400:
336:
285:, and thermal reactors. For example, Pontiac’s 455 cu. in. V8 peaked at 310 net horsepower in 1973, but was down to 200 net hp in its last year of use, in 1976. As these changes were legislative in nature rather than the result of voluntary developments by American car companies, as well as aggressive in scope and with a rapid deadline, the emission control technologies used were hastily implemented and initially resulted in reliability issues, creating stalls and reducing fuel economy over and above power drops.
173:
187:
242:
horsepower ratings for many
American automobiles began to markedly drop. It is important to note that some of these drops were merely on paper, caused by a concurrent shifting in the manner in which horsepower was measured (from gross to net, which resulted in lower values even when there were no changes made to a vehicle). For example, the 350 cu in (5.7 L) L48 engine of a 1971
69:, and expedient styling tropes — all in stark contrast to prior decades of unbound automotive power and styling. The era also highlighted the U.S. automotive industry's vulnerability to penetration by foreign manufacturers versed in the design of more space and fuel efficient designs — and more quick to adapt.
423:, a platform which in its first year was over a foot shorter in length and some 800 pounds lighter, but also peaked at 105 net horsepower compared to the previous years' (already emission-reduced) maximum of 266 net horsepower. Some cars were redesigned to fit in entirely different automotive categories: the
386:
levied a "gas-guzzler" tax to the sale of new vehicles that failed to meet CAFE standards, as an attempt to discourage the creation and purchase of inefficient vehicles. By the approximate close of the malaise era in 1983, average fuel efficiency for passenger cars had not met these targets, but had
355:
The shift towards smaller, more efficient vehicles benefitted foreign manufacturers, who produced more of such vehicles. By 1975, 18.3% of U.S. sales were imported cars. American brands had their slowest year since 1962, selling just 7,050,120 cars in 1975. By comparison, they sold 9.6 million cars
531:
Despite complaints against cars from this era and claims that they would never appreciate in value, select vehicles from the 1970s and 1980s started becoming more popular in the late 2010s. Their increase in popularity led to the creation of car shows dedicated only to cars from this era. According
303:
requiring specific bumper performance requirements in collisions from passenger vehicles (but not light duty trucks and motorcycles) at certain low speeds and angles. Specifically, this mandated the vehicle sustain no damage at 8 km/h (5 mph), at an exact bumper height. Except for Canada,
466:
American automakers began introducing smaller, less powerful and more fuel efficient models to comply with new mileage requirements and compete against foreign manufacturers, particularly the
Japanese offerings. Regardless, the sales of imports continued to climb. In 1978, GM sold over 5 million
378:(CAFE) standard was passed into law in 1975, requiring that the fuel economy of a manufacturer’s entire output of passenger car and light truck models be averaged into a miles-per-gallon fuel economy standard, which was then in turn used as the basis for further legislation. For example, in 1978
527:
Numerous journalists have reflected on the reduced performance and perceived aesthetic deficiencies of cars offered to
Americans in this era. One journalist described this period of automotive history as the "worst era in car design". Another journalist wrote that cars of this era were "bloated,
313:
The regulations specified bumper performance; they did not prescribe any particular bumper design. Nevertheless, similar to how emissions standards were tackled, automotive manufacturers often at first took the simplest path. Cars were equipped with bulky, unsightly, protruding bumpers to be
241:
The technology did not exist to meet these requirements in a fashion that would also allow practical engines to continue making the same horsepower. The simplest way for manufacturers to meet these highly ambitious emission cuts was to reduce power outputs in their vehicles: beginning in 1971,
351:
had nearly quadrupled, from U.S. $ 3 per barrel ($ 21 in 2023 dollars) to nearly $ 12 globally ($ 82 in 2023 dollars); U.S. prices were significantly higher. The result was a sudden switch in consumer taste from traditional domestic automobiles with high gas-consumption rates to more efficient
60:
In response, the U.S. federal government introduced successively more comprehensive emissions, fuel efficiency and safety standards — which for the first time required huge automotive engineering investments in effectively new disciplines — testing the industry's ability to adapt.
