358:, which optically reproduced a CPU design, or "mask", on the surface of the silicon chip. The name "contact" referred to the fact that the mask was placed directly on the surface of the chip, which had the significant disadvantage that it sometimes pulled away materials from the chip, which were then copied to subsequent chips. This caused the mask to become useless after about a dozen copies, and resulted in the vast majority of chips having fatal flaws; for a complex chip like the 6800, only about 10% of the chips would work once the masking process was complete.
282:
2538:
2528:
2518:
458:
2084:
2498:
39:
393:", and ship the masks to the aligners by the truckload. This meant that if a flaw was found in the design, it would cost a significant amount of money to fix it, as all the older masks would have to be thrown out. In contrast, with Micralign there was only one mask per aligner, so there was no inherent cost in replacing the mask if need be, although the cost, and especially time, of producing these master masks was considerable.
145:
2508:
1606:
450:. It was nearly identical to the 6501, with only a few minor differences: an added on-chip clock oscillator, a different functional pinout arrangement, generation of the SYNC signal (supporting single-instruction stepping), and removal of data bus enablement control signals (DBE and BA, with the former directly connected to the phase 2 clock instead). It outperformed the more-complex 6800 and
573:) in an all-stock deal. Holders of MOS received a 9.4 percent equity stake in CBM on the condition that Chuck Peddle would join Commodore as chief engineer. The deal went through, and while the firm basically became Commodore's production arm, they continued using the name MOS for some time so that manuals would not have to be reprinted. After a while MOS became the
477:
The 6502 was so cheap that many people believed it was a scam when MOS first showed it at a 1975 trade show. They were not aware of MOS's masking techniques and when they calculated the price per chip at the current industry yield rates, it did not add up. But any hesitation to buy it evaporated when
400:
The company's production lines typically reversed the numbers others were achieving; even the early runs of a new CPU design—what would become the 6502—were achieving a success rate of 70 percent or better. This meant that not only were its designs faster, but they also cost much less as
369:
system, the first projection scanner. Instead of placing the mask on the surface of the chip, it held it far from the surface and used highly accurate optics to project the image. Masks now lasted for thousands of copies instead of tens, and the flaw rate of the chips inverted so that perhaps 70% of
304:
In the early 1970s, TI decided to release their own line of calculators, instead of selling just the chips inside them, and introduced them at a price that was lower than the price of the chipset alone. Many early chip companies were reliant on sales of calculator chips and were wiped out in the
517:
and Atari disk drives. The 6504 was sometimes used in printers. MOS also released a series of similar CPUs using external clocks, which added a "1" to the name in the third digit, as the 6512 through 6515. These were useful in systems where the clock support was already being provided on the
454:, but cost much less and was easier to work with. Although it did not have the 6501's advantage of being able to be used in place of the Motorola 6800 in existing hardware, it was so inexpensive that it quickly became more popular than the 6800, making that a moot point.
658:(EPA) license. Dennis Peasenell became CEO. In December 1994, the EPA entered into a Prospective Purchase Agreement (limiting the company's liability in exchange for sharing the costs of cleanup) with GMT Microelectronics. In 1994, the company, operating under the name
396:
MOS developed the ability to "fix" its masks after they had been produced. This meant that as flaws in the design were discovered, the masks could be removed from the aligners, fixed, and put back in. This allowed them to rapidly drive out flaws in the original masks.
