Kali - Knowledge

1872: 4729: 1537: 1409: 1843:. Here, she is identified as the supreme mother of the universe, associated with the five elements. In union with Lord Shiva, she creates and destroys worlds. Her appearance also takes a different turn, befitting her role as ruler of the world and object of meditation. In contrast to her terrible aspects, she takes on hints of a more benign dimension. She is described as young and beautiful, has a gentle smile, and makes gestures with her two right hands to dispel any fear and offer boons. The more positive features exposed offer the distillation of divine wrath into a goddess of salvation, who rids the 1320: 1856: 1447:

more fearful, afraid that in her rampage, Kali would not stop until she destroyed the entire universe. Shiva saw only one solution to prevent Kali's endless destruction. Shiva lay down on the battlefield so that Goddess Mahakali would have to step on him. When she saw her consort under her foot, Kali realized that she had gone too far. Filled with grief for the damage she had done, her blood-red tongue hung from her mouth, calming her down. In some interpretations of the story, Shiva was attempting to receive Kali's grace by receiving her foot on his chest.

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reconciled with death and to learn acceptance of the way that things are. These themes are addressed in Rāmprasād's work. Rāmprasād comments in many of his other songs that Kāli is indifferent to his wellbeing, causes him to suffer, brings his worldly desires to nothing and his worldly goods to ruin. He also states that she does not behave like a mother should and that she ignores his pleas:

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art the Origin of and devourest all things Thou art called the Adya . Re-assuming after Dissolution Thine own form, dark and formless, Thou alone remainest as One ineffable and inconceivable. Though having a form, yet art Thou formless; though Thyself without beginning, multiform by the power of Maya, Thou art the Beginning of all, Creatrix, Protectress, and Destructress that Thou art.

1069:, in various ways and with a variety of weapons in an attempt to destroy him. They soon find that they have worsened the situation for with every drop of blood that is dripped from Raktabīja, he reproduces a duplicate of himself. The battlefield becomes increasingly filled with his duplicates. Durga summons Kāli to combat the demons. The 1499:

death, destruction and is worshipped by tantrics. As Samhara Kali she gives death and liberation. According to the Mahakala Samhita, Samhara Kali is two armed and black in complexion. She stands on a corpse and holds a freshly cut head and a plate to collect the dripping blood. She is worshipped by warriors, tantrics – the followers of

1621:. Under the third eye of Kali, the signs of both sun, moon, and fire are visible, representing the driving forces of nature. Kali is not always thought of as a Dark Goddess. Despite Kali's origins in battle, she evolved to a full-fledged symbol of Mother Nature in her creative, nurturing and devouring aspects. 1305:) being-consciousness-bliss and far above Prakriti. She is shown as very dark as she is Brahman in its supreme unmanifest state. She has no permanent qualities—she will continue to exist even when the universe ends. It is therefore believed that the concepts of color, light, good, and bad do not apply to her. 1083:(skull-topped staff), decorated with a garland of skulls, clad in a tiger's skin, very appalling owing to her emaciated flesh, with gaping mouth, fearful with her tongue lolling out, having deep reddish eyes, filling the regions of the sky with her roars, falling upon impetuously and slaughtering the great 1826:

He, O Mahākāli who in the cremation-ground, who wear skull garland and skirt of bones and with dishevelled hair, intently meditates upon Thee and recites Thy mantra, and with each recitation makes offering to Thee of a thousand Akanda flowers with seed, becomes without any effort a Lord of the earth.

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or force of time. When there were neither the creation, nor the sun, the moon, the planets, or the earth, there was only darkness, and everything was created from the darkness. The dark appearance of Kali represents the darkness from which everything was born. Her complexion is black. As she is also

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Samhara Kali, also called Vama Kali, is the embodiment of the power of destruction. The chief goddess of Tantric texts, Samhara Kali is the most dangerous and powerful form of Kali. Samhara Kali takes form when Kali steps out with her left foot holding her sword in her right hand. She is the Kali of

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The pose shows the conclusion of an episode in which Kali was rampaging out of control after destroying many demons. Vishnu confronted Kali in an attempt to cool her down. She was unable to see beyond the limitless power of her rage and Vishnu had to move out of her way. Seeing this the devas became

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Other forms of Kali popularly worshipped in Bengal include Raksha Kali (form of Kali worshipped for protection against epidemics and drought), Bhadra Kali and Guhya Kali. Kali is said to have 8, 12, or 21 different forms according to different traditions. The popular forms are Adya Kali, Chintamani

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and carried out Ra's orders until she became so captured by her blood-lust that she would not stop despite Ra himself becoming distressed and wishing an end to the killing. Therefore, Ra concocted a ruse whereby a plain was flooded with beer which had been dyed red, which Sekhmet mistook for blood

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spirituality who are attracted to goddess worship. , Kali is a symbol of wholeness and healing, associated especially with repressed female power and sexuality. confusion and misrepresentation, stemming from a lack of knowledge of Hindu history among these authors, draw upon materials written by

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An academic study of modern-day western Kali enthusiasts noted that, "as shown in the histories of all cross-cultural religious transplants, Kali devotionalism in the West must take on its own indigenous forms if it is to adapt to its new environment." Rachel Fell McDermott, Professor of Asian and

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At the dissolution of things, it is Kāla Who will devour all, and by reason of this He is called Mahākāla , and since Thou devourest Mahākāla Himself, it is Thou who art the Supreme Primordial Kālika. Because Thou devourest Kāla, Thou art Kāli, the original form of all things, and because of Thou

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Kali is often shown standing with her right foot on Shiva's chest. This represents an episode where Kali was out of control on the battlefield, such that she was about to destroy the entire universe. Shiva pacified her by laying down under her foot to pacify and calm her. Shiva is sometimes shown

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is undefeated because of his ability to reproduce himself from every drop of his blood that reaches the ground. Countless Raktabija clones appear on the battlefield. Kali eventually defeats him by sucking his blood before it can reach the ground, and eating the numerous clones. Kinsley writes that

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in the 13th century based on an older 5th century work, which actively recontextualizes Kali in a Buddhist context, exploring the nature of violence and vengeance and how they trap people in cycles until justification, guilt, and good and evil become irrelevant. Kali has been seen as both a demon

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forms are subordinate to Kāliammā (the mother of Kāli). Red flowers, silver coins, blood, and oil lamps with mustard oil are offered to her, and as Pattini's servant, she accepts offerings on her behalf. Sohonkāli is the form venerated in one of her most popular temples, the Mōdara Kāli temple in

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temple, though over 80% of its patrons are Sinhala Buddhists. Bhadrakāli priests here interpret her tongue as symbolizing revenge, rather than embarrassment, and she tramples the demon of ignorance), Mahābhadrakāli, Pēnakāli, Vandurukāli (Hanumāpatrakāli), Rīrikāli, Sohonkāli, and Ginikāli. These

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started attacking warriors, with the text of the myth describing the goddess as gloating and her heart filling with joy and her liver with laughter while attaching the heads of warriors to her back and girding hands to her waist until she is pacified by a message of peace sent by her brother and

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To be a child of Kāli, Rāmprasād asserts, is to be denied of earthly delights and pleasures. Kāli is said to refrain from giving that which is expected. To the devotee, it is perhaps her very refusal to do so that enables her devotees to reflect on dimensions of themselves and of reality that go

