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vector it makes sense to arrange it in four rows of three columns with labels x y and z on the columns and labels spin and move on the rows, with those two labels repeated one more time to make a total of four rows so that the first row might be labeled spin work, the second row might be labeled move work, the third row might be labeled spin tool, and the fourth row might be labeled move tool although the position of the labels is arbitrary which is to say there is no agreement in the literature of mechanical engineering on what order these labels should be but there are 12 degrees of freedom in a machine tool. That said it is important to remember that this is in an instant moment and that instant moment may be a preparatory moment before a tool makes contact with a work piece, or maybe an engaged moment during which contact with work and tool requires an input of rather large amounts of power to get work done which is why machine tools are large and heavy and stiff. Since what these vectors describe our instant moments of degrees of freedom the vector structure is capable of expressing the changing mode of a machine tool as well as expressing its fundamental structure in the following way: imagine a lathe spending a cylinder on a horizontal axis with a tool ready to cut a face on that cylinder in some preparatory moment. What the operator of such a lathe would do is lock the x-axis on the carriage of the lathe establishing a new vector condition with a zero in the x slide position for the tool. Then the operator would unlock the y-axis on the cross slide of the lathe, assuming that our examples were equipped with that, and then the operator would apply some method of traversing the facing tool across the face of the cylinder being cut and a depth combined with the rotational speed selected which engages cutting ability within the power of range of the motor powering the lathe. So the answer to what a machine tool is, is a very simple answer but it is highly technical and is unrelated to the history of machine tools.
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slide assembly, or the roundness, lack of taper, and squareness of the two axes of a lathe machine to be transferred to a machined work piece with accuracy and precision better than a thousandth of an inch, not as fine as millionths of an inch. As the fit between sliding parts of a made product, machine, or machine tool approaches this critical thousandth of an inch measurement, lubrication and capillary action combine to prevent Van Der Waals force from welding like metals together, extending the lubricated life of sliding parts by a factor of thousands to millions; the disaster of oil depletion in the conventional automotive engine is an accessible demonstration of the need, and in aerospace design, like-to-unlike design is used along with solid lubricants to prevent Van Der Waals welding from destroying mating surfaces. Given the modulus of elasticity of metals, the range of fit tolerances near one thousandth of an inch correlates to the relevant range of constraint between at one extreme, permanent assembly of two mating parts and at the other, a free sliding fit of those same two parts.
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medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a "ball and socket" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit, like two perfect planes, can slide over each other and reveal no high spots. The rubbing and marking are repeated after rotating 2 relative to 1 by 90 degrees to eliminate concave-convex "potato-chip" curvature. Next, plate number 3 is compared and scraped to conform to plate number 1 in the same two trials. In this manner plates number 2 and 3 would be identical. Next plates number 2 and 3 would be checked against each other to determine what condition existed, either both plates were "balls" or "sockets" or "chips" or a combination. These would then be scraped until no high spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium).
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the work, or from some external source, including for examples a foot treadle by the same worker, or a motor, without limitation; and finally, the control can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or the work, or from some other source, including computer numerical control. With two choices for each of four parameters, the types are enumerated to sixteen types of
Manufacturing, where Matter-Additive might mean painting on canvas as readily as it might mean 3D printing under computer control, Matter-Preserving might mean forging at the coal fire as readily as stamping license plates, and Matter-Subtracting might mean casually whittling a pencil point as readily as it might mean precision grinding the final form of a laser deposited turbine blade.
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509:"machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction.
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that
Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates.
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surfaces comprising the features of machine parts by removing chips. These chips may be very rough or even as fine as dust. Every machine tools supports its removal process with a stiff, redundant and so vibration resisting structure because each chip is removed in a semi a synchronous way, creating multiple opportunities for vibration to interfere with precision.
745:. That Maudslay had established the manufacture and use of master plane gages in his shop (Maudslay & Field) located on Westminster Road south of the Thames River in London about 1809, was attested to by James Nasmyth who was employed by Maudslay in 1829 and Nasmyth documented their use in his autobiography.
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The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was
Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825, Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there
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The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the
Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking
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Regarding the 1930s NBER definition quoted above, one could argue that its specificity to metal is obsolete, as it is quite common today for particular lathes, milling machines, and machining centers (definitely machine tools) to work exclusively on plastic cutting jobs throughout their whole working
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Matter-Additive, Matter-Preserving, and Matter-Subtractive "Manufacturing" can proceed in sixteen ways: Firstly, the work may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; secondly, the tool may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; thirdly, the energy can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or
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A history most specifically of
Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era
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Preceding, there is an answer for what machine tools are. We may consider what they do also. Machine tools produce finished surfaces. They may produce any finish from an arbitrary degree of very rough work to a specular optical grade finish the improvement of which is moot. Machine tools produce the
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between like materials is high; freehand manufacture of square plates, produces only square, flat, machine tool building reference components, accurate to millionths of an inch, but of nearly no variety. The process of feature replication allows the flatness and squareness of a milling machine cross
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for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer
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With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy. The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were
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with a hand-cranked belt pulley instead of an electric motor. Thus one can question whether power source is truly a key distinguishing concept; but for economics purposes, the NBER's definition made sense, because most of the commercial value of the existence of machine tools comes about via those
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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. Not comprehensive in terms of firm names and sales statistics (like Floud focuses on), but extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the
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The worldwide market for machine tools was approximately $ 81 billion in production in 2014 according to a survey by market research firm
Gardner Research. The largest producer of machine tools was China with $ 23.8 billion of production followed by Germany and Japan at neck and neck with $ 12.9
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was finally realized. An important early example of something now taken for granted was the standardization of screw fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Before about the beginning of the 19th century, these were used in pairs, and even screws of the same machine were generally not interchangeable.