1551:
508:
A number of different versions of the basic CPU, known as the 6503 through 6507, were offered in 28-pin packages for lower cost. The various models removed signal or address pins. Far and away the most popular of these was the
427:
footprint. That was enough to allow
Motorola to sue. Allen-Bradley sold back its shares to the founders, sales of the 6501 basically stopped, and the lawsuit would drag on for many years before MOS was eventually forced to pay
326:, so they had to join a chip-building company to produce their new CPU. MOS was a small firm with good credentials in the right area, the east coast of the US. The team of four design engineers was headed by
591:
However, the original design group appeared to be even less interested in working for Jack
Tramiel than it had for Motorola, and the team quickly started breaking up. One result was that the newly completed
720:
and SiCr (silicon chromium) Thin Film
Resistor processes and would have been a licensed alternate source for TelCom's Bipolar based products, with production running at 10,000 5-inch
2594:
1873:
2604:
2644:
322:
left
Motorola shortly after its release, after management told them to stop working on a low-cost version of the design. At the time there was no such thing as a
2619:
2599:
1923:
1918:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1099:
994:
970:
928:
916:
883:
841:
835:
829:
2614:
2555:
1981:
602:
left MOS even before the
Commodore takeover, and moved home to Arizona. After a short stint consulting for a local company called ICE, he set up the
534:
However successful the 6502 was, the company itself was having problems. At about the same time the 6502 was being released, MOS's entire calculator
2629:
2639:
2446:
546:'s entry into the market. A fresh injection of capital saved CBM, and allowed it to invest in company suppliers in order to help ensure their
489:
The 6502 would quickly go on to be one of the most popular chips of its day. A number of companies licensed the 650x line from MOS, including
1636:(2005), Variant Press. Covers Chuck Peddle, the formation of MOS Technology and corporate history, and the design and promotion of the 6502.
655:
486:
at the same show in order to compete. Their moves legitimized the 6502, and by the show's end, the wooden barrel full of samples was empty.
2649:
2634:
630:
mode for compatibility. Since then WDC moved much of the original MOS catalog to CMOS, and the 6502 continued to be a popular CPU for the
716:
in revenues and 183 employees working on the site. Announced in March 1999, GMT would have provided foundry services based on TelCom's
732:) devices. In 2000, GMT Microelectronics discontinued operations and abandoned all of its assets at the Commodore Semiconductor Group
708:
in the semiconductor cleaning process. Leaks from the tank had caused the local groundwater to become contaminated with TCE and other
2609:
2511:
1446:
538:
market collapsed, and its prior existing products stopped shipping. Soon they were in serious financial trouble. Another company,
1880:
342:
design was somewhat similar to the 6800, but by using several design simplifications, the 6501 would be up to four times faster.
1553:
Measuring system for the pharmacological manipulation of the coagulation mechanism in blood and for the elapsed coagulation time
385:
The change to the
Micralign revealed a further advantage. Previously the masks were mass-produced by photography companies like
1974:
1816:
103:
1239:
293:
executives, John
Paivinen, Mort Jaffe and Don McLaughlin, formed MOS Technology in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1969. The
75:
2304:
1349:
1633:
577:. Despite being renamed to CSG, all chips produced were still stamped with the old "MOS" logo until week 22/23 of 1989.
1858:
82:
1661:
122:
2624:
2501:
1967:
1627:
251:
1309:. Vol. 71, no. 1071. Reed Business Information. September 9, 1976. p. 541 – via Google Books.
1610:
1277:
690:
682:
323:
56:
89:
2531:
1103:
744:
Most of the MOS chips are named according to following rules, which shows used technology (logic gate design):
60:
370:
the chips produced would work. The result was a similar inversion in pricing. The 6800 sold in small lots for
2113:
1791:
203:
1622:
338:
that would outperform the 6800 while being similar to it in purpose and much less expensive. The resulting
71:
1373:
2103:
1260:
717:
705:
539:
709:
646:
in 1994, Commodore
Semiconductor Group, MOS's successor, was bought by its former management for about
1473:
2179:
1261:"MOS MCS6500 Microcomputer Family Hardware Manual (Publication Number 6500-10A), January 1976, p. 41"
235:
1525:
2541:
2395:
305:
aftermath; those that survived did so by finding other chips to produce. MOS became a supplier to
2521:
1990:
1575:
266:
49:
1209:
1866:
1302:
973:– 80-column video (intended for Colour PET, part of its design used in the MOS 6560/6561)
490:
415:
When the 6501 was announced, Motorola launched a lawsuit almost immediately. Although the 6501
606:
in 1978. As a licensee of the 6502 line, their first products were bug-fixed, power-efficient
297:
was looking to provide a second source for electronic calculators and their chips designed by
2189:
1729:
1654:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1149:
1006:
1000:
988:
982:
976:
686:
603:
562:
502:
285:
A 1973 MOS Technology advertisement highlighting their custom integrated circuit capabilities
255:
218:
207:
1089:
1045:
796:
554:
display manufacturers, power controllers, and suppliers of the driver chips, including MOS.