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refers to the gift given to a priest before performing a ritual or to one's guru. Such gifts are traditionally given with the right hand. Dakshinakali's two right hands are usually depicted in gestures of blessing and giving of boons. One version of the origin of her name comes from the story of

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The Tantric approach to Kāli is to display courage by confronting her on cremation grounds in the dead of night, despite her terrible appearance. In contrast, the Bengali devotee adopts the attitude of a child, coming to love her unreservedly. In both cases, the goal of the devotee is to become

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or Hindu Gods and are often the identifying weapon or ritual item of a given Deva. The implication is that Mahakali subsumes and is responsible for the powers that these deities possess and this is in line with the interpretation that Mahakali is identical with Brahman. While not displaying ten

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appropriate and a natural by-product of religious globalization—although such borrowing ought to be done responsibly and self-consciously. If some Kali enthusiasts, therefore, careen ahead, reveling in a goddess of power and sex, many others, particularly since the early 1990s, have decided to

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A tantric interpretation sees Shiva as consciousness and Kali as power or energy. Consciousness and energy are dependent upon each other, since Shiva depends on Shakti, or energy, in order to fulfill his role in creation, preservation, and destruction. In this view, without Shakti, Shiva is a

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specify the ritual for how the animal should be killed. A Brahmin priest will recite a mantra in the ear of the animal to be sacrificed, in order to free the animal from the cycle of life and death. Groups such as People for Animals continue to protest animal sacrifice based on court rulings

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pose, with her right foot forward. When she saw Krishnananda watching her, she was embarrassed and put her tongue between her teeth, Agamavagisha realized that this was the divine form of maa kali he was looking for. Krishnananda Agamavagisha was also the guru of the Kali devotee and poet

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scholars of the Hindu religious tradition ... It is hard to import the worship of a goddess from another culture: religious associations and connotations have to be learned, imagined or intuited when the deep symbolic meanings embedded in the native culture are not available.

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reconsider their theological trajectories. These , whether of South Asian descent or not, are endeavoring to rein in what they perceive as excesses of feminist and New Age interpretations of the Goddess by choosing to be informed by, moved by, an Indian view of her character.

988:. When Vishnu woke up he started a war against the two asuras. After a long battle with Lord Vishnu when the two demons were undefeated Mahakali took the form of Mahamaya to enchant the two asuras. When Madhu and Kaitabha were enchanted by Mahakali, Vishnu killed them. 2267:

The Hindu goddess Kālī similarly wore a necklace of severed heads and a girdle of severed hands, and was pacified by her consort, Śiva, throwing himself under her feet. The sickle sword wielded by Kālī might also have been connected to similar sickle swords used in

1481:. Devi Kali reportedly appeared to him in a dream and told him to popularize her in a particular form that would appear to him the following day. The next morning he observed a young woman making cow dung patties. While placing a patty on a wall, she stood in the 1031:

has a different version of Kali's relationship with Parvati. When Shiva addresses Parvati as Kali, "the dark blue one", she is greatly offended. Parvati performs austerities to lose her dark complexion and becomes Gauri, the golden one. Her dark sheath becomes

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There are many varied depictions of the different forms of Kali. The most common form shows her with four arms and hands, showing aspects of both creation and destruction. The two right hands are often held out in blessing, one in a mudra saying "fear not"

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Oh Kāli, whoever on Tuesday at midnight, having uttered Thy mantra, makes offering even but once with devotion to Thee of a hair of his Shakti in the cremation-ground, becomes a great poet, a Lord of the earth, and ever goes mounted upon an elephant.

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The most widespread interpretation of Kali's extended tongue involve her embarrassment over the sudden realization that she has stepped on her husband's chest. Kali's sudden "modesty and shame" over that act is the prevalent interpretation among

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where this takes place involves the ritual slaying of goats, chickens and sometimes male water buffalos. Throughout India, the practice is becoming less common. The rituals in eastern India temples where animals are killed are generally led by

1899:'s consort, Kāli is rarely pictured in Hindu legends and iconography as a motherly figure until Bengali devotions beginning in the early eighteenth century. Even in Bengāli tradition her appearance and habits change little, if at all. 1583:

or modesty, an expression that is widely accepted as the emotion being expressed by Kali. In Bengal also, Kali's protruding tongue is "widely accepted... as a sign of speechless embarrassment: a gesture very common among Bengalis."

1025:, who received a boon that would only allow a female to kill him. Parvati merges with Shiva's body, reappearing as Kali to defeat Daruka and his armies. Her bloodlust gets out of control, only calming when Shiva intervenes. The 1372:

Kali is depicted in the Mahakali form as having ten heads, ten arms, and ten legs. Each of her ten hands is carrying a various implement which varies in different accounts, but each of these represents the power of one of the

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once asked a devotee why one would prefer to worship Mother over him, this devotee rhetorically replied, "Maharaj, when they are in trouble your devotees come running to you. But, where do you run when you are in trouble?"

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In the ten-armed form of Mahakali, she is depicted as shining like a blue stone. She has ten faces, ten feet, and three eyes for each head. She has ornaments decked on all her limbs. There is no association with Shiva.

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The twin earrings of Kali are small embryos. This is because Kali likes devotees who have childlike qualities in them. The forehead of Kali is seen to be as luminous as the full moon and eternally giving out ambrosia.

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Two of these hands (usually the left) are holding a sword and a severed head. The sword signifies divine knowledge and the human head signifies human ego which must be slain by divine knowledge in order to attain

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with a blissful smile on his face. She is typically shown with a garland of severed heads, often numbering fifty. This can symbolize the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet and therefore as the primordial sound of

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Dakshinakali is the most popular form of Kali in Bengal. She is the benevolent mother, who protects her devotees and children from mishaps and misfortunes. There are various versions for the origin of the name

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by her touch." In fact, Shiva is said to have become so enchanted by Kali that he performed austerities to win her, and having received the treasure of her feet, held them against his heart in reverence.

918:. Kali, is then understood as, "she who is the ruler of time", or "she who is black". Kālī is the goddess of time or death and the consort of Shiva. She is called Kali Mata ("the dark mother") and also 1693:

The chant of the first chapter of Durga Saptashati is considered a very important hymn to Sri Mahakali as Devi Mahatmyam / Durga Saptashati dates back to the Upanishadic Era of Indological literature.

999:. Kaushiki responds with such anger it causes her face to turn dark, resulting in Kali appearing out of her forehead. Kali's appearance is dark blue, gaunt with sunken eyes, and wearing a tiger skin 2231:

goddess Kali, who is first attested in the 7th century CE, shares some characteristics with some ancient Near Eastern goddesses, such as wearing a necklace of heads and a belt of severed hands like

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Interpretations of the symbolic meanings of Kali's appearance vary depending on Tantric or devotional approach, and on whether one views her image in a symbolic, allegorical or mystical fashion.

954:, Kali’s origins can be traced to the deities of the Pre-Vedic village, tribal, and mountain cultures of South Asia who were gradually appropriated and transformed by the Sanskritic traditions. 1201:

describes Kali as "possessing a soothing dark complexion, as perfectly beautiful, riding a lion, four-armed, holding a sword and blue lotus, her hair unrestrained, body firm and youthful".

