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new ventures are made in most, if not in all, branches of industry. Each such commitment involves the creation, through credit extensions, of new purchasing power. Since the additional purchasing power is not offset promptly by a corresponding increase in production, prices rise. This process of extending commitments, expanding credit and raising prices continues until it is checked by shortage of credit facilities, or until prices have reached a level at which experienced business men see danger in making further additions to their stocks of goods. Then comes a contraction of purchases, and a crisis.
207:
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164:, they proceeded seeking private funding for their research program. Their effort was interrupted by the First World War, and continued in the early 1920. Later in 1920 the institute took off directed by Wesley Mitchell. The research program of the Bureau foresaw long-term statistical analyses on national income and its distribution. A theoretical structure was developed for national income estimated with the help of staff members, such as
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consumption. Still other cycles arise primarily from non-business causes, such as wars. Admitting that sometimes it is difficult to decide to which of these three types a given case belongs, Colonel Rorty holds that this classification clarifies the problem, and explains why no one theory accounts in satisfactory fashion for all cycles.
74:
1910, he came to New York to organize the commercial engineering department of the
American Telephone & Telegraph Company, of which he became chief statistician. In World War I he served at the Inter-allied Munition Council and officer of the General Staff, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel.
327:
It is not necessary to deprive capital of a due reward, or savings of their incentive, in order to assure a just recompense to labor. Rather may the labor of today gain by granting freely to the stored-up labor of yesterday, which is capital, that fraction of the increased output from new industrial
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Such are the essential features of a typical boom and crisis, arising from causes inherent in the business organization. But
Colonel Rorty adds that we have cycles of two other types. The milder periods of prosperity and recession arise from mere current readjustments of production, distribution and
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Economic subjects subjects have become such a matter of popular interest that even the “man on the street” knows in a general way that business moves in cycles. He knows that when statisticians make a map or rather present a picture of business variations covering a period of years the portrait is a
73:
as telephone installer. After becoming switchboard repairman, and wire chief, he entered the general office in 1899 where he became traffic engineer. In 1903, he was appointed superintendent of traffic at
Pittsburgh of the Central District Telephone Company, later becoming general superintendent. In
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Colonel
Malcolm C. Rorty has suggested that the over-construction theory should be expanded into an "over-commitment" theory, and strengthened by analysis of financial processes. At an early stage in many periods of prosperity, he points out, simultaneous overcommitments to business extensions and
197:
About Rorty's contribution Catlin (1962) explained, that "Rorty, developed its index of general business conditions in the United States, as a guide to its executives in making plans and decisions. Drawing data from various sources running back to 1877 and subject to correction from time to time,
171:
Rorty and
Mitchell foresaw a missionary potential as Mitchell (1922) declared, that "the practical demonstration we have given that men of otherwise divergent views can unite in the scientific investigation of controverted social facts wi.U give a powerful stimulus to all movements like ours."
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snaky curve that undulates up and down across an imaginary normal line, with peaks representing “prosperity” and valleys representing “hard times.“ The typical cycle, or one undulation of the snake, is shown in the accompanying diagram, which is the work of one of
Colonel Rorty’s associates.
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However Gross (2010) commented "Rorty was not an armchair ideologist. He considered it essential that business be run in accordance with the theories and findings of modern economics, and this required hard economic data: facts and figures about the present-day economy."
276:
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Constructing and
Applying Objective Functions: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Econometric Decision Models Constructing and Applying Objective Functions, University of Hagen, Held in Haus Nordhelle, August, 28 - 31,
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during the crisis of 1907 during the crisis of 1907, and assured those who followed his chart, based on the
Newtonian law of action and reaction, that they would "slowly but surely create for their institutions and for themselves huge
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to telephone problems in
October 1903" which was later used in the design of automatic telephone systems. His later works were mostly on economic topics in which he defended "a laissez-faire approach to business."
