Apple - Knowledge

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or just being the "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as '

1918: 1672:. Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear). Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor. 1815:, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia, especially the 1823: 1938: 1185: 1958: 10110: 8226: 1207: 1678:: Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth. 1403: 1728: 3248:, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand. 2077:, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction. 1533:

mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg (90–440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10–80 kg (20–180 lb) of fruit per year.

2069:. This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome. 3445:, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922. 1760:, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group. 1763:

The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated

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The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most

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selection and trimming method. Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves. The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture. When young twigs are covered in very fine downy hairs and become

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Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport,

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describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately. Though methods like this will extend the availabity of reasonably

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Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form

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cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and

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Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area),

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facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.

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with 3–7 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit. Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures −2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to

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Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th

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Ribeiro, Flávia A.P.; Gomes de Moura, Carolina F.; Aguiar, Odair; de Oliveira, Flavia; Spadari, Regina C.; Oliveira, Nara R.C.; Oshima, Celina T.F.; Ribeiro, Daniel A. (September 2014). "The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis: antioxidant activity and cell cycle control".

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used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or

1205: 1178:. There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then. Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented. 1583:

which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to

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The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:

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At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild

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apples are commonly produced in the United States. Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts

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fresh apples, without refrigeration their lifespan is limited. Even sturdy winter apple varieties will only keep well until December in cool climates. For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.

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are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds. The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point. The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.

3095:, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of Iðunn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world." 1640:

diseases, and to damage by insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed.

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In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and

1352:. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The 534:

tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft). When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by

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Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:

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The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0–100%. The skin may be wholly or partly

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For home storage, most culitvars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F). Some varieties of apples (e.g.

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program in 1991. Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars. In Europe there are also many breeding programs such as the

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of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of the

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in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved. The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving

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in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.

2061:. Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail 426:. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting. 6748: 1655:

is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to

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Ecofruit - 13th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing: Proceedings to the Conference from 18thFebruary to 20th February 2008 at Weinsberg/Germany

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conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of

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Rottoli, Mauro; Pessina, Andrea (2007). "Chapter 9: Neolithic agriculture in Italy: an update of archaeobotanical data with particular emphasis on northern settlements". In Colledge, Sue; Conolly, James (eds.).

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Atthowe, Helen; Gilkeson, Linda A.; Kite, L. Patricia; Michalak, Patricia S.; Pleasant, Barbara; Reich, Lee; Scheider, Alfred F. (2009). Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Bardara W.; Martin, Deborah L. (eds.).

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Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple

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climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The

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I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is

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Flath, Robert A.; Black, Dale Robert.; Guadagni, Dante G.; McFadden, William H.; Schultz, Thomas H. (January 1967). "Identification and organoleptic evaluation of compounds in Delicious apple essence".

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The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables

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is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the

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Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.

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in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in

4020: 7303: 7111: 5322: 1373:(mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. 4150:

Flath, R. A.; Black, D. R.; Forrey, R. R.; McDonald, G. M.; Mon, T. R.; Teranishi, R. (1 August 1969). "Volatiles in Gravenstein Apple Essence Identified by GC-Mass Spectrometry".

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Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are "

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Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess

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Schlumbaum, Angela; van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldan-Ruiz, Isabel (January 2012). "Towards the onset of fruit tree growing north of the Alps: Ancient DNA from waterlogged apple (

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Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.

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trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.

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Richards, Christopher M.; Volk, Gayle M.; Reilley, Ann A.; Henk, Adam D.; Lockwood, Dale R.; et al. (2009). "Genetic diversity and population structure in

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Nicolas, J. J.; Richard-Forget, F. C.; Goupy, P. M.; Amiot, M. J.; Aubert, S. Y. (1 January 1994). "Enzymatic browning reactions in apple and apple products".

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is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. For instance, in

6091:"Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility" 987:

size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '

7840: 5805: 5775: 3413:. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The 6075: 5975: 6423: 5639: 3587: 6639: 1151:

Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild

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Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of

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was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world,

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to share with her. The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the

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Cornille, Amandine; Gladieux, Pierre; Smulders, Marinus J. M.; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Laurens, François; et al. (2012). Mauricio, Rodney (ed.).

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The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5 millimeters, but are usually less than 4 mm. The

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Yu, Xiuzhu; Van De Voort, Frederick R.; Li, Zhixi; Yue, Tianli (2007). "Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil".

714: 5673: 6805: 5418: 665: 3395:. The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for "good and evil" is 1273:

during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.

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Di Pierro, Erica A.; Gianfranceschi, Luca; Di Guardo, Mario; Koehorst-Van Putten, Herma J.J.; Kruisselbrink, Johannes W.; et al. (2016).

10775: 10353: 10060: 7103: 5310: 4734:"New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties" 7005: 6487: 9602: 5475: 3013:

in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of

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in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be

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One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to

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One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).

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Powell, L.E. (1986). "The Chilling Requirement in Apple and Its Role in Regulating Time of Flowering in Spring in Cold-Winter Climate".

5456:"The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji'" 1648:

A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab.

758:. The skin may also be marked with scattered dots. The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green. 9681: 7685: 6672: 4180: 1329:

10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.

10850: 5643: 2670: 6756:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 6365:. News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1–2. Archived from 5356: 3291: 3060:

an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a

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has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make

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is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there. The wild ancestor of

6259: 6198: 3421:" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual 2065:(OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat, but in rare cases can also include life-threatening 6522: 9625: 8161: 8118: 8076: 8033: 7977: 7934: 7792: 7725: 7576: 7537: 7506: 7055: 6956: 6892: 6761: 6212: 6010: 5706: 5689: 5572: 5270: 5191: 5090:[Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. 5054: 5006: 4883: 4077: 3988: 3903: 3855: 3772: 1848: 387: 10417: 10345: 7603: 1539:

Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include '

10731: 9564: 7888: 7834: 7325: 6775: 6596: 3438: 567:) with a narrow pointed end. The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are 4124: 3521: 10965: 9703: 6400: 6053: 5953: 5092: 3760:

Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah

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are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.

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began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.

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The size of the fruit varies widely between cultivars, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and

10970: 8200: 7679: 7477: 7437: 6545: 1839:' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. 1140:, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between 569: 6549: 4802:

Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; Roldán-Ruiz, I. (2006). "Chloroplast diversity in the genus

10904: 10780: 10479: 10113: 8258: 3633: 2030:. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause 1171:

ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.

549: 386:, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Eurasia and were introduced to North America by 7824: 4397:"A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species" 2849:) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. A light coating of 1662:—eliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions. 10713: 10358: 10327: 6831: 5455: 3724: 3669: 2905: 2712:

Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making

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Velasco, Riccardo; Zharkikh, Andrey; Affourtit, Jason; Dhingra, Amit; Cestaro, Alessandro; et al. (2010).

3046:. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the 2043: 1645:

methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest.

10868: 10443: 5088:"Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" 1004:. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from 983:

per cell (though triploid cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated

10762: 6635: 1353: 1308:". Rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents. 6366: 6333: 3588:"Where the word 'apple' came from and why the forbidden fruit was unlucky to be linked with the fall of man" 2613: 10666: 10653: 10601: 10280: 8558: 7042: 6879: 6715: 3003:

burial site in Norway, that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in

2901: 2039: 991:'. However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors, in part owing to the high degree of 17: 7137: 6462: 6150:"Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis" 5737: 10591: 10586: 10563: 10215: 10210: 10187: 7717: 7027: 6864: 6698: 5835: 5425: 3942: 3712: 3628: 1788: 942: 42: 10306: 9711: 4682: 4587:"Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement" 4521:"A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour" 4260: 2604: 2005:, with China producing 50% of the total (table). Secondary producers were the United States and Turkey. 10863: 10692: 10438: 7880: 7667: 5898:. Vol. I. North Yakima, Washington: The Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation. pp. 475–476 3562: 3557: 1575:

to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas

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are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.

746: in). The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, conical, or short and wide. 621:

are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-

9592: 7032: 6798:"Nutrition Facts, Apples, raw, with skin [Includes USDA commodity food A343]. 100 gram amount" 10790: 10368: 10168: 9670: 9111: 6797: 6584: 6298: 6089:

Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021).

5923:. Vol. I. North Yakima, Washington: The Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation. pp. 45–51 5429: 5174: 4459:"High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development" 3764: 3236:, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but 2900:

of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality. The US

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of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.

3149: 2716:. Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the 2709:, or baked. They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing. 1713:

burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.

767: 10103: 9660: 8798: 8153: 6948: 6095: 5797: 4998: 4961: 4028: 3592: 1710: 1362: 930: 575:, almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs. The leaves are attached 504:. As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit, including 10754: 6491: 6453:

Peil, A.; Dunemann, F.; Richter, K.; Hoefer, M.; Király, I.; Flachowsky, H.; Hanke, M.-V. (2008).

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11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23–24, 2000

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in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful

1787:. Among their recent well known apples is the 'SnapDragon' cultivar released in 2013. In the west 95: 10661: 10241: 9696: 8648: 8278: 8230: 8192: 8068: 8013: 7568: 7047: 6997: 6884: 5918: 5891: 5183: 4210:

Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Tang, Geng-Guo (April 2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name

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published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of

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Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.

1472: 1385: 1317: 1287: 35: 5259: 4955: 2462: 10407: 10394: 8938: 8928: 8813: 8768: 8663: 8643: 8563: 8538: 7560: 5123: 4992: 4683:"Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple ( Malus × domestica , Rosaceae) tree" 4401: 3681: 2475: 2062: 2034:. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be 1757: 1568: 1274: 832: 212: 10816: 7962: 7961: 7671: 7659: 6940: 5994: 5632:

An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia

5125:

A Gardener's Book of Plant Names : A Handbook of the Meaning and Origins of Plant Names

5038: 4867: 3972: 3758: 3179:, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: 3148:, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the 3064:. Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by 1243: 10609: 9930: 9617: 9372: 9284: 9244: 8718: 8508: 8302: 8251: 7461: 7421: 5767: 5630: 4878: ; University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications. pp. 142–143. 4823: 4598: 4532: 4410: 4069: 2988: 2892:, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been 2818: 2665: 2527: 2488: 2027: 1693: 1604: 1525: 1091: 10829: 5344: 2908:

in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.

