920:, Chhengthung Fa later incurred the wrath of an unidentified ruler of Bengal when a man bearing a gift for the Sultan was robbed while passing through Tripura. When he learned that a large army was dispatched against him, Chhengthung Fa was prepared to sue for peace but was prevented from doing so by his queen, Tripura Sundari. She declared submission to be an act of cowardice and convinced her husband to fight, taking command of the soldiers herself and leading them to victory over Bengal. It is likely that it was as a result of this impressive triumph that Chhengthung Fa took the title "Maha Manikya", with the "Manikya" suffix being subsequently inherited by his successors. However, due to the similarity between the coins of Sultan
813:
from about 1400 to 1431. Contrary to narratives provided by early histories, evidence indicates that Maha
Manikya was the founder of the kingdom, having established dominance over neighbouring tribes in the early 15th century. He is further thought to be the first holder of the title "Manikya", taken
868:
as "Dangar Fa", it is judged that Maha can be equated with the latter's predecessor in the text: "Chhengthung Fa". This was likely what he was originally called, given that "Maha
Manikya" (literally meaning "Great Manikya") would be a very unusual personal name, especially considering that "Maha" is
852:
however. Numismatic evidence proves that Maha could not have been the son of Mukut, given that the latter had only begun his rule in 1489. It is further believed that it was in fact Maha who had founded the dynasty and be the first to possess the
848:. Upon ascending the throne, Maha is said to have proved himself a virtuous ruler and distinguished scholar, with no mention of any military engagements during his reign. There are notable reasons to be doubtful of the narrative provided by the
956:, Achang Fa and Khiching Fa, are dismissed in this scenario. This is because they are only mentioned in passing in the text, with virtually no information provided about them, leading to the conclusion that their existence is questionable.
924:
and that of a later
Tripura ruler, it has been suggested that some part (or perhaps temporarily, the entirety) of the kingdom had submitted to Bengal during Maha's reign, though this is disputed among historians.
623:
893:
among others. This was possible due to the
Tripuri having the largest tribal population as well as its inhabitancy of the productive and fertile valleys bordering
613:
603:
583:
573:
533:
563:
248:
228:
593:
785:
1356:
1335:
1236:
857:
cognomen, rather than Ratna
Manikya, who evidence shows had actually reigned over thirty years after the former's death.
952:
The two other rulers who are placed between
Chhengthung Fa and Dangar Fa in the chronological sequence provided by the
881:
chief who had established the
Tripura kingdom in the early 15th century by subjugating neighbouring tribes, namely the
836:, the royal chronicle of Tripura, contains little information regarding his life. There, he is described as the son of
1290:
928:
Maha died in 1431 and following a brief struggle among his children and generals, he was succeeded by his eldest son
778:
673:
1306:. Proceedings of North East India History Association. Agartala: North East India History Association. Session.
663:
1424:
771:
1419:
932:. The descendants of another son, Gagan Fa, inherited the throne in later centuries, beginning with
921:
685:
653:
140:
1246:
1346:
1226:
633:
1429:
1250:
8:
1369:
Tripura through the ages: a short history of
Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.
902:
643:
124:
116:
1352:
1331:
1286:
1232:
818:. The dynasty which he founded continued using the title until Tripura's merger with
760:
458:
438:
328:
308:
258:
82:
929:
910:
861:
815:
728:
720:
543:
493:
428:
418:
408:
398:
198:
168:
87:
55:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1325:
1312:
1301:
1280:
1265:
975:
841:
752:
704:
508:
468:
378:
368:
358:
178:
105:
933:
878:
810:
523:
478:
348:
318:
278:
268:
218:
188:
34:
1313:"Numismatic Evidence on the Chronolgy and Succession of the rulers of Tripura"
1413:
898:
845:
837:
448:
288:
208:
1016:
906:
388:
298:
238:
830:
Maha
Manikya is estimated to have reigned from about 1400 until 1431. The
909:
had established temporary sovereignty over Bengal, when the influence of
882:
17:
1303:
The
Economic Content of the State Formation Process in Medieval Tripura
736:
1324:
Momin, Mignonette; Mawlong, Cecile A.; Qādrī, Fuz̤ail Aḥmad (2006).
