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1155:"I feel overawed by quantity where counting no longer makes sense. By unrepeatability within such a quantity. By creatures of nature gathered in herds, droves, species, in which each individual, while subservient to the mass, retains some distinguishing features. A crowd of people, birds, insects, or leaves is a mysterious assemblage of variants of certain prototype. A riddle of nature's abhorrence of exact repetition or inability to produce it. Just as the human hand cannot repeat its own gesture, I invoke this disturbing law, switching my own immobile herds into that rhythm."
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518:, to experience artistic developments outside the communist countries. This liberalization of the arts in Poland and injection of other art forms into the Polish art world greatly influenced Abakanowicz's early works, as she began to consider much of her early work as being too flamboyant and lacking in structure.
397:(now in Gdańsk). In 1950, Abakanowicz moved back to Warsaw to begin her studies at the Academy of Fine Arts there, the leading art school in Poland. To get into the Academy she had to pretend to be the daughter of a clerk, because her noble background would otherwise have prevented her acceptance on the course.
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In consequence, the expression of art saturated with history, deformed by modernity, diverging from the direction of art in the free world. Perhaps the experience of the crowd, waiting passively in line, but ready to trample, destroy or adore on command like a headless creature, became the core of my
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In her first one-person exhibit at the
Kordegarda Gallery in Warsaw in the spring of 1960, she included a series of four weavings along with a collection of gouaches and watercolors. Though her first exhibit received minimal critical notice, it helped advance her position within the Polish textile
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Her years at the university, 1950–1954, coincided with some of the harshest assaults made on art by the leaders of the
Eastern Bloc. By utilizing the doctrine of 'Socialist realism', all art forms in communist nations were forced to adhere to strict guidelines and limitations that subordinated the
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These humanoid works of the 1970s and 1980s were centered around human culture and nature as a whole and its condition and position in modern society. The multiplicity of the human forms represents confusion and anonymity, analyzing an individual's presence in a mass of humanity. These works have
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Following her education at the
Academy, Abakanowicz began to produce her first artistic works. Due to the fact that she spent most of her academic life moving from place to place, much of her earlier artwork was lost or damaged, with only a few, delicate plant drawings surviving. Between 1956 and
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began to influence her work in the late 1950s as she adopted a more geometric and structured approach. Never fully accepting
Constructivism, she searched for her own "artistic language and for a way to make her art more tactile, intuitive, and personal." As a result, she soon adopted weaving as
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about these early works: " pointed to
Abakanowicz's early fascination with the natural world and its processes of germination, growth, blooming, and sprouting. They seem to capture the very energy of life, a quality that would become a constant feature of her art." Abakanowicz said:
254:. Her one-person exhibit at the Kordegarda Gallery in Warsaw in 1960 signaled her emergence in the Polish textile and fiber design movement. She received first international recognition following her participation in the first Biennale Internationale de le Tapisserie in
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My gouaches were as large as the wall permitted. Depressed by years of study, I was fighting back by making my gouaches for myself. For so long it had been repeated that I could not do it; my response had to be on a big scale. I wanted to take a walk among imaginary
265:. During the 1970s and 1980s, she transitioned to creating humanoid sculptures. These works reflected the anonymity and confusion of the individual amidst the human mass, a theme influenced by her life under a Communist regime. Some of her prominent international
596:. Abakanowicz and the other artists included in the exhibition were pushing boundaries between high art and traditional definitions of what was considered craft. Her use of "unexpected, often soft materials, arranged in modular or serial structures” in her
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During the 1970s, and into the 1980s, Abakanowicz changed medium and scale; she began a series of figurative and non-figurative sculptures made out of pieces of coarse sackcloth which she sewed and pieced together and bonded with synthetic
421:, and fiber design from instructors such as Anna Sledziewska, Eleonora Plutyńska, and Maria Urbanowicz. These instructors and skills would greatly influence Abakanowicz's work, as well as that of other prominent Polish artists of the time.
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and subsequent political and cultural thaw in 1956 marked a significant turning point in
Abakanowicz's career. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Abakanowicz's work began to take on more structure and geometric form, influenced in part by
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art movement that began in 1966. Abakanowicz stated that she sought the “total obliteration of the utilitarian function of tapestry” and demonstrated the capacity of fiber to produce forms that were soft yet structured and complex.