96:
1938:
1109:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1035:
729:
721:
8:
1948:
1943:
1913:
1908:
1811:
1767:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1179:
1143:
1125:
1119:
1029:
922:
871:
859:
853:
811:
786:
618:
called the 65C150). But then they expanded the line greatly with the introduction of the
593:
466:
410:
351:
339:
1499:
1450:
1933:
1928:
1892:
1888:
1424:
1355:. United States Environmental Protection Agency Region III. August 2015. Archived from
1146:– ACIA Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter, HMOS-II variant of the 6551
1023:
1019:
1013:
960:
950:
940:
897:
890:
547:
535:
470:
290:
247:
1140:– CIA (Complex Interface Adapter) 1 MHz 8520 or 2 MHz 8520A-1 in Amiga
542:(CBM), had invested heavily in the calculator market and was also nearly wiped out by
2405:
2098:
1889:
1113:
1093:
1083:
701:
543:
298:
2456:
2199:
2148:
1647:
584:, primarily to "show off" the 6502 chip. At Commodore, Peddle convinced the owner,
550:
supply would not be upset in this fashion again. Among the several companies were
281:
2431:
2184:
2059:
1616:
697:
631:
615:
419:
was not compatible with the 6800, it could nevertheless be plugged into existing
416:
26:
This article is about the company. For metal–oxide–semiconductor technology, see
1350:"THIRD FIVE-YEAR REVIEW REPORT For Commodore Semiconductor Group Superfund Site"
678:
588:, that calculators were a dead end, and that home computers would soon be huge.
2400:
2390:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2274:
2247:
1775:
262:
1356:
473:(right). The production week/year (WWYY) of each chip is given below its name.
2588:
2570:
2557:
2477:
2436:
2363:
2358:
2312:
2204:
2143:
2069:
2064:
1395:
350:
Previous CPU designs, like the 6800, were produced using a device known as a
319:
301:(TI). In 1970 Allen-Bradley acquired a majority interest in MOS Technology.
294:
270:
163:
2368:
2263:
2194:
2174:
2054:
2017:
2011:
1847:
585:
523:
462:
362:
327:
1959:
997:– 6500/1 microcontroller on keyboard PCB in Amiga 500 revision: -036
2472:
2294:
2268:
2169:
2049:
2034:
1842:
599:
518:
motherboard by some other source. The final addition was the "crossover"
457:
420:
355:
331:
2451:
2426:
2289:
2284:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2222:
1826:
1821:
1802:
1763:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1718:
790:
783:– single board computer (kit)/CPU evaluation board, based on 6502
748:
643:
514:
451:
424:
2083:
2279:
2227:
2044:
1737:
733:
478:
both
Motorola and Intel dropped the prices on their own designs from
442:
375:
366:
318:
Things changed dramatically in 1975. Several of the designers of the
1290:
MOS Technology is privately owned and valued at around $ 12 million.
38:
2482:
2039:
704:(TCE) from an underground 250-gallon concrete storage tank used by
498:
389:, who would make tens of thousands of copies of a master mask, or "
1639:
2421:
390:
144:
2441:
2153:
1605:
823:
623:
423:
designs because it had the same functional pin arrangement and
27:
20:
1134:– CPU compatible with 6510 but able to run at 2 MHz
991:– VIC-II (PAL) Revision: R1/R3/R4/R5 (R1 = only 5 lumas)
634:
market, like medical equipment and car dashboard controllers.