3877: 876:(liberation). Worshipped throughout South Asia but particularly in Nepal, South India, Bengal, and Assam; Kali is a central figure in Goddess-centric traditions of Hinduism as well as in 1540:

In Bengal and Odisha, Kali's extended tongue is widely seen as expressing embarrassment over the realization that her foot is on her husband's chest. Pictured is the idol of Kali at the

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in order to defend the innocent. Over time, Kali has been worshipped by devotional movements and Tàntric sects variously as the Divine Mother, Mother of the Universe, Principal energy (

1571:, beyond all qualities of nature, and transcendent. Kali's lolling tongue is interpreted as her being angry, enraged; while many in India interpret it as "biting the tongue" in shame. 1256:, which means her initiated devotees (or anyone worshipping her with a true heart) will be saved as she will guide them here and in the hereafter. This is the form of Dakshina Kali. 1161:

with intoxication and rage. Her hair is disheveled, small fangs sometimes protrude out of her mouth, and her tongue is lolling. Sometimes she dons a skirt made of human arms and a

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There are several interpretations of the symbolism behind the commonly represented image of Kali standing on Shiva's supine form. A common interpretation is that Shiva symbolizes

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is very often identified with Kali and is very much like her in appearance and habit. In Tantric Kali Kula Shaktism, Kali is the supreme goddess and source of all goddesses. In

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in that army, she devoured those hordes of the foes of the devas and caught the blood of Raktabīja before it could fall to the ground, stopping him from creating more duplicates.

2580: 1728:, it is Kali who seems to dominate much of the Tantric iconography, texts, and rituals. In many sources Kāli is praised as the highest reality or greatest of all deities. The 1157:

form and the ten-armed Mahakali avatar. In both, she is described as being black in colour, though she is often seen as blue in popular Indian art. Her eyes are described as

5634: 1347:. It can also be used as an honorific of the Goddess Kali, signifying her greatness by the prefix "Mahā-". Mahakali, in Sanskrit, is etymologically the feminized variant of 2046:. In Sinhala Buddhism, her origin is explained through her arriving at Munneśvaram from South India, eating humans, and attempting to eat Pattini, who instead tames her. 4033: 3156:

Menon, Usha; Shweder, Richard A. (1994). "Kali's Tongue: Cultural Psychology and the Power of Shame in Orissa, India". In Kitayama, Shinobu; Markus, Hazel Rose (eds.).

2070:(though a tamed one, thanks to Pattini) and a goddess in Sri Lanka. She and mythical Sinhala Buddhist kings both use demonic fury as a necessary condition of conquest. 2042:

In Sri Lanka, Kali is venerated and called upon by Buddhists and Hindus. She is a type of mother goddess, sometimes invoked to fight disease, and a maid of the Goddess

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Kali could be considered a general concept, like Durga, and is primarily worshipped in the Kali Kula sect of worship. The closest way of direct worship is Maha Kali or

1443:'s chest—while depictions showing Kali with her left foot on Shiva's chest depict the even more fearsome Vamakali. Vamakali is usually worshipped by non-householders. 1465:

According to Rachel Fell McDermott, the poets portrayed Shiva as "the devotee who falls at feet in devotion, in the surrender of his ego, or in hopes of gaining

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Out of the surface of her (Durga's) forehead, fierce with frown, issued suddenly Kali of terrible countenance, armed with a sword and noose. Bearing the strange

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The figure of Kāli conveys death, destruction, and the consuming aspects of reality. As such, she is also a "forbidden thing", or even death itself. In the

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chants, and from non-Buddhist yantras and mantras. The Sādhakayantra is popular, and its corresponding mantra includes Arabic words and Islamic concepts.

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heads, an "ekamukhi" or one headed image may be displayed with ten arms, signifying the same concept: the powers of the various Gods come only through her

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There are many different interpretations of the pose held by Dakshinakali, including those of the 18th and 19th-century bhakti poet-devotees such as

1636:, nature or matter, sometimes seen as having a feminine quality of creation of life. The merging of these two qualities represent ultimate reality. 3999: 1944:. The practice of animal sacrifice is still practiced during Kali Puja in Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, though it is rare outside of those areas. The 950:(19.7). Kali originated as a tantric and non-Vedic goddess. Her roots are most probably connected to the Pre-Aryan period. According to Indologist 3867: 3062:

Pravrajika Vedantaprana, Saptahik Bartaman, Volume 28, Issue 23, Bartaman Private Ltd., 6, JBS Haldane Avenue, 700 105 (ed. 10 October 2015) p.16

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She is regarded as having seven forms; Bhadrakāli (who is associated with business and gold trade, and prominently worshipped at the Tamil Hindu

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In fact, chanting of Mahishasura Mardhini is a daily ritual in all Hindu Bengali homes especially during Navratri / Durga Pujo as it is called.

1290:, and each of these letters represents a form of energy, or a form of Kali. Therefore, she is generally seen as the mother of language, and all 1553:), the other conferring boons. Her left hands hold a severed head and blood-covered sword. The sword severs the bondage of ignorance and ego ( 1343:: મહાકાળી), literally translated as "Great Kali," is sometimes considered as a greater form of Kali, identified with the Ultimate reality of 2164:

and author of several books on Kali, has noted the evolving views in the West regarding Kali and her worship. In 1998 McDermott wrote that:

1740:, and Shiva all arise from her like bubbles in the sea, ceaselessly arising and passing away, leaving their original source unchanged. The 1517: 1228:

Kali's most common four armed iconographic image shows each hand carrying variously a Khadga (crescent-shaped sword or a giant sickle), a

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boldly seeks to confront Kali, and thereby assimilates and transforms her into a vehicle of salvation. This is clear in the work of the

1138: 3377: 1835:, dated to approximately 10th century CE, clearly indicates that Kāli is more than a terrible, vicious, slayer of demons who serves 1520:, Bhadra Kali, Smashana Kali, Adharvana Bhadra Kali, Kamakala Kali, Guhya Kali, Hamsa Kali, Shyama Kali, and Kalasankarshini Kali. 1617:, her appearance representing the preservation of mother nature. Her free, long and black hair represents nature's freedom from 1596:

from which all creation proceeds. The severed arms which make up her skirt represent her devotee's karma that she has taken on.

4159:(1965). "Syrien: Die Mythologie der Ugariter und Phönizier" [Syria: The Mythology of the Ugarites and Phoenicians]. In 3714: 1884: 1436:). When Yama heard Kali's name, he fled in terror, and so those who worship Kali are said to be able to overcome death itself. 1187:'s blood as it drips out of his head while the goddess carries the head in her hand, preventing it from falling on the ground. 5076: 4213: 3947: 3850: 3836: 3819: 3809: 3697: 3549:

Hewamanage, Wimal (January 2018). "The History of the Kāli Cult and its Implications in Modern Sri Lankan Buddhist Culture".

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Similarly, while killing demons, Kālī became ecstatic with the joy of battle and slaughter and refused to stop, so that the

2420: 4516: 4379: 3972:"The feminist struggle continues, Gloria Steinem says, encouraging a Stanford audience toward 'one new subversive thing'" 2701:(2003). "India's Darkest Heart: Kali in the Colonial Imagination". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.). 2320:

feared she would destroy the world, and she was stopped through ruse when her consort Śiva threw himself under her feet.