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I liked to draw, seeking the form by placing lines, one next to the other. The professor would come with an eraser in his hand and rub out every unnecessary line on my drawing, leaving a thin, dry contour. I hated him for
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Over the next few years, she challenged the established idea that weaving could not be fine art, by using metal supports and pulling the pieces away from the walls thus making woven but increasingly sculptural work.
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arts to the needs and demands of the State. Realist artistic depictions based on the national 19th-century academic tradition were the only form of artistic expression taught in Poland at the time. The
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close connections to
Abakanowicz's life living in a Communist regime which repressed individual creativity and intellect in favor of the collective interest. These works also contrast with her earlier
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sheets. These works, described as being 'biomorphic" in composition, depicted imaginary plants, birds, exotic fish, and seashells, among other biomorphic shapes and forms. Joanna Inglot wrote in
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as a sculptural medium and for outdoor installations, Abakanowicz has been considered among the most influential Polish artists of the postwar era. She worked as a professor of studio art at the
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405:, being the most important artistic institution in Poland, came under special scrutiny from the Ministry of Art and Culture, which administered all major decisions in the field at the time.
350:. At the age of 14 she became a nurse's aid in a Warsaw hospital; seeing the impact of war first hand would later influence her art. After the war, the family moved to the small city of
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675:, which were twelve hollowed-out headless human figures sitting in a row. From 1973–1975 she produced a series of enormous, solid forms reminiscent of human heads without faces called
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for two additional years of art school at the Liceum Sztuk
Plastycznych in that city. After her graduation from the Liceum in 1949, Abakanowicz attended the Academy of Fine Arts in
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as the only acceptable art form which should be pursued by artists; it had to be 'national in form' and 'socialist in content'. Other art forms being practiced at the time in the
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reach sizes as large as thirteen feet with sometimes only a few inch clearance from the ground. The
Abakans often incorporated reproductive references to eggs and the womb.
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between 1950 and 1954, navigating a conservative educational environment marked by the imposition of Soviet-dictated restrictive and propagandistic doctrine of
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series, which consisted of several dozen soft egg-like lumps varying in size. These were dispersed round an exhibition room at the Vienna
Biennial in 1980.
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Inglot, p. 28. Inglot characterizes the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts as "the most important training center for young artists" in Poland at that time.
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The 1960s saw some of the most important works produced during Abakanowicz's career. In 1967, she began producing three-dimensional fiber works called
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analysis. And maybe it was a fascination with the scale of the human body. Or a desire to determine the minimal amount necessary to express the whole.
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ropes from harbors, intertwining them into threads and dying them. She also used "rope, hemp, flax, wool and horsehair." Hung from the ceiling,
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vehicles. During the 1990s Abakanowicz was also commissioned to design a model of an ecologically-oriented city. She also choreographed dance.
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nations, including Poland. Lack of official approval did nothing to reduce her enthusiasm or alter the revolutionary course of her work.
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is made out of woven material using Abakanowicz's own technique. The material used for many of these pieces was found, often collecting
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series, which were individually powerful pieces, whereas the figurative sculptures lost their individuality in favor of multiplicity.
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in Dallas, Texas. The piece hangs on the wall and is made of five large recycled sisal panels in varying thickness and dyed in a
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While studying at the university she was required to take several textile design classes, learning the art of weaving,
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and fiber design movement and resulted in her inclusion into the first Biennale Internationale de le Tapisserie in
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Abakanowicz's most celebrated works emerged in the 1960s with her creation of three-dimensional fiber works called
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768:(ca. US$ 2.1 million). This record was broken again twice in 2021 when in October another of her works known as
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In October 2023, Abakanowicz's pioneering textile art served as inspiration for the latest collection from the
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Marta Magdalena Abakanowicz (married name Kosmowska) was born to a noble landowning family in the village of
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Abakanowicz completed part of her high school education in Tczew from 1945 to 1947, after which she went to
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Abakanowicz found the climate at the Academy to be highly "rigid" and overly "conservative". She recalled:
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A major freedom granted to Polish artists was the permission to travel to several Western cities, such as
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and were met with high acclaim as they were presented alongside two Abakans from the collection of the
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1232:"Magdalena Abakanowicz, Whose Poetic Sculptures Wrestle with the Trauma of World War II, Dies at 86"
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1820:"Abakanowicz installation smashes art auction record after going for eye-watering PLN 13.6 million"
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Women Artists and Postwar Abstraction: HOW TO SEE the art movement with MoMA curator Starr Figura
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1777:"Record-breaker! Abakanowicz statues become most expensive artwork ever sold in Poland"
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and East Roosevelt Road. The entire installation is about 300 feet (91 m) long.