2214:
2138:
904:
780:
627:
619:
611:
581:
580:
MOS had previously designed a simple computer kit called the
386:
306:
700:
sites since
October 4, 1989. This was due to a 1974 leak of
696:
The plant had been on the EPA's National Priorities List of
1623:
Documentation for various chips used in Commodore computers
1155:
1137:
1131:
1039:
964:
944:
934:
910:
877:
865:
847:
817:
766:
760:
754:
725:
607:
558:
519:
510:
436:
311:
259:
1617:
Information on MOS' chips and their use in CBM's computers
1556:. United States: United States Patent and Trademark Office
1182:– VDC with composite HSYNC, VSYNC, and RDY interrupt
937:– ACIA Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter
820:– CPU equal to 6501 except no 6800-pin-compatibility
1061:
954:
551:
494:
335:
1634:
On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore
844:– CPU with 12 address pins, IRQ pin and RDY pin.
832:– CPU with 12 address pins, NMI pin and IRQ pin
626:
upgrade of the original 65C02 that could also run in
2595:
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
1332:
Images of chips with week 22 and week 23 date codes.
808:
2529 – Single chip scientific calculator array
465:
showing some important MOS Technology circuits: the
1628:
EPA page on former MOS/CSG/GMT fabrication facility
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2605:Companies based in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
693:, Pennsylvania that Commodore had closed in 1993.
677:), reopened MOS Technology's original, circa-1970
1278:"MOS – The Rise of MOS Technology & The 6502"
1240:"Oral History of William David "Bill" Mensch, Jr"
1070:– "Fat" AGNUS Address Generator Unit (NTSC)
712:(VOCs) in 1978. By 1999 GMT Microelectronics had
16:Semiconductor company based in Pennsylvania, U.S.
2586:
1374:"Commodore Computers Superfund Site Information"
1076:– "Fat" AGNUS Address Generator Unit (PAL)
614:, both as a separate chip and embedded inside a
529:
2645:Defunct computer companies of the United States
2620:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2001
2600:Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
1975:
1874:
1655:
1425:"GMT signs bi-polar foundry deal with TelCom"
1376:. Environmental Protection Agency. April 2004
985:– VIC-II (NTSC) Revision: R56A/R7/R8/R9
814:– CPU pin-compatible with Motorola 6800
656:United States Environmental Protection Agency
569:, purchased MOS (whose market cap was around
2493:† Listed in chronological order by category
1128:– CPU HMOS-II 6502 with 7-bit I/O port
838:– CPU with 13 address pins and IRQ pin
654:to cover miscellaneous expenses including a
435:In the meantime MOS had started selling the
1989:
1032:– CPU HMOS-I 6502 with 7-bit I/O port
2082:
1982:
1968:
1881:
1867:
1662:
1648:
868:– CPU with clock pins and I/O ports,
557:In late 1976, CBM, publicly traded on the
143:
2615:Electronics companies established in 1969
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
856:– CPU with 256 B RAM and 8 I/O pins
739:
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
1576:"MOS Technology Calculator Chip Ad 1974"
1280:(published January 18, 2006). March 2015
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
874:– PIA Peripheral Interface Adapter
456:
280:
2630:Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania
1526:"MOS Technology, Inc. Calculator Chips"
1303:"Calculator maker integrates downwards"
1054:– PAULA Port Audio UART and Logic
880:– VIA Versatile Interface Adapter
637:
334:. At MOS they set about building a new
2640:2001 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
2587:
1550:Braun; et al. (January 4, 1977).
1335:
1237:
1060:– AGNUS Address Generator Unit (
1038:– AGNUS Address Generator Unit (
793:) with two CIAs on-chip; 3.45 MHz
596:chip was left undocumented for years.