2853:, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding. 1779:

In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities.

1214: 941:

he meant the domesticated apple. Nonetheless, it was used as such by many botanists. When

795:

Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include

559:), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base ( 8: 10824: 10402: 9407: 9294: 8773: 8573: 8483: 8388: 7326:"Okanagan Specialty Fruits: Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF 000132" 6588: 5858: 3975:

Apples of North America : 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks

3839: 3441:", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century 3005: 2802: 2616:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1816: 1697: 1341: 495: 7626: 6424:"How a few good apples spawned today's top varieties — and why breeders must branch out" 4827: 4602: 4536: 4414: 10922: 10487: 9810: 9756: 9689: 9558: 9206: 9186: 9058: 9018: 8878: 8788: 8783: 8598: 8588: 8393: 8146: 8061: 7398: 7220: 6941: 6174: 6149: 6130: 6069: 5969: 5863: 5580: 5352: 5039: 4965: 4868: 4847: 4760: 4733: 4663: 4619: 4586: 4553: 4520: 4498: 4431: 4396: 4377: 3973: 2869: 2674:

Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook

2514: 2442: 2204: 1780: 1512: 1263: 958: 864: 844: 407: 241: 229: 90: 8523: 7630: 6293: 3757:

Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013).

3103: 1543:' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', ' 1332:

Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of

1084:

of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with

613:

simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long

10842: 10811: 10389: 10223: 10049: 10042: 10028: 10021: 9997: 9990: 9920: 9865: 9498: 9462: 9201: 9156: 9121: 8973: 8553: 8543: 8468: 8433: 8206: 8196: 8175: 8167: 8157: 8132: 8124: 8114: 8082: 8072: 8047: 8039: 8029: 8025: 7991: 7983: 7973: 7930: 7884: 7830: 7798: 7788: 7778: 7721: 7712: 7675: 7572: 7533: 7502: 7473: 7443: 7433: 7255: 7212: 7069: 7061: 7051: 6970: 6962: 6952: 6906: 6898: 6888: 6767: 6757: 6610: 6602: 6592: 6226: 6218: 6208: 6204: 6179: 6134: 6122: 6114: 6047: 6024: 6016: 6006: 5947: 5685: 5546: 5536: 5284: 5276: 5266: 5229: 5197: 5187: 5142: 5134: 5068: 5060: 5050: 5012: 5002: 4933: 4889: 4879: 4839: 4835: 4765: 4702: 4624: 4558: 4490: 4436: 4369: 4091: 4083: 4073: 4058: 4002: 3994: 3984: 3917: 3909: 3899: 3861: 3851: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3768: 3192: 3065: 2992: 2936: 2920: 2790: 2640:(table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 grams provides 52 2540: 2327: 1795:' cultivar in 2017. The third most grown apple cultivar in the United States is the ' 1669: 1407: 10430: 7593: 7402: 7224: 6542:"Apple production in 2022; from pick lists: Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity" 6271: 5681: 5615: 5106: 5087: 4851: 4667: 4502: 4381: 3352: 3322:(平安果, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for 1607:

blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.

1296: 10927: 10492: 10228: 10011: 9952: 9937: 9913: 9906: 9886: 9879: 9838: 9831: 9742: 9570: 9352: 9344: 9329: 9299: 9279: 9196: 9096: 8863: 8823: 8743: 8688: 8658: 8623: 8498: 8488: 8478: 8458: 8428: 8423: 8363: 8358: 8338: 8103: 8059:

Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003).

7920: 7525: 7390: 7247: 7204: 6514: 6169: 6161: 6104: 5677: 5611: 5467: 5101: 4925: 4875: 4831: 4755: 4745: 4694: 4655: 4614: 4606: 4548: 4540: 4519:

Zhang, Liyi; Hu, Jiang; Han, Xiaolei; Li, Jingjing; Gao, Yuan; et al. (2019).

4480: 4470: 4426: 4418: 4394: 4359: 4315: 4277: 4241: 4189: 4159: 3888: 3843: 3465: 3273: 3257: 3168: 3156: 3010: 2976: 2744: 2344: 2031: 1784: 1479: 1461: 1411: 1174:

There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the

1136: 1098:. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. 1086: 988: 915:

in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named

836: 816: 755: 461:

as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.

10568: 10555: 10192: 10179: 5584: 5384:

Proceedings of the 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference

4641: 3371:

is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that

3048: 1076:. Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the 891:: the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the 10950: 10798: 10741: 10466: 10376: 10153: 10035: 10004: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9800: 9786: 9650: 9457: 9362: 9334: 9314: 9254: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9101: 9053: 9043: 8983: 8968: 8833: 8793: 8758: 8753: 8628: 8618: 8568: 8408: 8353: 8309: 8244: 8098: 7916: 7597: 7208: 7077: 6978: 6914: 6267: 5535:. New York: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. pp. 33–35. 5130: 5046: 4951: 4750: 4268: 4232: 3883: 3847: 3418: 3368: 3360: 3134: 3122: 3118: 3042: 2962: 2897: 2837: 2717: 1836: 1688: 1642: 1251: 1235: 1109:

to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (

1052: 1035: 848: 812: 610: 556: 450: 403: 399: 382: 133: 10891: 10767: 5454:

Fallahi, Esmaeil; Colt, W. Michael; Fallahi, Bahar; Chun, Ik-Jo (January 2002).

4929: 4585:

Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; et al. (2017).

1571:

chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of

1422:

to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize

10960: 10955: 10837: 10545: 10425: 10085: 9872: 9858: 9793: 9766: 9575: 9432: 9289: 9176: 9141: 9008: 9003: 8988: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8933: 8893: 8848: 8843: 8693: 8613: 8583: 8548: 8528: 8473: 8438: 8418: 8413: 8383: 8378: 8328: 8094: 7957: 7784: 7707: 6751: 6109: 6090: 4610: 4544: 4163: 4128: 3879: 3507: 3364: 3277: 3145: 3076: 2996: 2916: 2081: 1585: 1544: 1521: 1431: 1291: 1130: 992: 953:, but this was not directly referenced by Borkhausen. The earliest use of var. 888: 820: 762:

Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.

614: 576: 570: 509: 484: 458: 120: 7251: 6392: 5471: 5201: 4659: 4095: 3548: 2946: 563:), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved ( 59: 10944: 10640: 10519: 10267: 9945: 9896: 9817: 9776: 9553: 9538: 9452: 9442: 9437: 9269: 9234: 9171: 9106: 9083: 9068: 9038: 9033: 8978: 8923: 8918: 8898: 8838: 8828: 8778: 8763: 8748: 8683: 8453: 8343: 8210: 7429: 7073: 6974: 6910: 6230: 6118: 6028: 5550: 5509: 4969: 4006: 3865: 3798: 3782: 3597: 3323: 3200: 2984: 2889: 2873: 2752: 2732: 2682: 2649: 2645: 2262: 2160: 2093: 1903: 1765: 1508: 1101:

The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000–10,000 years ago in the

1081: 926: 804: 800: 640: 636: 564: 550: 434: 8179: 8136: 8086: 8051: 7995: 7802: 7447: 7081: 6982: 6918: 6614: 5288: 5233: 5072: 4893: 4422: 3921: 2774:, which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often 2693:, the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible". Apples are consumed as 1791:

started a program to support their apple industry in 1994 and released the '

555:, meaning that their edges overlap each other. Leaves can be simple ovals ( 10881: 10456: 9959: 9612: 9397: 9387: 9274: 9259: 9181: 9166: 9151: 9146: 9073: 9063: 8913: 8853: 8818: 8803: 8728: 8723: 8713: 8673: 8638: 8633: 8593: 8493: 8403: 8398: 8368: 8110: 8018: 7969: 7394: 7358:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada. 8 September 2017. 7216: 6771: 6183: 6126: 6002: 5016: 4937: 4843: 4769: 4706: 4628: 4562: 4494: 4457:

Daccord, Nicolas; Celton, Jean-Marc; Linsmith, Gareth; et al. (2017).

4440: 4373: 3980: 3895: 3406: 3347: 3306:, since the sounds of the first element ("píng") in the words "apple" (苹果, 3088: 3000: 2955: 2814: 2748: 2728: 2713: 2706: 2629: 2553: 2136: 1812: 1792: 1705: 1701: 1625: 1597: 1593: 1468: 1358: 1043: 970: 905: 840: 796: 560: 395: 377: 10803: 10578: 10381: 7259: 6714: 5146: 2888:, a browning factor. Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. 1495:

Group H – 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' – also called Court-Pendu plat)

863:

The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or

754:, making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of 10749: 10700: 10528: 10314: 10202: 10162: 9848: 9493: 9488: 9447: 9427: 9417: 9412: 9224: 9216: 8958: 8908: 8903: 8888: 8678: 8653: 8603: 8518: 8463: 8320: 6541: 6165: 5265:(First ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. pp. 150–151. 5228:. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Company. pp. 33–34. 4698: 4057:

Janick, Jules; Cummins, James N.; Brown, Susan K.; Hemmat, Minou (1996).