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The Figurative Sculpture of Magdalena Abakanowicz: Bodies, Environments, and Myths
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color. The work was acquired in 2019 and was exhibited in an exhibition titled
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1692:"Abakanowicz art inspiration for new McQueen collection at Paris fashion show"
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772:(1989) fetched 13.2 million zlotys (ca. $ 3.3 million) while in December her
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Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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2008:"Magdalena Abakanowicz honoured with a Google Doodle on her 93rd birthday"
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Magdalena Abakanowicz at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO
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2080:. New York: Abbeville Press, 1982. 188 pp. 152 color and BW illus.
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1798:"NOWY REKORD AUKCYJNY: RZEŹBA MAGDALENY ABAKANOWICZ SPRZEDANA ZA 13 MLN"
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1959, she produced some of her earliest known works; a series of large
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in Poznań, Poland, which bears Abakanowicz's name since January 2021
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In the late 1980s to 1990s Abakanowicz began to use metals, such as
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2121:. Neuberger Museum, State University of New York at Purchase, 1989.
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Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with a star
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began to lift some of the heavy political pressures imposed by the
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1986:. Vol. V. Warsaw: Information Processing Center. p. 23.
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Magdalena Abakanowicz at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
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Art of the Postmodern Era: From the Late 1960s to the Early 1990s
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In 1986-87 she created a series of fifty standing figures called
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Recipients of the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
1578:"Magdalena Abakanowicz's "Abakans" and the Feminist Revolution"
1199:"Magdalena Abakanowicz, Sculptor of Brooding Forms, Dies at 86"
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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution
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Magdalena Abakanowicz, Sculptor of Brooding Forms, Dies at 86
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Abakanowicz's final round of work includes a project called
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Hillstrom, Laurie Collier; Hillstrom, Kevin (1999-01-01).
776:(1999) set of sculptures was sold for 13.6 million zloty.
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In 2019, her work featuring humanoid sculptures entitled
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Academic staff of the University of Fine Arts in Poznań
1389:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers. pp.
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Honoris Causa doctorate from the Academy of Fine Arts,
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Figuratively Speaking : Drawings by Seven Artists
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Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award,
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Contemporary Polish Scholars. Biographical Dictionary
1603:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 21–85.
305:. Her mother, Helena Domaszewska, descended from old
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Athens Acropolis Preservation Group of Greece (1989)
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in 1953. In 1956, under the new party leadership of
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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden | Smithsonian
926:Award for Distinction in Sculpture, granted by the
743:'s collection. She stated in a speech given at the
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1303:Milofsky, Leslie (1987). "Magdalena Abakanowicz".
786:One of Abakanowicz's most unusual works is titled
2032:Magdalena Abakanowicz, The World's Women On-Line!
467:The Figurative Sculpture of Magdalena Abakanowicz
309:. Her father, Konstanty Abakanowicz, came from a
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1532:Women's work: from feminine arts to feminist art
3857:Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts Laureates
2179:at the Israel Museum. Retrieved September 2016.
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1285:. New York, NY: Marlborough Gallery. p. 2.
4059:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
4034:Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
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847:by Magdalena Abakanowicz, in the south end of
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226:She was born to a noble landowning family in
199:; 20 June 1930 – 20 April 2017) was a Polish
4069:Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)
4009:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
1933:"Community: 2005 Lifetime Achievement Award"
1907:"Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts 1999"
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580:were included in a group exhibition titled,
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1416:Grimes, William (April 21, 2017). "
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1756:"Artwork sets record at Polish auction"
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880:National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
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328:to the newly re-established democratic
4019:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
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969:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
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479:It was also during this time that the
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3994:Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk alumni
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1443:. McMullen Museum of Art. June 1997.
