:
943:
858:
370:
Health and
Hygiene in Chinese East Asia: Policies and Publics in the Long Twentieth Century
8:
1434:
1064:
829:
782:
776:
422:
470:"'They can cost Β£63k': how the hazmat suit came to represent disease, danger β and hope"
1415:
1322:
1070:
901:
870:
663:
581:
554:
349:
118:
In the end, the death toll reached some 60,000 lives. The hardest hit cities included
1672:
818:
755:
586:
535:
527:
445:
401:
374:
341:
233:
177:
1654:
788:
743:
694:
576:
566:
517:
507:
496:"Plague Masks: The Visual Emergence of Anti-Epidemic Personal Protection Equipment"
333:
112:
74:
69:
39:
512:
495:
1238:
794:
749:
722:
439:
227:
158:
101:
93:
65:
441:
The Great
Manchurian Plague of 1910β1911: The Geopolitics of an Epidemic Disease
278:
730:
571:
328:
Gamsa, Mark (2006). "The
Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910-1911".
1704:
1648:
800:
531:
345:
165:
to stop the spread of disease, and is credited for the origins of the modern
590:
539:
337:
1624:
812:
166:
85:
1189:
1037:
522:
353:
89:
685:
119:
43:
1544:
690:
686:
97:
131:
127:
123:
96:. He also convened the International Plague Conference in
397:
606:"What History Teaches About the Coronavirus Emergency"
88:
led
Chinese efforts to end the plague, and promoted
1702:
64:The plague is thought to have originated from a
604:Soon, Wayne; Chong, Ja Ian (12 February 2020).
552:
632:"Lessons from a deadly 1911 epidemic in China"
1676:
671:
559:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
424:The life of Dr. Arthur Jackson of Manchuria
678:
664:
229:Memories Of Dr Wu Lien-teh, Plague Fighter
859:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
603:
580:
570:
521:
511:
373:. Duke University Press. pp. 79β80.
309:worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu
255:"The untold origin story of the N95 mask"
174:Ebola epidemic in West Africa (2013β2016)
493:
463:
461:
157:. Wu Lien-teh's widespread promotion of
141:
18:
437:
420:
1703:
629:
252:
225:
199:
16:Pneumonic plague outbreak in 1910β1911
926:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
659:
494:Lynteris, Christos (18 August 2018).
458:
366:
327:
467:
400:. Taylor & Francis. p. 50.
195:
193:
13:
393:
23:Victims of the Manchurian plague,
14:
1772:
190:
1631:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
178:COVID-19 pandemic (2019βpresent)
1409:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
706:List of epidemics and pandemics
623:
597:
546:
487:
431:
427:. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
137:
630:French, Paul (19 April 2020).
421:Costain, Alfred James (1911).
414:
387:
360:
321:
297:
271:
246:
219:
110:United Free Church of Scotland
1:
734:
513:10.1080/01459740.2017.1423072
468:Kale, Sirin (26 March 2020).
367:Leung, Angela Ki Che (2010).
183:
163:personal protective equipment
148:personal protective equipment
48:personal protective equipment
24:
438:Summers, William C. (2012).
202:"Manchurian plague, 1910-11"
7:
253:Wilson, Mark (2020-03-24).
10:
1777:
1736:Disease outbreaks in China
1519:2024 Latin American dengue
1299:Western African meningitis
1113:Pacific Northwest smallpox
572:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.02.013
57:
53:
1543:
1219:
1140:
1125:Buenos Aires yellow fever
1045:
1036:
1023:Philadelphia yellow fever
993:Great Plague of Marseille
987:Great Northern War plague
981:Iceland smallpox epidemic
973:
894:
839:
828:
765:
721:
714:
701:
444:. Yale University Press.