64:
As a hallmark of the era, with automotive design budgets dominated by huge pragmatic investments in fuel efficiency, emissions controls and safety programs, the engine power of prominent sports and muscle cars of 1960s was decimated — and manufacturers often relied heavily on egregious
48:
galvanized attention on U.S. automotive safety issues — calling for a range of safety features from critical occupant protection to car bumpers that could enable low-speed impact without damage to safety systems. With an average fuel economy across passenger cars from 1969-1974 of
467:
cars, but by 1982 they sold about 3.5 million, a decrease of 34.2%. Other
American manufacturers saw similar losses; Ford sales fell 47% and Chrysler sales dropped 27% from 1978 to 1982. In the same years, Toyota sales increased from 441,800 cars to 527,128 cars, a 19.3% increase.
478:
saw increases of 33.1% and 39.1% respectively. A year after the onset of the 1979 oil crisis, Japanese manufacturers surpassed
Detroit's production totals, becoming first in the world. Indeed, the share of Japanese cars in U.S. auto purchases rose from 9% in 1976 to 21% in 1980.
532:
to the
Hagerty Price Guide, these cars have recently seen the greatest increase in value when compared to other used cars: 82% of used cars saw no increase in price in 2018, but cars from the 1970s and 1980s increased in value by 24% and 38% respectively in the same year.
810:
27:
poor products and a generalized industry unease — an era of profound adjustment as the U.S. automotive industry adapted to meet wholly new demands for more fuel-efficient, safe and environmentally responsible products.
80:
in 1975, it emphasized the padded vinyl roofing, opera windows, tufted velour interiors with imitation wood accents and stand up hood ornaments of its ostensible luxury — but used a platform dating to the austere 1961
411:
The cumulative effect of these changes on the car lineups of
American manufacturers was a series of redesigns and discontinuations of engine types and vehicle models and an overall lowering of performance.
292:, added to almost all new vehicles from the 1975 model year onward, which in turn resulted in the increasing adoption of unleaded gasoline, as the converters could not function if leaded gasoline was used.
108:
and a wider "crisis of confidence" within the United States, the term has been in regular use since at least around 2012, and has been widely cited by news agencies and automotive sites, including
36:
Following the 1950s and 1960s — the unregulated decades when the U.S. automotive industry could prioritize unrestrained horsepower, size and styling — the
Malaise Era arose after the
246:
was rated at 270 (gross) horsepower, but the identical engine was rated at 200 (net) horsepower in 1972. However, emission-based cuts resulted in notable real power losses starting in the 1971
45:
270:, but which all other major American automotive manufacturers adopted). Many automotive manufacturers dropped horsepower ratings from their advertising, using cubic inch engine size instead.
222:(NESHAPs), and overall significantly strengthened federal enforcement authority, all toward achieving aggressive air pollution reduction goals. The amendments mandated a 90% reduction in
356:
in 1973. The success of
Japanese brands can be traced to the greater selection of compact cars and the development of technologies to improve fuel efficiency. For example, Honda's
367:
caused oil and gas prices to again increase significantly, doubling over 12 months, and there was a further shift in customer preference to smaller, more efficient vehicles.
2192:
1614:
487:
As the industry adapted to new emissions, efficiency and safety demands and the fuel crisis receded, vehicle performance began to increase again as technologies matured:
753:
53:(17.4 L/100 km), the period coincided with the industry's dependence on inexpensive foreign oil and spiking international fuel prices, culminating with the
1550:
219:
1305:
1270:"Implementing technology-forcing policies: The 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments and the introduction of advanced automotive emissions controls in the United States"
565:
1163:
382:
mandated that manufacturers achieve a fleet average of 18 mpg by 1978, 19 mpg by 1979, and 20 mpg by 1980, rising to 27.5 mpg by 1985. Similarly, the 1978
1868:
1777:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
2054:
1634:
701:
2251:
1896:
2459:
2449:
772:
1472:
905:
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1408:
1188:
854:
310:
This increased bumper size and weight beginning with the 1973 model year, and these standards were further tightened for the 1974 model year.