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operation, which is related in principle to tracing but can be a step or two removed from the traced element's matching the reproduced element's final shape. For example, several cams, no one of which directly matches the desired output shape, can actuate a complex toolpath by creating component
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A precise description of what a machine tool is and does in an instant moment is given by a 12 component vector relating the linear and rotational degrees of freedom of the single work piece and the single tool contacting that work piece in any machine arbitrarily and in order to visualize this
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helped expand humans' technological milieu toward the preconditions for industrial machine tools. During the 18th and 19th centuries, and even in many cases in the 20th, the builders of machine tools tended to be the same people who would then use them to produce the end products (manufactured
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are an industry of themselves, but this industry's main drivers of development were the vehicles already listed—trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft; and other industries, such as tractors, farm implements, and tanks, borrowed heavily from those same parent industries.
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American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by
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The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Machine tool innovation continues in several public and private research centers worldwide.
505:(joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the
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of programmable mechanical control with machine tool toolpath control was delayed many decades, in part because the programmable control methods of musical boxes and looms lacked the rigidity for machine tool toolpaths. Later, electromechanical solutions (such as
883:); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until
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human guidance of the toolpath (with hands, feet, or mouth) was no longer the only guidance used in the cutting or forming process. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been
435:, which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool
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In the 1930s, the U.S. National Bureau of
Economic Research (NBER) referenced the definition of a machine tool as "any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal".
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The colloquial sense implying metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as
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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC.
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goods). However, from these roots also evolved an industry of machine tool builders as we define them today, meaning people who specialize in building machine tools for sale to others.
78:". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.
1809:(contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible
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processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact,
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use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with
62:, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the
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Historians of machine tools often focus on a handful of major industries that most spurred machine tool development. In order of historical emergence, they have been
517:". And its specificity to "operating by other than hand power" is also problematic, as machine tools can be powered by people if appropriately set up, such as with a
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that the modern concept of a machine tool—a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath—began to evolve.
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Multitasking machines (MTMs)—CNC machine tools with many axes that combine turning, milling, grinding, and material handling into one highly automated machine tool
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consider that true machine tools were born when the toolpath first became guided by the machine itself in some way, at least to some extent, so that direct,
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billion and $ 12.88 billion respectively. South Korea and Italy rounded out the top 5 producers with revenue of $ 5.6 billion and $ 5 billion respectively.
928:. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators.
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to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the
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in
England in the middle to late 1700s. Until that time, machinery was made mostly from wood, often including gearing and shafts. The increase in
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Methods were developed to cut screw thread to a greater precision than that of the feed screw in the lathe being used. This led to the bar
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are of a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483. This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest".
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Woodbury, Robert S. (1972a). "History of the Lathe to 1850: A Study in the Growth of a
Technical Element of an Industrial Economy". In
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Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a
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1923:. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. A collection of seminal classics of machine tool history.
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Today most machine tools are powered by electricity; hydraulic and pneumatic power are sometimes used, but this is uncommon.
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may be defined differently by some users in some contexts, and some elements may be distinguished by contrasting with others)
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that machine tools added to these human talents is in the areas of rigidity (constraining the toolpath despite thousands of
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Tracing, which involves following the contours of a model or template and transferring the resulting motion to the toolpath.
96:), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation.
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A monograph with a focus on history, economics, and import and export policy. Original 1976 publication: LCCN 75-046133,
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are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by
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From the
American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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Today machine tools are typically powered other than by the human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via
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and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the
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incorporated it for the workpiece, but the movement of the tool itself on these machines was entirely freehand.
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sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of
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When considering the difference between freehand toolpaths and machine-constrained toolpaths, the concepts of
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When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:
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was unable to have an accurately bored cylinder for his first steam engine, trying for several years until
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invented a suitable boring machine in 1774, boring Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine in 1776.
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lifespan. Thus the NBER definition above could be expanded to say "which employs a tool to work on metal
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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865
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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power
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A biography of a machine tool builder that also contains some general history of the industry.
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Abstractly programmable toolpath guidance began with mechanical solutions, such as in
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itself; but the earliest historical records of a lathe with direct mechanical control
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Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via
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may or may not fall under this definition, depending on how one views the headstock
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The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the
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With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of
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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,
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that are powered by electricity, hydraulics, and so on. Such are the vagaries of
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was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.