155:Semiconductor design and manufacturing
1963:
1862:
1643:
1549:
1523:
1224:
374:; with no other changes than using a
2507:
1206:– REC RAM Expansion Controller
1158:– VDC Video Display Controller
805:2523 – 8-digit calculator chip
802:2521 – 8-digit calculator chip
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
2650:Defunct computer hardware companies
2635:1969 establishments in Pennsylvania
1709:(and 6510T, 6512, 6513, 6514, 6515)
1669:
1630:- link validated November 30, 2016.
1497:
1122:– CPU HMOS-II Version of 6510
963:– VIC Video Interface Chip, (
953:– VIC Video Interface Chip, (
943:– VIC Video Interface Chip, (
900:/SPIA Single Port Interface Adapter
575:Commodore Semiconductor Group (CSG)
240:CSG (Commodore Semiconductor Group)
13:
1447:"m6502.txt - m6502 - tankcarneiro"
1238:Mensch, Bill (November 10, 2014).
1200:– MMU Memory Management Unit
14:
2661:
1598:
1319:"Commodore Buys MOS Technology",
826:– CPU derived from the 6502
728:, BiCMOS, NMOS, bipolar and SOI (
439:, a chip capable of operating at
378:, the same design could sell for
354:. This was essentially a complex
309:, producing a custom single-chip
2537:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2497:
2496:
1604:
1212:– DMA Direct Memory Access
862:– CPU with 20 address pins
850:– CPU with 13 address pins
469:(long chip, lower left) and the
461:Image of the circuit board of a
37:
2610:Superfund sites in Pennsylvania
1899:and second source/clone vendors
1568:
1543:
1517:
1491:
1471:
1465:
1439:
1417:
1396:"Commodore Semiconductor Group"
1026:Text Editing Device (HMOS-I/II)
683:semiconductor fabrication plant
324:pure-play semiconductor foundry
48:needs additional citations for
1427:. Electronic Engineering Times
1388:
1366:
1326:
1313:
1295:
1270:
1253:
1048:– DENISE Display Encoder
404:
345:
1:
2114:Commodore Semiconductor Group
1792:Interrupts in 65xx processors
1217:
967:) (6561 supporting 40-column)
530:Commodore Semiconductor Group
526:, with additional I/O ports.
446:in September 1975 for a mere
204:Commodore Semiconductor Group
1688:(and 6501, 6503, 6504, 6505)
1116:AGNUS Address Generator Unit
1106:ALICE Address Generator Unit
1086:AGNUS Address Generator Unit
258:. It is most famous for its
7:
2104:Commodore Business Machines
979:– VIC-II (MaxMachine)
931:– 512 byte Static RAM
925:– CRTC CRT Controller
773:
706:Commodore Business Machines
622:, a fairly straightforward
604:Western Design Center (WDC)
540:Commodore Business Machines
503:Western Design Center (WDC)
10:
2668:
1619:– By Ronald van Dijk
1504:Datamath Calculator Museum
913:– RIOT RAM-I/O Timer
886:– Tri-Port Interface
710:volatile organic compounds
610:versions of the 6502 (the
408:
276:
25:
18:
2491:
2465:
2414:
2381:
2351:
2303:
2213:
2162:
2131:
2124:
2091:
2080:
2027:
2004:
1997:
1904:
1835:
1800:
1784:
1762:
1728:
1675:
893:Complex Interface Adapter
236:Metal Oxide Semiconductor
213:
199:
184:
169:
159:
151:
142:
2532:Storage devices template
2396:Commodore 64 peripherals
2014:(founder/CEO, 1958–1984)
1530:Programmable Calculators
513:, which was used in the
365:publicly introduced the
265:and various designs for
19:Not to be confused with
2625:Commodore International
2571:40.124417°N 75.418667°W
2522:Amiga hardware template
2447:List of cancelled games
1991:Commodore International
1247:Computer History Museum
1188:– clock generator
1012:6581/6582/8580 –
889:6526/8520/8521 –
799:– Gary Gate Array
267:Commodore International
234:("MOS" being short for
1715:(and 7501, 8500, 8501)
1096:DENISE Display Encoder
1016:Sound Interface Device
1009:– VIC-II (PAL-M)
1003:– VIC-II (PAL-N)
740:Chip naming convention
491:Rockwell International
474:
286:
2576:40.124417; -75.418667
1730:Western Design Center
1164:– VIC-II (NTSC)
1152:– VIC-II (NTSC)
724:per month, producing
650:, plus an additional
563:market capitalization
460:
295:Allen-Bradley Company
284:
256:Audubon, Pennsylvania
219:Audubon, Pennsylvania
208:Western Design Center
2352:Cancelled prototypes
1613:at Wikimedia Commons
1176:– VIC-II (PAL)
1170:– VIC-II (PAL)
957:) Revision: -101 / E
730:silicon on insulator
722:semiconductor wafers