3968: 3402: 2798: 2794: 2771: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2653: 2120: 2097: 2066: 1773: 1752: 1657: 1540: 1450: 1419: 1270: 1255: 1175: 1080:

mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary

505: 474: 442: 360: 68: 7163:"European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides" 4193: 3623: 10679: 10293: 9543: 9402: 9392: 9191: 9161: 9023: 8998: 8993: 8963: 8698: 8513: 8348: 6801: 4485: 4245: 3454: 3318:

in Mandarin and Cantonese. When these two words are combined, the word

3261: 3237: 3208: 3138: 3111: 3084: 2971: 2862: 2786: 2767: 2361: 2310: 2270: 2035: 1796: 1740: 1683: 1675: 1423: 1337: 1226: 1069: 1065: 1061: 980: 449:, bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of 356: 31: 10319: 7300:"United States: GM non-browning Arctic apple expands into foodservice" 7193: 4870:

The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe

4806:: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple ( 4681:

Lauri, Pierre-éric; Maguylo, Karen; Trottier, Catherine (March 2006).

3685: 3069: 3033: 1682:

Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called

1621: 1517: 433:. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including 10705: 10622: 10249: 10080: 9548: 9513: 9483: 9422: 9309: 9116: 9091: 9028: 9013: 8873: 8868: 8703: 8608: 8533: 7929:(Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23. 7556: 7498: 7469: 7037: 6874: 5254: 3459: 3422: 3315: 3188: 3126: 3092: 3025: 3014: 2924: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2842: 2826: 2759: 2698: 2420: 2407: 2394: 2258: 2074: 2019: 1748: 1744: 1637: 1438: 1435: 1427: 1390: 1370: 1345: 1325: 1309: 1106: 1102: 1077: 828: 751: 544: 536: 531: 423: 391: 77: 10124: 7565:

The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist

7136:. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. February 2016. Archived from 6042:

Coli, William M.; Berkett, Lorraine P.; Spitko, Robin, eds. (2003).

4475: 4458: 4320: 4303: 4281: 3425:

has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.

2046:

records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.

1555: 1155:

origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.

1021: 10876: 10513: 10451: 10147: 9747: 9607: 9587: 9503: 9357: 9324: 9304: 9264: 9249: 9239: 8738: 8668: 8443: 7861: 5997:

The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control

4731: 4364: 4339: 3838:. Vol. 4, Fruit (First ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: 3241: 3233: 3172: 3141: 3130: 3107: 2999:

developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the

2822: 2810: 2721: 2293: 1736: 1576: 1486: 1395: 1321: 1305: 1073: 912: 606: 547:

have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are

419: 415: 179: 146: 10718: 10627: 10332: 10254: 8128: 7065: 6966: 6902: 6606: 6222: 6020: 5064: 3998: 3913: 3790: 3029: 2966: 2951: 1822: 1434:

are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards.

10236: 9738: 9518: 9048: 8733: 8373: 8333: 5606:

Barahona, M. (1992). "Adaptation of Apple Varieties in Ecuador".

3756: 3434: 3207:. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the 3061: 2770:. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as 2763: 2740: 2641: 2637: 2238: 2023: 1991: 1580: 976: 852: 824: 808: 169: 30:

This article is about the fruit. For the technology company, see

8171: 8043: 7987: 6056:. pp. 19–27. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 5956:. pp. 28–29. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 5280: 5138: 4911: 4087: 3159:, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of 513: 478: 10614: 9467: 8883: 8858: 8708: 8578: 8225: 7237: 6088: 5086:

Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004).

4337: 3983:. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. 3414: 3269: 3204: 3184: 3164: 3160: 2866: 2850: 2779: 2736: 2377: 2267: 2058: 1943: 1923: 1743:

and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same

1652: 1633: 1572: 1457: 1349: 1333: 1247: 1184: 984: 701: 697: 693: 519: 454: 446: 233: 159: 6454: 4801: 4261:"Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 69" 3624:"Origin and meaning of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary" 9728: 9723: 9713: 9581: 9508: 9319: 8448: 5859:"Puff the Magic Preservative: Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent" 5831: 3442: 3380: 3303: 3225: 3080: 3075:

Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of

3057: 3053: 3037: 3021: 2806: 2775: 2758:

Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as

2150: 2084:

fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.

2055: 2002: 1963: 1883: 1867: 1769: 1665: 917: 685: 635:-inch) in diameter. The five-petaled flowers are group in an 618: 438: 368: 364: 336: 328: 189: 107: 6998:"81 Best Apple Recipes: Dinners, Desserts, Salads, and More" 4127:. Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu. 29 October 2010. Archived from 3298:("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017) 1808:, the German federal research center for cultivated plants. 1402: 1242:

Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to

9597: 7046:. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford: 6883:. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford: 5991: 5380:"Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement" 4785:"ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple" 4456: 3405:

painters may also have been influenced by the story of the

3376: 3331: 3196: 3180: 2980: 2846: 1029: 689: 373: 8148:

The Apple Grower : A Guide for the Organic Orchardist

6742: 6720:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 4176: 1739:(cultivated varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their 1600:') have more than three times the storage life of others. 900:. Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use 8236: 6452: 5707:"20 Best Places to Go Apple Picking in the United States" 5318: 3372: 2633: 2180: 1727: 498: 6947:. Photographs by Squire Fox (First ed.). New York: 5085: 4149: 4056: 5917:

Lowther, Granville; Worthington, William, eds. (1914).

5557: 4205: 4203: 2817:, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as 363:

worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the

7168:. CropLife Foundation, Washington, DC. December 2011. 6699:

Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions

5894:. In Lowther, Granville; Worthington, William (eds.). 5736:

Graziano, Jack; Farcuh, Macarena (10 September 2021).

5453: 3125:. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, 3036:, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god 7964:

The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World

7915: 6828:"How to understand and use the nutrition facts label" 5806:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

5776:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

5419:"Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden" 2735:(US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot 1262:

century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in

1254:

in 1640. The only apples native to North America are

7739: 7737: 7495:

Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster

7104:"Why All the Symbolic Rosh Hashanah Foods? "בולבול"" 4680: 4646:, a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple". 4200: 1826:

Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy

1478:

Group D – Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('

1320:

when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves

488: 7380: 5640:

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

5311:"Thanks To Science, You Can Eat An Apple Every Day" 4068:. Vol. I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. New York: 3268:, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is 3020:Davidson notes a connection between apples and the 2605:

Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry

1603:Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance 1449:

Group A – Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('

