161:, a common ancestor between Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean. Moreover, Mora-Marín (2014, 2016) constitutes the most recent attempt to test the relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean. He proposes the existence of regular sound correspondences among lexical and grammatical comparanda between the two. By transitivity, these two proposals would connect all three language families, rekindling the Macro-Mayan hypothesis as framed by McQuown.
140:
who rejected the proposal because of serious flaws in the methodology that had been applied. They rejected almost all of the 62 cognates. First and foremost they found it important to identify all cases of linguistic diffusion before collecting possible cognates because diffusion has been widespread
123:
McQuown (1942, 1956) defined Macro-Mayan as the hypothetical ancestor of Mayan, Mije-Sokean, and
Totonacan, further promoting the hypothesis. However, his hypothesis relied on the presence of "a glottalized series" of consonants in both Mayan and Totonakan. Such a trait could have potentially spread
114:
with neighboring families that show similarities to Mayan. The term was apparently coined by McQuown (1942), but suggestions for historical relationships relevant to this hypothesis can be traced back to the Squier (1861), who offered comparisons between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages, and Radin
127:
The hypothesis was not elaborated until 1979 when Brown and
Witkowski put forth a proposal with 62 cognate sets and supposed sound correspondences between the two families. They also published two articles proposing a "Mesoamerican Phylum" composed of Macro-Mayan and other
164:
According to
Campbell (1997), previous efforts to link Huave to Mayan, Mixe-Zoquean, Totonacan, or for that matter, any other language or family, has proven unfruitful, and Huave "should thus be considered an isolate" (Campbell 1997:161).
1287:
McQuown, Norman A. (1942). Una posible sintesis lingüística Macro-Mayance, Mayas y
Olmecas 2.37-8 (Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América; México,
1302:, edited by Sheila Kulyk, Cara G. Tremain, and Madeleine Sawyer, pp. 213–225. Proceedings of the 44thAnnual Chacmool Conference. Calgary: Chacmool Archaeological Association, University of Calgary.
154:
In the late 1990s, Campbell (1997) expressed that he believed that Mayan would indeed some day prove to be related to Mixe–Zoquean and
Totonacan, but that previous studies have not proven sufficient.
124:
through contact. McQuown also admitted that “the relatively small number of coincidences in vocabulary indicates to us that this kinship is quite distant” (McQuown 1942:37-38).
2556:
1097:
Kaufman, Terrence (2017). Aspects of the lexicon of proto-Mayan and its earliest descendant. In: Judith L. Aissen, Nora C. England, and
Roberto Zavala Maldonado (eds).
1582:
967:
168:
Campbell (2024) considers the proposed connection between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean to be likely, but doubts that the greater Macro-Mayan hypothesis is valid.
1573:
2566:
1361:
2462:
1273:
Campbell, Lyle, and
Terrence Kaufman. (1983). Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship: Getting It Straight.
2561:
211:
M = Proto-Totonacan reconstructions from MacKay & Trechsel (2018); other reconstructions are from Brown, Wichmann & Beck (2014)
1566:
1298:
Mora-Marín, David (2014). The Proto-Maya-Mijesokean
Hypothesis: Change and Transformation in Approaches to An Old Problem. In
1586:
1153:
996:
177:
1326:, 489-502. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Berkeley: University of California.
2597:
2435:
1354:
1336:
Squier, E. G. (1861). Monograph of
Authors who have Written on the Languages of Central America. Albany, New York.
1084:
Brown, Cecil H.; Søren
Wichmann; David Beck. 2014. Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican language in the Lower Mississippi Valley.
2515:
1559:
1235:
2571:
2592:
1965:
1934:
1347:
1204:
Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann. (2011). Totozoquean.
1190:
Brown, Cecil H., and Stanley R. Witkowski. (1979). Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean.
1551:
142:
2283:
1123:
Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann (2011). Totozoquean.
17:
2520:
1901:
1540:
1055:
MacKay, Carolyn J.; Trechsel, Frank (2018). "An alternative reconstruction of Proto-Totonac-Tepehua".
185:
2530:
2381:
2363:
2026:
1609:
1509:
1431:
1418:
1145:
78:
1227:
147:
2357:
2315:
2124:
2090:
1808:
1425:
1370:
1319:
Radin, Paul. (1916). On the relationship of Huave and Mixe. American Anthropologist 18:411-421.
145:. The exchanges between Brown and Witkowski and Campbell and Kaufman took place in the journal
129:
2471:
2390:
2368:
2009:
1891:
1524:
1444:
957:
234:
158:
2423:
2416:
1482:
1476:
2350:
2198:
1764:
1730:
1412:
1252:
Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1976). A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs.