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A seminal classic of machine tool history. Extensively cited by later works.
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boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to
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thinking behind the intermediate steps. Extensively cited by later works.
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
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in one work envelope, and retrofits of existing machines are underway.
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A memoir that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.
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1806:
1794:(1st ed.), Bridgeport, Connecticut, US: Moore Special Tool Co.,
1765:(Noble 1984) as a seminal history. Later republished under the title
1361:
1356:
936:
921:
872:
717:
653:
609:
506:
408:
396:
333:
225:
179:
63:
51:
30:
1849:
708:
Machine tools filled a need created by textile machinery during the
555:
380:
screws, bolts, and nuts entirely with freehand toolpaths. But it is
205:
The mechanical toolpath guidance grew out of various root concepts:
116:
4483:
4463:
4107:
4072:
3808:
3684:
3611:
3553:
3518:
3513:
3410:
3329:
3240:
3205:
3200:
2978:
2883:
2529:
2396:
2356:
2331:
1741:
When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America
1351:
905:
697:
657:
637:
287:
187:
1988:
4660:
4655:
4548:
4518:
4478:
4422:
4276:
4255:
4147:
4102:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4034:
4004:
3999:
3873:
3777:
3714:
3659:
3548:
3503:
3458:
3380:
3370:
3355:
3250:
3230:
2988:
2908:
2903:
2800:
2760:
2682:
2614:
2544:
2461:
1311:
1072:
desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective
1009:
868:
689:
649:
518:
416:
47:
2166:
2108:
2082:
2041:
1946:
1919:
1904:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, and London, England: MIT Press,
1840:
1817:
machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the
1799:
86:
27:
Machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials
4650:
4379:
4127:
3878:
3828:
3724:
3694:
3634:
3508:
3433:
3395:
3348:
3215:
3133:
2963:
2647:
2604:
2594:
2298:
2195:
2096:
James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best
2065:
Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
1004:
810:
526:
440:
436:
213:
concept itself, which constrains workpiece or tool movement to
3074:
737:
The advance in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to
106:
4528:
4437:
4432:
4417:
3838:
3629:
3622:
3593:
3573:
3543:
3528:
3488:
3473:
3463:
3448:
3443:
3423:
3400:
3375:
3295:
2918:
2723:
2336:
1346:
932:
847:
ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by
823:
797:
Important early machine tools included the slide rest lathe,
621:
522:
420:
404:
183:
1767:
From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company
1436:"Hybrid machine combines milling and additive manufacturing"
4427:
3956:
3893:
3818:
3699:
3654:
3649:
3385:
3129:
1596:
pp. 87, 112, 121, 146-50, 161, Random House, New York, NY.
1020:
1013:
403:. These processes are a type of deformation that produces
4553:
4044:
3813:
3639:
3533:
3365:
1852:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (
1467:
542:, both of which have their places in the business world.
443:
and similar economic topics use this broader definition.
2180:, a centenary booklet, (Derby: Bemrose & Sons, 1968)
944:, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made.
777:
work into the realm of building machine tools for sale.
1844:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1706:"2015 World Machine-Tool Output and Consumption Survey"
240:, although the language used to classify these various
1640:
1225:
716:
required more metal parts, which were usually made of
4615:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
1875:, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press,
1628:
1461:
Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement
1950:. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications (
54:
metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting,
2159:
Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools
935:machine might contain a magazine with a variety of
2841:
1973:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
1868:
1648:
1448:
1427:
482:are already developing machines that include both
1835:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
879:) were used in the past, as was water power (via
4757:
1506:"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts"
292:numerical control and computer numerical control
1655:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press,
1141:
3090:
2827:
2249:
2211:
926:computerized numerical control (CNC) machines
356:) of force fighting against the constraint),
2146:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press,
1971:The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850–1914
1646:
1391:
1083:
2263:
1388:, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04.
286:) and soon electronic solutions (including
107:Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated
3097:
3083:
2834:
2820:
2256:
2242:
2218:
2204:
2191:Milestones in the History of Machine Tools
1700:
1698:
1696:
1676:"What is a CNC machine for natural stone?"
1647:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991),
1415:
372:who wields the tool. As an example, it is
190:period, and modern woodworking lathes and
2014:
1888:
1813:in machine tools (second only to that of
1743:, Boston: Harvard Business School Press,
1542:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1403:
596:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
4605:Building and Wood Workers' International
2101:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
1897:
1890:
1454:
1433:
1012:
779:
761:in England around 1800. Others, such as
29:
1901:Studies in the History of Machine Tools
1866:
1735:
1693:
1634:
1560:
1503:
1421:
920:to control their motion. In the 1960s,
14:
4758:
2178:Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968
1933:
1773:
1479:
1409:
841:
826:of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
608:Forerunners of machine tools included
384:to make them only with machine tools.