660:GMT Microelectronics
638:GMT Microelectronics
244:GMT Microelectronics
232:MOS Technology, Inc.
138:MOS Technology, Inc.
57:improve this article
2567: /
1582:. November 14, 1974
411:MOS Technology 6502
139:
2542:MOS chips template
2005:Board of directors
1500:"MELCOR Model 380"
642:After Commodore's
475:
291:General Instrument
287:
238:), later known as
137:
2550:
2549:
2406:Super Expander 64
2377:
2376:
2305:IBM PC compatible
2099:Amiga Corporation
2078:
2077:
1957:
1956:
1856:
1855:
1609:Media related to
1524:Sebastian, Mike.
919:– 2 KiB ROM
907:ROM-RAM-I/O Timer
702:trichloroethylene
691:Montgomery County
299:Texas Instruments
254:company based in
229:
228:
133:
132:
125:
107:
2657:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2129:
2128:
2086:
2020:(CEO, 1984–1989)
2002:
2001:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1608:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1498:Woerner, Joerg.
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:on March 5, 2016
1449:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:on May 21, 2020.
1361:
1354:
1346:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:, September 1976
1317:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1235:
715:
653:
649:
632:embedded systems
572:
568:
485:
481:
449:
445:
431:
381:
373:
195:
193:
180:
178:
147:
140:
136:
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
106:
72:"MOS Technology"
65:
41:
33:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2487:
2461:
2432:Commodore BASIC
2410:
2383:
2373:
2347:
2299:
2209:
2158:
2120:
2087:
2074:
2060:Carl Sassenrath
2023:
1993:
1988:
1958:
1953:
1900:
1887:
1857:
1852:
1831:
1796:
1780:
1758:
1724:
1671:
1670:65xx-based CPUs
1668:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1215:
776:
742:
713:
698:hazardous waste
651:
647:
640:
616:microcontroller
570:
566:
532:
483:
479:
447:
440:
429:
417:instruction set
413:
407:
379:
371:
352:contact aligner
348:
279:
225:
221:
206:
191:
189:
176:
174:
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2401:Super Expander
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2109:MOS Technology
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:MOS Technology
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Hudson HuC6280
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1677:MOS Technology
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1611:MOS Technology
1600:
1599:External links
1597:
1594:
1593:
1567:
1542:
1516:
1490:
1464:
1438:
1416:
1387:
1365:
1334:
1325:
1312:
1294:
1269:
1252:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1017:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
958:
948:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
901:
894:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
806:
803:
800:
794:
784:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
764:
758:
752:
741:
738:
679:one-micrometre
639:
636:
571:US$ 12 million
567:US$ 60 million
531:
528:
522:, used in the
409:Main article:
406:
403:
347:
344:
278:
275:
271:home computers
263:microprocessor
227:
226:
223:
217:
215:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
186:
182:
181:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
131:
130:
113:September 2010
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Commodore USA
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2457:Simons' BASIC
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Commodore DOS
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Commodore 900
2362:
2360:
2359:Commodore LCD
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2205:Commodore 128
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2071:
2070:Robert Yannes
2068:
2066:
2065:Shiraz Shivji
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Nintendo SA-1
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1426:
1420:
1405:. August 2002
1404:
1397:
1391:
1375:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1322:
1321:New Scientist
1316:
1308:
1307:New Scientist
1304:
1298:
1291:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1249:. p. 18.