155:World Health Organization
1689:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
1683:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
1643:Seventh cholera pandemic
42:that occurred mainly in
1601:Fourth cholera pandemic
1583:Second cholera pandemic
1429:Γquateur province Ebola
1017:North American smallpox
932:Great Plague of Seville
70:airborne spread disease
1761:1911 disasters in Asia
1756:1910 disasters in Asia
1731:20th-century epidemics
1726:1911 disease outbreaks
1721:1910 disease outbreaks
1619:Sixth cholera pandemic
1607:Fifth cholera pandemic
1589:Third cholera pandemic
1577:First cholera pandemic
1559:Second plague pandemic
1119:Barcelona yellow fever
964:Great Plague of Vienna
950:Great Plague of London
920:Massachusetts smallpox
150:
31:
1595:Third plague pandemic
1553:First plague pandemic
1347:Western African Ebola
1257:Chikungunya outbreaks
1209:Malaysian Nipah virus
1077:Great Plains smallpox
145:
60:Third plague pandemic
22:
1741:History of Manchuria
1655:Russian flu pandemic
1397:Angolan yellow fever
1148:San Francisco plague
1101:Broad Street cholera
999:Great Plague of 1738
500:Medical Anthropology
338:10.1093/pastj/gtj001
232:. World Scientific.
1561:(1348β19th century)
1489:New Zealand measles
1317:Darfur yellow fever
1160:LA pneumonic plague
777:Plague of Justinian
394:Bu, Liping (2017).
283:Wellcome Collection
226:Yu-lin, Wu (1995).
92:and the wearing of
1571:Influenza pandemic
1565:Influenza pandemic
1513:Bangsamoro measles
1495:Singaporean dengue
1459:Pacific NW measles
1453:Philippine measles
1441:Madagascar measles
1423:Kerala Nipah virus
1416:Saudi Arabian MERS
1329:Singaporean dengue
1275:Zimbabwean cholera
1245:Singaporean dengue
1089:Copenhagen cholera
1071:Groningen epidemic
865:Influenza pandemic
847:Influenza pandemic
330:Past & Present
200:Meiklejohn, Iain.
151:
146:Plague workers in
32:
1698:
1697:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1471:Kuala Koh measles
1385:South Korean MERS
1373:Polio declaration
1361:Madagascar plague
1293:Gujarat hepatitis
1281:Madagascar plague
1233:Midwest monkeypox
1184:Yugoslav smallpox
1154:Manchurian plague
1095:Stockholm cholera
1032:
1031:
819:Sweating sickness
807:Japanese smallpox
756:Plague of Cyprian
695:disease outbreaks
451:978-0-300-18319-1
407:978-1-317-54135-6
380:978-0-8223-4826-9
239:978-981-4632-82-9
159:cloth plague mask
113:missionary doctor
36:Manchurian plague
1768:
1751:Plague (disease)
1678:
1465:New York measles
1419:
1379:Indian swine flu
1367:Odisha hepatitis
1357:
1311:Pakistani dengue
1263:Pakistani dengue
1212:
1178:WrocΕaw smallpox
1131:Hong Kong plague
1065:Caragea's plague
1043:
1042:
960:
853:Mexican smallpox
837:
836:
789:Plague of Sheroe
744:Plague of Athens
739:
736:
719:
718:
680:
673:
666:
657:
656:
647:
646:
644:
642:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
601:
595:
594:
584:
574:
550:
544:
543:
525:
515:
491:
485:
484:
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480:
465:
456:
455:
435:
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411:
391:
385:
384:
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290:
275:
269:
268:
266:
265:
250:
244:
243:
223:
217:
216:
214:
212:
206:Disaster History
197:
94:cloth face masks
84:-trained doctor
75:Chinese New Year
40:pneumonic plague
29:
26:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1531:
1414:
1352:
1335:Swansea measles
1287:Bolivian dengue
1215:
1207:
1196:Indian smallpox
1166:Croydon typhoid
1136:
1028:
969:
955:
890:
831:
824:
795:Plague of Amwas
768:
761:
750:Antonine Plague
737:
710:
697:
684:
653:
651:
650:
640:
638:
628:
624:
614:
612:
602:
598:
551:
547:
492:
488:
478:
476:
466:
459:
452:
436:
432:
419:
415:
408:
392:
388:
381:
365:
361:
326:
322:
313:
311:
303:
302:
298:
288:
286:
277:
276:
272:
263:
261:
251:
247:
240:
224:
220:
210:
208:
198:
191:
186:
140:
102:disease control
66:tarbagan marmot
62:
56:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1663:(1981βpresent)
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1515:(2023βpresent)
1510:
1507:Jamaica dengue
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1403:Yemeni cholera
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1354:DR Congo Ebola
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1059:Maltese plague
1056:
1053:Ottoman plague
1049:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1011:Persian Plague
1008:
1005:Russian plague
1002:
996:
990:
984:
977:
975:
971:
970:
968:
967:
961:
957:Maltese plague
953:
947:
941:
938:Maltese plague
935:
929:
923:
917:
914:Italian plague
911:
908:Maltese plague
905:
898:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
886:
880:
877:Maltese plague
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
843:
841:
834:
826:
825:
823:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
773:
771:
763:
762:
760:
759:
753:
747:
741:
731:Hittite plague
727:
725:
716:
712:
711:
709:
708:
702:
699:
698:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
649:
648:
622:
596:
545:
506:(6): 442β457.