3078:
2815:
2237:
2199:
2059:
1968:
1786:
1548:
1397:
497:use of the terms varies, with subtle
4740:
2156:
2136:
1941:, New York and London: McGraw-Hill,
1244:
1190:
1151:
1105:
893:
660:; textile machinery; steam engines (
578:adding citations to reliable sources
549:
313:the machine-constrained option adds
139:adding citations to reliable sources
110:
4730:
4590:American Association of Woodturners
2092:
1825:
1492:
1226:Machine tool manufacturing industry
515:or other materials of high hardness
81:The precise definition of the term
24:
1927:
1832:English and American Tool Builders
1792:Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy
309:become important in understanding
25:
4802:
4620:National Wood Carvers Association
2184:
2067:, New York, New York, US: Knopf,
1939:Sixty Years with Men and Machines
431:in his history of Burgmaster and
85:varies among users, as discussed
4739:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4595:Architectural Woodwork Institute
2225:
2143:A Short History of Machine Tools
1248:
1194:
1155:
1109:
554:
115:
38:is an example of a machine tool.
3104:
1729:
1668:
1617:pp. 5, 7-8, Cypress, CA, 2013.
1607:
1586:
1566:
1518:
952:Examples of machine tools are:
565:needs additional citations for
126:needs additional citations for
4600:British Woodworking Federation
2515:Electrical discharge machining
2304:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
2024:Johns Hopkins University Press
1497:
1455:Zelinski, Peter (2014-02-21),
1434:Zelinski, Peter (2013-11-08),
1412:, p. 178, Ch. 4, Note 75.
1379:
1287:Category:Machine tool builders
1186:
1050:Electrical discharge machining
448:electrical discharge machining
258:that add up to a net toolpath.
13:
1:
4610:Caricature Carvers of America
1898:Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) ,
1373:
1312:Machine Tool Standards (ASME)
1068:Other techniques are used to
788:
2093:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937),
1969:Floud, Roderick C. (2006) ,
940:control. These are known as
900:History of numerical control
215:rotation around a fixed axis
7:
2362:List of drill and tap sizes
1776:"Mechanization in Industry"
1713:Gardner Business Media, Inc
1504:Harford, Tim (2019-10-09).
1279:
1142:Adverse effects mitigations
1060:Multiple edge cutting tools
1055:Grinding (abrasive cutting)
947:
10:
4807:
2678:Magnetic switchable device
2161:, London: B. T. Batsford,
2155:. Co-edition published as
1400:, p. 137, figure 213.
1229:
1145:
1087:
897:
545:
232:. If a stop is added, the
200:of the cutting tool's path
186:, those prior to the late
4715:
4689:
4638:
4625:Society of Wood Engravers
4582:
4496:
4446:
4403:
4275:
4268:
4156:
4043:
3985:
3804:
3795:
3738:
3409:
3328:
3319:
3143:
3112:
2997:
2854:
2756:
2701:
2628:
2520:Electrochemical machining
2495:
2385:
2317:
2272:
2233:
1530:www.nationalgalleries.org
1240:
1084:Adverse effects on humans
1064:Single edge cutting tools
809:, pattern tracing lathe,
525:) or a hand lever (for a
452:electrochemical machining
290:) were added, leading to
3038:Machine and metalworking
1342:Self-replicating machine
1307:Machine tool dynamometer
702:rolling-element bearings
171:historians of technology
3048:Measuring and alignment
2959:Rotary transfer machine
2600:Rotary transfer machine
2585:Photochemical machining
2525:Electron-beam machining
2487:Tool and cutter grinder
2157:Rolt, L. T. C. (1965),
2022:, Baltimore, Maryland:
1076:of material are called
636:of the Middle Ages and
616:, which had existed in
460:photochemical machining
456:electron beam machining
4702:Frameless construction
3783:Wood-plastic composite
2944:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1867:Thomson, Ross (2009),
1811:accuracy and precision
1774:Jerome, Harry (1934),
1292:Damped machining tools
1257:This section is empty.
1203:This section is empty.
1164:This section is empty.
1018:
861:
794:
620:prior to 2500 BC, and
488:additive manufacturing
476:additive manufacturing
382:economically practical
358:accuracy and precision
299:accuracy and precision
39:
2796:Tools and terminology
2174:Ryder, Thomas and Son
1016:
845:
819:interchangeable parts
783:
710:Industrial Revolution
540:controlled vocabulary
503:woodworking machinery
480:machine tool builders
101:interchangeable parts
70:(which is called the
33:
4771:Industrial machinery
4630:Timber Framers Guild
3484:Australian Blackwood
3013:Cutting and abrasive
2714:Machining vibrations
2620:Ultrasonic machining
1386:Define Metal Cutting
1367:Types of press tools
1322:Machinist calculator
1317:Machining vibrations
1232:Machine tool builder
834:as by machine guns.
676:) (the story of how
630:Age of Enlightenment
574:improve this article
464:ultrasonic machining
135:improve this article
4350:Hammer-headed tenon
3869:Janka hardness test
2734:Tool and die making
2422:Cylindrical grinder
2016:Hounshell, David A.