8145: 8102: 8060: 8017: 7745:"Why Do the Chinese Give Apples Around Christmas?" 7031: 6951:. pp. 16, 32, 35, 45, 92, 137, 262–263, 275. 6868: 6753:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 6576: 6455:"Resistance Breeding in Apple at Dresden-Pillnitz" 5916: 5417:Lord, William G.; Ouellette, Amy (February 2010). 5258: 5173: 5122: 4635: 3887: 2001:World production of apples in 2022 was 95 million 8152:(First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont: 7734: 6049:2003-2004 New England Apple Pest Management Guide 6041: 5949:2003-2004 New England Apple Pest Management Guide 5942:Coli, William M.; Los, Lorraine M., eds. (2003). 5531:Ferree, David Curtis; Warrington, Ian J. (2003). 4452: 4450: 4333: 4331: 2452: 2248: 1567:Commercially, apples can be stored for months in 1269:Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in 925:. This was widely accepted, however the botanist 41:"Apple tree" redirects here. For other uses, see 10942: 7416: 7414: 7412: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6570: 6506: 6074:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5974:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5530: 5079: 3878: 3330:(平安夜, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the 1105:mountains, and then to have travelled along the 7662:. In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. (eds.). 7520: 7518: 6393:"How breeders bring out the best in new apples" 5674:International Society for Horticultural Science 4514: 4512: 3721:North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 3355:(1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin 617:. When the flower buds first begin to open the 7240:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 6708: 5735: 5167: 5165: 5163: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4864: 4584: 4447: 4328: 3707: 3705: 3703: 2115:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1467:Group C – Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May (' 720:How apple fruit derives from flower structures 9697: 8252: 7551: 7549: 7409: 6850: 6515:"Crops & Gardening – Apples of Antiquity" 6196: 5638:(Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology thesis). 5416: 4725: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3391:(an evil), each of which is normally written 3009:) have been found in the early graves of the 2038:before the cyanide ion is released. The U.S. 1528:, with his family picking apples in the 1930s 937:in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by 9603:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program 7635:. Translated by H. W. Fowler; F. G. Fowler. 7515: 5570: 5506:North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service 4874:(First ed.). Walnut Creek, California: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4518: 4509: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 2743:candy respectively and allowing it to cool. 835:, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, 453:and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's 7829:. Vol. 1. College Press. p. 193. 7772: 7770: 7555: 7187: 7157: 7155: 6357: 5160: 4900: 4209: 3700: 1711:apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) 508:. This can be compared to the 14th-century 9704: 9690: 8259: 8245: 7546: 7532:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 128. 6716:United States Food and Drug Administration 6579:Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants 6536: 6534: 6532: 6421: 6353: 6351: 6254: 6252: 5987: 5985: 5828:"Refrigerated storage of perishable foods" 4258: 4181:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3743: 3581: 3579: 1783:has had a program operating since 1880 in 76: 58: 7383:International Journal of Food Engineering 6326:"ECPGR Malus/Pyrus Working Group Members" 6173: 6108: 5738:"Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Apples" 5221: 5105: 5045:(First ed.). Westport, Connecticut: 4997:(First ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: 4918:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 4759: 4749: 4618: 4569: 4552: 4484: 4474: 4430: 4363: 4319: 4052: 4050: 3836:Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants 3648: 3417:in the human throat has been called the " 1502: 1485:Group E – Late flowering, 16 to 18 May (' 929:published an alternate classification in 445:production. Trees and fruit are prone to 398:significance in many cultures, including 7822: 7767: 7460: 7420: 7152: 7026: 6938: 6863: 6482: 6480: 6197:Elzebroek, A. T. G.; Wind, Koop (2008). 5605: 4810:(L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple ( 3341: 3290: 3102: 2945: 2797:, which may be drunk unfiltered (called 2669: 1821: 1747:. Different cultivars are available for 1726: 1620: 1554: 1516: 1418:Apples are self-incompatible; they must 1401: 1389: 1295: 1028: 1020: 7776: 7706: 7657: 7318: 7126: 6995: 6529: 6348: 6249: 5982: 5941: 5889: 5628: 5036: 4950: 4469:(7). Nature Communications: 1099–1106. 4340:"The genome of the domesticated apple ( 3967: 3812: 3576: 3505: 2991:links apples to religious practices in 2080:Breeding efforts have yet to produce a 14: 10943: 8067:(First ed.). Brooklyn, New York: 7956: 7872: 7524: 7362:from the original on 19 September 2018 7302:. Fresh Fruit Portal. 13 August 2019. 6525:from the original on 19 February 2017. 6512: 5704: 5667: 5499: 4990: 4301: 4047: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3501: 3079:" used in an 11th-century poem by the 2856: 2809:(called hard cider in North America), 2782:, and are cooked in some meat dishes. 933:with the apple species separated from 579:by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm ( 10129: 10128: 9685: 8240: 7639:from the original on 2 September 2017 7492: 7356:"Questions and answers: Arctic Apple" 7197:European Journal of Cancer Prevention 7175:from the original on 24 February 2017 6808:from the original on 28 December 2012 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6552:from the original on 12 November 2016 6477: 6147: 5649:from the original on 20 November 2015 5481:from the original on 11 February 2014 5309:Cohen, Rachel D. (26 November 2018). 5308: 5171: 5120: 4304:"Report of the General Committee: 18" 3636:from the original on 21 December 2019 3506:Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 2832: 2648:. Otherwise, there is low content of 2018:Apple seeds contain small amounts of 1849:List of countries by apple production 1610: 1344:sent samples of dwarf apple trees to 10905:5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8 10791:e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6 10480:e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b 10369:14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0 10109: 9565:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae 8109:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon: 7897:from the original on 29 January 2022 7843:from the original on 26 January 2021 7688:from the original on 13 January 2021 7606:from the original on 9 February 2013 7530:Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality 7348: 7336:from the original on 31 October 2017 7008:from the original on 18 October 2020 6571:Nelson, Lewis S.; Shih, Richard D.; 6465:from the original on 28 January 2021 6390: 6237:from the original on 20 October 2020 5856: 5705:Romano, Andrea (10 September 2023). 5577:Home & Garden Information Center 5533:Apples: Botany, Production, and Uses 5253: 5225:History of Bergen County, New Jersey 4782: 4025:Western Agricultural Research Center 3979:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon: 3894:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon: 3462:, apple–crabapple hybrids for eating 3439:An apple a day keeps the doctor away 2941: 2751:eaten during the Jewish New Year of 7755:from the original on 1 October 2020 7591: 7276:. Okanagan Specialty Fruits. 2019. 7231: 7101: 6996:Kellogg, Kristi (15 January 2015). 6838:from the original on 7 January 2022 6054:University of Massachusetts Amherst 5954:University of Massachusetts Amherst 5502:"Apple Rootstocks and Tree Spacing" 5093:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 3825: 3585: 3536: 3251: 2681:Apples varieties can be grouped as 431:more than 7,500 cultivars of apples 24: 8006: 7624: 7280:from the original on 27 April 2021 7114:from the original on 21 March 2023 6730:from the original on 27 March 2024 6654: 6642:from the original on 21 April 2017 6638:. Toxnet, US Library of Medicine. 6422:Migicovsky, Zoë (22 August 2021). 5871:from the original on 3 August 2011 5834:. 26 February 2015. Archived from 5748:from the original on 24 March 2023 5717:from the original on 21 April 2024 5377: 4791:from the original on 11 June 2016. 4713:from the original on 20 April 2019 4152:Journal of Chromatographic Science 4035:from the original on 23 April 2024 3949:from the original on 7 August 2024 3667: 3478: 3098: 3024:, a tribe of gods associated with 25: 10982: 8218: 7926:A Dictionary of American Proverbs 7426:Gods and Myths of Northern Europe 7330:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 7306:from the original on 27 June 2021 6546:Food and Agriculture Organization 6434:from the original on 31 July 2024 6403:from the original on 31 July 2024 6306:from the original on 15 June 2012 5359:from the original on 30 July 2024 5325:from the original on 18 June 2024 5121:Smith, Archibald William (1963). 4105:from the original on 19 July 2013 3604:from the original on 28 June 2023 3524:from the original on 28 July 2024 2911: 2628:A raw apple is 86% water and 14% 1588:, which also must be controlled. 1492:Group F – 19 to 23 May ('Suntan') 10869:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726372-1 10444:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1 10108: 10099: 10098: 10059: 9666: 9665: 9656: 9655: 9646: 9645: 8224: 7950: 7909: 7876:The Book of Genesis: A Biography 7866: 7855: 7816: 7700: 7651: 7618: 7585: 6391:Beck, Kellen (17 October 2020). 5742:University of Maryland Extension 5672:(179). Wageningen, Netherlands: 5261:Five Thousand Days Like This One 5180:The Harrowsmith Reader Volume II 4836:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x 4291:from the original on 7 May 2024. 3731:from the original on 31 May 2024 3337: 2975:(written in the 13th century by 2876:in sliced or bruised apples, by 2110:Apples, with skin (edible parts) 1956: 1936: 1916: 1896: 1876: 1735:There are more than 7,500 known 1731:An assortment of apple cultivars 1628:larva tunnelling inside an apple 1225:Problems playing this file? See 1203: 1183: 778: 766: 713: 664: 652: 94: 8063:The Best Apples to Buy and Grow 7486: 7454: 7374: 7292: 7266: 7095: 7020: 6989: 6932: 6832:US Food and Drug Administration 6820: 6804:from USDA version SR-21. 2018. 6790: 6778:from the original on 9 May 2024 6691: 6628: 6564: 6446: 6415: 6384: 6318: 6286: 6203:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: 6190: 6148:Erler, Fedai (1 January 2010). 6141: 6082: 6035: 5935: 5910: 5883: 5857:Karp, David (25 October 2006). 5850: 5820: 5790: 5760: 5729: 5698: 5682:10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.10 5661: 5622: 5616:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.310.17 5599: 5571:Polomski, Bob; Reighard, Greg. 5524: 5500:Parker, M.L. (September 1993). 