2269: 2581:"Dakshin Kali Khadgamala Stotra: A Hymn to the Fierce and Compassionate Goddess from Rudrayamal Tantra - Aghori Stories" 826:, associated with time, death, violence, sexuality, female empowerment, and motherly love. Kali is the first of the ten 4616: 4149: 4009: 3916: 2998: 2869: 2682: 2540: 2428: 4434: 4418: 4402: 4388: 4372: 4359: 4346: 4328: 4312: 4299: 4283: 4267: 4249: 4231: 3629: 3587: 3461: 3426: 3351: 2905: 2623: 1015:

Other origin stories involve Parvati and Shiva. Parvati is typically portrayed as a benign and friendly goddess. The

752: 4440: 5639: 5069: 2098:. A few authors have drawn parallels between Kali worship and the ceremonies of the annual pilgrimage in honor of 3838:

Vampires' Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Bloodthirsty Biters, Stake-wielding Slayers, and Other Undead Oddities

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Dold, Patricia (2003). "Kali the Terrific and Her Tests". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.).

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Yoga, and are affirmed to be as central to discerning the nature of reality as are the male deities. Although

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The goddess is generally worshipped as Dakshina Kali (with her right feet on Shiva) in Bengal during Kali Puja.

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A variety of writers and thinkers have found Kali an exciting figure for reflection and exploration, notably,

1557:), represented by the severed head. One interpretation of Kali's tongue is that the red tongue symbolizes the 569: 5599: 4939: 3564: 1359:), an epithet of the God Shiva in Hinduism. Mahakali is the presiding Goddess of the first episode of the 5420: 5014: 4760: 2411:, published in 1972. Here, Kali's many arms symbolize the many tasks of the contemporary American woman. 1173:

while standing on the calm and prostrate Shiva, usually right foot forward to symbolize the more popular

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A form of Kali worship may have already been transmitted to the west in Medieval times by the wandering

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You have cut off the heads of the children of others, and these you wear as a garland around your neck.

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and drank until she became too inebriated to continue killing, thus saving humanity from destruction.

1462:. Some have to do with battle imagery and tantric metaphysics. The most popular is a devotional view. 5629: 5609: 3309: 1929:("Music of the Night"). Mostly sung by male vocalists, today women have taken to this form of music. 1925:

A significant portion of Bengali devotional music features Kāli as its central theme and is known as

1541: 1474: 586: 17: 2374:, features a resurgent sect of Thuggees as worshippers of Kali who are at war with the British Raj. 1875:

Idol of goddess Kali kept near Nimtala ghat for Visarjan or Immersion in the waters of river Hooghly

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Mahakali, goddess of time and death, depicted with a black complexion with ten heads, arms and legs.

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Vajrayoginī: her visualizations, rituals & forms: a study of the cult of Vajrayoginī in India

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If we compare the ceremonies with those performed in France at the shrine of Sainte Sara (called

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Kali appears in numerous stories, with her most renowned role being when she sprang from goddess

2018:, English: "The Black Wrathful Lady"). She features as a key deity in the practice tradition of 5644: 4945: 4609: 2219:

have Tamil ancestry but are, at least nominally, Catholics. The saint is identified with Kali.

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called Sara, who is actually part of the Kali/Durga/Sara worship among certain groups in India.

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Oṃ jayantī mangala kālī bhadrakālī kapālinī . Durgā kṣamā śivā dhātrī svāhā svadhā namō'stu‍tē.

1287: 4034:"Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai: Pooja Sharma Says, Playing Mahakali Is A Lifetime Experience" 3933: 3908: 2668: 1473:

The popularity of the worship of the Dakshinakali form of Goddess Kali is often attributed to

4969: 4205: 4180: 3303: 3175: 2371: 2009: 1394: 1046: 1042: 745: 443: 225: 51: 4156: 2436:(Mahakali), Shiva's consort, assumes varied forms to destroy evil and protect the innocent. 1319: 546: 5547: 5355: 4934: 4919: 4674: 3374: 2395: 2332: 1916:

It matters not how much I call you "Mother, Mother." You hear me, but you will not listen.

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Revelry, rivalry, and longing for the goddesses of Bengal: the fortunes of Hindu festivals

1671:ॐ जयंती मंगला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी । दुर्गा क्षमा शिवा धात्री स्वाहा स्वधा नमोऽस्तु‍ते ॥ 8: 5624: 5470: 5225: 4636: 4193: 3976: 3412: 3290:

Animal sacrifice is still practiced widely and is an important ritual in popular Hinduism

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In Tibet, Krodikali (alt. Krodhakali, Kālikā, Krodheśvarī, Krishna Krodhini) is known as

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Sarvamangal-māngalyē śivē sarvārthasādhikē. Śaraṇyē tryambakē Gauri nārāyaṇi namō'stu tē.

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Kinsley, David R. (2003). "Kali". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.).

1278:) or 51, which represents Varnamala or the Garland of letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, 5032: 4568: 4534: 4425: 4288: 4001:

Idolatry and the Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment

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Kali consumes Raktabīja and his duplicates, and dances on the corpses of the slain. In

831: 710: 453: 409: 135: 5408: 5004: 4999: 4979: 4929: 4770: 4602: 4430: 4414: 4398: 4384: 4368: 4355: 4342: 4324: 4308: 4295: 4279: 4263: 4245: 4227: 4209: 4145: 4005: 3943: 3912: 3901: 3846: 3815: 3693: 3635: 3625: 3583: 3467: 3457: 3432: 3422: 3357: 3347: 3313: 3271: 3239: 3181: 3133: 3105: 3097: 3077: 3036: 2994: 2956: 2901: 2865: 2821: 2733: 2706: 2678: 2647: 2619: 2536: 1669:सर्वमङ्गलमाङ्गल्ये शिवे सर्वार्थसाधिके । शरण्ये त्र्यम्बके गौरि नारायणि नमोऽस्तु ते ॥ 1630:, the universal unchanging aspect of reality, or pure consciousness. Kali represents 1513: 1450: 1340: 915: 795: 576: 436: 421: 285: 237: 2618:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 220–221. 2340: 991:

In later chapters, the story of two asuras who were destroyed by Kali can be found.

5340: 4798: 4317: 4137: 3671:

McDermott, Rachel Fell (1998). "The Western Kali". In Hawley, John Stratton (ed.).

2346: 1978: 1336: 1229: 1126: 992: 771: 738: 533: 478: 2030:. Other similar fierce deities include the dark blue Ugra Tara and the lion-faced 70:

Goddess of Time, Death, Violence, Sexuality, Female empowerment, and Motherly Love

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Mother of the Universe: Visions of the Goddess and Tantric Hymns of Enlightenment

4338: 4259: 3687: 3394: 3381: 3030: 2984: 2892:

Gupta, Sanjukta (2000). "The Worship of Kali According to the Todala Tantra". In

2727: 2530: 2367: 2317: 2208: 2107: 1374: 1298: 728: 682: 458: 369: 94: 2986:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

5194: 4994: 4984: 3216: 2407: 2359: 2351: 2023: 1926: 1815: 1682:ॐ काली काली महाकाली कालिके परमेश्वरी । सर्वानन्दकरी देवी नारायणि नमोऽस्तुते ।। 985: 964: 962:

Her most well-known appearance is on the battlefield in the sixth century text

601: 493: 431: 426: 213: 2297:, suspected that mankind was plotting against him, and so he sent the goddess 1605: 1297:

She is often depicted naked which symbolizes her being beyond the covering of

1007:. She immediately defeats the two asuras. Later in the same battle, the asura 904: 5589: 5583: 5531: 5092: 4974: 4964: 4914: 4906: 4866: 4861: 4808: 4441:

Narasimhananda, Swami, Prabuddha Bharata, January 2016, The Phalaharini Kali.