1827:Roe, Joseph Wickham
1441:Modern Machine Shop
1000:Shear (sheet metal)
842:Drive power sources
799:screw-cutting lathe
423:, and others. Thus
374:physically possible
336:of artists such as
262:Van Der Waals Force
224:The machine slide (
3211:Japanese carpentry
2402:Abrasive machining
1819:tool and die maker
1302:Four slide machine
1121:. You can help by
1019:
795:
40:
4753:
4752:
4707:Green woodworking
4564:Wood preservation
4492:
4491:
4395:Tongue and groove
4375:Mortise and tenon
4264:
4263:
3962:Warrington hammer
3791:
3790:
3479:African Blackwood
3271:Segmented turning
3072:
3071:
2809:
2808:
2752:
2751:
2074:978-0-394-51262-4
2033:978-0-8018-2975-8
1980:978-0-521-02555-3
1956:978-0-917914-86-7
1911:978-0-262-73033-4
1882:978-0-8018-9141-0
1858:978-0-917914-73-7
1750:978-0-87584-208-0
1682:. 23 January 2020
1623:978-0-9897906-0-4
1602:978-1-4000-6964-4
1476:, pp. 18–35.
1337:Numerical control
1277:
1276:
1223:
1222:
1184:
1183:
1139:
1138:
1078:rapid prototyping
1037:Grinding machines
1017:5 axis bridge saw
957:Broaching machine
942:machining centers
910:numerical control
894:Automatic control
787:milling machine,
642:Leonardo da Vinci
606:
605:
598:
472:water jet cutting
342:Leonardo da Vinci
167:
166:
159:
16:(Redirected from
4798:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4273:
4272:
3942:Thickness planer
3802:
3801:
3596:(lime, basswood)
3326:
3325:
3186:Chainsaw carving
3099:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3075:
2899:Grinding machine
2869:Ball-peen hammer
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2719:Speeds and feeds
2472:Sharpening stone
2447:Grinding machine
2442:Grinding dresser
2309:Stewart platform
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2169:
2154:
2120:
2086:
2052:
1999:
1949:
1922:
1894:
1885:
1874:
1843:
1802:
1783:
1762:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1715:. Archived from
1710:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1613:Parker, Dana T.
1611:
1605:
1592:Herman, Arthur.
1590:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1272:
1269:
1259:You can help by
1252:
1245:
1218:
1215:
1205:You can help by
1198:
1191:
1179:
1176:
1166:You can help by
1159:
1152:
1134:
1131:
1113:
1106:
1031:Stewart platform
859:
824:length standards
793:
790:
771:Joseph Whitworth
743:Joseph Whitworth
652:(small arms and
601:
594:
590:
587:
581:
558:
550:
536:natural language
495:natural language
242:machine elements
162:
155:
151:
148:
142:
119:
111:
50:for handling or
21:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4711:
4697:Frame and panel
4685:
4634:
4578:
4488:
4447:Surface piecing
4442:
4399:
4320:Crown of thorns
4260:
4246:Smoothing plane
4152:
4039:
3981:
3884:Milling machine
3787:
3748:Cross-laminated
3734:
3405:
3315:
3286:Spindle turning
3276:Shingle weaving
3246:Pallet crafting
3139:
3108:
3103:
3073:
3068:
3067:
2993:
2974:Thread restorer
2864:Automatic lathe
2850:
2840:
2810:
2805:
2748:
2697:
2624:
2491:
2482:Surface grinder
2417:Coated abrasive
2388:
2381:
2352:Drill bit sizes
2347:Drill bit shank
2322:
2313:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2229:
2224:
2187:
2075:
2061:Noble, David F.
2034:
1981:
1958:). Foreword by
1935:Colvin, Fred H.
1930:
1928:Further reading
1912:
1891:Woodbury (1972)
1883:
1788:Moore, Wayne R.
1751:
1732:
1727:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1526:"James Nasmyth"
1524:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1453:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1150:
1148:Dust extraction
1144:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1119:needs expansion
1104:
1086:
995:Milling machine
972:Hobbing machine
950:
902:
896:
885:electrification
860:
857:David Wilkinson
855:
844:
807:milling machine
791:
757:constructed by
741:and refined by
686:sewing machines
638:renaissance men
614:potter's wheels
602:
591:
585:
582:
571:
559:
548:
378:interchangeable
238:linear bearings
219:potter's wheels
192:potter's wheels
163:
152:
146:
143:
132:
120:
109:
28:
23:
22:
18:Machine tooling
15:
12:
11:
5:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4676:Quarter sawing
4673:
4668:
4666:Wood splitting
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4574:Wood finishing
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4534:Paint stripper
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4241:Shoulder plane
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Moulding plane
4213:
4208:
4206:Japanese plane
4203:
4198:
4196:Grooving plane
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Flooring clamp
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Winding sticks
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Timber-framing
3944:
3939:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Particle board
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Glue laminated
3750:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:Timber framing
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Relief carving
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Bush carpentry
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3079:
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3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Types of tools
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:Milling cutter
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:Milling cutter
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Grinding wheel
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:Computer-aided
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2185:External links
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2138:Rolt, L. T. C.