8:
2535:
2374:
2332:
2272:
2251:
2045:
1981:
1924:
1872:
1857:
1830:
1798:
1614:
1519:
1437:
1395:
228:
73:
2446:
2402:
2326:
2226:
2212:
2142:
2032:
1848:
1792:
1785:
1696:
1680:
1514:
1466:
1389:
1278:
1264:
1209:
1195:
1037:
962:
244:
1669:
2510:
2452:
2205:
2188:
2163:
2149:
2004:
1867:
1862:
1824:
1707:
1241:
1231:
1174:
1149:
1041:
1029:
992:
181:
157:
Nevertheless, since then, Brown et al. (2011) have presented arguments in favor of a
1137:
2540:
2485:
2478:
2396:
2337:
2265:
2258:
2177:
2135:
2100:
2058:
2039:
2014:
1975:
1954:
1948:
1911:
1818:
1716:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1627:
1450:
1400:
1339:
1310:
1064:
1021:
137:
2343:
2300:
2293:
2170:
2156:
2106:
2020:
1995:
1918:
1884:
1878:
1775:
1741:
1641:
1603:
1499:
1406:
1259:
Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1980). On Mesoamerican Linguistics.
239:
111:
68:
53:
2409:
2241:
2219:
2072:
2051:
1943:
1837:
1757:
1750:
1689:
1634:
1471:
250:
84:
1581:
1291:
McQuown, Norman A. (1956). Evidence for a Synthetic Trend in Totonacan.
1213:
2586:
2113:
2079:
2065:
1723:
1620:
1219:
1033:
133:
1245:
1012:
Stark, Louisa R. (1972). "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment".
1178:
1374:
1305:
Mora-Marín, David (2016). Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mijesokean Hypothesis.
223:
115:(1916, 1919, 1924), who did the same for Mixe-Zoquean, Huave, and Mayan.
1224:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1199:
1282:
1268:
94:
1314:
1068:
1025:
1101:, 62-111. Routledge language family series. New York: Routledge.
1324:
The genetic relationship of the North American Indian languages
1329:
Radin, Paul. (1924). The relationship of Maya to Zoque-Huave.
1226:. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. New York:
1300:
Climates of Change: The Shifting Environment of Archaeology
1142:
The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico
196:
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items.
968:
Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
1173:. Collección científica. Vol. 22. México: INAH.
1369:
2584:
1331:Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris
2282:
1054:
110:is a proposal linking the clearly established
1567:
1355:
1307:International Journal of American Linguistics
1206:International Journal of American Linguistics
1192:International Journal of American Linguistics
1125:International Journal of American Linguistics
1086:International Journal of American Linguistics
1057:International Journal of American Linguistics
1014:International Journal of American Linguistics
1080:
1078:
2461:
980:
1574:
1560:
1362:
1348:
1583:Indigenous language families and isolates
1075:
1005:
2187:
1218:
1136:
989:The Indigenous Languages of the Americas
986:
132:. This proposal was examined closely by
1063:(1). The University of Chicago: 51–92.
118:
14:
2585:
1168:
1555:
1343:
1048:
1011:
991:. New York: Oxford University Press.
188:language families of South America.
171:
899:*ʔoːʔk (P-Mixean); *kɑʔ (P-Zoquean)
180:macrofamily linking Mayan with the
24:
25:
2609:
130:language families of Mesoamerica
1162:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
13:
1:
1112:Chitimacha-English Dictionary
973:
191:
143:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
7:
1322:Radin, Paul. (1919).
951:
10:
2614:
2598:Proposed language families
1541:Mesoamerican language area
940:*miš (Proto-Oaxaca Mixean)
878:*muks (~ una cosa tostada)
2549:
2503:
2434:
2314:
2240:
2123:
2089:
1994:
1964:
1933:
1900:
1847:
1807:
1774:
1740:
1706:
1679:
1593:
1533:
1492:
1459:
1381:
1114:. Unpublished manuscript.
285:kuh (hair, fur, feathers)
208:SM = Proto-Southern Mayan
93:
62:
54:Linguistic classification
52:
42:
37:
32:
1169:Suaréz, Jorge A (1975).
1146:University of Utah Press
205:CM = Proto-Central Mayan
176:Stark (1972) proposed a
58:Proposed language family
27:Proposed language family
1275:American Anthropologist
1261:American Anthropologist
1228:Oxford University Press
1110:Swadesh, Morris. 1950.
987:Campbell, Lyle (2024).