5493: 5447: 5410: 5371: 5337: 5302: 5247: 5215: 5114: 5107:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009 5037:Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). 5030: 4984: 4960:. Vol. III. Translated by 4944: 4858: 4795: 4776: 4674: 4388: 4295: 4252: 4170: 4143: 4117: 4013: 3961: 3945:. Royal Horticultural Society. 3935: 3725:North Carolina State University 3244:, a name possibly derived from 3167:. In retaliation, she tossed a 2906:Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2676:Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts 1632:Apple trees are susceptible to 908:, under an alternate taxonomy. 875:are the two main names in use. 540:hairless as they become older. 7422:Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis 6513:Weaver, Sue (June–July 2003). 6332:. 22 July 2002. Archived from 4302:Wilson, Karen L. (June 2017). 3872: 3616: 3155:The Greek goddess of discord, 2923:apple seeds for manufacturing 2861:Apple skins and seeds contain 2044:Hazardous Substances Data Bank 1379: 1011: 525: 13: 1: 9626:Countries by apple production 7466:Roles of the Northern Goddess 6673:"General Information – Apple" 6583:(Second ed.). New York: 6548:, Statistics Division. 2024. 4259:Applequist, Wendy L. (2017). 3471: 2979:) as providing apples to the 2930: 2632:, with negligible content of 1842: 1686:, and three fungal diseases: 1354:East Malling Research Station 1128:Chinese soft apples, such as 8024:(First ed.). New York: 7968:(First ed.). New York: 7602:. Translated by Mary Grant. 7209:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000005 7043:The Oxford Companion to Food 6880:The Oxford Companion to Food 5345:"The Heirloom Apple Orchard" 5222:Van Valen, James M. (1900). 5178:. In Lawrence, James (ed.). 5129:(First ed.). New York: 4957:The Natural History of Pliny 4751:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703 4531:(1). Nature Genetics: 1494. 3848:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_49 3678:HORT 3020: Intro Fruit Crops 3091:and came to Europe from the 2902:Food and Drug Administration 2865:. These are oxidised by the 2612:Percentages estimated using 2102: 2040:National Library of Medicine 2013: 1716: 1482:', 'Calville blanc d'hiver') 1198:Read by Kevin S for LibriVox 1056:, found growing wild in the 819:, ethyl 2-methylpropionate, 790: 479: 464: 7: 8191:(Second ed.). London: 7787:. pp. 15–16, 340–341. 7718:Kent State University Press 7493:Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). 6675:. Informall. Archived from 5629:Adamson, Nancy Lee (2011). 5426:University of New Hampshire 4930:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.004 4648:Tree Genetics & Genomes 3629:Online Etymology Dictionary 3448: 3302:In China, apples symbolise 2659: 2008: 1789:Washington State University 1281: 943:Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen 858: 823:, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, 644:−40 °C (−40 °F). 380:, where its wild ancestor, 43:Apple tree (disambiguation) 10: 10987: 10966:Fruits originating in Asia 8266: 8144:Phillips, Michael (1998). 7881:Princeton University Press 7710:(2005). "The Otherworld". 7647:– via Theoi Project. 7614:– via Theoi Project. 7468:. London ; New York: 6943:The Apple Lover's Cookbook 6705:, accessed 17 October 2011 6200:Guide to Cultivated Plants 6110:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R 4687:American Journal of Botany 4611:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7 4545:10.1038/s41467-019-09518-x 3563:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3558:Plants of the World Online 3428: 3264:has many names, including 2934: 2697:, raw in salads, baked in 2663: 2656:of all falling below 10%. 2644:and a moderate content of 2125:218 kJ (52 kcal) 2091: 2049: 1846: 1764:specifically for cooking ( 1720: 1614: 1563:in a wholesale food market 1550: 1506: 1394:Apple blossom from an old 1383: 1313:seedlings rarely survive. 1285: 1016: 968: 921:and he named the apple as 40: 29: 27:Fruit that grows on a tree 10503: 10137: 10094: 10068: 10057: 9737: 9641: 9531: 9476: 9380: 9371: 9343: 9215: 9082: 8319: 8287: 8274: 7919:; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; 7823:Kissling, Paul J (2004). 7777:Macrone, Michael (1998). 7252:10.1080/10408399409527653 6949:W.W. Norton & Company 6585:New York Botanical Garden 6358:Tarjan, Sue (Fall 2006). 6299:National Fruit Collection 6154:Journal of Insect Science 5472:10.21273/HORTTECH.12.1.38 4991:Martin, Alice A. (1976). 4783:Kean, Sam (17 May 2012). 4660:10.1007/s11295-008-0190-9 4125:"Natural Waxes on Fruits" 3765:Missouri Botanical Garden 3586:Lim, Lisa (6 July 2021). 3121:, often as a mystical or 3052:: when the major goddess 2884:of phenolic compounds to 2611: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2552: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2500: 2487: 2474: 2461: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2406: 2393: 2376: 2360: 2343: 2326: 2309: 2292: 2257: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2217: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2149: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2114: 1988: 1856:Apple production in 2022 1855: 1058:mountains of Central Asia 1008:following domestication. 964: 911:When first classified by 494:, descended in turn from 418:are propagated by clonal 247: 240: 218: 211: 91:Scientific classification 89: 84: 75: 66: 57: 52: 10971:Plants described in 1768 8154:Chelsea Green Publishing 7627:"The Judgement of Paris" 6591:. pp. 27, 211–212. 5798:"4 Steps to Food Safety" 5394:. METRIA. Archived from 5182:. Camden East, Ontario: 4999:Houghton Mifflin Company 4164:10.1093/CHROMSCI/7.8.508 4029:Montana State University 3826:Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). " 3593:South China Morning Post 3286: 3068:) of their son—the hero 3040:in stanzas 19 and 20 of 1489:', 'Reinette d'Orléans') 1430:are most commonly used. 1300:An apple tree in Germany 931:The Gardeners Dictionary 679: 483:, is descended from the 8649:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg 8519:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) 8279:List of apple cultivars 8193:Frances Lincoln Limited 8187:Sanders, Rosie (2010). 8069:Brooklyn Botanic Garden 7873:Hendel, Ronald (2012). 7569:Carolina Academic Press 7048:Oxford University Press 6885:Oxford University Press 6488:"World apple situation" 5184:Camden House Publishing 4952:Plinius, Gaius Secundus 4423:10.1038/hortres.2016.57 3763:. St. Louis, Missouri: 3152:growing at its center. 2813:, and vinegar. Through 2614:US recommendations 2087: 1801:University of Minnesota 1723:List of apple cultivars 1668:are small insects with 1579:is used by plants as a 1547:', and 'Tolman Sweet'. 1456:Group B – 4 to 7 May (' 1316:Because apples are not 879:is the older name, but 514: 500: 490: 9112:Calville Blanc d'hiver 8105:The Story of the Apple 7972:. pp. 9, 22, 50. 7749:Teach English In China 7658:Edmonds, J.M. (1997). 7561:Staples, Blaise Daniel 7395:10.2202/1556-3758.1283 6939:Traverso, Amy (2011). 6461:(in German): 220–225. 6360:"Autumn Apple Musings" 6044:"Other Apple Diseases" 5890:Jackson, H.S. (1914). 5041:Food in Medieval Times 4916:sp.) seed fragments". 3890:The Story of the Apple 3517:Flora of North America 3356: 3299: 3283:, "Island of Apples". 3231: 3117:Apples appear in many 3114: 3017:in southwest England. 2987:. The English scholar 2958: 2678: 2618:the National Academies 1827: 1732: 1629: 1617:List of apple diseases 1564: 1529: 1503:Maturation and harvest 1415: 1399: 1386:Fruit tree pollination 1301: 1288:Fruit tree propagation 1195:by Henry David Thoreau 1040: 1026: 671:Botanical illustration 36:Apple (disambiguation) 8939:Rhode Island Greening 8859:Sciros (Pacific Rose) 8769:Karmijn de Sonnaville 8539:Devonshire Quarrenden 7664:Plato: Complete Works 7632:Dialogues of the Gods 7462:Davidson, Hilda Ellis 6800:. Nutritiondata.com, 4591:Nature Communications 4525:Nature Communications 4402:Horticulture Research 4070:John Wiley & Sons 3682:University of Georgia 3345: 3294: 3217: 3106: 2949: 2673: 2664:Further information: 2223:Vitamins and minerals 2063:oral allergy syndrome 1994:of the United Nations 1825: 1758:University of Reading 1730: 1624: 1615:Further information: 1569:controlled atmosphere 1558: 1520: 1410:on an apple bloom in 1405: 1393: 1306:extreme heterozygotes 1299: 1275:Controlled atmosphere 1032: 1024: 969:Further information: 957:for the apple was by 833:3-methylbutyl acetate 700:. The true fruits or 692:that matures in late 9931:Malus niedzwetskyana 9618:US Apple Association 8559:Duchess of Oldenburg 8303:Malus niedzwetzkyana 8233:at Wikimedia Commons 7780:Brush up your Bible! 7751:. 22 December 2019. 7720:. pp. 122–123. 7472:. pp. 146–147. 7432:. pp. 165–166. 6519:Hobby Farms Magazine 6166:10.1673/031.010.6301 5512:on 11 September 2013 5435:on 30 September 2013 5172:Poole, Mike (1980). 4699:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357 3842:. pp. 414–415. 3596:. Hong Kong, China: 3590:. Language Matters. 3411:Garden of Hesperides 3119:religious traditions 2989:H. R. Ellis Davidson 2985:eternal youthfulness 2969:is portrayed in the 2894:genetically modified 2666:List of apple dishes 2028:cyanogenic glycoside 2026:compound known as a 1806:Julius Kühn-Institut 1605:1-methylcyclopropene 1526:President of Finland 568: 548: 34:For other uses, see 9985:(Asian wild/Almaty) 9408:Apple cider vinegar 8774:King of the Pippins 8504:Cox's Orange Pippin 8484:Cornish Gilliflower 8099:Mabberley, David J. 7140:on 24 February 2017 6697:Landau, Elizabeth, 6494:on 11 February 2008 5587:on 28 February 2008 4828:2006MolEc..15.2171C 4603:2017NatCo...8..249D 4537:2019NatCo..10.1494Z 4415:2016HorR....316057D 4194:10.1021/jf60149a032 4059:"Chapter 1: Apples" 3884:Mabberley, David J. 3310:) and "peace" (平安, 3144:, as a part of his 2857:Non-browning apples 2345:Pantothenic acid (B 2111: 1833:Cox's Orange Pippin 1817:Indian subcontinent 1799:', released by the 1473:Cox's Orange Pippin 1453:', 'Red Astrachan') 1342:Alexander the Great 1094:similar progenitor 1039:apple in Kazakhstan 979:, with two sets of 867:. In modern times, 847:, trans-2-hexenal, 811:, 2-methylbutanal, 496:Proto-Indo-European 327:is a round, edible 275:M. paradisiaca 9811:Malus crescimannoi 9771:(Chinese pearleaf) 9757:Malus angustifolia 9559:Fruit tree pruning 9187:Reinette du Canada 9059:Worcester Pearmain 8814:Lucombe's Seedling 8799:Liveland Raspberry 8644:Gascoyne's Scarlet 8599:Esopus Spitzenburg 8564:Dumelow's Seedling 8394:Aurora Golden Gala 8095:Juniper, Barrie E. 7668:Hackett Publishing 7571:. pp. 64–70. 6887:. pp. 27–31. 6573:Balick, Michael J. 5864:The New York Times 5670:Acta Horticulturae 5608:Acta Horticulturae 5581:Clemson University 5378:Ranney, Thomas G. 5353:Cornell University 5049:. pp. 19–20. 5001:. pp. 64–65. 4246:10.1002/tax.592038 4224:M. frutescens 4072:. pp. 9, 48. 