1257:"She's Turned Her Backs on the World"
1089:Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree,
962:Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts
627:is included in the collection of the
221:University of California, Los Angeles
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176:Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts
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2103:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif.:
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1054:American Academy of Arts and Letters
941:Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
646:fashion house, which debuted at the
1690:Khaoula Semmoumy (4 October 2023).
1627:"Magdalena Abakanowicz's "Abakans""
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1350:. Phaidon Press. 2019. p. 16.
1283:Confessions: Sculpture and Drawings
1255:Muchnic, Suzanne (March 25, 2001).
282:Birds of Knowledge of Good and Evil
145:Birds of Knowledge of Good and Evil
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1958:"Past Lifetime Achievement Awards"
316:family that traced its origins to
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3984:21st-century Polish women artists
3974:20th-century Polish women artists
2135:
1289:
1122:Honoris Causa doctorate from the
1107:Honoris Causa doctorate from the
1096:Honoris Causa doctorate from the
1034:Honoris Causa doctorate from the
1019:Honoris Causa doctorate from the
933:Commander Cross with Star of the
760:, from the private collection of
424:
196:[maɡdaˈlɛnaabakaˈnɔvit͡ʂ]
2177:Magdalena Abakanowicz collection
1230:Greenberger, Alex (2017-04-21).
2090:Abakanowicz, Magdalena, et al.
2067:
2036:
2025:
2000:
1975:
1950:
1925:
1899:
1884:Abakanowicz, Magdalena (1992),
1877:
1857:
1833:
1812:
1790:
1769:
1748:
1734:
1683:
1658:
1617:
1592:
1588:: 253–265 – via Academia.
1569:
1523:
1455:
1147:Abakanowicz's tombstone at the
35:Abakanowicz in her studio, 2010
2105:University of California Press
1962:International Sculpture Center
1937:International Sculpture Center
1364:
1331:
1274:
1248:
1223:
1197:Grimes, William (2017-04-21).
1190:
1065:Sachsische Akademie der Kunste
983:International Sculpture Center
974:Visionaries! Award granted by
875:Museum of Modern Art, New York
863:
650:. The designs were created by
600:series, places her within the
236:Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw
1:
3979:21st-century Polish sculptors
3969:20th-century Polish sculptors
1982:Janusz Kapuścik, ed. (2006).
1718:Kitowska-Lysiak, Malgorzata,
1178:
1036:Rhode Island School of Design
956:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
487:, mainly due to the death of
292:
4079:21st-century women sculptors
4074:20th-century women sculptors
3651:George Demetrius Bambiniotis
2049:. Detroit: St. James Press.
1449:2027/bc.ark:/13960/t4hn0sq4z
1098:Massachusetts College of Art
779:
745:Academy of Fine Arts in Łódź
384:
7:
4044:Polish contemporary artists
1534:. London: Frances Lincoln.
1161:
584:, organised in 1969 at the
461:on paper and sewn-together
403:Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts
344:invaded and occupied Poland
324:. Her father's family fled
104:Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts
45:Marta Magdalena Abakanowicz
16:Polish sculptor (1930–2017)
10:
4095:
2046:Contemporary women artists
1744:, Warsaw Voice, 3 May 1998
1576:Jakubowska, Agata (2011).
935:Order of Polonia Restituta
803:
565:
3863:
3606:
3537:Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova
3302:Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova
3221:
2855:
2811:Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos
2479:
2231:
2094:. Davidson College, 2010.
1624:Brenson, Michael (1995).
1281:Becherer, Joseph (2005).
1149:Powązki Military Cemetery
1138:
885:
855:, at the intersection of
542:
232:Nazi occupation of Poland
162:
152:
130:
109:
99:
91:
69:
40:
28:
21:
3121:Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga
3064:Johannes Karayannopoulos
1599:Sandler, Irving (1996).
1040:Providence, Rhode Island
797:
481:Polish People's Republic
361:Under the newly-imposed
332:in the aftermath of the
4014:Herder Prize recipients
3748:Kazimir Popkonstantinov
3645:Evanghelos Moutsopoulos
3516:Justinas Marcinkevičius
3177:Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis
2353:Alexandru A. Philippide
2255:Lucijan Marija Škerjanc
1670:Nasher Sculpture Center
1563:Nasher Sculpture Center
1530:Gipson, Ferren (2022).