1953:
1660:
956:
811:"Automotive History/Vintage Review: 1975 Ford Granada Wins "The Most Malaise Car Ever" Award – A Triumph of (Imitative) Style Over Substance"
235:
1812:
1082:
2394:
828:
1716:
1498:
2419:
1797:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1269:
1055:
347:
caused a sudden and marked increase in the cost of oil and, by extension, gasoline. By the end of the crisis, in March 1974, the
23:
refers to a period in the U.S. automotive industry from roughly the early 1970s through the early to mid 1980s, characterized by
727:
2368:
211:
273:
More significant power reduction effects were caused by the adoption or increased use of emissions control procedures such as
2149:
2080:
321:
era, in that they are made of foam to avoid the weight of rigid steel bars at vehicle extremities, prioritizing occupant
295:
In addition to new environmental standards, new design standards had a significant effect as well. Starting in 1971, the
1391:
1331:
791:
591:
101:
1699:
1213:
519:
was raised from 55 mph (89 km/h) (a fuel-saving measure enacted in 1974) to 65 mph (105 km/h).
420:
404:
1031:
879:
151:
Though emissions and safety requirements had been first introduced in 1967, Phil Greden, a writer for the website
2341:
508:
416:
215:
85:
and offered a power-to weight ratio 48.46 lbs per hp, and a breathtakingly slow 0-60 time of 23.15 seconds.
541:
375:
207:
155:, contends the era spanned specifically from 1975 with U.S. government bumper regulations; to 1983, when the
1804:
1784:
931:
468:
407:, produced between 1974 and 1978, is sometimes cited as one of many vehicles that embodied the Malaise Era.
673:
193:
2290:
1148:
516:
1928:
1381:
645:"U.S. Energy Information Administration - Independent Statistics and Analysis - Annual Energy Review"
644:
492:
436:
278:
1441:
1837:
507:, Rob Sass argues that the era ended between 1985—when American commercial sports cars such as the
40:
began to codify a legislative response to serious national car-generated air quality concerns, and
2316:
1668:
2454:
1841:
1661:"An Evaluation of the Bumper Standard - As Modified in 1982 - NHTSA Report Number DOT HS 807 072"
274:
2225:
1551:"From The January 1975 Road & Track: (5 mph) Impact Bumpers – Are They Really Saving Money?"
300:
2265:
2177:
1795:
1775:
1107:
379:
307:
In 1982, the U.S. relaxed this rule to 4.5 km/h (3 mph) collision, where it remains.
141:
1833:
37:
2252:"A Tale of Two Mercedes: When the Grey Market Made U.S.-Spec Cars Compete With Euro Models"
754:"How a single magazine cover photo changed the course of auto design at GM in the Eighties"
1746:
399:
8:
504:
496:
488:
432:
289:
125:
121:
1572:
980:
616:
2155:
456:
444:
243:
145:
73:
360:
technology allowed its cars to pass emission standards without a catalytic converter.
2200:
2145:
1904:
1695:
1416:
1387:
1356:
1115:
680:
251:
133:
66:
2137:
2106:"From tail fins to hybrids: How Detroit lost its dominance of the U.S. auto market"
1791:
1771:
1453:
1306:"Fifty years ago, the government decided to clean up car exhaust. It's still at it"
1288:
1284:
1164:"What About the Malaise Era? More Specifically, What About This 1979 Ford Granada?"
452:
2159:
2131:
2028:
2002:
1473:"Detroit Switched To Unleaded Fuel 50 Years Ago: Here's How Horsepower Took A Hit"
1006:
503:
enabled greater raw performance and less hobbling emission controls. Writing for
447:, but discontinued its SS performance option after the 1973 model year, while the
335:
1619:
1591:
371:
364:
344:
282:
227:
159:
saw a significant performance increase after almost a decade of low performance.
137:
105:
54:
424:
383:
267:
263:
109:
2105:
1523:
2443:
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1977:
1908:
1420:
1119:
500:
428:
255:
203:
1692:
Cars of the Sensational '70s: A Decade of Changing Tastes and New Directions
1897:"New Car Sales Rose 31% in Dec. 21-30, But 1975's Volume Hit a 13-Year Low"
348:
323:
156:
97:
77:
1265:
1240:
Kaiser, Walter (2003). "Clean Air Act and American Automobile Industry".
906:"Buy These: Malaise-Era American Iron Immortalized in Awesome 1:43 Scale"
855:"Thread of the Day: What's Your Favorite Car of the Automotive Dark Age?"
512:
460:
448:
440:
223:
129:
82:
41:
2141:
880:"Four-Wheeled Future: The Return of the Affordable Japanese Sports Car"
247:
2133:
The Japanese Automotive Industry: Model and Challenge for the Future?