1271:
806:
712:
905:. These events are believed to have occurred around the time that
1270:, vol. I–IV, translated by Kailāsa Candra Siṃha; N.C. Nath,
1256:
886:
832:
744:
100:
1263:
1127:
1022:
894:
877:
It is believed that Chhengthung Fa (later Maha Manikya) was a
890:
819:
1050:
1048:
1202:
814:
in recognition of a historic victory over the neighbouring
1072:
992:
1402:
An Introduction to the History of the Manikyas of Tripura
1166:
1144:
1142:
1045:
1405:. Shillong: North Eastern Hill University Publications.
1178:
1139:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
978:
both share the motif of a lion with a raised fore-paw.
869:
merely a prefix which is meaningless as a given name.
1154:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1004:
840:, himself the son of the dynasty's supposed founder,
1190:
1115:
1084:
1103:
1060:
1028:
1323:
1133:
974:The coin of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah and that of
1411:
1023:Durlabhendra, Sukheshwar & Baneshwar (1999)
1317:The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India
1278:
1274:: Tribal Research Institute, Govt. of Tripura
1224:
1078:
998:
779:
1365:
1264:Durlabhendra; Sukheshwar; Baneshwar (1999),
1172:
1054:
965:"Manikya" refers to a reddish stone or ruby.
864:is identified with the ruler named in the
786:
772:
1245:
1208:
1327:Society and economy in North-East India
1299:
1148:
1412:
1380:Tribes of Tripura: A Historical Survey
1344:
1310:
1160:
1097:
825:
1398:
1387:
1196:
1184:
1109:
1066:
1039:
1010:
1376:
1366:Roychoudhury, Nalini Ranjan (1983).
1228:Energy and Power in North East India
1121:
1330:. New Delhi: Regency Publications.
844:, a descendant of the mythological
16:For the Barāha ruler of Assam, see
13:
1231:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
14:
1441:
1348:Encyclopaedia of North-East India
1225:Bhattacharjee, Subhadeep (2010).
1134:Momin, Mawlong & Qādrī (2006)
1351:. Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.
1282:Tripura, the land and its people
1377:Saha, Sudhanshu Bikash (1986).
1279:Gan-Chaudhuri, Jagadis (1980).
1252:Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho
1218:
968:
959:
1319:. Numismatic Society of India.
946:
1:
985:
513:
498:
483:
157:
44:
1391:Political History of Tripura
1388:Sarma, Ramani Mohan (1987).
674:Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya
7:
1399:Singh, Jai Prakash (1999).
801:(died 1431), also known as
10:
1446:
1285:. Leeladevi Publications.
664:Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya
15:
767:
759:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
703:
698:
684:
672:
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
612:
602:
592:
582:
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
507:
492:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
237:
227:
217:
207:
197:
187:
177:
167:
151:
147:
138:
134:
130:
122:
115:
99:
81:
73:
65:
61:
51:
40:
33:
28:
1247:Choudhury, Achyut Charan
939:
922:Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah
872:
715:(Capital of the kingdom)
654:Birendra Kishore Manikya
1300:Ganguly, J. B. (1985).
690:1978–present (titular)
624:Krishna Kishore Manikya
1311:Lahiri, Bela (1999).
699:Tripura monarchy data
686:Kirit Pradyot Manikya
634:Ishan Chandra Manikya
614:Kashi Chandra Manikya
1383:. Rupali Book House.
1079:Gan-Chaudhuri (1980)
999:Bhattacharjee (2010)
1345:Raatan, T. (2008).
1173:Roychoudhury (1983)
1055:Roychoudhury (1983)
860:Given that his son
826:Chronology and name
680:1949–1978 (titular)
644:Bir Chandra Manikya
35:Maharaja of Tripura
23:Maharaja of Tripura
1425:History of Tripura
1211:, pp. 501–02.