2127:
2126:
2090:
2073:
2057:
2032:
2012:
1979:
1966:
1960:Ralph Flanders
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1910:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1864:
1823:
1784:
1771:
1749:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1722:on 2015-09-21.
1692:
1667:
1661:
1639:
1627:
1606:
1585:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1517:
1496:
1478:
1474:Woodbury 1972a
1466:
1447:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1377:
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1372:
1370:
1369:
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1255:
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1242:
1239:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1201:
1199:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1175:September 2024
1162:
1160:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1116:
1114:
1085:
1082:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Screw machines
987:
986:Honing Machine
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
949:
946:
895:
892:
853:
843:
840:
763:Henry Maudslay
759:Matthew Murray
739:Henry Maudslay
732:John Wilkinson
604:
603:
562:
560:
553:
547:
544:
468:plasma cutting
391:The narrowest
275:Jacquard looms
267:
266:
259:
248:
245:
222:
165:
164:
123:
121:
114:
108:
105:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4803:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Machine tools
4764:
4763:
4761:
4746:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Chainsaw mill
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:Organizations
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Steam bending
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:French polish
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4485:
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4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
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4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Rabbet/Rebate
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Mason's mitre
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
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4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
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4298:
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4288:
4286:
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4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4254:
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4249:
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4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Jointer plane
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Compass plane
4179:
4177:
4176:Chamfer plane
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Bedrock plane
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
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4139:
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4129:
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4119:
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4021:
4018:
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4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Veneer hammer
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
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3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Impact driver
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
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3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Red Quebracho
3678:
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3668:
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3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Bow and arrow
3154:
3152:
3151:Boat building
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
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3100:
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3036:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Plasma cutter
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:English wheel
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
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2779:
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2769:
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2764:
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2759:
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2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Cutting fluid
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Machine taper
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Indexing head
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2630:Machine tools
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
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2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
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2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Spark testing
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Flick grinder
2430:
2428:
2427:Diamond plate
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Bench grinder
2410:
2408:
2407:Angle grinder
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
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2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2267:and computing
2266:
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2240:
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2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:0-521-21203-0
2005:
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1662:0-262-08198-9
1658:
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1652:
1643:
1637:, p. 24.
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1610:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:0-684-86729-X
1579:
1575:
1574:One Good Turn
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1507:
1500:
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767:James Nasmyth
764:
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623:
619:
618:ancient Egypt
615:
611:
600:
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589:
586:February 2021
579:
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569:
568:
563:This section
561:
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209:First is the
208:
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193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
172:
161:
158:
150:
147:February 2021
140:
136:
130:
129:
124:This section
122:
118:
113:
112:
104:
102:
97:
95:
90:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
4514:Heat bending
4459:Edge banding
4231:Router plane
4226:Rebate plane
4186:Finger plane
3917:
3621:
3615:
3595:
3589:Lignum vitae
3347:
3341:
3306:Wood carving
3281:Shipbuilding
3266:Root carving
3226:Log building
3191:Chip carving
2984:Turret lathe
2924:Machine tool
2923:
2847:metalworking
2842:
2688:Rotary table
2668:Lathe center
2555:Machine tool
2554:
2387:Grinding and
2227:Metalworking
2177:
2158:
2142:
2130:
2128:
2099:, New York:
2095:
2087:
2064:
2053:
2019:
2001:
1970:
1963:
1938:
1900:
1870:
1861:
1831:
1815:metrological
1804:
1791:
1779:
1768:
1763:
1740:
1737:Holland, Max
1730:Bibliography
1717:the original
1712:
1684:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1650:
1642:
1635:Thomson 2009
1630:
1614:
1609:
1593:
1588:
1573:
1572:Rybczynsky,
1568:
1561:Thomson 2009
1556:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1469:
1460:
1450:
1439:
1429:
1422:Holland 1989
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1332:Multimachine
1327:Metalworking
1265:
1261:adding to it
1256:
1235:
1211:
1207:adding to it
1202:
1172:
1168:adding to it
1163:
1127:
1123:adding to it
1118:
1098:Construction
1090:Particulates
1073:
1069:
1067:
1044:
951:
930:
903:
889:
887:after 1900.
862:
846:
836:
828:
815:metal planer
803:turret lathe
796:
755:
751:
747:
736:
726:
722:wrought iron
707:
647:
607:
592:
583:
572:Please help
567:verification
564:
514:
511:
492:
445:
415:, shearing,
390:
386:
381:
373:
369:
366:productivity
338:Michelangelo
331:
327:
323:
319:
310:
307:productivity
296:
268:
233:
204:
199:
168:
153:
144:
133:Please help
128:verification
125:
98:
91:
83:machine tool
82:
80:
71:
68:cutting tool
44:machine tool
43:
41:
4791:Woodworking
4735:WikiProject
4681:Rift sawing
4671:Flat sawing
4559:Wood drying
4236:Scrub plane
4221:Razee plane
4171:Block plane
4025:Mitre clamp
3972:Wood scribe
3923:Combination
3665:Purpleheart
3361:Douglas fir
3311:Woodturning
3144:Occupations
3106:Woodworking
3063:Woodworking
2969:Tap and die
2929:Metal lathe
2894:Gear shaper
2879:Drill press
2859:Arbor press
2766:Fabrication
2702:Terminology
2638:Angle plate
2565:Metal lathe
2457:Jig grinder
2367:Tap and die
2276:engineering
1563:, p. .