486:
457:
450:
430:
413:
406:
386:
379:
359:
320:
296:
270:
245:
238:
218:
188:
187:
185:
182:
139:
136:
55:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:1911 in China
1714:
1712:
1711:1910 in China
1709:
1708:
1706:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1675:(2019βpresent
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:Hong Kong flu
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:Tonga measles
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:Samoa measles
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:Haiti cholera
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:Iraqi cholera
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:Indian dengue
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:Guam smallpox
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
976:
972:
965:
962:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:Naples Plague
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:London plague
900:
899:
897:
893:
887:
884:
883:London plague
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:London plague
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
844:
842:
838:
835:
833:
827:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:Plague of 664
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
772:
770:
764:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
732:
729:
728:
726:
724:
720:
717:
713:
707:
704:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
661:
658:
654:
637:
633:
626:
611:
607:
600:
592:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
475:
471:
464:
462:
453:
447:
443:
442:
434:
426:
425:
417:
409:
403:
399:
398:
390:
382:
376:
372:
371:
363:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
324:
310:
306:
300:
284:
280:
274:
260:
256:
249:
241:
235:
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207:
203:
196:
194:
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149:
144:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
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111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
71:
67:
61:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
21:
1746:Qing dynasty
1501:Uganda Ebola
1220:21st century
1202:Surat plague
1172:NYC smallpox
1153:
1141:20th century
1046:19th century
974:18th century
895:17th century
861:(1545, 1576)
840:16th century
783:Roman Plague
752:(165β180 AD)
746:(429β426 BC)
693:and notable
652:
639:. Retrieved
635:
625:
613:. Retrieved
610:The Diplomat
609:
599:
562:
558:
548:
503:
499:
489:
477:. Retrieved
474:The Guardian
473:
440:
433:
423:
416:
396:
389:
369:
362:
332:(190): 155.
329:
323:
312:. Retrieved
308:
299:
287:. Retrieved
282:
273:
262:. Retrieved
259:Fast Company
258:
248:
228:
221:
209:. Retrieved
205:
171:
152:
138:Significance
117:
106:
79:
63:
35:
33:
1691:(2023β2024)
1685:(2022β2023)
1669:(2009β2010)
1657:(1977β1979)
1651:(1968β1970)
1645:(1961β1975)
1639:(1957β1958)
1633:(1919β1930)
1627:(1918β1920)
1625:Spanish flu
1621:(1899β1923)
1615:(1889β1890)
1613:Russian flu
1609:(1881β1896)
1603:(1863β1879)
1597:(1855β1860)
1591:(1852β1860)
1585:(1829β1851)
1579:(1816β1826)
1573:(1557β1559)
1503:(2022β2023)
1491:(2019β2020)
1485:(2019β2020)
1483:DRC measles
1437:(2018β2020)
1405:(2016β2022)
1393:(2015β2016)
1349:(2013β2016)
1343:(2013β2014)
1341:Chikungunya
1307:(2010β2019)
1301:(2009β2010)
1283:(2008β2017)
1277:(2008β2009)
1241:(2003β2005)
1229:(2002β2004)
1211:(1998β1999)
1192:(1972β1973)
1156:(1910β1911)
1150:(1900β1904)
1115:(1862β1863)
1085:(1847β1848)
1079:(1837β1838)
1061:(1813β1814)
1055:(1812β1819)
1025:(1793β1798)
1019:(1780β1782)
1007:(1770β1772)
995:(1720β1722)
989:(1710β1712)
983:(1707β1708)
959:(1675β1676)
952:(1665β1666)
934:(1647β1652)
928:(1633β1644)
916:(1629β1631)
885:(1592β1593)
879:(1592β1593)
873:(1563β1564)
867:(1557β1559)
821:(1485β1551)
815:(1346β1353)
813:Black Death
738: 1330
565:: 222β226.