151:between 1978 and 1983.
148:American Anthropologist
2593:Mesoamerican languages
2567:Unclassified languages
1493:Proposed macrofamilies
1382:Demonstrated families
958:Totozoquean languages
489:*kuk-pɑk (P-Zoquean)
467:*mɑŋ-kuy (P-Zoquean)
119:History of proposals
2516:Algonquian–Wakashan
1099:The Mayan languages
178:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
2504:Proposed groupings
1594:Language families
1254:American Antiquity
1144:. Salt Lake City:
963:Penutian languages
875:M *wahin-ya 'eats'
245:Proto-Mixe-Zoquean
2580:
2579:
2562:Extinct languages
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2310:
2309:
2236:
2235:
1990:
1989:
1966:Takelma–Kalapuyan
1549:
1548:
1371:Language families
1155:978-0-87480-487-4
998:978-0-19-767346-1
947:
946:
598:*nɨyi (P-Zoquean)
443:M *maka- (prefix)
315:*-nìːka, *-nɪːko
172:Related proposals
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2605:
2572:Linguistic areas
2459:
2458:
2280:
2279:
2185:
2184:
1898:
1897:
1677:
1676:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1534:Linguistic areas
1364:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1249:
1183:
1182:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1009:
1003:
1002:
984:
440:*məhʔkʸ; *ɬkʸəːʔ
217:
216:
138:Terrence Kaufman
30:
29:
21:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2545:
2491:
2457:
2439:linguistic area
2438:
2430:
2319:linguistic area
2318:
2306:
2278:
2232:
2183:
2128:linguistic area
2127:
2119:
2093:linguistic area
2092:
2085:
1986:
1960:
1929:
1896:
1843:
1803:
1770:
1736:
1702:
1675:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1550:
1545:
1529:
1488:
1455:
1377:
1368:
1238:
1187:
1186:
1171:Estudios Huaves
1167:
1163:
1156:
1138:Wichmann, Søren
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1053:
1049:
1010:
1006:
999:
985:
981:
976:
954:
763:*Hikʸʔ ~ *Hukʸʔ
578:*hɑyɑ́(w), *pɨn
240:Proto-Totonacan
194:
174:
121:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Classification
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Macro-Chibchan
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2364:Tequistlatecan
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2027:Tequistlatecan
2024:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Macro-Chibchan
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1432:Tequistlatecan
1429:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1315:10.1086/685900
1303:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1271:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1220:Campbell, Lyle
1216:
1214:10.1086/660972
1202:
1185:
1184:
1161:
1154:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1074:
1069:10.1086/694609
1047:
1026:10.1086/465193
1020:(2): 119–135.
1004:
997:
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
915:
913:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
897:
895:
893:
890:
887:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
852:
850:
847:
844:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
698:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
643:
642:
640:
639:*ʔɑksɑ, *kɑkʔe
637:
635:
633:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
614:
612:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
594:
592:
590:
587:
583:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
463:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
398:
397:M *siimaq’aati
395:
392:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
370:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
311:
309:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
290:
288:
286:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
264:
261:
258:
254:
253:
247:
242:
237:
231:
226:
221:
213:
212:
209:
206:
202:
201:
193:
190:
173:
170:
120:
117:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
81:
76:
71:
64:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
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2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
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2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:Calusa–Tunica
2281:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
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2239:
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2077:
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2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
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2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
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2037:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
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1941:
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1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
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1909:
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1899:
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1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
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1598:
1592:
1588:
1587:North America
1584:
1577:
1572:
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1565:
1563:
1558:
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1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:0-19-509427-1
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:77: 323–372.
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1151:
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956:
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942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:*ʔɨːci ~ *ʔɨc
918:
916:
914:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
896:
894:
891:
888:
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837:
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659:
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653:
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648:
645:
644:
641:
638:
636:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
621:*kɪsA; *patɪ
620:
617:
615:
613:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
595:
593:
591:
588:
585:
584:
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575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
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539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
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510:
507:
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494:
491:
488:
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483:
480:
477:
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469:
466:
464:
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459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
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425:
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407:
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402:
399:
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387:
384:
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379:
376:
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371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
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354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
341:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
314:
312:
310:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:
294:
291:
289:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:Abbreviations
199:
198:
197:
189:
187:
183:
179:
169:
166:
162:
160:
155:
152:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
134:Lyle Campbell
131:
125:
116:
113:
109:
101:
98:
96:
92:
87:
86:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2525:
2521:Aztec–Tanoan
2484:
2477:
2472:Guanahatabey
2470:
2463:Pre-Arawakan
2445:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2389:
2380:
2373:
2358:Oto-Manguean
2356:
2349:
2342:
2325:
2316:Mesoamerican
2299:
2292:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:Coahuiltecan
2112:
2105:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2038:
2031:
2019:
1974:
1953:
1935:Coast Oregon
1917:
1910:
1877:
1836:
1829:
1817:
1809:Macro-Siouan
1791:
1784:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1602:
1596:and isolates
1504:
1443:
1436:
1426:Oto-Manguean
1424:
1417:
1405:
1388:
1330:
1323:
1309:82:125-180.