3880:Juniper, Barrie E. 3688:on 21 January 2008 3357: 3300: 3115: 3110:with the apple of 2959: 2870:polyphenol oxidase 2833:Organic production 2679: 2579:Other constituents 2109: 1828: 1781:Cornell University 1733: 1670:sucking mouthparts 1630: 1611:Pests and diseases 1565: 1530: 1513:Fruit tree pruning 1432:Orchard mason bees 1416: 1400: 1302: 1271:frostproof cellars 1264:Eastern Washington 1244:Chiloé Archipelago 1137:M. prunifolia 1119:M. sylvestris 1115:M. orientalis 1074:northwestern China 1041: 1027: 959:Georg Adolf Suckow 845:2-methyl-1-butanol 437:, eating raw, and 408:European Christian 388:European colonists 283:M. sylvestris 267:M. frutescens 10938: 10937: 10812:Open Tree of Life 10390:Open Tree of Life 10131:Taxon identifiers 10122: 10121: 10050:Malus yunnanensis 10043:Malus tschonoskii 10029:Malus transitoria 10022:Malus toringoides 10017: 9998:Malus spectabilis 9991:Malus sikkimensis 9986: 9926: 9921:Malus mandshurica 9902: 9892: 9866:Malus glaucescens 9854: 9844: 9806: 9782: 9772: 9762: 9726: 9719: 9679: 9678: 9527: 9526: 9463:Jewish apple cake 9202:White Transparent 9122:Chelmsford Wonder 8469:Claygate Pearmain 8229:Media related to 8163:978-1-890132-04-0 8120:978-0-88192-784-9 8078:978-1-889538-66-2 8035:978-0-86547-537-3 8026:North Point Press 7979:978-0-375-50129-6 7936:978-0-19-511133-0 7921:Harder, Kelsie B. 7794:978-0-517-20189-3 7727:978-0-87338-824-5 7713:Interrupted Music 7578:978-0-89089-924-3 7539:978-0-15-683800-9 7526:Wasson, R. Gordon 7508:978-0-8493-8901-6 7332:. 20 March 2015. 7102:Shurpin, Yehuda. 7057:978-0-19-967733-7 6958:978-0-393-06599-2 6894:978-0-19-967733-7 6834:. 11 March 2020. 6763:978-0-309-48834-1 6372:on 11 August 2007 6336:on 26 August 2014 6214:978-1-84593-356-2 6012:978-1-60529-677-7 5691:978-90-6605-182-9 5573:"Apple HGIC 1350" 5392:METRIA (NCSU.edu) 5272:978-0-8070-2106-4 5193:978-0-920656-11-2 5175:"Heirloom Apples" 5056:978-0-313-32147-4 5008:978-0-395-20724-6 4885:978-1-59874-988-5 4079:978-0-471-31014-3 3990:978-1-60469-249-5 3905:978-0-88192-784-9 3857:978-94-007-4053-2 3774:978-1-930723-84-9 3066:Caesarean section 2993:Germanic paganism 2942:Germanic paganism 2937:Apple (symbolism) 2624: 2623: 2569: 2568: 2032:adverse reactions 1999: 1998: 1995: 1870: 1426:to carry pollen. 1408:orchard mason bee 1324:of cuttings. The 1234:The Roman writer 1208: 1199: 1153:M. sieversii 1146:M. sieversii 1123:M. sieversii 1113:), the Caucasus ( 898:M. domestica 885:M. domestica 881:M. domestica 341:, among them the 321: 320: 315: 307: 295: 287: 279: 271: 263: 255: 204:M. domestica 16:(Redirected from 10978: 10931: 10930: 10918: 10917: 10908: 10907: 10895: 10894: 10885: 10884: 10872: 10871: 10859: 10858: 10846: 10845: 10833: 10832: 10820: 10819: 10807: 10806: 10794: 10793: 10784: 10783: 10771: 10770: 10768:NHMSYS0000460571 10758: 10757: 10745: 10744: 10735: 10734: 10722: 10721: 10709: 10708: 10696: 10695: 10683: 10682: 10670: 10669: 10657: 10656: 10644: 10643: 10631: 10630: 10618: 10617: 10605: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10582: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10559: 10558: 10549: 10548: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10496: 10495: 10483: 10482: 10470: 10469: 10460: 10459: 10447: 10446: 10434: 10433: 10421: 10420: 10411: 10410: 10398: 10397: 10385: 10384: 10372: 10371: 10362: 10361: 10349: 10348: 10336: 10335: 10323: 10322: 10310: 10309: 10297: 10296: 10284: 10283: 10271: 10270: 10258: 10257: 10245: 10244: 10232: 10231: 10219: 10218: 10206: 10205: 10196: 10195: 10183: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10126: 10125: 10112: 10111: 10102: 10101: 10063: 10015: 10012:Malus sylvestris 9984: 9953:Malus prunifolia 9938:Malus orientalis 9924: 9914:Malus lancifolia 9907:Malus kansuensis 9900: 9890: 9887:Malus hupehensis 9880:Malus honanensis 9853:(Oregon/Pacific) 9852: 9842: 9839:Malus floribunda 9832:Malus florentina 9825:Malus 'Evereste' 9804: 9780: 9770: 9760: 9721: 9717: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9682: 9669: 9668: 9659: 9658: 9649: 9648: 9571:Johnny Appleseed 9378: 9377: 9345:Ornamental apple 8659:Golden Delicious 8574:Ellison's Orange 8499:Court Pendu Plat 8479:Cornish Aromatic 8424:Belle de Boskoop 8389:Ashmead's Kernel 8359:Allington Pippin 8339:Airlie Red Flesh 8261: 8254: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8228: 8214: 8183: 8151: 8140: 8108: 8090: 8066: 8055: 8023: 8000: 7999: 7967: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7917:Mieder, Wolfgang 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7890:978-0-69114012-4 7870: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7836:978-0-89900875-2 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7774: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7666:. Indianapolis: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7418: 7407: 7406: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7134:"Organic apples" 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7035: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6872: 6861: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6712: 6706: 6701:, 8 April 2009, 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6669: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6598:978-0387-31268-2 6582: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6538: 6527: 6526: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6490:. Archived from 6484: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6428:The Conversation 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6270:. Archived from 6256: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6112: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6005:pp. 32–34. 6000: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5973: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5892:"Powdery Mildew" 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5838:on 15 March 2015 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5768:"FoodKeeper App" 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5711:Travel + Leisure 5702: 5696: 5695: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5637: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5610:(310): 135–142. 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5583:. Archived from 5568: 5555: 5554: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5508:. Archived from 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5428:. Archived from 5423: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5264: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5177: 5169: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5131:Harper & Row 5128: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5044: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4994:All About Apples 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4909: 4898: 4897: 4876:Left Coast Press 4873: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4822:(8): 2171–2182. 4808:Malus sylvestris 4799: 4793: 4792: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4753: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4582: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4488: 4478: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4367: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4265: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4220:M. communis 4207: 4198: 4197: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3943:"Fruit glossary" 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3893: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3823: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3709: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3684:. Archived from 3665: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3545: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3503: 3466:Johnny Appleseed 3274:Arthurian legend 3258:Celtic mythology 3252:Celtic mythology 3229: 3011:Germanic peoples 2977:Snorri Sturluson 2745:Apples and honey 2456: 2381: 2365: 2348: 2331: 2314: 2297: 2259:Vitamin A equiv. 2252: 2219: 2218: 2112: 2108: 1989: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1942: 1940: 1939: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1864: 1853: 1852: 1785:Geneva, New York 1559:Different apple 1480:Golden Delicious 1412:British Columbia 1213:Audio 01:01:35 ( 1210: 1209: 1197: 1187: 1165:Malus domesticus 1161:Malus sylvestris 1131:M. asiatica 1087:Malus sylvestris 1006:Malus sylvestris 989:Golden Delicious 837:ethyl pentanoate 817:ethyl propionate 782: 770: 756:epicuticular wax 745: 744: 740: 737: 717: 668: 656: 639:consisting of a 634: 633: 629: 626: 609:are produced in 603: in) long. 602: 601: 597: 594: 588: 587: 583: 572: 552: 517: 515:appel of paradis 503: 493: 482: 313: 305: 293: 285: 277: 269: 261: 253: 251:M. communis 224: 99: 98: 80: 62: 50: 49: 21: 10986: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10926: 10921: 10913: 10911: 10903: 10898: 10890: 10888: 10880: 10875: 10867: 10862: 10854: 10849: 10841: 10836: 10828: 10823: 10815: 10810: 10802: 10799:Observation.org 10797: 10789: 10787: 10779: 10774: 10766: 10761: 10753: 10748: 10740: 10739:MichiganFlora: 10738: 10730: 10725: 10717: 10712: 10704: 10699: 10691: 10686: 10678: 10673: 10665: 10660: 10652: 10647: 10639: 10634: 10626: 10621: 10613: 10608: 10600: 10598: 10590: 10585: 10577: 10575: 10567: 10562: 10554: 10552: 10544: 10542: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10499: 10491: 10486: 10478: 10473: 10465: 10463: 10455: 10450: 10442: 10437: 10429: 10424: 10416: 10414: 10408:Malus domestica 10406: 10401: 10393: 10388: 10380: 10377:Observation.org 10375: 10367: 10365: 10357: 10352: 10344: 10339: 10331: 10326: 10318: 10313: 10305: 10300: 10292: 10287: 10279: 10274: 10266: 10261: 10253: 10248: 10240: 10235: 10227: 10222: 10214: 10209: 10201: 10199: 10191: 10186: 10178: 10176: 10169:Malus domestica 10167: 10166: 10161: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10139:Malus domestica 10133: 10123: 10118: 10090: 10064: 10055: 10036:Malus trilobata 10016:(European wild) 10005:Malus sublobata 9981:Malus sieversii 9974:Malus sieboldii 9967:Malus sargentii 9801:Malus coronaria 9787:Malus bracteata 9745: 9733: 9710: 9680: 9675: 9637: 9523: 9472: 9458:Himmel und Erde 9367: 9363:Wijcik McIntosh 9339: 9335:Yarlington Mill 9315:Slack-ma-Girdle 9211: 9137:Crimson Bramley 9102:Blenheim Orange 9078: 8789:Laxton's Superb 8569:Egremont Russet 8524:Delbard Jubilée 8315: 8310:Malus sieversii 8296:Malus domestica 8283: 8270: 8265: 8221: 8203: 8186: 8164: 8143: 8121: 8093: 8079: 8058: 8036: 8014:Browning, Frank 8012: 8009: 8007:Further reading 8004: 8003: 7980: 7958:Pollan, Michael 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7891: 7883:. p. 114. 7871: 7867: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7795: 7775: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7743: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7708:Flieger, Verlyn 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7682: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7501:. p. 109. 7491: 7487: 7480: 7459: 7455: 7440: 7419: 7410: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7283: 7281: 7274:"PPO silencing" 7272: 7271: 7267: 7236: 7232: 7192: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7115: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7084: 7058: 7050:. p. 824. 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 6994: 6990: 6959: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6895: 6862: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6713: 6709: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6679:on 23 July 2012 6671: 6670: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6599: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6540: 6539: 6530: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6330:Ecpgr.cgiar.org 6324: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6268:Natural England 6262:Malus domestica 6258: 6257: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6215: 6195: 6191: 6146: 6142: 6087: 6083: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6057: 6040: 6036: 6013: 5990: 5983: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5957: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5808:. 