1248:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:6530 –
902:
899:
896:6529 –
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:– CPU (
788:
785:
782:
779:
778:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
745:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:process fab (
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
648:$ 4.3 million
645:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
595:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
453:
444:
438:
433:
426:
422:
418:
412:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
383:
377:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
330:and included
329:
325:
321:
320:Motorola 6800
316:
314:
313:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
289:Three former
283:
274:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:semiconductor
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:United States
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
187:
183:
172:
168:
165:
164:Allen-Bradley
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
135:
127:
124:
116:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
2562:75°25′07.2″W
2559:40°07′27.9″N
2552:
2369:Commodore 65
2195:Commodore 16
2175:Commodore 64
2108:
2092:Subsidiaries
2055:Chuck Peddle
2018:Irving Gould
2012:Jack Tramiel
1896:
1848:Chuck Peddle
1785:Architecture
1755:(and 65C802)
1676:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1552:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1474:"Melcor 380"
1472:Vis, Peter.
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1402:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1357:the original
1328:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1282:. Retrieved
1272:
1255:
1246:
743:
714:$ 21 million
695:
672:
671:ixed-signal
668:
664:
663:
659:
641:
598:
590:
586:Jack Tramiel
579:
574:
556:
533:
524:Commodore 64
507:
488:
476:
463:Commodore 64
434:
414:
399:
395:
384:
363:Perkin-Elmer
360:
349:
328:Chuck Peddle
317:
310:
303:
288:
269:'s range of
243:
239:
231:
230:
214:Headquarters
134:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
2574: /
2473:Amiga, Inc.
2190:Educator 64
2170:MAX Machine
2050:Dave Needle
2035:Dave Haynie
1843:Bill Mensch
1580:Electronics
1509:January 14,
1483:January 14,
1478:Calculators
1194:– PLA
675:echnologies
652:$ 1 million
600:Bill Mensch
430:US$ 200,000
421:motherboard
405:6502 family
356:photocopier
346:Mask fixing
332:Bill Mensch
252:fabrication
250:design and
160:Predecessor
2589:Categories
2452:Magic Desk
2427:Amiga Unix
2391:1351 mouse
2125:Computers†
1939:6530 RRIOT
1827:Ricoh 5A22
1822:Ricoh 2A03
1776:740 family
1764:Mitsubishi
1721:(and 4510)
1409:August 11,
1218:References
791:CSG 65CE02
644:bankruptcy
594:6522 (VIA)
515:Atari 2600
452:Intel 8080
432:in fines.
425:IC package
83:newspapers
2045:Jay Miner
2028:Engineers
1949:6551 ACIA
1944:6532 RIOT
1890:Interface
1836:Designers
1457:March 24,
1020:7360/8360
884:6523/6525
734:superfund
376:Micralign
367:Micralign
200:Successor
2502:Category
2483:Escom AG
2466:See also
2415:Software
2384:hardware
2275:500 Plus
2040:Bil Herd
1934:6529 SPI
1929:6526 CIA
1924:6525 TPI
1919:6523 TPI
1914:6522 VIA
1909:6520 PIA
1805:machines
1586:April 4,
1560:April 4,
1535:April 4,
1112:–
1102:–
1092:–
1082:–
1022:–
774:Products
757:(M65Cxx)
499:Synertek
471:6581 SID
467:6510 CPU
361:In 1974
315:system.