1410:Jerome 1934
1268:August 2024
1214:August 2024
1187:Regulations
1130:August 2024
1102:Metal swarf
967:Gear shaper
962:Drill press
881:water wheel
877:treadwheels
792: 1818
785:Eli Whitney
694:automobiles
634:Clockmakers
626:Middle Ages
531:micro lathe
499:connotative
484:subtractive
429:Max Holland
407:. However,
279:convergence
271:musical box
36:metal lathe
4760:Categories
4690:Techniques
4639:Conversion
4569:Wood stain
4497:Treatments
4285:Birdsmouth
4251:Spokeshave
4201:Jack plane
4191:Fore plane
4030:Pipe clamp
3995:Band clamp
3919:Carpenters
3740:Engineered
3690:Rubberwood
3539:Eucalyptus
3343:Calocedrus
3256:Pyrography
3221:Kohlrosing
2786:Metallurgy
2580:Pantograph
2372:Tap wrench
2123:HathiTrust
2121:link from
2050:1104810110
1989:2006275684
1686:2020-07-29
1549:Moore 1970
1535:2022-11-01
1511:2019-10-09
1398:Moore 1970
1374:References
1230:See also:
1146:See also:
1094:Renovation
1088:See also:
1080:machines.
937:drill bits
914:paper tape
898:See also:
873:treadmills
849:Mr. Slater
775:millwright
728:James Watt
662:stationary
610:bow drills
466:, or even
409:economists
393:colloquial
362:efficiency
334:sculptures
303:efficiency
180:hand tools
94:line shaft
4781:Machining
4479:Parquetry
4474:Oystering
4469:Marquetry
4310:Butterfly
3977:Workbench
3909:Sandpaper
3889:Mitre box
3834:Drawknife
3824:Burnisher
3809:Abrasives
3758:Hardboard
3419:Afromosia
3301:Whittling
3251:Parquetry
3236:Marquetry
3181:Certosina
3176:Carpentry
3166:Cabinetry
3113:Overviews
2914:Jig borer
2781:Machining
2776:Jewellery
2744:Workpiece
2739:Tramp oil
2729:Tolerance
2560:Machining
2550:Jig borer
2535:Engraving
2510:Broaching
2497:Machining
2377:Threading
2342:Drill bit
2324:threading
2265:Machining
1807:jig borer
1759:246343673
1362:Tool Ways
1357:Tool wear
922:computers
906:flywheels
718:cast iron
674:otherwise
654:artillery
507:mass noun
433:Houdaille
397:machining
288:computers
273:cams and
64:workpiece
52:machining
4776:Machines
4725:Category
4504:Adhesive
4484:Purfling
4464:Intarsia
4405:Profiles
4330:Dovetail
4269:Geometry
4108:Hand saw
4093:Crosscut
4078:Circular
4073:Chainsaw
4020:Holdfast
3685:Rosewood
3617:American
3612:Mahogany
3584:Jelutong
3554:Hornbeam
3519:Cocobolo
3514:Chestnut
3429:Andiroba
3241:Millwork
3206:Intarsia
3201:Fretwork
3196:Ébéniste
3125:Glossary
3018:Forestry
3008:Cleaning
2979:Tool bit
2884:End mill
2791:Smithing
2530:End mill
2437:Grinding
2397:Abrasive
2357:Drilling
2332:Die head
2319:Drilling
2167:65080822
2140:(1965),
2109:37016470
2083:83048867
2063:(1984),
2042:83016269
2018:(1984),
1997:70251252
1947:47003762
1937:(1947),
1920:72006354
1850:27-24075
1841:16011753
1829:(1916),
1800:73127307
1790:(1970),
1739:(1989),
1576:, 2000,
1493:Roe 1916
1352:Tool bit
1280:See also
1074:addition
948:Examples
869:treadles
854:—
698:aircraft
690:bicycles
650:firearms
640:such as
628:and the
421:riveting
401:grinding
376:to make
230:linearly
226:tool way
188:medieval
175:freehand
76:freehand
72:toolpath
60:grinding
4745:Commons
4661:Whipsaw
4656:Sawmill
4549:Varnish
4544:Thermal
4519:Lacquer
4454:Binding
4423:Chamfer
4290:Biscuit
4256:Surform
4148:Whipsaw
4118:Keyhole
4103:Fretsaw
4083:Compass
4068:Bucksaw
4058:Bandsaw
4053:Backsaw
4035:Sawbuck
4005:F-clamp
4000:C-clamp
3874:Jointer
3778:Plywood
3730:Zebrano
3670:Ovankol
3635:Meranti
3623:African
3594:Linden
3549:Hickory
3504:Cedrela
3499:Camphor
3494:Bubinga
3489:Boxwood
3469:Bilinga