172:
2055:"A History of Chevy's Ultimate Muscle Car: The Chevelle Super Sport"
1635:"Two years that changed cars forever: 1974 (bumpers) and '75 (smog)"
702:"Two years that changed cars forever: 1974 (bumpers) and '75 (smog)"
314:
compliant. This meant additional vehicle length and greater weight.
1457:
259:
186:
152:
117:
317:
Bumpers today are designed very differently from those during the
566:"What Defines the Malaise Era, and Will We Experience It Again?"
238:—formally founded just that month—to implement these standards.
1869:"1979 oil shock meant recession for U.S., depression for autos"
1810:
475:
113:
1409:"G.M. Redesigning Auto Engines For Operation on Unleaded Fuel"
288:
The new emission standards also spurred the deployment of the
932:"More Show than Go: Performance Car Ads from the Malaise Era"
773:"Can't tell the Pontiacs from the Buicks? That's the problem"
471:
296:
1524:"The U.S. Experience with the Phasedown of Lead in Gasoline"
234:
by 1975, relative to the 1970 standards, and instructed the
1440:
Morris, W. E.; Rogers, J. D.; Poskitt, R. W. (1971-02-01).
515:
reached the 200 hp mark again—and 1987, when the U.S.
435:
for the 1974 and 1975 model years, respectively, while the
419:
was cancelled after the 1973 model year, replaced with the
357:
1189:"Malaise Era Childhood Gas Lines Left Their Mark, Forever"
1056:"Malaise Memories: Forgotten 1970s Cars Worth Remembering"
339:
Price of crude oil in 2014 U.S. dollars from 1900 to 2014
231:
220:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2395:"Five Malaise-Era Muscle Cars that Are Worth Collecting"
2369:"Once unwanted, many '70s and '80s cars are on the rise"
592:"MotorCities - Muscle Car Review: The 1960s & 1970s"
2420:"A beige-ish bash: Malaise-era cars get their own show"
2342:"Here is Why Malaise Cars Will Never Be Worth Anything"
2317:"12 Malaise-Era Cars That Managed to Avoid Being Awful"
1083:"Malaise-era cars immortalized as awesome collectibles"
957:"2024 Ford Mustang EcoBoost, Mostly New, Mostly Better"
463:
were all cancelled entirely after the 1974 model year.
672:
Feigenbaum, Baruch; Morris, Julian (26 January 2017).
1717:"New bumpers have uniform height, take angle impacts"
363:
Sales of larger domestic cars would rebound, but the
250:. These changes initially were due to a reduction in
2081:"Detroit's assumptions were overthrown 40 years ago"
1499:"How Leaded Gas Came to Be and Why We Don't Miss It"
829:"Performance Pretenders: 10 Malaise-Era Muscle Cars"
728:"Performance Pretenders: 10 Malaise-Era Muscle Cars"
1439:
1332:"Understanding Gross Versus Net Horsepower Ratings"
1594:. United States Department of Transportation NHSTA
1522:Newell, Richard G.; Rogers, Kristian (June 2003).
1357:"Muscle Car Horsepower – How Exaggerated Was It?"
792:"1983 Fortune: Will Success Spoil General Motors"
2441:
1826:
808:
671:
1765:
1763:
1615:"U.S. Agency Seeks Eased Auto Bumper Standards"
262:rather than fuel using dangerous and polluting
2363:
2361:
1373:
1141:"Tonnage: 10 Gigantic Malaise-Era Land Yachts"
297:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1589:
1277:Technological Forecasting & Social Change
2193:"Federal Speed Limit, Set in 1974, Repealed"
2003:"1973 Ford Mustang: Ultimate In-Depth Guide"
1891:
1889:
1760:
1521:
2358:
1658:
789:
1548:
1263:
1080:
903:
210:into law. The amendments established the
1886:
2460:Conservation and restoration of vehicles
2450:Automotive industry in the United States
2190:
2171:
2169:
1790:
1770:
1689:
1379:
1329:
1214:"Clean Air Act Requirements and History"
1132:
1105:
852:
783:
398:
394:
334:
2291:"What Was The Worst Era Of Car Design?"
1866:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1813:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1659:La Heist, Warren G.; Ephraim, Frank G.