222:, and in the 1920s became involved in specifying the processes involved in business cycles. The introduction to a 1921 interview with Rorty on this subject characterized the state of the art by then as follows:
30:(1875 – January 18, 1937) was an American engineer, economist, statistician and manager for the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. He is known as one of the founding members of the
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in the state of New York. They later decided to join forces to initiate "an organization that devoted itself to fact finding on controversial economic subjects of great public interests."
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One of Rorty's contributions was in the field of business barometers, assessments of stocks, business reports and other economic developments. This concept was first published by
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145:(NBER) with N.I. Stone, formerly Chief of the United States Tariff Board. They had met as opponent advisers in the debate on the unemployment program and legislation for
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and Rorty had assisted in the production of that volume. Rorty had written its introduction and had made significant improvements throughout the book.
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When John
Randolph Riggleman in 1926 presented his "Graphic Methods for Presenting Business Statistics," he acknowledged, that both
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About the role of Rorty in the ongoing debate on specifying the processes involved in business cycles, Mitchell (1926) explained:
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Belcher, Donald R. "Malcolm Churchill Rorty." Journal of the American Statistical Association 31.195 (1936): 603-604.
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The Beginnings of the National Bureau of Economic Research: A Tribute to the Memory of Its Founder: Malcolm C. Rorty
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this includes such criteria as pig-iron production, steel orders, car loadings, coal output, paper production, etc.
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processes and machinery which is necessary to stimulate savings and thereby promote business enterprise.
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In his works Rory defended a "laissez-faire approach to business." For example, in 1921 he stipulated:
81:, and in 1921 was promoted to Vice President of the Bell Telephone Securities Company and elected as a
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In his days Rorty developed into an expert into the visualization of quantitative data. In his 1922
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he had already presented a range of statistical data in a series of charts (see gallery below):
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Jeff Biddle, "Social Science and the Making of Social Policy: Wesley Mitchell's Vision," in:
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What is normal business? An interview on the subject of business Cycles with Col. M.C. Rorty
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The Years of High Econometrics: A Short History of the Generation that Reinvented Economics.
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A Comparison of the Increase in Population and Physical Production in the US 1880–1919, 1922
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In 1918 back at Bell Telephone Company he was appointed chief statistician at the
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Variation in Amount of Wheat Purchasable with Daily Wages from 1270 to 1890, 1922
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Bolshevism, Fascism, and Capitalism: An Account of the Three Economic Systems.
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The Economic Mind in America: Essays in the History of American Economics,
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Rorty came into prominence writing a "pioneer paper on the application of
62:. He studied mechanical and electrical engineering and graduated from the
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100:, and he served as its second president in 1922. He also co-founded the
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After graduation in 1896 Rorty started his 27 years long career at the
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Rorty, Malcolm C. "The statistical control of business activities."
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Relative Prices and Wages in the US from 1860 to 1920 Inc, 1922
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Rorty (1921, p. 38-9), as cited in Neil Gross (2010, p. 30)
58:, Rorty attended the common schools, and Walkill Academy,
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The Progress of Economics: A History of Economic Thought
373:, Villari, L., Rorty, M. C., & Baker, N. D. (1932).
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Population of England and Wales From 1100 to 1900, 1922
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Andranik S. Tangian; Josef Gruber (28 November 2001).
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Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher.
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Corporate Financial Policies from Boom to Depression.
318:
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McGraw-Hill book Company, Incorporated, 1926. p. vi
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Graphic Methods for Presenting Business Statistics.
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Nr. 78-147. American Management Association., 1937.
1616:Presidents of the American Statistical Association
365:The Future of Capitalism and Socialism in America.
250:Graphic methods for presenting business statistics
106:presidents of the American Statistical Association
40:presidents of the American Statistical Association
1631:Presidents of the American Management Association
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571:Actes de la Session: Proceedings of the Session.
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367:New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1927.
93:, where he served until his retirement in 1930.
1611:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
112:from 1934 until his death on 18 January 1937.
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667:Business Cycles: The Problem and Its Setting,
595:National Bureau of Economic Research (1944),
637:1922. p. 2; as cited in Biddle (2002, p. 54)
152:After seeking advice of economists, such as
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384:American Management Association, 1932.