4272: 4201: 4197: 4092: 3842: 2328: 2284: 2095: 1888: 1768:, or "divinity itself"). They declare her to be an essence of her own form ( 1487: 1459: 1361: 1134: 1093: 1071: 1027: 951: 692: 591: 483: 463: 448: 414: 322: 233: 229: 3639: 3471: 3436: 3361: 1369:. Here Devi serves as the agent who allows the cosmic order to be restored. 1236:) collecting the blood of the severed head. This is the form of Bhima Kali. 1165:. Other times, she is seen wearing a tiger skin. She is also accompanied by 4896: 4818: 4492: 3504: 2843: 2383: 2355: 1945: 1618: 1379: 1264: 1017: 943: 634: 581: 47: 5236: 5061: 4353:

In the Beginning is Desire: Tracing Kali's Footprints in Indian Literature

2405:

A version of Kali is on the cover of the first issue of feminist magazine

2239:

and that therefore that her character might have been influenced by them.

2203:, an island territory of France in the Indian Ocean, veneration for Saint 1249: 1245: 1184: 1113: 1066: 936: 902: 808: 85: 5524: 5499: 5440: 5214: 5096: 4956: 4856: 4838: 4828: 3619: 3527:"THE REGENERATIVE POWER OF KALI WORSHIP IN CONTEMPORARY SINHALA BUDDHISM" 3451: 3416: 3341: 3285: 3160:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp. 241–284. 2388: 2272: 2099: 2027: 1990: 1977:

Tantric Kali cults such as the Kaula and Krama had a strong influence on

1657:(Bhadra in Sanskrit means 'gentle'). Kali is worshipped as one of the 10 1550: 1267:(an auspicious number in Hinduism and the number of countable beads on a 1205: 1154: 923: 596: 397: 220: 4453: 4410:

Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess

4096: 3526: 2567:

Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

2457: 2061:

Her worship in Sri Lanka dates back to at least the 9th century CE, and

5506: 5435: 5149: 4876: 4750: 4701: 3939: 2698: 2363: 2147: 2131: 2119: 2074: 2031: 1654: 1332: 1279: 1179:("right-hand path"), as opposed to the more infamous and transgressive 850: 827: 667: 541: 488: 125: 77: 43: 39: 4585: 4277:

Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess

2200: 1969: 5494: 5425: 5315: 5258: 5174: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4848: 4823: 4785: 4689: 4659: 4333: 4172: 3903:

50 Licks: Myths and Stories from Half a Century of the Rolling Stones

3177:

Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History (Cities of the Imagination)

2302: 2204: 1933: 1912:

Men call you merciful, but there is no trace of mercy in you, Mother.

1658: 1271: 1260: 1180: 1162: 1080: 1008: 1004: 842: 677: 662: 629: 519: 384: 359: 263: 259: 139: 3395:"Vajrayogini (Buddhist Deity) – Krodha Kali (Wrathful Black Varahi)" 3346:(1st Wisdom ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. pp. 38–40. 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2613: 2146:/Sara has been transferred to a Christian figure... in France, to a 1609:

the goddess of preservation, Kali is worshipped as the preserver of

5561: 5517: 5489: 5459: 5445: 5365: 5325: 5310: 5169: 5112: 5045: 4813: 4775: 4745: 4737: 4696: 4654: 4625: 4499: 3730:

Saint Expedit, worshipped locally, is identified with Goddess Kali.

2228: 2169: 2123: 1632: 1477:. He was a noted 17th-century Bengali Tantra thinker and author of 1423: 1348: 1328: 1314: 1283: 1121: 1062: 1034: 996: 897: 877: 869:. She is also seen as the divine protector and the one who bestows 856: 823: 524: 374: 330: 293: 182: 178: 121: 109: 35: 31: 3257: 3255: 1908:

Can mercy be found in the heart of her who was born of the stone?

1183:("left-hand path"). These serpents and jackals are shown to drink 301: 5511: 5484: 5345: 5320: 5300: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5179: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 4833: 4755: 4669: 4664: 4176: 3049: 2433: 2415: 2402:, created in 1971, was inspired by the stuck-out tongue of Kali. 2378: 2309: 2236: 2216: 2173: 2078: 2055: 2043: 1957: 1950: 1892: 1802: 1717: 1626: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1344: 1275: 1197: 865: 556: 379: 349: 197: 186: 117: 4551: 3418:

Dakini's warm breath: the feminine principle in Tibetan Buddhism

2019: 1012:

Kali represents "Durga's personified wrath, her embodied fury".

5455: 5450: 5415: 5403: 5393: 5360: 5350: 5285: 5204: 5184: 5122: 5117: 5050: 4765: 4679: 3868:"Art of the Rolling Stones: Behind That Zipper and That Tongue" 3252: 2298: 2252: 2248: 2127: 1986: 1982: 1973:

Tröma Nagm in Tibetan Buddhism, shares some attributes of Kali.

1954: 1941: 1937: 1880: 1864: 1847:

of fear. Here, Kali appears as a symbol of triumph over death.

1737: 1733: 1713: 1706: 1610: 1500: 1366: 1291: 1241: 1233: 1225:

Classic depictions of Kali share several features, as follows:

1217: 1170: 1103: 1084: 1022: 981: 977: 973: 871: 860: 672: 644: 639: 344: 241: 208: 201: 146: 105: 2301:, who was the incarnation of his violent feminine aspect, the 1910:

Were she not merciless, would she kick the breast of her lord?

1712:

Goddesses play an important role in the study and practice of

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Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West

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Encountering Kali: in the margins, at the center, in the West

3032:

Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West

2703:

Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West

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Renowned Goddess of Desire: Women, Sex, and Speech in Tantra

4076:

A Dictionary of Buddhist and Hindu Iconography (Illustrated)

3456:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 340, 426. 2424:(1984), an action-adventure film which takes place in 1935. 1661:

forms of Adi Parashakti. One mantra for worship to Kali is:

1565:) nature of the teeth. Her blackness represents that she is 5430: 5370: 5335: 5245: 5219: 5209: 5189: 5134: 4711: 4646: 4594: 4395:

In Praise of The Goddess: The Devimahatmyam and Its Meaning

3935:

Votes for Women: Celebrating New York's Suffrage Centennial

3421:(1st paperback ed.). Boulder: Shambhala. p. 146. 2391:

is pursued by Kali worshippers intending to sacrifice him.

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sects additionally worship Kali as the ultimate reality or

846: 819: 803: 687: 624: 619: 339: 3791: 3789: 3531:

Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology

3158:

Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence

2788:

Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas

1883:

devotional literature, with such notable devotee poets as

1045:, Kali turns black out of rage, while battling the demons 4038:

India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com

3828: 3735: 3715:"Tamils In Re-Union: Losing Cultural Identity – Analysis" 3264:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India

2670:

Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kali and Uma from Bengal

1891:(1718–1775). With the exception of being associated with 1748:

declare all of Kāli's mantras to be the greatest and the

1593: 1365:. Here, she is depicted as Devi in her universal form as 976:

as goddess Yoga Nidra to wake him up in order to protect

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Devī-Māhātmya – Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition

3786: 3747: 2790:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 70. 2294: 1936:

in eastern India – celebrated when the new moon day of

1439:

Dakshinakali is typically shown with her right foot on

1393:

is rendered to mean "black", translates to Japanese as

3776: 3774: 2255:

include a myth according to which the warrior goddess

2073:

Yantras are used in relation to her, sourced from the

2013: 4464: 4234:– Has a chapter on Mahadevi with a commentary on the 3661: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2288: 2142:

in Romani), we become aware that the worship of Kali/

1244:. The other two hands (usually the right) are in the 777: 5635:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

4222:

Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird,

3486:"Three aspects of the 'Dhammika Paniya' controversy" 3151: 3149: 1232:(trident), a severed head, and a bowl or skull-cup ( 783: 3932:Lemak, Jennifer A.; Hopkins-Benton, Ashley (2017). 3931: 3771: 3759: 3238:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 145. 1097:version of this story, Kali is also described as a 1021:describes Shiva asking Parvati to defeat the asura 972:is Mahakali, who appears from the body of sleeping 774: 3900: 2969: 2842: 2505:Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (1982). 1579:. The biting of the tongue conveys the emotion of 3146: 2951:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2012). 2308:Furthermore, Hathor appeared as the lion-goddess 1783:, Kāli is one of the epithets for the primordial 1720:is often said to be the recipient and student of 1561:nature being conquered by the white (symbolizing 946:, the first use of it as a proper name is in the 34:. For the Supreme goddess of time and death, see 5581: 2859: 2800: 2432:(2017) is an Indian television series in which 2293:, the ancient Egyptian supreme god, the Sun-god 1932:Kāli is especially venerated in the festival of 1412:Dakshina Kali, with Shiva devotedly at her foot. 27:Major deity and fierce form of the Hindu Goddess 3811:Magic Circles: The Beatles in Dream and History 3692:. University of California Press. p. 285. 3621:Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey 2914: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2705:. University of California Press. p. 171. 2637: 2635: 2235:, and drinking blood like the Egyptian goddess 2227:Scholar Marvin H. Pope in 1965 argues that the 2084: 4426:The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition 3076:. University of California Press. p. 36. 3035:. University of California Press. p. 54. 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 5077: 4610: 3801: 3173: 926:or as a description "the dark or black one". 914:(black), but these became associated through 746: 4067:Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions 3712: 3706: 3551:Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 3411: 3169: 3167: 3155: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2725: 2660: 2632: 1153:The goddess has two depictions: the popular 5091: 4136:Oxford Scholarship Online: September 2007, 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2950: 2920: 2746: 2504: 2290:The Deliverance of Mankind from Destruction 1961:forbidding the practice in some locations. 5084: 5070: 4617: 4603: 4154: 3865: 3741: 3548: 3301: 3118: 2862:Glory of the Divine Mother: Devi Mahatmyam 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2222: 2089: 1879:Kali is a central figure in late medieval 896:, which is mentioned quite differently in 753: 739: 84: 4142:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327823.001.0001 3898: 3685: 3670: 3655:The Rom-Vlach Gypsies and the Kris-Romani 3261: 3236:Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound 3215: 3164: 3096: 2878: 2809: 2666: 2612:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007). 2611: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2418:cult of Kali worshippers are villains in 1432:, lord of death, who lives in the south ( 3814:. Harvard University Press. p. 78. 3807: 3675:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 281–305. 3200: 3132:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 74. 3007: 2936:Hati, Kamalpada; P.K., Pramanik (1985). 2564: 2500: 2498: 2327: 2181:By 2003, she amended her previous view. 1968: 1870: 1854: 1787:, and in one passage Shiva praises her: 1700: 1535: 1449: 1407: 1318: 1216: 1148: 4105: 3997: 3834: 3617: 3505:"Kali is not alien to Sinhala-Buddhism" 3339: 3194: 3071: 2982: 2785: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2549: 2532:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar 2528: 2335:, based on the out stuck tongue of Kali 1850: 14: 5582: 4031: 3969: 3582:. Translated by Obeyesekere, Ranjini. 3524: 3221:Karpuradi Stotra, Tantrik Texts Vol IX 3124: 2840: 2834: 2641: 2513: 2037: 1964: 1810:, short praise of Kāli describing the 1512:Kali, Sparshamani Kali, Santati Kali, 1052: 5065: 4598: 4293:Hymns to the Goddess and Hymn to Kali 4123: 3577: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3497: 3495: 2815: 2697: 2691: 2495: 2323: 1940:month coincides with the festival of 46:. For divine entity in Hinduism, see 4517: 4187: 4165:Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient 4117:Impact of Tantra on Religion and Art 4098:Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Kali 3795: 3780: 3765: 3753: 3713:Suryanarayan, V. (12 October 2018). 3602: 3449: 3233: 3203:Secrets of Yantra, Mantra and Tantra 3028: 2598: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2421:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1663: 968:. The deity of the first chapter of 4380:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend 4091: 2938:Sri Ramakrishna: The Spiritual Glow 2726:Mohanty, Seema; Seema (July 2009). 2509:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 152. 2507:Sri Ramakrishna: The Spiritual Glow 2476:"The Significance of Dus Mahavidya" 2278: 1981:, as can be seen in fierce-looking 1038:, who while enraged, creates Kali. 922:which can be read here either as a 845:. The goddess is stated to destroy 24: 4114: 4082: 4064: 4057: 3970:Donald, Brooke (27 January 2012). 3907:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 3537: 3511: 3492: 3223:. Calcutta Agamanusandhana Samiti. 2923:'Sri Ramakrishna: The Great Master 2864:. Nesma Books India. p. 127. 2247:The Bronze Age epic cycles of the 2154: 30:This article is about the form of 25: 5656: 4447: 4169:Gods and Myths in the Middle East 4073: 3880:from the original on 11 June 2015 2940:. Orient Book Co. pp. 17–18. 2891: 2445: 2341:Thuggee § In popular culture 2242: 1125:), i.e. the slayer of the demons 5235: 4727: 4577: 4560: 4543: 4526: 4498: 4486: 4474: 3525:Bastin, Rohan (September 1996). 3302:McDermottb, Rachel Fell (2011). 2935: 2900:. Princeton Press. p. 466. 2801:Jagadiswarananda, Swami (1953). 2026:and is seen as a fierce form of 1599: 1531: 770: 722: 300: 138:(but varies by interpretation), 4306:Aghora, at the left hand of God 4025: 3991: 3963: 3925: 3892: 3866:Coscarelli, Joe (7 June 2015). 3859: 3835:Enright, Laura (30 June 2011). 3686:McDermott, Rachel Fell (2003). 3679: 3652: 3646: 3611: 3605:Gypsies: Wanderers of the World 3596: 3571: 3557: 3478: 3443: 3405: 3387: 3368: 3333: 3295: 3227: 3209: 3205:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 3090: 3065: 2944: 2929: 2853: 2794: 2719: 2667:McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). 1493: 1403: 1212: 4226:Shri Kali Publications (2001) 4032:Nathan, Leona (23 July 2017). 3180:. Andrews UK Ltd. p. 18. 