1612:
1570:
1470:
1108:"When Life Hands You Lemons, Race Them"
826:
802:
725:
614:
192:Prominent U.S. model bumpers on a 1977
88:
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2417:
2392:
2339:
2249:
1714:
1564:
1496:
1239:
1211:
1186:
1161:
1029:
954:
853:Seabaugh, Christian (30 August 2012).
790:Niedermeyer, Paul (17 November 2012).
770:
751:
719:
667:
665:
608:
563:
304:no other nation adopted this mandate.
212:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
162:
2314:
2166:
2103:
2052:
1811:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1544:
1542:
1540:
1406:
1354:
1300:
1298:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1235:
1233:
1032:"Ten reasons to love the Malaise Era"
929:
873:
871:
822:
820:
764:
431:were transformed from muscle cars to
206:signed a series of amendments to the
16:Period in American automotive history
2393:Florea, Ciprian (20 November 2021).
2223:
2175:
2129:
2029:"1974 Ford Mustang - Ultimate Guide"
1855:
1549:Nidermeyer, Paul (27 October 2022).
1138:
1081:Sorokanich, Bob (15 December 2014).
904:Sorokanich, Bob (15 December 2014).
877:
809:Paul Niedermeyer (January 3, 2024).
639:
637:
559:
557:
2078:
1867:Sawyers, Arlena (13 October 2013).
1747:"What are Energy Absorbing Bumpers"
1471:Chilton, Chris (13 November 2021).
1442:"1971 Cars and the "New" Gasolines"
745:
662:
443:. Chevrolet continued to offer its
13:
2026:
2000:
1537:
1295:
1252:
1230:
1155:
868:
827:Stewart, Ben (10 September 2012).
817:
752:Strohl, Daniel (3 February 2021).
726:Stewart, Ben (10 September 2012).
564:Martin, Murilee (14 August 2023).
330:
327:protection over insurance claims.
14:
2471:
2250:Hoover, Tyler (9 February 2017).
771:Wilson, Amy (14 September 2008).
674:"CAFE Standards in Plain English"
634:
554:
482:
254:to allow engines to run on lower
2136:. University of Michigan Press.
2053:Seitz, Rick (15 November 2010).
1613:Burgess, John (1 October 1981).
1030:Strohl, Daniel (13 March 2013).
589:
216:New Source Performance Standards
202:At the close of 1970, President
185:
171:
2411:
2386:
2333:
2308:
2283:
2258:
2243:
2226:"The Ugliest Cars of the 1970s"
2217:
2184:
2123:
2097:
2072:
2046:
2020:
1994:
1970:
1946:
1921:
1739:
1715:Norbye, Jan P. (October 1973).
1708:
1683:
1652:
1627:
1606:
1583:
1515:
1490:
1464:
1433:
1400:
1383:Corvette Black, Books 1953-2007
1348:
1323:
1205:
1180:
1099:
1074:
1048:
1023:
999:
973:
948:
923:
897:
878:Berk, Brett (6 February 2012).
846:
528:underpowered, and uninspired".
236:Environmental Protection Agency
2079:Epp, Peter (4 November 2013).
1694:. Publications International.
1590:Berndt, Frank (2 April 1982).
1448:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
1407:Flint, Jerry M. (1970-02-14).
1330:Severson, Aaron (2008-04-16).
1289:10.1016/j.techfore.2004.08.003
1187:Martin, Murilee (2021-06-02).
1162:Martin, Murilee (2011-05-05).
1106:Alterman, Eddie (2008-09-25).
694:
583:
542:Corporate average fuel economy
376:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
1:
2418:Strohl, Daniel (2018-04-05).
2340:Teleky, Steven (2021-09-28).
2224:Gold, Aaron (10 April 2020).
2130:Cole, Robert E., ed. (1981).
1929:"Introducing the CVCC / 1972"
1497:Oldham, Scott (31 May 2018).
547:
370:The EPA began regulating for
277:(often called "smog pumps"),
31:
2191:Phillips, Don (1995-11-29).
1978:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1834:"OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974"
1805:American Antiquarian Society
1785:American Antiquarian Society
1571:Solomon, Jack (March 1978).
1386:. MotorBooks International.
1139:Rood, Eric (20 March 2017).
930:Appel, Tom (18 April 2022).