523:10023/16472
167:hazmat suit
86:Wu Lien-teh
28: 1910
1705:Categories
1435:Kivu Ebola
1190:London flu
314:2020-12-17
264:2020-04-25
184:References
90:quarantine
58:See also:
1667:Swine flu
1637:Asian flu
1555:(541β767)
1524:Argentina
809:(735β737)
803:(664β689)
797:(638β639)
791:(627β628)
779:(541β542)
769:classical
758:(250β266)
691:epidemics
687:Pandemics
532:0145-9740
346:0031-2746
120:Changchun
82:Cambridge
44:Manchuria
1673:COVID-19
1661:HIV/AIDS
1239:Bird flu
641:23 April
615:23 April
591:25722280
540:30427733
479:23 April
289:23 April
211:23 April
723:Ancient
582:7110523
354:3600890
132:Tianjin
128:Beijing
54:History
50:(PPE).
1567:(1510)
1545:Global
1526:(2024)
1509:(2023)
1497:(2020)
1479:(2019)
1473:(2019)
1467:(2019)
1461:(2019)
1455:(2019)
1449:(2019)
1443:(2018)
1431:(2018)
1425:(2018)
1418:(2018)
1411:(2017)
1399:(2016)
1387:(2015)
1381:(2015)
1375:(2014)
1369:(2014)
1363:(2014)
1356:(2014)
1337:(2013)
1331:(2013)
1325:(2012)
1319:(2012)
1313:(2011)
1295:(2009)
1289:(2009)
1271:(2007)
1265:(2006)
1259:(2006)
1253:(2006)
1247:(2005)
1235:(2003)
1204:(1994)
1198:(1974)
1186:(1972)
1180:(1963)
1174:(1947)
1168:(1937)
1162:(1924)
1133:(1894)
1127:(1871)
1121:(1870)
1109:(1856)
1103:(1854)
1097:(1853)
1091:(1853)
1083:Typhus
1073:(1829)
1067:(1813)
1038:Modern
1013:(1772)
1001:(1738)
966:(1679)
946:(1656)
940:(1655)
922:(1633)
910:(1623)
904:(1603)
855:(1520)
849:(1510)
832:modern
589:
579:
538:
530:
448:
404:
377:
352:
344:
285:. 1911
236:
124:Harbin
98:Mukden
38:was a
830:Early
785:(590)
767:Post-
715:Local
350:JSTOR
1391:Zika
1323:MERS
1227:SARS
643:2020
617:2020
587:PMID
536:PMID
528:ISSN
481:2020
446:ISBN
402:ISBN
375:ISBN
342:ISSN
291:2020
234:ISBN
213:2020
176:and
130:and
80:The
34:The
740:BC)
636:CNN
577:PMC
567:doi
518:hdl
508:doi
334:doi
1707::
735:c.
689:,
634:.
608:.
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563:33
561:.
557:.
534:.
526:.
516:.
504:37
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460:^
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192:^
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122:,
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25:c.
1679:)
1677:*
733:(
679:e
672:t
665:v
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