1306:
1299:
1292:
1277:85:362-372.
1274:
1263:82:850-857.
1260:
1253:
1223:
1205:
1191:
1170:
1164:
1141:
1132:
1127:77, 323–372.
1124:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1088:80: 425-474.
1085:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1017:
1013:
1007:
988:
982:
499:CM *tiʔ.b’ej
486:M *¢’ík’iiti
195:
175:
167:
163:
156:
153:
146:
126:
122:
112:Mayan family
107:
106:
99:
83:
63:Subdivisions
45:distribution
2526:Macro-Mayan
2391:Uto-Aztecan
2369:Totozoquean
2199:Coahuilteco
2010:Palaihnihan
1892:Tsimshianic
1525:Totozoquean
1505:Macro-Mayan
1445:Uto-Aztecan
1375:Mesoamerica
1333:16:317-324.
720:*ša'ná (v.)
684:*simi-sata
235:Totozoquean
224:Proto-Mayan
186:Uru–Chipaya
159:Totozoquean
141:within the
108:Macro-Mayan
48:Mesoamerica
33:Macro-Mayan
18:Macro-Mayan
2587:Categories
2382:Mixe–Zoque
2351:Misumalpan
2273:Chitimacha
1765:Algonquian
1731:Athabaskan
1610:Yuki–Wappo
1419:Mixe–Zoque
1413:Misumalpan
1194:45:34-47.
974:References
825:*ʔaʔtz’aam
772:*(m)bìmbɨ
581:*na-sɨ̀yɪ
229:Chitimacha
192:Vocabulary
79:Mixe–Zoque
43:Geographic
38:(disputed)
2536:Tolatecan
2436:Caribbean
2424:Alagüilac
2417:Purépecha
2403:Cuitlatec
2375:Totonacan
2333:Jicaquean
2252:Muskogean
2227:Mamulique
2213:Comecrudo
2143:Karankawa
2046:Jicaquean
2033:Chimariko
1982:Kalapuyan
1925:Sahaptian
1873:Yok-Utian
1858:Chinookan
1831:Iroquoian
1799:Chimakuan
1615:Chumashan
1520:Tolatecan
1483:Alagüilac
1477:Purépecha
1467:Cuitlatec
1438:Totonacan
1396:Jicaquean
1295:32:78-80.
1256:41:80-89.
1042:145380780
1034:0020-7071
856:*tu:ʔ-ʔɑw
803:*ch’ohch’
780:SM *toonh
657:M *skaata
609:CM *tz’iʔ
460:soʔ, soʔo
295:*-ndɪ̀ca
95:Glottolog
74:Totonacan
2447:Arawakan
2327:Chibchan
2206:Cotoname
2164:Quinigua
2150:Maratino
1849:Penutian
1793:Wakashan
1786:Salishan
1697:Eskimoan
1681:Eskaleut
1515:Penutian
1460:Isolates
1390:Chibchan
1293:Language
1246:32923907
1222:(1997).
1140:(1995).
952:See also
902:*-ndewe
859:*tɪ̀ːtɨ
838:*kɪnìkɨ
811:*ti'ya't
789:M *čiwiš
769:*hukʔ-ut
723:*pɨhi(k)
705:*(-)opo
654:*skʸwaːt
559:*-làːca
426:*-mbeye
420:M *kiɬni
417:*kʸwehʔɬ
380:*-láːkɪ
374:M *ta¢a-
358:*-síngi
337:*-làːka
260:SM *joʔl
2511:Amerind
2486:Ciguayo
2479:Macorix
2453:Cariban
2427: ?
2286: ?
2266:Atakapa
2259:Natchez
2244: ?
2191: ?
2189:Pakawan
2178:Tonkawa
2136:Aranama
2091:Pueblo
2059:Salinan
2040:Esselen
2005:Shastan
1998: ?
1976:Takelma
1968: ?
1955:Siuslaw
1937: ?
1912:Klamath
1904: ?