615:Solomon, Jack (March 1978).
104:, in which he discussed the
7:
2315:Duffy, Tyler (2020-05-23).
2176:Sass, Rob (1 August 2013).
1690:Flammang, James M. (2000).
1291:– via Science Direct.
535:
391:(13.8 L/100 km).
266:(a move taken initially by
178:Catalytic Exhaust Converter
10:
2476:
1592:"Interpretation 1982-1.38"
1248:: 31–43 – via JSTOR.
1212:US EPA, OAR (2015-05-27).
981:"5 sweet malaise era cars"
570:Capital One Auto Navigator
2180:. The Hagerty Group, LLC.
2104:Klier, Thomas H. (2009).
1735:– via Google Books.
1355:Koscs, Jim (2013-08-13).
522:
493:electronic fuel injection
439:became a luxury-oriented
279:exhaust gas recirculation
2266:"Heavier. Slower. Safer"
2178:"Heavier. Slower. Safer"
1838:U.S. Department of State
1573:"Billion Dollar Bumpers"
1531:Resources for the Future
617:"Billion Dollar Bumpers"
417:first generation Mustang
1842:Office of the Historian
1380:Antonick, Mike (2006).
275:secondary air injectors
2085:Chatham-Kent This Week
1007:"Malaise Era Archives"
408:
387:risen to 17.1 mpg
340:
2113:Economic Perspectives
402:
395:Effects on automakers
374:in this period. The
338:
38:Clean Air Act of 1963
1168:The Truth About Cars
813:. Curbside Classics.
517:national speed limit
433:personal luxury cars
299:(NHTSA) promulgated
194:Mercedes-Benz 450SLC
96:Recalling President
1982:www.fueleconomy.gov
1151:on 9 November 2019.
651:. 27 September 2012
596:www.motorcities.org
497:catalytic converter
469:Japanese automakers
290:catalytic converter
163:Government mandates
126:Hemmings Motor News
46:Unsafe at Any Speed
2160:10.3998/mpub.18647
2142:10.3998/mpub.18647
1954:"C A F E Overview"
1901:The New York Times
1413:The New York Times
1112:The New York Times
457:Plymouth Barracuda
409:
341:
301:bumper regulations
252:compression ratios
244:Chevrolet Corvette
112:, Consumer Guide,
2151:978-0-939512-08-9
2119:– via Core.
1336:Ate Up With Motor
1062:. 6 November 2020
987:. 23 January 2015
955:Abuelsamid, Sam.
833:Popular Mechanics
796:Curbside Classics
732:Popular Mechanics
681:Reason Foundation
489:onboard computers
283:retarded ignition
134:Popular Mechanics
67:badge engineering
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1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:. Archived from
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:. Archived from
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1087:Road & Track
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
977:
971:
970:
968:
967:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
875:
866:
865:
863:
861:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
815:
814:
806:
800:
799:
787:
781:
780:
768:
762:
761:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
723:
717:
716:
714:
713:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
678:
669:
660:
659:
657:
656:
641:
632:
631:
629:
627:
612:
606:
605:
603:
602:
587:
581:
580:
578:
576:
561:
453:Dodge Challenger
189:
175:
138:Road & Track
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2197:Washington Post
2189:
2185:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2128:
2124:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1873:Automotive News
1865:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1792:McCusker, J. J.
1780:
1772:McCusker, J. J.
1768:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1721:Popular Science
1713:
1709:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:on 4 March 2009
1665:webcitation.org
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1620:Washington Post
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1465:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1272:
1266:Lave, Lester B.
1264:Gerard, David;
1262:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1156:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
979:
978:
974:
965:
963:
953:
949:
940:
938:
928:
924:
914:
912:
902:
898:
888:
886:
876:
869:
859:
857:
851:
847:
837:
835:
825:
818:
807:
803:
788:
784:
777:Automotive News
769:
765:
750:
746:
736:
734:
724:
720:
711:
709:
700:
699:
695:
685:
683:
676:
670:
663:
654:
652:
643:
642:
635:
625:
623:
613:
609:
600:
598:
588:
584:
574:
572:
562:
555:
550:
538:
525:
485:
421:Ford Mustang II
405:Ford Mustang II
397:
390:
372:fuel efficiency
365:1979 oil crisis
345:1973 oil crisis
333:
331:1973 oil crisis
232:nitrogen oxides
228:carbon monoxide
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
190:
181:
180:
179:
176:
165:
94:
76:introduced the
55:1973 oil crisis
52:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:Cars by period
2452:
2436:
2435:
2410:
2385:
2357:
2332:
2307:
2297:. 16 June 2021
2282:
2257:
2242:
2216:
2183:
2165:
2150:
2122:
2096:
2071:
2059:Chevy Hardcore
2045:
2027:Dellis, Nick.