1426:. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
1109:University of Fine Arts
1063:Honorary member of the
1052:Honorary member of the
1047:Academy of Arts, Berlin
1045:Honorary member of the
1012:University of Fine Arts
985:, (Hamilton, NJ) (2005)
741:National Gallery of Art
733:Nasher Sculpture Center
702:Space of Unknown Growth
629:Nasher Sculpture Center
552:Nasher Sculpture Center
213:University of Fine Arts
207:. Known for her use of
4054:Polish women sculptors
3921:/Tommi Grönlund (2013)
3490:Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin
2936:Władysław Bartoszewski
2900:Athanasios Aravantinos
2817:Gordana Babić-Đorđević
2117:Miller, Nancy, et al.
1865:"Museum of Modern Art"
1383:Rose, Barbara (1994).
1173:List of Polish artists
1152:
1015:
958:, Paris, France (1999)
860:
754:
712:
656:Central Textile Museum
562:
477:
449:
415:
3901:Anne Moeglin-Delcroix
3877:Magdalena Abakanowicz
3795:Włodzimierz Borodziej
3702:Stanisław Mossakowski
3172:Petar Miljković-Pepek
2925:Jan Józef Szczepański
2781:Magdalena Abakanowicz
2616:Stylianos Pelekanidis
2565:Stylianos Harkianakis
2503:Kazimierz Michałowski
2369:Constantin Daicoviciu
2168:Magdalena Abakanowicz
2151:Magdalena Abakanowicz
2125:Magdalena Abakanowicz
2092:Magdalena Abakanowicz
2078:Magdalena Abakanowicz
1742:Abakanowicz in Cracow
1721:Magdalena Abakanowicz
1386:Magdalena Abakanowicz
1146:
1102:Boston, Massachusetts
1010:
1003:Doctorates and honors
976:American Craft Museum
841:
804:Further information:
749:
700:
550:
472:
432:
410:
256:Lausanne, Switzerland
192:Polish pronunciation:
188:Magdalena Abakanowicz
23:Magdalena Abakanowicz
3931:Russell Hartenberger
3501:Andrei Corbea-Hoișie
3363:Andrzej Szczypiorski
3230:Maja Bošković-Stulli
2977:Konstantinos Dimaras
2729:Krzysztof Penderecki
2172:Museum of Modern Art
1021:Royal College of Art
739:(1992), part of the
586:Museum of Modern Art
4004:Artists from Warsaw
3871:Robert Rauschenberg
3800:Nicos Hadjinicolaou
3753:Romualdas Požerskis
3717:Ana Maria Zahariade
3532:Svetlana Alexievich
3403:Michael G. Meraklis
3193:Aris Konstantinidis
3136:Mieczysław Porębski
3095:Vladimir Veličković
3080:Roman Brandstaetter
3013:Růžena Grebeníčková
2894:Elida Maria Szarota
2832:Manousos Manousakas
2775:Yiannis Spyropoulos
2657:Pandelis Prevelakis
2647:Maria Ana Musicescu
2466:Yiannis Papaioannou
2389:Anastasios Orlandos
1348:Great women artists
704:(1997–1998) at the
662:Humanoid sculptures
590:Mildred Constantine
339:When she was nine,
3805:Gabriela Kiliánová
3784:Eimuntas Nekrošius
3681:Lech Trzeciakowski
3615:Yurii Andrukhovych
3460:Tasos Athanasiadis
3413:Wisława Szymborska
3382:Zigmas Zinkevičius
3377:Takis Varvitsiotis
3322:Răzvan Theodorescu
3266:Manolis Andronikos
3203:Virginia Paskaleva
2884:Vjenceslav Richter
2879:Dimitrios Loukatos
2704:Nikolaos Andriotis
2698:Kazimierz Wejchert
2642:Stanislav Libenský
2560:Veselin Beshevliev
2348:Spyridon Marinatos
2343:Witold Lutosławski
2312:Aleksander Kobzdej
2266:Manolis Hatzidakis
1726:2006-10-08 at the
1203:The New York Times
1153:
1016:
893:São Paulo Biennale
861:
713:
648:Paris Fashion Week
563:
450:
446:whole installation
363:communist doctrine
334:October Revolution
3946:
3945:
3907:Marcell Jankovics
3823:
3822:
3723:Theodore Antoniou
3562:Ferdinand Milučký
3465:Bogdan Bogdanović
3408:Mindaugas Navakas
3317:Jerzy Tchórzewski
3245:Yorgos Sicilianos
3188:Bronisław Geremek
3157:Jerzy Buszkiewicz
3116:Christos Kapralos
2992:Constantin Lucaci
2920:Aleksandar Nichev
2915:Sona Kovacevicová
2910:Vojislav J. Đurić
2842:Alexandru Rosetti
2534:Branko Maksimović
2508:Mihail Sokolovski
2399:Pancho Vladigerov
2363:Svetozar Radojčić
2338:Vladimír Kompánek