604:Rama Ganga Manikya
584:Rama Ganga Manikya
574:Rajdhar Manikya II
534:Vijaya Manikya III
125:History of Tripura
117:Kingdom of Tripura
1358:978-81-7835-068-4
1337:978-81-87498-83-4
1238:978-81-8324-338-4
1187:, pp. 39–40.
1013:, pp. 38–39.
916:According to the
796:
795:
761:Chaturdasa Devata
747:(Royal chronicle)
739:(Royal residence)
731:(Royal residence)
723:(Royal residence)
694:
693:
459:Dharma Manikya II
439:Dharma Manikya II
329:Yashodhar Manikya
309:Rajdhar Manikya I
259:Vijaya Manikya II
111:
110:
1437:
1420:Kings of Tripura
1406:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1341:
1320:
1307:
1296:
1275:
1260:
1242:
1212:
1209:Choudhury (2000)
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
979:
972:
966:
963:
957:
950:
930:Dharma Manikya I
897:, lying between
862:Dharma Manikya I
816:Bengal Sultanate
788:
781:
774:
763:(Family deities)
729:Pushbanta Palace
721:Ujjayanta Palace
544:Lakshman Manikya
518:
515:
503:
502: 1744–1746
500:
494:Indra Manikya II
488:
487: 1739–1744
485:
429:Mahendra Manikya
419:Ratna Manikya II
409:Narendra Manikya
399:Ratna Manikya II
199:Vijaya Manikya I
169:Dharma Manikya I
162:
159:
141:Kings of Tripura
136:
135:
113:
112:
94:three other sons
88:Dharma Manikya I
56:Dharma Manikya I
46:
26:
25:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1410:
1409:
1359:
1338:
1293:
1239:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
988:
983:
982:
976:Ratna Manikya I
973:
969:
964:
960:
951:
947:
942:
875:
842:Ratna Manikya I
828:
792:
753:Tripura Buranji
705:Manikya dynasty
679:
564:Krishna Manikya
516:
509:Udai Manikya II
501:
486:
469:Mukunda Manikya
379:Govinda Manikya
369:Chhatra Manikya
359:Govinda Manikya
249:Indra Manikya I
179:Ratna Manikya I
160:
143:
106:Manikya dynasty
92:
90:
77:Tripura Sundari
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1385:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1261:
1255:(in Bengali),
1243:
1237:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1163:, p. 145.
1153:
1151:, p. 155.
1149:Ganguly (1985)
1138:
1126:
1124:, p. 168.
1114:
1102:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1044:
1027:
1015:
1003:
990:
989:
987:
984:
981:
980:
967:
958:
944:
943:
941:
938:
934:Kalyan Manikya
874:
871:
827:
824:
803:Chhengthung Fa
794:
793:
791:
790:
783:
776:
768:
765:
764:
757:
756:
749:
748:
741:
740:
733:
732:
725:
724:
717:
716:
709:
708:
707:(Royal family)
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
682:
681:
676:
670:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
626:
620:
619:
616:
610:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
576:
570:
569:
566:
560:
559:
556:
550:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
524:Joy Manikya II
520:
519:
511:
505:
504:
496:
490:
489:
481:
479:Joy Manikya II
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
351:
349:Kalyan Manikya
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
319:Ishwar Manikya
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
295:
294:
291:
285:
284:
281:
279:Udai Manikya I
275:
274:
271:
269:Ananta Manikya
265:
264:
261:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
235:
234:
231:
229:Dhwaja Manikya
225:
224:
221:
219:Dhanya Manikya
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
191:
189:Pratap Manikya
185:
184:
181:
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
155:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
132:
131:
128:
127:
120:
119:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
85:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
42:
38:
37:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1394:. Puthipatra.
1393:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1292:9788121004480
1288:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1205:
1199:, p. 96.