12 April 2019 5796: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5778:. 26 April 2019 5766: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5569: 5558: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5421: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5398:on 23 July 2010 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5349:The Jentsch Lab 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5273: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5194: 5186:. p. 122. 5170: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5119: 5115: 5084: 5080: 5057: 5047:Greenwood Press 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5009: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4966:Riley, Henry T. 4949: 4945: 4910: 4901: 4886: 4863: 4859: 4812:Malus domestica 4800: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4744:(5): e1002703. 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4679: 4675: 4644:Malus sieversii 4640: 4636: 4583: 4570: 4517: 4510: 4476:10.1038/ng.3886 4463:Nature Genetics 4455: 4448: 4393: 4389: 4358:(10): 833–839. 4352:Nature Genetics 4336: 4329: 4321:10.12705/663.15 4300: 4296: 4288: 4282:10.12705/662.17 4263: 4257: 4253: 4230:( Rosaceae )". 4212:Malus domestica 4208: 4201: 4175: 4171: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4080: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3991: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3906: 3877: 3873: 3858: 3824: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3775: 3767:. p. 909. 3755: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3715:Malus domestica 3711: 3710: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3672:Malus domestica 3666: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3584: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3553:(Suckow) Borkh" 3551:Malus domestica 3547: 3546: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3510:Malus domestica 3504: 3479: 3474: 3451: 3431: 3387:(an apple) and 3369:Book of Genesis 3361:forbidden fruit 3340: 3326:in Mandarin is 3289: 3254: 3240:(also known as 3230: 3224: 3135:Greek mythology 3123:forbidden fruit 3101: 3099:Greek mythology 2983:that give them 2963:Norse mythology 2944: 2939: 2933: 2919:is obtained by 2914: 2896:to silence the 2872:, which causes 2859: 2835: 2718:West of England 2668: 2662: 2626: 2625: 2607: 2602: 2560: 2547: 2534: 2521: 2508: 2495: 2482: 2469: 2457: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2388: 2379: 2371: 2363: 2355: 2346: 2338: 2329: 2321: 2312: 2304: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2265: 2253: 2224: 2213: 2208: 2189: 2184: 2145: 2140: 2105: 2100: 2090: 2052: 2016: 2011: 1984: 1970: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1837:Egremont Russet 1768:) or producing 1725: 1719: 1689:Gymnosporangium 1619: 1613: 1553: 1515: 1505: 1420:cross-pollinate 1388: 1382: 1363:Merton, England 1294: 1284: 1252:William Blaxton 1236:Pliny the Elder 1232: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1169:Malus sieversii 1148:in Kazakhstan. 1142:M. baccata 1117:), and Europe ( 1111:M. baccata 1096:Malus sieversii 1092:morphologically 1053:Malus sieversii 1048:Malus domestica 1036:Malus sieversii 1019: 1014: 1002:Malus sieversii 973: 967: 873:Malus domestica 861: 849:ethyl hexanoate 813:3-methylbutanal 793: 786: 783: 774: 771: 742: 738: 735: 733: 726: 725: 724: 721: 718: 682: 677: 676: 675: 672: 669: 660: 657: 631: 627: 624: 622: 599: 595: 592: 590: 585: 581: 580: 574: 554: 530:The apple is a 528: 467: 383:Malus sieversii 352:Malus domestica 331:produced by an 236: 226: 222:Malus domestica 220: 207: 93: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10984: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10928:wfo-0001013584 10919: 10909: 10896: 10886: 10873: 10860: 10847: 10834: 10821: 10808: 10795: 10785: 10772: 10759: 10746: 10736: 10723: 10710: 10697: 10684: 10671: 10658: 10645: 10632: 10619: 10606: 10596: 10583: 10573: 10560: 10550: 10540: 10525: 10509: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10493:wfo-0001008355 10484: 10471: 10461: 10448: 10435: 10422: 10412: 10399: 10386: 10373: 10363: 10350: 10337: 10324: 10311: 10298: 10285: 10272: 10259: 10246: 10233: 10220: 10207: 10197: 10184: 10174: 10159: 10143: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10106: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10086:Malling series 10083: 10078: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10065: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9934: 9927: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9893: 9883: 9876: 9873:Malus halliana 9869: 9862: 9859:Malus glabrata 9855: 9845: 9835: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9797: 9794:Malus brevipes 9790: 9783: 9773: 9767:Malus asiatica 9763: 9752: 9750: 9735: 9734: 9709: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9663: 9653: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9631:Apple diseases 9628: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9578: 9576:Malling series 9573: 9568: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9433:Apple seed oil 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9375: 9373:Apple products 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Kingston Black 9287: 9285:Harrison Cider 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9230:Cap of Liberty 9227: 9221: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9177:Norfolk Biffin 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9142:Flower of Kent 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9084:Cooking apples 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8989:Sturmer Pippin 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8949:Roxbury Russet 8946: 8944:Ribston Pippin 8941: 8936: 8934:Redlove apples 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8844:Newtown Pippin 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8809:Lord Lambourne 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8549:Dorsett Golden 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8529:Delbarestivale 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8464:Civni (Rubens) 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8439:Birgit Bonnier 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8419:Beauty of Bath 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8384:Arkansas Black 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8329:Adams Pearmain 8325: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8220: 8219:External links 8217: 8216: 8215: 8201: 8189:The Apple Book 8184: 8162: 8141: 8119: 8091: 8077: 8056: 8034: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7978: 7949: 7935: 7908: 7889: 7865: 7854: 7835: 7815: 7793: 7785:Gramercy Books 7766: 7733: 7726: 7716:. Kent, Ohio: 7699: 7680: 7650: 7617: 7584: 7577: 7545: 7538: 7514: 7507: 7497:. Boca Raton: 7485: 7478: 7453: 7438: 7408: 7373: 7347: 7317: 7291: 7265: 7246:(2): 109–157. 7230: 7203:(5): 477–480. 7186: 7151: 7125: 7094: 7056: 7033:"Toffee Apple" 7028:Davidson, Alan 7019: 6988: 6957: 6931: 6893: 6865:Davidson, Alan 6849: 6819: 6789: 6762: 6741: 6707: 6690: 6653: 6627: 6597: 6563: 6544:. FAOSTAT, UN 6528: 6505: 6476: 6445: 6414: 6383: 6347: 6317: 6285: 6274:on 12 May 2008 6248: 6213: 6207:. p. 27. 6189: 6140: 6103:(6): 966–981. 6096:Phytopathology 6081: 6034: 6011: 5981: 5944:"Insect Pests" 5934: 5909: 5882: 5849: 5819: 5802:FoodSafety.gov 5789: 5772:FoodSafety.gov 5759: 5728: 5697: 5690: 5660: 5621: 5598: 5556: 5542:978-0851995922 5541: 5523: 5492: 5460:HortTechnology 5446: 5409: 5370: 5336: 5301: 5271: 5246: 5214: 5192: 5159: 5133:. p. 40. 5113: 5100:(4): 661–677. 5096:(in Spanish). 5078: 5055: 5029: 5007: 4983: 4943: 4924:(1): 157–162. 4899: 4884: 4857: 4794: 4775: 4724: 4693:(3): 357–368. 4673: 4654:(2): 339–347. 4634: 4568: 4508: 4446: 4387: 4365:10.1038/ng.654 4327: 4294: 4276:(2): 500–513. 4251: 4240:(2): 650–652. 4216:M. pumila 4199: 4169: 4142: 4131:on 24 May 2013 4116: 4078: 4066:Fruit Breeding 4046: 4012: 3989: 3960: 3934: 3904: 3898:. p. 27. 3871: 3856: 3811: 3773: 3742: 3699: 3668:Rieger, Mark. 3647: 3615: 3575: 3535: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3430: 3427: 3397:bonum et malum 3353:Albrecht Dürer 3339: 3336: 3288: 3285: 3253: 3250: 3222: 3146:Twelve Labours 3100: 3097: 3006:Skáldskaparmál 2997:Norse paganism 2965:, the goddess 2943: 2940: 2935:Main article: 2932: 2929: 2917:Apple seed oil 2913: 2912:Other products 2910: 2858: 2855: 2834: 2831: 2701:, cooked into 2683:cooking apples 2661: 2658: 2650:micronutrients 2622: 2621: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2089: 2086: 2082:hypoallergenic 2051: 2048: 2022:, a sugar and 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1996: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1872: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1766:cooking apples 1721:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1612: 1609: 1586:carbon dioxide 1552: 1549: 1522:L. K. Relander 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1465: 1454: 1381: 1378: 1292:Malling series 1283: 1280: 1222: 1212: 1202: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 993:heterozygosity 966: 963: 902:M. pumila 889:conserved name 877:M. pumila 860: 857: 821:ethyl butyrate 792: 789: 788: 787: 785:100% overcolor 784: 777: 775: 772: 765: 763: 723: 722: 719: 712: 709: 708: 707: 681: 678: 674: 673: 670: 663: 661: 659:Apple blossoms 658: 651: 648: 647: 646: 527: 524: 510:Middle English 485:Proto-Germanic 466: 463: 390:. Apples have 376:originated in 319: 318: 317: 316: 308: 296: 288: 280: 272: 264: 259:M. pumila 256: 245: 244: 238: 237: 227: 216: 215: 209: 208: 201: 199: 195: 194: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 150: 149: 144: 137: 136: 131: 124: 123: 118: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 87: 86: 82: 81: 73: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10983: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10906: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10593: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10127: 10115: 10107: 10105: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10062: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10013: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9946:Malus prattii 9943: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9922: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9897:Malus ioensis 9894: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9850: 9846: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9818:Malus doumeri 9815: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9777:Malus baccata 9774: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9720:"Wild apple" 9715: 9707: 9702: 9700: 9695: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9672: 9664: 9662: 9654: 9652: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9554:Arctic