3454:Avodire
3371:Juniper
3356:Cypress
3231:Luthier
3120:History
3043:Masonry
3033:Kitchen
2904:Hacksaw
2843:Machine
2801:Welding
2771:Forming
2761:Casting
2693:Wiggler
2683:Mandrel
2653:Fixture
2615:Turning
2610:Skiving
2570:Milling
2545:Hobbing
2467:Sanding
2462:Lapping
2389:lapping
2117:3456642
1680:Thibaut
1010:Bandsaw
546:History
521:(for a
519:treadle
425:presses
417:swaging
350:newtons
256:vectors
211:spindle
196:spindle
48:machine
4651:Hewing
4390:Splice
4345:Halved
4340:Groove
4335:Finger
4315:Coping
4300:Bridle
4277:Joints
4158:Planes
4143:Veneer
4133:Scroll
4128:Ripsaw
4113:Jigsaw
4088:Coping
3987:Clamps
3914:Square
3904:Shaper
3899:Router
3879:Mallet
3854:Gimlet
3829:Chisel
3725:Willow
3715:Walnut
3705:Totara
3695:Sapele
3660:Poplar
3645:Padauk
3607:Merbau
3579:Jarrah
3564:Imbuia
3559:Idigbo
3524:Cumaru
3509:Cherry
3434:Anigre
3396:Spruce
3349:Cedrus
3216:Khatam
3171:Caning
3134:lumber
3053:Mining
3023:Garden
2989:Welder
2964:Shaper
2949:Planer
2874:Broach
2648:Collet
2605:Shaper
2595:Reamer
2590:Planer
2540:Facing
2505:Boring
2299:G-code
2165:
2152:250074
2150:
2115:
2107:
2081:
2071:
2048:
2040:
2030:
2006:
1995:
1987:
1977:
1954:
1945:
1918:
1908:
1879:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1798:
1757:
1747:
1659:
1621:
1600:
1580:
1241:Safety
1100:, and
1026:Planer
1005:Shaper
865:cranks
813:, and
811:shaper
769:, and
696:; and
672:, and
666:marine
658:clocks
622:lathes
527:shaper
462:, and
441:import
437:export
370:person
364:, and
354:pounds
305:, and
284:servos
277:. The
234:length
184:lathes
56:boring
4786:Tools
4529:Paint
4438:Ovolo
4433:Ogive
4418:Bevel
4385:Scarf
4370:Miter
4138:Table
4123:Miter
4098:Frame
4015:Gripe
3931:Speed
3927:Miter
3859:Gauge
3849:Float
3844:Fence
3839:Drill
3797:Tools
3720:Wenge
3710:Utile
3675:Ramin
3630:Maple
3602:Lovoa
3574:Iroko
3544:Hazel
3529:Ebony
3474:Birch
3464:Beech
3459:Balsa
3449:Aspen
3444:Apple
3424:Alder
3381:Kauri
3376:Larch
3338:Cedar
3321:Woods
3296:Treen
3058:Power
2919:Lathe
2849:tools
2724:Swarf
2643:Chuck
2337:Drill
1720:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1347:Swarf
1033:mills
982:Lathe
933:drill
875:, or
523:lathe
405:swarf
346:value
315:value
169:Many
87:below
46:is a
4428:Ogee
4413:Bead
4355:Knee
4325:Dado
4305:Butt
4045:Saws
3957:Vise
3894:Rasp
3819:Adze
3700:Teak
3655:Plum
3650:Pear
3411:Hard
3391:Rimu
3386:Pine
3330:Soft
3130:Wood
3028:Hand
2939:Mill
2845:and
2284:2.5D
2163:LCCN
2148:OCLC
2113:OCLC
2105:LCCN
2079:LCCN
2069:ISBN
2046:OCLC
2038:LCCN
2028:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1993:OCLC
1985:LCCN
1975:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1943:LCCN
1916:LCCN
1906:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1860:)..
1854:ISBN
1846:LCCN
1837:LCCN
1796:LCCN
1780:NBER
1755:OCLC
1745:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1021:Saws
977:Hone
678:Watt
670:rail
612:and
538:and
493:The
486:and
470:and
439:and
413:dies
399:and
4554:Wax
4524:Oil
4360:Lap
4295:Box
4063:Bow
3935:Try
3814:Axe
3768:OSB
3763:MDF
3640:Oak
3569:IpĂŞ
3534:Elm
3439:Ash
3401:Yew
3366:Fir
2909:Hob
2663:Jig
2321:and
2294:CAM
2289:CAD
1263:.
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1170:.
1125:.
1070:add
916:or
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684:);
682:Roe
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576:by
340:or
311:why
251:cam
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