35:
149:, private ownership of weapons was allowed but, considering that at this time many of the black were still slaves, most of the men who became mambises did not have firearms. Following the war, Spain prohibited ownership of firearms in an effort to prevent another uprising. In both cases, the lack of firearms forced the mambises into using what they had: machetes and sometimes horses.
126:" which forcefully moved rural inhabitants into the cities in makeshift concentration camps. Conditions in these camps resulted in mass starvation, disease, and large numbers of deaths of the Cuban population. The prospect of these conditions pushed many families, including the women and children, into joining the independence movement.
156:, who had been a cavalry officer in the Spanish Army, taught the men the "machete charge". This became the mambises' most useful and feared tactic in both wars. These methods resulted in Guerrilla type warfare that favored them due to the element of surprise and their knowledge of the terrain and environment.
105:
The mambĂ forces were made up of volunteers who mostly had no military training and banded together in loose groups who acted independently to attack the
Spanish troops during the Ten Years' War. It is estimated that 8,000 poorly armed and underfed mambises inflicted close to 20,000 casualties on the
109:
Similarly, by the end of the War of
Independence the National Army of Liberation numbered nearly 50,000 of which only about 25,000 were armed. The leaders, having learnt from previous mistakes, had organized the army into “6 corps with 14 divisions, 34 brigades, 50 regiments of infantry and 34
73:
The surviving
Spanish soldiers, who had been fighting in Santo Domingo, were then sent to Cuba once the Ten Years' War broke out in 1868. These soldiers, noting the similar tactics and machetes use by the Cuban independence fighters as by the original “men of Mamby”, began calling the Cuban
93:
The mambĂ soldiers made up most of the
National Army of Liberation and were the key soldiers responsible for the success of the Cuban liberation wars. They consisted of Cubans from all social classes including white Cubans, free black people, slaves, and
164:, 96 armed expeditions landed in Cuba. Despite this interference, and having only originally started with a small number of weapons, the mambises were able to build up a significant arsenal by conducting raids on the Spanish troops and strongholds.
159:
Knowing additional weapons were needed, numerous attempts were made to procure arms from outside the country. During both wars of independence, many expeditions were funded to bring equipment and volunteers for the
Liberation Army. During the
507:"A secret war: The clandestine campaign waged by the Kennedy Administration and the CIA against Fidel Castro in the years that followed the Bay of Pigs invasion rivaled open warfare in time, effort and money spent," by Don Bohning, in the
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is a notable cartoon character within Cuban culture in comics, television, and movies. Created in 1970, he is portrayed as a mambĂ colonel, fighting for the liberation of Cuba from the
Spanish.
98:. During the Ten Years' War, slaves were promised their freedom if they assisted the Creoles in the fight against the Spanish. The freeing of slaves to help fight was started by
110:
cavalry.” Even though, once again, they were limited on resources, they possibly inflicted 71,000 casualties out of the 250,000 Spanish troops sent to the island.
74:
independence fighters mambises. Though this was meant as a derogatory slur towards the Cuban rebels, the Cubans accepted and started using the name with pride.
102:. At the end of the war, even though independence from Spain was not achieved, Spain agreed to honor the freeing of the slaves who had fought against them.
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which was made before the
Revolution, was funded by the government and had all of the troops, horses, and weapons for the film supplied by the military.
182:, that portray the national significance of the mambises. These cinemas have been used to create a sense of Cuban national identity. One such film,
199:
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Total number of
Spanish casualties lost during conflict. Number lost due to yellow fever and other diseases vs. combat is not known.
575:
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Gabriel
Cardona y JuanCarlos Losada, "Weyler, nuestro hombre en La Habana" . Planeta, Barcelona, Segunda ediciĂłn 1988.
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The
Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
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The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
580:
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Emilio de Diego GarcĂa, Weyler, de la leyenda a la Historia. FundaciĂłn Cánovas del Castillo, Madrid, 1998.
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Moreno Fraginals, Manuel, "Cuba-España, España-Cuba Historia común". Grijalbo Mondadori. Barcelona, 1995 .
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MambĂ independence fighters were not limited to men. During the War of Independence, Spanish general
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137:’s mother. Mariana and all of her sons participated in all three of the wars of independence.
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were the guerrilla independence soldiers who fought for Cuba's independence from Spain in the
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The Mambi-land, or, Adventures of a Herald Correspondent in Cuba. By James J. O’Kelly.
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Perinat Mazeres,Santiago, "Las Guerras Mambisas".Ediciones Carena,Barcelona,2002.
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517:"Guide to the Rafael MartĂnez Pupo Papers Relating to Comandos Mambises"
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The Guardian: The Story of a Texas Ranger-Rough Rider, American Hero
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The Guardian: The Story of a Texas Ranger-Rough Rider, American Hero
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Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine-American Wars
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Other sources cite the term to be of Congo origin or, as stated by
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Several films have been made in Cuba, both before and after the
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mambĂ refers to the child of a monkey crossed with a buzzard.
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well-trained Spanish soldiers during the Ten Years' War.
466:
History of Cuba: The Challenge of the Yoke and the Star
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History of Cuba: The Challenge of the Yoke and the Star
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Ed Elizondo. “Interesting Facts About the Mambi Army.”
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200:Category:People of the Cuban War of Independence
58:origin and was applied to revolutionaries from
16:1868–1898 Cuban independence guerrilla soldiers
452:Dos ejércitos en lucha: Tácticas y estructuras
274:Triana, Mauro GarcĂa, and Pedro Eng Herrera.
454:(in Spanish). Instituto de Historia de Cuba.
291:. University of Pittsburgh Pre, 2004. Print
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393:Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature
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152:At the start of the Ten Years' War,
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468:. Union Nacional de Juristas, 2000
440:. Union Nacional de Juristas, 2000
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326:“Cuba Journal: EjĂ©rcito MambĂ.”
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494:. Univ of Minnesota Press, 2004
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129:The best known mambĂ woman is
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276:The Chinese in Cuba, 1847-Now
188:Libertadores o guerrilleros,
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83:Biography of a Runaway Slave,
479:Encyclopedia of Early Cinema
395:. Taylor & Francis, 1997
341:Biography of a Runaway Slave
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50:According to Cuban writer
481:. 1st ed. Routledge, 2005
216:Carlos Manuel de CĂ©spedes
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39:Cuban War of Independence
29:Cuban War of Independence
450:DĂaz MartĂnez, Yolanda.
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343:. Curbstone Books, 1995
131:Mariana Grajales Cuello
70:) in the 19th century.
52:Carlos Márquez Sterling
464:Navarro, Jose Canton.
436:Navarro, Jose Canton.
412:Cuban Genealogy Center
211:Antonio Maceo Grajales
135:Antonio Maceo Grajales
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581:Military terminology
477:Abel, Richard, ed.
352:Spencer C. Tucker.
313:Spencer C. Tucker.
414:. Web. 22 May 2012
378:O’Kelly, James J.
68:Dominican Republic
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490:Chanan, Michael.
369:. iUniverse, 2010
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287:PĂ©rez, Lisandro.
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