2991:University of California Press 2860:Sankaranarayanan, Sri (2001). 2646:. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. 2573: 2529:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1993). 2468: 2429:Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai 1814:ritual unto her, performed on 1506: 1355:(which is interpreted also as 1057:In Kāli's most famous legend, 13: 1: 3450:Shaw, Miranda Eberle (2006). 2439: 2194: 4624: 4074:Bunce, Frederick W. (1997). 2185:... crosscultural borrowing 2085:Worship in the Western world 1859:Statue of Kali trampling on 1523: 1274:or rosary for repetition of 883: 841:’s fury to defeat the demon 7: 5015:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad 4421:) Edited by Tracy Pintchman 4365:The Goddess Kali of Kolkata 4351:Neela Bhattacharya Saxena, 4322:L'Orocc, dans l'âge de Kali 4238:from the Markandeya Purana. 4106:Harshananda, Swami (1981). 3453:Buddhist goddesses of India 3340:English, Elizabeth (2002). 2921:Saradananda, Swami (1952). 2816:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). 2289: 2160:Middle Eastern Cultures at 2014: 1922:beyond the material world. 1613:. Kali is standing calm on 1308: 1114: 1111:. She is given the epithet 937: 903: 809: 10: 5661: 5010:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad 4255:Swami Satyananda Saraswati 4108:Hindu Gods & Goddesses 4101:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3580:The Jewels of the Doctrine 3578:Thera, Dharmasena (1991). 3268:Princeton University Press 2983:Kinsley, David R. (1988). 2955:. SUNY Press. p. 53. 2818:Images of Indian Goddesses 2569:. Oxford University Press. 2338: 2305:, to destroy his enemies. 2005: 1648: 1643: 1312: 1263:, variously enumerated at 1221:A Tamil depiction of Kali. 957: 929: 29: 5557: 5468: 5386: 5244: 5233: 5103: 5041: 5025: 4955: 4905: 4847: 4784: 4736: 4725: 4645: 4632: 4124:Santideva, Sadhu (2000). 3998:Ganguly, Swagato (2017). 3899:Fornatale, Peter (2013). 3310:Columbia University Press 1724:'s wisdom in the form of 1696: 1542:Dakshineshwar Kali Temple 1475:Krishnananda Agamavagisha 799: 587:Krishnananda Agamavagisha 269: 255: 247: 219: 207: 193: 174: 145: 131: 101: 83: 75: 66: 61: 5541:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 4243:Kali: The Feminine Force 4188:Pope, Marvin H. (1977). 4004:. Taylor & Francis. 3808:McKinney, Devin (2003). 3673:Devi: Goddesses of India 3618:Fonseca, Isabel (1995). 3565:"Sri Kali and Sri Lanka" 3375:The Forms of Vajrayoginī 3308:. New York; Chichester: 3104:. Westland. p. 62. 3102:7 Secrets of the Goddess 2820:. Abhinav Publications. 2615:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 2333:The Rolling Stones' logo 2116:Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer 1885:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya 1667: 1061:and her assistants, the 942:appears as early as the 910:(time) is distinct from 552:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism) 5640:Time and fate goddesses 4990:Tripuratapini Upanishad 4459:Encyclopædia Britannica 4375:) by Shoma A. Chatterji 4291:(a.k.a. Arthur Avalon) 4083:Craven, Roy C. (1997). 3384:Himalayan Art Resources 3201:Chawdhri, L.R. (1992). 2841:Rawson, Philip (1973). 2786:Kinsley, David (1997). 2732:. Penguin Books India. 2675:Oxford University Press 2642:Coburn, Thomas (1984). 2565:McDaniel, June (2004). 2462:Encyclopædia Britannica 2223:Comparative scholarship 2215:) is very popular. The 2111: 2090:Theorized early worship 980:and the world from two 158:durgā kṣamā śivā dhātrī 154:oṁ jayanti maṅgala kālī 4391:) by Anna Dallapiccola 4115:Mishra, T. N. (1997). 4087:. Thames & Hudson. 3742:Pope & Röllig 1965 3380:21 August 2008 at the 3262:J. Fuller, C. (2004). 3174:Krishna Dutta (2011). 2849:. Thames & Hudson. 2336: 2212: 2192: 2179: 2152: 1974: 1919: 1876: 1868: 1829: 1794: 1709: 1676: 1640:corpse—unable to act. 1545: 1455: 1413: 1324: 1261:garland of human heads 1222: 1163:garland of human heads 1089: 1005:garland of human heads 167:oṁ krīṃ kālīkāya namaḥ 160:svāhā svadhā namostute 50:. For other uses, see 4970:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 4161:Haussig, Hans Wilhelm 4128:. Cosmo Publications. 4065:Bowker, John (2000). 3234:Beck, Guy L. (1993). 2372:Douglas Fairbanks Jr. 2331: 2183: 2166: 2148:non-existent "sainte" 2136: 1972: 1953:priests. A number of 1905: 1874: 1858: 1824: 1789: 1704: 1539: 1453: 1411: 1322: 1220: 1149:Iconography and forms 1077: 1047:Shumbha and Nishumbha 1043:Devi Bhagavata Purana 657:Festivals and temples 226:Devi-Bhagavata Purana 52:Kali (disambiguation) 38:. For the consort of 4437:) by Tracy Pintchman 4132:Loriliai Biernacki, 4085:Indian Art (revised) 3413:Simmer-Brown, Judith 3266:(Revised ed.). 3126:Sircar, Dineschandra 2396:tongue and lips logo 2172:and participants in 2067:Sadharma Ratnavaliya 1851:In Bengali tradition 1604:The name Kali means 398:Scriptures and texts 5600:Destroyer goddesses 5026:Regional variations 4405:) by Devadatta Kali 4304:Robert E. Svoboda, 4183:. pp. 217–312. 4171:] (in German). 4119:. D.K. Print World. 4110:. Ramakrishna Math. 4078:. D.K. Print World. 3977:Stanford University 3845:, Inc. p. 12. 3798:, pp. 607–608. 3756:, pp. 606–607. 2953:The Roots of Tantra 2925:. Ramakrishna Math. 2894:White, David Gordon 2805:. Ramakrishna Math. 2162:Columbia University 2106:("Sara the Black", 2038:In Sinhala Buddhism 1965:In Tantric Buddhism 1764:(manifestations of 1301:since she is pure ( 1248:(fearlessness) and 1053:Slayer of Raktabīja 995:attack the goddess 948:Kathaka Grhya Sutra 729:Hinduism portal 705:Regional variations 156:bhadrakālī kapālinī 5033:Caribbean Shaktism 4289:Sir John Woodroffe 4181:Ernst Klett Verlag 3873:The New York Times 3098:Pattanaik, Devdutt 2993:. pp. 86–90. 2898:Tantra in Practice 2481:The Times Of India 2400:The Rolling Stones 2356:RKO Radio Pictures 2350:, a 1939 American 2337: 2324:In popular culture 2077:, later Buddhist 1975: 1877: 1869: 1781:Mahanirvana-tantra 1760:all proclaim Kāli 1710: 1546: 1456: 1414: 1325: 1223: 1065:, wound the demon 934:Although the word 711:Caribbean Shaktism 454:Lalita Sahasranama 76:Member of the Ten 5620:Justice goddesses 5605:Creator goddesses 5575: 5574: 5059: 5058: 5005:Bhavana Upanishad 5000:Tripura Upanishad 4980:Shakta Upanishads 4224:Divine Initiation 4215:978-0-385-00569-2 4155:Pope, Marvin H.; 4126:Ascetic Mysticism 3949:978-1-4384-6732-0 3852:978-1-59797-752-4 3821:978-0-674-01202-8 3699:978-0-520-92817-6 3607:. pp. 38–57. 