2019:
2001:Dellis, Nick.
1993:
1969:
1945:
1920:
1903:. 1976-01-08.
1885:
1854:
1825:
1809:1800–present:
1759:
1738:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1651:
1626:
1605:
1582:
1563:
1536:
1514:
1503:Car and Driver
1489:
1463:
1458:10.4271/710624
1432:
1399:
1393:978-0760328941
1392:
1372:
1347:
1322:
1294:
1283:(7): 761–778.
1251:
1229:
1204:
1179:
1154:
1131:
1098:
1073:
1047:
1022:
998:
972:
947:
936:Consumer Guide
922:
910:Car and Driver
896:
867:
845:
816:
801:
782:
763:
744:
718:
693:
661:
633:
607:
590:Tate, Robert.
582:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
537:
534:
524:
521:
501:oxygen sensors
484:
483:End of the era
481:
437:Chevrolet Nova
425:Mercury Cougar
396:
393:
388:
384:Energy Tax Act
352:compact cars.
332:
329:
268:General Motors
264:lead additives
191:
184:
183:
182:
177:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
164:
161:
146:New York Times
110:Car and Driver
102:Malaise Speech
93:
87:
50:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2472:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2399:autoevolution
2396:
2389:
2374:
2373:Hagerty Media
2370:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2271:
2270:Hagerty Media
2267:
2261:
2254:. Autotrader.
2253:
2246:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2034:
2033:Mustang Specs
2030:
2023:
2008:
2007:Mustang Specs
2004:
1997:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1959:
1958:fbaum.unc.edu
1955:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1701:9780785329800
1697:
1693:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1639:Hagerty Media
1636:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1362:
1361:Hagerty Media
1358:
1351:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1310:Hagerty Media
1307:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1012:
1011:Hagerty Media
1008:
1002:
986:
982:
976:
962:
958:
951:
937:
933:
926:
911:
907:
900:
885:
881:
874:
872:
856:
849:
834:
830:
823:
821:
812:
805:
797:
793:
786:
778:
774:
767:
759:
755:
748:
733:
729:
722:
707:
706:Hagerty Media
703:
697:
682:
675:
668:
666:
650:
646:
640:
638:
622:
618:
611:
597:
593:
586:
571:
567:
560:
558:
553:
543:
540:
539:
533:
529:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
477:
473:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Dodge Charger
426:
422:
418:
413:
406:
401:
392:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
353:
350:
346:
337:
328:
326:
325:
320:
315:
311:
308:
305:
302:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Clean Air Act
205:
204:Richard Nixon
195:
188:
174:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
92:
86:
84:
79:
75:
70:
68:
62:
58:
56:
49:13.5 mpg
47:
43:
39:
29:
26:
22:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2375:. 2018-05-02
2372:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2274:. Retrieved
2272:. 2013-08-01
2269:
2260:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2196:
2186:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1900:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:
1845:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:February 29,
1816:. Retrieved
1796:
1776:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1724:
1720:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1664:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1641:. 2021-02-08
1638:
1629:
1618:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1530:
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1312:. 2020-10-07
1309:
1280:
1276:
1245:
1241:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1149:the original