1902:Plateau
1868:Maiduan
1863:Wintuan
1851: ?
1825:Caddoan
1811: ?
1778: ?
1717:Tlingit
1708:Na-Dene
1663:Waikuri
1656:Timucua
1649:Kutenai
1628:Beothuk
1200:1264974
1179:2632814
922:*sik-V
795:*kanga
757:*q’ahq’
726:*mbáha
710:flower
663:*mbáta
660:*ʔɑːwɑt
601:*-natɪ
564:person
553:*lukuti
533:*nɨʔpin
514:*-nìhi
511:*sis(i)
508:*kiníːt
505:*kʸiniː
475:breast
470:*-lehe
449:*-wísi
403:*-nìwi
385:tongue
355:*hɨp(ɨ)
334:*tɑːcɨk
292:*wɑ(ʔ)y
274:*-mála
271:*ko-pɑk
182:Chimuan
2541:Waroid
2397:Xincan
2338:Lencan
2301:Calusa
2294:Tunica
2171:Solano
2157:Naolan
2101:Tanoan
2015:Pomoan
1949:Coosan
1944:Alsean
1919:Molala
1879:Yokuts
1819:Siouan
1670:Pericú
1642:Cayuse
1451:Xincan
1401:Lencan
1288:1942).
1283:676320
1281:
1269:677119
1267:
1244:
1234:
1212:
1198:
1177:
1152:
1040:
1032:
995:
846:*b’eeh
835:*kɑːnɑ
800:earth
777:stone
743:*škaːn
740:*nəhnq
731:water
676:*kʸƗCI
671:*tyeeʔ
646:louse
567:*winaq
544:*b’aaq
536:*kèhe
519:blood
457:*ʔaqan
434:*q’ab’
411:*tyiiʔ
408:mouth
388:*ʔaʔq’
363:tooth
345:*nhiiʔ
323:*xikin
249:Proto-
233:Proto-
2550:Lists
2410:Huave
2344:Mayan
2220:Garza
2107:Keres
2073:Washo
2052:Karuk
2021:Yuman
1996:Hokan
1885:Utian
1838:Yuchi
1776:Mosan
1758:Yurok
1751:Wiyot
1742:Algic
1690:Aleut
1635:Bidai
1604:Haida
1500:Hokan
1472:Huave
1407:Mayan
1279:JSTOR
1265:JSTOR
1210:JSTOR
1196:JSTOR
1038:S2CID
943:*ikV
935:*mwiš
910:*ʔiin
892:nu·p-
881:*-tɪ
870:gušt-
843:road
822:salt
817:*ìtɨ
814:*nɑːs
792:*cɑːʔ
786:*čahʔ
754:fire
749:*ewe
746:*nɨːʔ
715:ša·mu
689:leaf
668:tree
649:*ʔuk’
626:fish
618:*tɑkɑ
589:*b’ih
586:name
541:bone
525:ʔuybi
522:*kèhe
496:meat
478:*ʔiim
454:foot
431:hand
400:*toːc
394:*kAːt
377:*tɨːc
366:*ʔeeh
350:*kʸin
342:nose
326:waʔaš
303:*Haty
279:hair
268:*kuk-
257:head
251:Huave
220:gloss
85:Huave
69:Mayan
2242:Gulf
2114:Zuni
2080:Yana
2066:Seri
1724:Eyak
1621:Adai
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1175:OCLC
1150:ISBN
1030:ISSN
993:ISBN
930:*ʔat
927:you
889:*kam
886:die
867:*waʔ
864:eat
830:*ma¢
806:neyʔ
766:*šqu
734:*Haʔ
702:*ʔɑy
695:či·š
692:*xaq
681:*kuy
632:makš
629:*kar
606:dog
573:*pǝn
570:panš
556:*pɑk
550:*pak
547:kaci
528:*pIn
502:kipi
446:*kɨʔ
437:waši
423:*ʔɑw
391:wenʔ
329:*akə
320:ear
306:kani
300:eye
282:*wiʔ
184:and
136:and
100:None
1585:of
1373:of
1311:doi
1065:doi
1022:doi
849:miš
783:nuš
760:tep
737:kuʔ
481:miʔ
414:šaʔ
369:ʔiʔ
263:kut
2589::
1485:?)
1240:.
1230:.
1148:.
1077:^
1061:84
1059:.
1036:.
1028:.
1018:38
1016:.
907:I
1575:e
1568:t
1561:v
1481:(
1363:e
1356:t
1349:v
1313::
1248:.
1181:.
1158:.
1071:.
1067::
1044:.
1024::
1001:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.