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1161:Raatan (2008)
1157:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1136:, p. 81.
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1100:, p. 53.
1099:
1098:Lahiri (1999)
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1081:, p. 20.
1080:
1075:
1069:, p. 38.
1068:
1063:
1057:, p. 14.
1056:
1051:
1049:
1042:, p. 39.
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1025:, p. 60.
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1001:, p. 33.
1000:
995:
991:
977:
971:
962:
955:
949:
945:
937:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
870:
867:
863:
858:
856:
851:
847:
846:Lunar dynasty
843:
839:
838:Mukut Manikya
835:
834:
823:
821:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
689:
687:
683:
677:
675:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
595:
594:Durga Manikya
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
512:
510:
506:
497:
495:
491:
482:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
450:
449:Jagat Manikya
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
290:
289:Joy Manikya I
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
210:
209:Mukut Manikya
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
172:
170:
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
126:
121:
118:
114:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1368:
1347:
1326:
1316:
1302:
1281:
1266:
1251:
1227:
1219:Bibliography
1204:
1197:Sarma (1987)
1192:
1185:Sarma (1987)
1180:
1175:, p. 3.
1168:
1156:
1129:
1117:
1112:, p. 8.
1110:Singh (1999)
1105:
1074:
1067:Sarma (1987)
1062:
1040:Sarma (1987)
1018:
1011:Sarma (1987)
1006:
994:
970:
961:
953:
948:
927:
917:
915:
907:Raja Ganesha
876:
865:
859:
854:
849:
831:
829:
802:
799:Maha Manikya
798:
797:
553:
389:Rama Manikya
338:
299:Amar Manikya
239:Deva Manikya
153:Maha Manikya
152:
93:
29:Maha Manikya
1430:1431 deaths
1267:Sri Rajmala
1122:Saha (1986)
755:(Chronicle)
554:Interregnum
548:1740s/1750s
517: 1744
339:Interregnum
161: 1400
18:Mahamanikya
1414:Categories
986:References
913:was weak.
911:its Sultan
903:Chittagong
805:, was the
558:1750s–1760
1372:Sterling.
1249:(2000) ,
936:in 1626.
822:in 1949.
737:Neermahal
678:1947–1949
668:1923–1947
658:1909–1923
648:1862–1896
638:1849–1862
628:1829–1849
618:1826–1829
608:1813–1826
598:1809–1813
588:1806–1809
578:1785–1806
568:1760–1783
538:1746–1748
473:1729–1739
453:1725–1729
443:1714–1725
433:1712–1714
423:1695–1712
413:1693–1695
403:1685–1693
393:1673–1685
383:1661–1673
373:1661–1667
363:1660–1661
353:1626–1660
343:1623–1626
333:1600–1623
313:1586–1600
303:1577–1585
293:1573–1577
283:1567–1573
273:1563–1567
263:1532–1563
253:1530–1532
243:1520–1530
233:1515–1520
223:1490–1515
183:1462–1487
173:1431–1462
52:Successor
47:1400–1431
1272:Agartala
887:Jamatias
807:Maharaja
713:Agartala
123:Part of
91:Gagan Fa
1259:: Kotha
1257:Kolkata
954:Rajmala
918:Rajmala
879:Tripuri
866:Rajmala
855:Manikya
850:Rajmala
833:Rajmala
811:Tripura
745:Rajmala
74:Consort
1355:
1334:
1289:
1235:
899:Sylhet
895:Bengal
891:Reangs
940:Notes
883:Kukis
873:Reign
820:India
163:–1431
101:House
83:Issue
41:Reign
1353:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1233:ISBN
901:and
889:and
528:1746
463:1729
323:1600
213:1489
203:1488
193:1487
69:1431
66:Died
809:of
1416::
1315:.
1141:^
1086:^
1047:^
1030:^
885:,
514:c.
499:c.
484:c.
158:c.
45:c.
1361:.
1340:.
1295:.
1241:.
787:e
780:t
773:v
20:.
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