2291:Hristo Vakarelski
2250:Stanisław Lorentz
2240:Oto Bihalji-Merin
1541:978-0-7112-6465-6
1261:Los Angeles Times
1151:in Warsaw, Poland
1093:, New York (2000)
930:, New York (1993)
917:Jurzykowski Prize
853:Chicago, Illinois
806:Agora (sculpture)
644:Alexander McQueen
623:One of her large
594:Jack Lenor Larsen
493:Władysław Gomułka
367:socialist realism
348:Polish resistance
320:, a 13th-century
240:Socialist Realism
185:
184:
4086:
4024:Modern sculptors
3925:Milton Masciadri
3850:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3728:Michał Głowiński
3671:Nedjeljko Fabrio
3593:Karolos Mitsakis
3557:Dževad Karahasan
3521:Dorota Simonides
3434:Konstantin Iliev
3358:Ștefan Niculescu
3281:Stefan Kaszynski
3213:András Vizkelety
3208:Adriena Šimotová
3090:József Ujfalussy
3023:Demetrios Pallas
2997:Krasimir Manchev
2961:Stefana Stoykova
2951:Gunther Schuller
2874:Stefka Georgieva
2837:Vera Mutafchieva
2755:Kazimierz Dejmek
2714:Emmanuel Kriaras
2688:Nichita Stănescu
2683:Dezső Keresztury
2678:Ioannis Kakridis
2662:Stanojlo Rajičić
2596:Władysław Czerny
2575:Zbigniew Herbert
2554:Virgil Vătășianu
2549:Henryk Stażewski
2425:Marijan Matković
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2159:
2147:
2146:
2144:Official website
2097:Inglot, Joanna.
2074:Reichardt, Jasia
2061:
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1913:on June 26, 2012
1909:. Archived from
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928:Sculpture Center
322:Mongol chieftain
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33:
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4094:
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3919:Petteri Nisunen
3859:
3854:
3824:
3819:
3815:Vojteh Ravnikar
3712:Ludvík Václavek
3661:Péter Esterházy
3640:Andrej Mitrović
3602:
3578:Nikola Georgiev
3506:Eliška Fučíková
3480:Lech Kalinowski
3454:Marian Zgórniak
3353:Dževad Juzbašić
3327:Elena Várossová
3307:Petro Kononenko
3276:Blaga Dimitrova
3260:Stoimen Stoilov
3217:
3198:Dejan Medaković
3167:Nikolai Genchev
3141:Edvard Ravnikar
3131:Donka Petkanova
3105:Gheorghe Vrabie
3054:Boris Gaberščik
3033:Simeon Pironkov
3002:Krzysztof Meyer
2864:Emil Condurachi
2851:
2673:Marin Goleminov
2637:Hristo M. Danov
2580:Eugen Jebeleanu
2544:Jaroslav Pešina
2524:Dragotin Cvetko
2518:Bence Szabolcsi
2475:
2456:Milovan Gavazzi
2441:Jan Białostocki
2430:Ksawery Piwocki
2410:Albín Brunovský
2379:Miroslav Krleža
2327:Dimiter Statkov
2302:Dezső Dercsényi
2227:
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2012:The Independent
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964:, Norway (1999)
911:Vienna, Austria
888:
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857:Michigan Avenue
808:
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588:in New York by
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3789:Krešimir Nemec
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3697:Károly Manherz
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3666:Radost Ivanova
3663:
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3635:Marek Kopelent
3632:
3627:
3625:János Böhönyey
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3552:Henryk Górecki
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3526:Elena Toncheva
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3348:István Borzsák
3344:
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3337:Dionysis Zivas
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2760:Stoyan Dzudzev
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2734:Anastas Petrov
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2529:Atanas Dalchev