1144:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1076:
1066:23 September
1064:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
991:23 September
989:. Retrieved
984:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:
950:
939:. Retrieved
935:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:
899:
889:23 September
887:. Retrieved
883:
860:23 September
858:. Retrieved
848:
838:23 September
836:. Retrieved
832:
804:
795:
785:
776:
766:
757:
747:
735:. Retrieved
731:
721:
710:. Retrieved
708:. 2021-02-08
705:
696:
684:. Retrieved
653:. Retrieved
648:
624:. Retrieved
620:
610:
599:. Retrieved
595:
585:
573:. Retrieved
569:
530:
526:
509:Ford Mustang
495:, three-way
486:
465:
414:
410:
369:
362:
354:
349:price of oil
342:
324:crumple zone
322:
319:5-mph bumper
318:
316:
312:
309:
306:
294:
287:
272:
240:
224:hydrocarbons
218:(NSPS); and
201:
157:Ford Mustang
150:
98:Jimmy Carter
95:
90:
71:
63:
59:
35:
24:
20:
18:
2321:Gear Patrol
2230:Motor Trend
1789:1700–1799:
1769:1634–1699:
1218:www.epa.gov
884:Vanity Fair
737:22 December
649:www.eia.gov
513:Buick Regal
499:and modern
461:Pontiac GTO
449:AMC Javelin
142:Vanity Fair
130:Motor Trend
91:Malaise Era
42:Ralph Nader
21:Malaise era
2444:Categories
2429:2022-03-02
2404:2022-06-17
2379:2022-02-17
2351:2022-06-14
2326:2022-03-02
2301:2022-03-02
2276:2022-02-24
2210:2022-06-16
2090:2022-06-18
1987:2022-06-14
1963:2022-06-14
1914:2022-02-17
1847:August 30,
1727:(4): 90–91
1645:2022-06-14
1508:2022-06-13
1426:2022-06-16
1366:2022-07-04
1341:2022-06-13
1316:2022-06-14
1223:2023-08-03
1198:2022-06-16
1173:2022-06-16
1125:2022-06-17
1092:2022-06-17
1060:MotorTrend
1041:2022-06-17
1016:2022-06-17
966:2023-07-31
941:2022-06-17
712:2022-03-02
655:2022-06-17
601:2022-03-02
548:References
248:model year
144:, and the
106:oil crisis
32:Background
2205:0190-8286
1909:0362-4331
1752:5 October
1675:6 January
1598:21 August
1556:5 October
1477:Carscoops
1421:0362-4331
1120:0362-4331
575:22 August
389:‑US
258:unleaded
214:(NAAQS),
89:The term
51:‑US
19:The term
2424:Hemmings
2295:Jalopnik
1794:(1992).
1774:(1997).
1268:(2005).
1193:Autoweek
1145:Roadkill
1036:Hemmings
985:Fox News
758:Hemmings
536:See also
445:Chevelle
427:and the
380:Congress
260:gasoline
153:Jalopnik
118:Fox News
100:'s 1979
44:'s 1965
25:malaise:
2346:HotCars
2235:17 June
2064:22 June
2038:17 June
2012:17 June
1938:17 June
1878:17 June
1731:12 June
1482:16 June
915:22 June
686:17 June
626:12 June
505:Hagerty
441:compact
122:Hagerty
78:Granada
2203:
2158:
2148:
1907:
1698:
1577:Reason
1419:
1390:
1118:
961:Forbes
621:Reason
523:Legacy
476:Datsun
459:, and
256:octane
230:, and
114:Forbes
83:Falcon
2156:JSTOR
2109:(PDF)
1933:Honda
1801:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1527:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
677:(PDF)
472:Honda
72:When
2237:2022
2201:ISSN
2146:ISBN
2066:2022
2040:2022
2014:2022
1940:2022
1905:ISSN
1880:2022
1849:2012
1820:2024
1754:2023
1733:2022
1696:ISBN
1677:2014
1600:2020
1558:2023
1484:2022
1417:ISSN
1388:ISBN
1242:Icon
1116:ISSN
1068:2023
993:2023
917:2022
891:2023
862:2023
840:2023
739:2019
688:2022
628:2022
577:2023
511:and
474:and
415:The
403:The
358:CVCC
343:The
74:Ford
2138:doi
1725:203
1454:doi
1446:SAE
1285:doi
2446::
2422:.
2397:.
2371:.
2360:^
2344:.
2319:.
2293:.
2268:.
2228:.
2199:.
2195:.
2168:^
2154:.
2144:.
2117:2Q
2115:.
2111:.
2083:.
2057:.
2031:.
2005:.
1980:.
1956:.
1931:.
1899:.
1888:^
1871:.
1857:^
1840:,
1836:.
1803:.
1783:.
1762:^
1723:.
1719:.
1663:.
1637:.
1617:.
1575:.
1539:^
1529:.
1501:.
1475:.
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