210:The forces of the business cycle, 1922
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214:Rorty was inspired by the early work
91:International Telephone and Telegraph
1621:National Bureau of Economic Research
612:Malcolm Rutherford (ed.) 2002. p. 53
188:Roger W. Babson first published his
143:National Bureau of Economic Research
129:National Bureau of Economic Research
108:in 1931–32, and as president of the
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36:National Bureau of Economic Research
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567:International Statistical Institute
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345:Some Problems in Current Economics
319:Laissez-faire approach to business
256:Some Problems in Current Economics
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184:in 1907. Catlin (1962) explained:
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389:A Background for Labor Relations.
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679:Malcolm Churchill Rorty (1920).
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532:. v. 1-3 (Nov. 1921-Dec. 1922).
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141:In 1920 Rorty co-founded the
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717:Neil Gross (2010, p. 30-31)
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1626:Economists from New Jersey
582:Gene Martin Lyons (1969).
555:General Management Series,
427:. Springer. pp. 20–.
387:Rorty, Malcolm Churchill.
380:Rorty, Malcolm Churchill.
342:Rorty, Malcolm Churchill.
89:. In 1924 he moved to the
38:, and in 1931 was elected
1601:Engineers from New Jersey
1596:Cornell University alumni
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695:John Randolph Riggleman.
1549:Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar
833:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
34:, and co-founder of the
1101:William Gemmell Cochran
994:Warren Randolph Burgess
958:William Fielding Ogburn
730:Malcolm Churchill Rorty
584:The Uneasy Partnership.
544:, retrieved 2016-07-16.
401:Harvard Business Review
395:Articles, a selection:
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104:in 1930, and served as
46:approach to business".
28:Malcolm Churchill Rorty
1513:Lisa Morrissey LaVange
1292:Richard Loree Anderson
839:Walter Francis Willcox
377:Institute of politics.
349:AW Shaw Company, 1922.
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1149:Martin R. Gainsbrugh
1030:Emanuel Goldenweiser
946:Edwin Bidwell Wilson
928:Leonard Porter Ayres
815:Francis Amasa Walker
630:Wesley C. Mitchell.
530:Industry illustrated
522:John H. Van Deventer
457:N.I. Stone (1945). "
60:Middletown, New York
56:Paterson, New Jersey
1477:Robert N. Rodriguez
1394:W. Michael O'Fallon
1268:Herman Otto Hartley
1209:Churchill Eisenhart
1185:Frederick Mosteller
1095:Aryness Joy Wickens
1018:Winfield W. Riefler
905:Louis Israel Dublin
893:William S. Rossiter
621:Lyons (1969, p. 37)
542:List of ASA Fellows
357:Sam Adolph Lewisohn
190:Business Barometers
176:Business barometers
102:Econometric Society
32:Econometric Society
1489:Nathaniel Schenker
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16:American economist
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403:1 (1923): 154–66.
240:And furthermore:
218:had published on
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1543:Dionne Price
1501:Jessica Utts
1471:Nancy Geller
1048:Isador Lubin
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154:Edwin F. Gay
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147:minimum wage
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1576:1936 deaths
1537:Kathy Ensor
1256:Leslie Kish
1089:Lowell Reed
940:Carl Snyder
823:(1897–1909)
817:(1883–1896)
811:(1852–1882)
805:(1846–1851)
799:(1839–1845)
1565:Categories
1304:John Neter
845:John Koren
779:Presidents
408:References
1243:1976–2000
1082:1951–1975
921:1926–1950
790:1839–1925
137:NBER Logo
66:in 1896.
50:Biography
569:(1947).
440:1 August
54:Born in
781:of the
573:p. 151.
528:," in:
85:of the
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431:
160:, and
83:Fellow
1404:2001–
741:JSTOR
599:p. 6.
586:p. 36
524:ed. "
442:2012
429:ISBN
424:2000
116:Work
1567::
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