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73:20 April 2017
72:
68:
64:
60:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3937:Paulo Branco
3876:
3779:Andrei Marga
3769:Primož Kuret
3759:Károly Klimó
3707:Ales Rasanau
3692:Drago Jančar
3620:Janez Bernik
3583:Imre Kertész
3573:Ivan Čolović
3547:István Fried
3475:Ferenc Glatz
3372:Květa Válová
3286:Jiří Kořalka
3271:Jenő Barabás
3240:Andor Pigler
3111:Roman Berger
3074:Anatol Vieru
3069:Jiří Kotalík
3008:Branko Fučić
2956:Zdenko Škreb
2889:Eugen Suchoň
2827:Kamil Lhoták
2822:Iván Balassa
2796:Atanas Natev
2780:
2739:Ion Vladutiu
2719:Albert Kutal
2693:Rudolf Turek
2601:Ivan Duichev
2461:Gyula Illyés
2435:France Stele
2405:Jolán Balogh
2224:Herder Prize
2118:
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2068:Bibliography
2045:
2038:
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2014:. 2023-06-20
2011:
2002:
1983:
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1965:. Retrieved
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1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1901:
1891:, retrieved
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1868:. Retrieved
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
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1823:. Retrieved
1814:
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1780:. Retrieved
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1759:. Retrieved
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1699:. Retrieved
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1673:. Retrieved
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1638:(1): 56–61.
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485:Soviet Union
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473:
466:
451:
433:
416:
411:
407:
399:
388:
371:Western Bloc
360:
341:Nazi Germany
338:
296:
280:
270:
262:
260:
244:
225:
205:fiber artist
187:
186:
170:Herder Prize
143:
136:
132:Notable work
75:(2017-04-20)
55:20 June 1930
3964:2017 deaths
3959:1930 births
3774:Jiří Kuthan
3764:Hanna Krall
3733:Dušan Kováč
3676:Aurel Stroe
3439:Marin Mincu
3424:Tamás Hofer
3418:Jaan Undusk
3393:Mirko Kovač
3332:Māra Zālīte
3296:Jon Nicodim
3291:Zmaga Kumer
3183:Liviu Calin
3152:Ákos Birkás
3147:Maria Banuș
3044:Georgi Baev
2806:Pavel Trost
2801:András Sütő
2745:Eugen Barbu
2668:Jagoda Buić
2626:Zeno Vancea
2621:Ján Podolák
2611:László Gerő
2606:Ivo Frangeš
2471:Zeko Torbov
2420:Mihail Jora
2394:Lajos Vayer
2384:Ludvík Kunz
2286:Hugo Rokyta
1825:10 December
1800:(in Polish)
1632:Art Journal
1236:ARTnews.com
1168:Abakanowicz
864:Collections
673:Alterations
633:burnt umber
533:Switzerland
459:watercolors
314:Lipka Tatar
258:, in 1962.
92:Nationality
3953:Categories
3913:Todd Siler
3889:Otto Piene
3883:Edna Hibel
3485:Jaan Kross
3250:Emil Skála
2930:Imre Varga
2847:Wiktor Zin
2770:Jiří Hrůza
2765:Béla Gunda
2724:Máté Major
2488:Jiří Kolář
2333:Iván Fenyő
2322:Niko Kuret
2297:Ján Cikker
2086:0896593231
2056:1558623728
2018:2023-06-20
1993:8391627845
1917:August 14,
1893:2024-03-20
1870:2024-03-20
1850:2024-03-20
1804:23 October
1782:24 October
1761:31 October
1241:2024-01-31
1216:2024-01-31
1179:References
849:Grant Park
819:Grant Park
692:Embryology
555:, Untitled
444:, Poland (
373:, such as
318:Abaqa Khan
293:Early life
51:1930-06-20
3607:2001–2006
3598:Arvo Pärt
3568:Ján Bakoš
3222:1991–2000
2941:Géza Entz
2856:1981–1990
2590:Jan Racek
2480:1971–1980
2446:Jan Filip
2358:Mihai Pop
2232:1964–1970
2226:laureates
1841:"Artwork"
1701:5 October
1675:August 7,
1266:March 24,
1211:0362-4331
897:São Paulo
816:Chicago's
792:artillery
788:War Games
781:War Games
770:Crowd III
758:Caminando
710:Lithuania
658:in Łódź.