Apples 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9539:Apple picking 9537: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9453:Caramel apple 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9438:Apple strudel 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9270:Golden Russet 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9235:Chisel Jersey 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9172:Newton Wonder 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9069:York Imperial 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9034:Tompkins King 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979:Star of Devon 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8929:Red Pineapple 8927: 8925: 8924:Red Delicious 8922: 8920: 8919:Red Astrachan 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8864:Pam's Delight 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8779:Knobby Russet 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8684:Grimes Golden 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8664:Golden Orange 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8202:9780711231412 8198: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8010: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7869: 7863: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7819: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7771: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7729: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7681:9780872203495 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7541: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7481: 7479:0-415-13610-5 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7439:0-14-013627-4 7435: 7431: 7430:Penguin Books 7427: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7171: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6935: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6574: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6352: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6253: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5922: 5921: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5218: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4987: 4972:. p. 303 4971: 4970:Henry G. Bohn 4967: 4963: 4962:Bostock, John 4959: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738:PLOS Genetics 4735: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4332: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 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2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2753:Rosh Hashanah 2750: 2747:are a ritual 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:caramel apple 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:eating apples 2684: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:dietary fiber 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:carbohydrates 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2311:Riboflavin (B 2308: 2301: 2299: 2291: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2263:beta-Carotene 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2161:Dietary fiber 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137:Carbohydrates 2132: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2099: 2095: 2094:Cooking apple 2085: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2006: 2004: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1904:United States 1894: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1706:apple maggots 1703: 1702:Codling moths 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1524:, the former 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1509:Fruit picking 1500: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:true breeders 1314: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1216: 1200: 1193:"Wild Apples" 1186: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082:introgression 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1023: 1009: 1007: 1003: 997: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:P. malus 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:Philip Miller 924: 920: 919: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:ethyl acetate 798: 781: 776: 769: 764: 761: 760: 759: 757: 753: 747: 730: 716: 711: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 667: 662: 655: 650: 649: 645: 642: 638: 637:inflorescence 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 578: 573: 566: 562: 558: 553: 546: 541: 538: 533: 523: 521: 516: 511: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 481: 476: 472: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 347:orchard apple 344: 340: 339: 334: 330: 326: 312: 309: 304: 300: 297: 292: 289: 284: 281: 276: 273: 268: 265: 260: 257: 252: 249: 248: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 225: 223: 217: 214: 213:Binomial name 210: 206: 205: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121:Tracheophytes 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 97: 92: 88: 83: 79: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10830:Malus pumila 10535:Malus pumila 10505:Malus pumila 10504: 10138: 10075: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9960:Malus rockii 9958: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9929: 9925:(Manchurian) 9919: 9912: 9905: 9895: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9775: 9765: 9755: 9727: 9580: 9563: 9398:Apple cheese 9388:Apple butter 9275:Golden Spire 9260:Ellis Bitter 9245:Crimson King 9217:Cider apples 9182:Northern Spy 9167:Manks Codlin 9152:Granny Smith 9147:Golden Noble 9064:Wyken Pippin 8729:Jersey Black 8719:James Grieve 8714:Ingrid Marie 8674:Granny Smith 8509:Crimson Gold 8494:Cosmic Crisp 8404:Autumn Glory 8399:Autumn Bough 8321:Table apples 8308: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8267: 8188: 8147: 8111:Timber Press 8104: 8062: 8019: 7970:Random House 7963: 7952: 7940:. Retrieved 7925: 7911: 7899:. Retrieved 7875: 7868: 7862:Genesis 2:17 7857: 7845:. Retrieved 7825: 7818: 7806:. Retrieved 7783:. New York: 7779: 7757:. Retrieved 7748: 7711: 7702: 7692:10 September 7690:. Retrieved 7663: 7653: 7641:. Retrieved 7631: 7620: 7608:. Retrieved 7598: 7587: 7564: 7529: 7494: 7488: 7465: 7456: 7425: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7364:. Retrieved 7350: 7338:. Retrieved 7329: 7320: 7308:. Retrieved 7294: 7282:. Retrieved 7268: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7177:. Retrieved 7142:. Retrieved 7138:the original 7128: 7116:. Retrieved 7107: 7097: 7087:18 September 7085:. Retrieved 7041: 7022: 7010:. Retrieved 7001: 6991: 6942: 6934: 6924:18 September 6922:. Retrieved 6878: 6840:. Retrieved 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6792: 6780:. Retrieved 6752: 6744: 6732:. Retrieved 6723: 6710: 6702: 6693: 6681:. Retrieved 6677:the original 6644:. Retrieved 6630: 6620:11 September 6618:. Retrieved 6578: 6566: 6554:. Retrieved 6518: 6508: 6496:. Retrieved 6492:the original 6467:. Retrieved 6458: 6448: 6436:. Retrieved 6427: 6417: 6405:. Retrieved 6396: 6386: 6374:. Retrieved 6367:the original 6338:. Retrieved 6334:the original 6329: 6320: 6308:. Retrieved 6297: 6288: 6276:. Retrieved 6272:the original 6261: 6239:. Retrieved 6199: 6192: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6100: 6094: 6084: 6058:. Retrieved 6048: 6037: 6003:Rodale, Inc. 6001:. New York: 5996: 5958:. Retrieved 5948: 5937: 5925:. Retrieved 5919: 5912: 5900:. Retrieved 5895: 5885: 5873:. Retrieved 5862: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5836:the original 5822: 5812:17 September 5810:. Retrieved 5801: 5792: 5782:17 September 5780:. Retrieved 5771: 5762: 5750:. Retrieved 5741: 5731: 5719:. Retrieved 5710: 5700: 5669: 5663: 5651:. Retrieved 5631: 5624: 5607: 5601: 5589:. Retrieved 5585:the original 5576: 5532: 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5510:the original 5505: 5495: 5483:. Retrieved 5466:(1): 38–44. 5463: 5459: 5449: 5437:. Retrieved 5430:the original 5412: 5400:. Retrieved 5396:the original 5391: 5383: 5373: 5361:. Retrieved 5348: 5339: 5327:. Retrieved 5314: 5304: 5292:. Retrieved 5260: 5249: 5237:. Retrieved 5224: 5217: 5205:. Retrieved 5179: 5150:. Retrieved 5124: 5116: 5097: 5091: 5081: 5040: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 4993: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4956: 4946: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4869: 4860: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4778: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4690: 4686: 4676: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4594: 4590: 4528: 4524: 4466: 4462: 4409:(1): 16057. 4406: 4400: 4390: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4273: 4267: 4254: 4237: 4231: 4228:Pyrus dioica 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4133:. Retrieved 4129:the original 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4065: 4037:. Retrieved 4024: 4015: 3981:Timber Press 3974: 3969:Burford, Tom 3963: 3951:. Retrieved 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3896:Timber Press 3889: 3874: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3802:. Retrieved 3759: 3733:. Retrieved 3720: 3714: 3690:. Retrieved 3686:the original 3677: 3671: 3638:. Retrieved 3627: 3618: 3606:. Retrieved 3591: 3566:. Retrieved 3556: 3550: 3526:. 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Medikus 274: 266: 258: 250: 221: 219: 203: 202: 190: 153: 140: 127: 114: 47: 18:Malus pumila 10750:NatureServe 10701:iNaturalist 10529:Wikispecies 10315:iNaturalist 10163:Wikispecies 9941:(Caucasian) 9849:Malus fusca 9593:Pollination 9532:Agriculture 9494:Apple juice 9489:Apple cider 9448:Candy apple 9443:Baked apple 9428:Apple sauce 9418:Apple flour 9413:Apple crisp 9225:Brown Snout 8904:Ralls Janet 8679:Gravenstein 8654:Ginger Gold 7759:3 September 7366:14 November 7340:14 November 7310:14 November 7284:14 November 7179:23 February 7144:23 February 6842:9 September 6636:"Amygdalin" 5676:: 129–140. 5516:1 September 5439:1 September 4486:10449/42064 3640:22 November 3403:Renaissance 3359:Though the 3316:homophonous 3056:sends King 2863:polyphenols 2799:apple cider 2795:apple juice 2793:to produce 2785:Apples are 2772:apple sauce 2652:, with the 2294:Thiamine (B 2098:Cider apple 2067:anaphylaxis 1865:Millions of 1753:subtropical 1541:Sweet Bough 1451:Gravenstein 1424:pollinators 1380:Pollination 1256:crab apples 1176:Middle East 1167:containing 1012:Cultivation 981:chromosomes 975:Apples are 923:Pyrus malus 577:alternately 571:glabrescent 526:Description 512:expression 475:Old English 443:apple juice 410:tradition. 303:paradisiaca 299:Pyrus malus 291:Pyrus malus 254:Desf., 1768 134:Angiosperms 69:Cripps Pink 10945:Categories 10912:WisFlora: 10838:Plant List 10599:Calflora: 10426:Plant List 9843:(Japanese) 9781:(Siberian) 9761:(Southern) 9671:Production 9544:Apple scab 9403:Apple chip 9393:Apple cake 9207:Wolf River 9197:Upton Pyne 9162:King Byerd 9024:Tartu Rose 9019:Taliaferro 8994:Summerfree 8964:Sekai Ichi 8879:Pink Pearl 8784:Lady Alice 8699:Honeycrisp 8589:Enterprise 8514:Cripps Red 8429:Bellflower 8129:2006011869 7670:. p. 7660:"Epigrams" 7643:7 December 7610:7 December 7567:. Durham: 7557:Ruck, Carl 7428:. 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