3319:978-0-231-12918-3 3277:978-0-691-12048-5 3245:978-1-64336-404-9 3187:978-1-904955-87-0 3139:978-81-208-0879-9 3111:978-93-84030-58-2 3083:978-0-520-92817-6 3042:978-0-520-92817-6 2962:978-0-7914-8890-4 2845:The Art of Tantra 2827:978-81-7017-416-5 2739:978-0-14-306764-1 2712:978-0-520-92817-6 2653:978-81-208-0557-6 2585:aghoristories.com 2260:consort, the god 2002:Classical Tibetan 1816:cremation grounds 1688: 1687: 1516:, Dakshina Kali, 1286:is a language of 1282:. Hindus believe 916:popular etymology 763: 762: 577:Bharatchandra Ray 422:Shakta Upanishads 279: 278: 238:Shakta Upanishads 136:Cremation grounds 16:(Redirected from 5652: 5630:Mother goddesses 5610:Forms of Parvati 5239: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5062: 4731: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4519: 4503: 4502: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4318:Dimitri Kitsikis 4241:Ajit Mookerjee, 4219: 4196:. Vol. 7C. 4194:The Anchor Bible 4184: 4157:Röllig, Wolfgang 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3906: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3603:McDowell, Bart. 3600: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3535: 3534: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3130:The Śākta Pīṭhas 3122: 3116: 3115: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3026: 3005: 3004: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2744: 2743: 2729:The Book of Kali 2723: 2717: 2716: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2535:. Nicolas Hays. 2526: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2292: 2285:Ancient Egyptian 2283:According to an 2279:Egyptian Sekhmet 2122:for Roma in the 2102:, also known as 2063:Dharmasena Thera 2017: 2007: 1979:Tantric Buddhism 1863:, worshipped in 1833:Karpuradi-stotra 1820:Samahana-sadhana 1808:Karpuradi-stotra 1758:Niruttara-tantra 1742:Niruttara-tantra 1664: 1127:Chanda and Munda 1117: 993:Chanda and Munda 940: 908: 892:is derived from 812: 801: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 755: 748: 741: 727: 726: 725: 602:Abhirami Bhattar 479:Saundarya Lahari 304: 281: 280: 88: 59: 58: 21: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5615:Hindu goddesses 5595:Death goddesses 5580: 5579: 5576: 5571: 5567:Hindu mythology 5553: 5464: 5382: 5240: 5231: 5099: 5090: 5060: 5055: 5037: 5021: 4951: 4901: 4843: 4804:Tripura Sundari 4780: 4732: 4723: 4641: 4628: 4623: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4572:from Wikisource 4566: 4561: 4559: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518:sister projects 4515:at Knowledge's 4509: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4450: 4445: 4216: 4069:. Oxford Press. 4060: 4058:Further reading 4054: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3942:. p. 204. 3930: 3926: 3919: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3783:, pp. 608. 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3723: 3721: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3669: 3662: 3651: 3647: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3547: 3538: 3523: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3429: 3410: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3382:Wayback Machine 3373: 3369: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3312:. p. 205. 3300: 3296: 3278: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3232: 3228: 3217:Woodroffe, John 3214: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3172: 3165: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3050: 3043: 3027: 3008: 3001: 2981: 2970: 2963: 2949: 2945: 2934: 2930: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2890: 2879: 2872: 2858: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2747: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2610: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2563: 2550: 2543: 2527: 2514: 2503: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2464:. 31 July 2024. 2456: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2368:Victor McLaglen 2343: 2326: 2281: 2245: 2225: 2197: 2157: 2155:In modern times 2134:(2001) states: 2092: 2087: 2040: 1993:and Krodikali. 1967: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1853: 1754:Kamakhya-tantra 1746:Picchila-tantra 1699: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1651: 1646: 1602: 1534: 1526: 1509: 1496: 1406: 1317: 1311: 1215: 1206:Sri Ramakrishna 1151: 1055: 960: 932: 886: 814:), also called 773: 769: 759: 723: 721: 716: 715: 706: 698: 697: 658: 650: 649: 615: 607: 606: 572: 562: 561: 529: 509: 507: 499: 498: 468: 459:Tripura Rahasya 444:Devi Bhagavatam 400: 390: 389: 325: 159: 157: 155: 97: 95:Raja Ravi Varma 71: 69: 68:Mother Goddess; 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5089: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4995:Devi Upanishad 4992: 4987: 4985:Sita Upanishad 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4592: 4591: 4574: 4557: 4555:from Wikiquote 4540: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4463: 4462: 4449: 4448:External links 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4422: 4406: 4392: 4376: 4362: 4349: 4331: 4315: 4302: 4286: 4270: 4252: 4239: 4236:Devi Mahatmyam 4220: 4214: 4185: 4152: 4150:978-0195327823 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4093:Doniger, Wendy 4089: 4080: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4024: 4011:978-1351584678 4010: 3990: 3962: 3948: 3924: 3918:978-1408833834 3917: 3891: 3858: 3851: 3827: 3820: 3800: 3785: 3770: 3768:, p. 601. 3758: 3746: 3744:, p. 239. 3734: 3719:Eurasia Review 3705: 3698: 3678: 3660: 3657:. p. 210. 3645: 3630: 3610: 3595: 3588: 3570: 3556: 3536: 3510: 3491: 3477: 3462: 3442: 3427: 3404: 3386: 3367: 3352: 3332: 3318: 3294: 3276: 3270:. p. 83. 3251: 3244: 3226: 3208: 3193: 3186: 3163: 3145: 3138: 3117: 3110: 3089: 3082: 3064: 3048: 3041: 3006: 3000:978-8120803947 2999: 2968: 2961: 2943: 2928: 2913: 2906: 2877: 2871:978-8187936008 2870: 2852: 2833: 2826: 2808: 2803:Devi Mahatmyam 2793: 2745: 2738: 2718: 2711: 2699:Urban, Hugh B. 2690: 2684:978-0198030706 2683: 2659: 2652: 2631: 2624: 2597: 2572: 2548: 2542:978-8120814509 2541: 2512: 2494: 2467: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2360:George Stevens 2352:adventure film 2325: 2322: 2280: 2277: 2270:early dynastic 2244: 2243:Levantine Anat 2241: 2224: 2221: 2196: 2193: 2156: 2153: 2126:, in southern 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2039: 2036: 2024:Machig Labdron 2015:khro ma nag mo 1966: 1963: 1927:Shyama Sangeet 1906: 1852: 1849: 1732:says the gods 1730:Nirvana-tantra 1698: 1695: 1686: 1685: 1674: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1601: 1598: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1508: 1505: 1495: 1492: 1405: 1402: 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1214: 1211: 1150: 1147: 1072:Devi Mahatmyam 1054: 1051: 986:Madhu-Kaitabha 970:Devi Mahatmyam 965:Devi Mahatmyam 959: 956: 931: 928: 900:. The homonym 885: 882: 761: 760: 758: 757: 750: 743: 735: 732: 731: 718: 717: 714: 713: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 690: 685: 683:Saraswati Puja 680: 675: 670: 665: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 538: 537: 528: 527: 522: 516: 515: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 494:Abirami Antati 491: 486: 481: 475: 474: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 449:Devi Mahatmyam 446: 441: 440: 439: 434: 429: 419: 418: 417: 407: 401: 396: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 336: 335: 326: 321: 320: 317: 316: 315: 314: 306: 305: 297: 296: 290: 289: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 257: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 223: 217: 216: 211: 205: 204: 195: 191: 190: 176: 172: 171: 170: 169: 163: 162: 149: 143: 142: 133: 129: 128: 103: 99: 98: 89: 81: 80: 73: 72: 67: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5657: 5646: 5645:War goddesses 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 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