246:, was a
152:Industry
2512:Commons
2422:AmigaOS
1768:Renesas
1431:May 23,
1403:epa.org
1380:May 23,
1284:May 10,
769:(M85xx)
763:(M75xx)
751:(M65xx)
736:site.
718:Bipolar
687:Audubon
565:around
561:with a
441:1
391:reticle
277:History
190: (
185:Defunct
175: (
170:Founded
97:scholar
2442:KERNAL
2264:3000UX
2200:Plus/4
2154:VIC-20
2149:CBM-II
1998:People
1753:65C816
1748:65C265
1743:65C134
1719:65CE02
824:65CE02
767:HMOS-2
624:16-bit
501:, and
448:US$ 25
401:well.
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
28:MOSFET
21:Mostek
2382:Other
2295:4000T
2269:3000T
2215:Amiga
2185:SX-64
2180:C64GS
2139:KIM-1
2132:Early
1895:from
1893:chips
1738:65C02
1679:, CSG
1399:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
905:RRIOT
781:KIM-1
685:) in
667:reat
628:8-bit
620:65816
612:65C02
582:KIM-1
480:$ 179
387:Kodak
372:$ 295
307:Atari
104:JSTOR
90:books
2343:PC60
2338:PC50
2333:PC40
2328:PC30
2323:PC20
2318:PC10
2290:4000
2285:1200
2258:3000
2253:CD32
2248:CDTV
2243:1500
2238:2500
2233:2000
2223:1000
1803:game
1801:For
1713:8502
1707:6510
1702:6509
1697:6508
1692:6507
1686:6502
1588:2019
1562:2019
1537:2019
1511:2023
1485:2023
1459:2015
1433:2019
1411:2020
1382:2019
1286:2016
1210:8727
1204:8726
1198:8722
1192:8721
1186:8701
1180:8568
1174:8566
1168:8565
1162:8564
1156:8563
1150:8562
1144:8551
1138:8520
1132:8502
1126:8501
1120:8500
1110:8375
1100:8374
1090:8373
1080:8372
1074:8371
1068:8370
1058:8367
1052:8364
1046:8362
1040:NTSC
1036:8361
1030:7501
1007:6573
1001:6572
995:6570
989:6569
983:6567
977:6566
971:6564
965:NTSC
961:6562
951:6561
945:NTSC
941:6560
935:6551
929:6550
923:6545
917:6540
911:6532
878:6522
872:6520
866:6510
860:6509
854:6508
848:6507
842:6505
836:6504
830:6503
818:6502
812:6501
797:5719
787:4510
761:HMOS
755:CMOS
749:NMOS
726:CMOS
608:CMOS
559:NYSE
520:6510
511:6507
484:$ 69
437:6502
380:$ 42
340:6501
312:Pong
260:6502
242:and
192:2001
188:2001
177:1969
173:1969
76:news
2313:PC1
2280:600
2228:500
2163:C64
2144:PET
1114:ECS
1104:AGA
1094:ECS
1084:ECS
1062:PAL
1024:TED
1014:SID
955:PAL
898:SPI
891:CIA
552:LED
495:GTE
482:to
443:MHz
336:CPU
59:by
2591::
1766:,
1578:.
1528:.
1502:.
1476:.
1401:.
1337:^
1305:.
1288:.
1245:.
1226:^
689:,
548:IC
544:TI
536:IC
505:.
497:,
493:,
382:.
273:.
222:,
2271:)
2262:(
1983:e
1976:t
1969:v
1882:e
1875:t
1868:v
1663:e
1656:t
1649:v
1590:.
1564:.
1539:.
1513:.
1487:.
1461:.
1435:.
1413:.
1384:.
1266:.
1064:)
1042:)
947:)
673:T
669:M
665:G
662:(
194:)
179:)
126:)
120:(
115:)
111:(
101:·
94:·
87:·
80:·
53:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