385:Education
375:Modernism
311:Polonized
287:Milwaukee
223:in 1984.
122:fiber art
117:Sculpture
100:Education
3743:Éva Pócs
3496:Imre Bak
2245:Jan Kott
2131:catalog)
2129:WorldCat
2107:, 2004.
1724:Archived
1162:See also
1132:Illinois
559:Untitled
529:Lausanne
455:gouaches
269:include
209:textiles
201:sculptor
153:Movement
2170:at the
2163:YouTube
1325:3177807
1128:Chicago
1073:Germany
1069:Dresden
1029:England
949:Germany
829:station
774:Bambini
737:Puellae
688:Crowd I
625:Abakans
618:Abakans
578:Abakans
574:Abakans
567:Abakans
475:plants.
301:, near
299:Falenty
277:Chicago
263:Abakans
228:Falenty
59:Falenty
3939:(2019)
3933:(2017)
3927:(2015)
3915:(2011)
3909:(2009)
3903:(2007)
3897:(2005)
3891:(2003)
3885:(2001)
3879:(1999)
3873:(1995)
3793:2006:
3757:2005:
3721:2004:
3685:2003:
3649:2002:
3613:2001:
3566:2000:
3530:1999:
3494:1998:
3458:1997:
3422:1996:
3386:1995:
3346:1994:
3300:1993:
3264:1992:
3228:1991:
3181:1990:
3145:1989:
3109:1988:
3078:1987:
3042:1986:
3006:1985:
2970:1984:
2934:1983:
2898:1982:
2862:1981:
2815:1980:
2779:1979:
2743:1978:
2702:1977:
2666:1976:
2630:1975:
2594:1974:
2558:1973:
2522:1972:
2486:1971:
2439:1970:
2403:1969:
2367:1968:
2331:1967:
2295:1966:
2259:1965:
2238:1964:
2111:
2084:
2053:
1990:
1967:9 June
1942:9 June
1652:777508
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1607:
1538:
1397:
1354:
1323:
1209:
1139:Quotes
1134:(2002)
1119:(2002)
1117:Poland
1113:Poznań
1104:(2001)
1086:(1998)
1084:Poland
1075:(1998)
1060:(1996)
1049:(1994)
1042:(1992)
1031:(1974)
1025:London
991:(2010)
978:(2000)
971:(2000)
951:(1999)
945:Berlin
937:(1998)
923:(1982)
913:(1979)
903:(1965)
901:Brazil
886:Awards
766:zlotys
735:, and
725:bronze
718:Abakan
669:resins
610:Abakan
598:Abakan
576:. Her
543:Series
514:, and
512:Munich
508:Venice
442:Poznań
391:Gdynia
356:Gdańsk
330:Poland
326:Russia
303:Warsaw
217:Poznań
178:(1999)
172:(1979)
163:Awards
148:(2001)
141:(2006)
95:Polish
85:Poland
81:Warsaw
63:Poland
3368:Jitka
1648:JSTOR
1321:JSTOR
1184:Notes
844:Agora
833:agora
826:Metra
812:Agora
799:Agora
681:Backs
677:Heads
614:sisal
608:Each
504:Paris
463:linen
395:Sopot
354:near
352:Tczew
272:Agora
138:Agora
3370:and
2109:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1969:2024
1944:2024
1919:2013
1827:2021
1806:2021
1784:2021
1763:2019
1703:2023
1677:2020
1605:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1268:2018
1207:ISSN
1080:Łódź
457:and
279:and
245:The
203:and
70:Died
41:Born
2161:on
1640:doi
1445:hdl
1420:".
1313:doi
1111:in
440:in
413:it.
285:in
275:in
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