108:. John McHoskey even stated that the MACH-IV could be used to evaluate psychopathy in a non-criminal population. It has also come under criticism for simply being outdated. For example, Daniel Jones has stated that the scale, while it is commendable in many ways, is "not helping the field with precision". He ultimately states that it "should be replaced by assessments that are more precise reflections of the construct."John Rauthmann and others have stated that, while the MACH-IV is "a generally reliable and valid scale", it has its shortcomings. These include the response styles of the test takers, the varying factor structures, the scale merely being a measure of cynicism only and "insufficient content and construct validity". The researchers developed their own scale instead to study Machiavellianism multidimensionally instead of unidimensionally to prevent the construct from becoming hard to study effectively. Psychologist Jason Dahling and others have created another measure of Machiavellianism, dubbed the
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High scores on the Kiddie Mach were negatively correlated with the Basic
Empathy Scale. Children who score high on the Kiddie Mach also score low on other empathy scales. Studies have reported internal consistency reliability coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.76 for the Mach IV scale. The Kiddie Mach Scale, however, demonstrated lower internal reliability, with coefficients between 0.60 and 0.70. Via studies on Machiavellianism in children, it was found that the trait is influenced by both genetics and the environment (especially the shared environment).
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was interested in the motivations and underlying personality traits of manipulators. He proposed that they had certain characteristics that made them more willing to take advantage of others, such as having a lack of affect and empathy in interpersonal dealings, and a lack of concern for morality. He
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The Kiddie Mach is a variant of the MACH test, but for children. The test features questions simple enough for a child to understand, such as "the best way to get along with people is to tell them things that make them happy". The Kiddie Mach features 20 questions, similar to the regular MACH-IV.
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The MACH-IV has 20 questions, all which are designed to tap into the following factors: "Views", "Tactics", and "Morality". The "Views" factor is related to beliefs that are self interested and cynical, the "Tactics" factor focuses on the endorsement of manipulation as a means to take advantage of
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Those who score high are classified as High Machs, while those who score low are classified as Low Machs. High scorers were more likely to win experimental games by deceiving the other person, while low Machs tried playing by the rules of the experiment. Overall, High Machs are more likely to be
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There have been questions raised as to the validity of the MACH-IV. Because of this MACH-IV has been the subject of criticism by researchers over the years. One such criticism is that the test does not measure anything different from
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Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2009). "Machiavellianism". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.). Handbook of
Individual Differences in Social Behavior. Guilford Press. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-1-59385-647-2.
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in individuals. Machiavellianism is a personality trait which comprises manipulativeness, deceitfulness, and a callous and calculating orientation. It is the most widely used
Machiavellianism test by researchers.
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manipulative, exploitatve, and callous, while Low Machs are the opposite-viewing others in more of an empathetic viewpoint. Research has consistently shown that men score higher than women in
Machiavellianism.
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viewed
Machiavelli as a source to gain ideas from and eventually wrote test items that were loosely based on what he wrote. He and his research partner Florence Geis published their results in the book
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Williams, M. L., Hazleton, V., & Renshaw, S. (1975) The measurement of
Machiavellianism: a factor analytic and correlation study of Mach IV and Mach V. Communication Monographs, 42,151-159.
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Loftus, S. T., & Glenwick, D. S. (2001). Machiavellianism and empathy in an adolescent residential psychiatric population. Residential
Treatment for Children & Youth, 19(2), 39-57.
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Corral, S., & Calvete, E. (2000) Machiavellianism: dimensionality of the Mach IV and its relation to self-monitoring in a
Spanish sample. The Spanish journal of Psychology, 3, 3-13.
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Christie, R. Geis, F. "Some
Consequences with Taking Machiavelli Seriously" in Edgar F. Borgatta and William W. Lambert (eds.). Handbook of Personality Theory and Research
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Sutton, J., & Keogh, E. (2001) Components of
Machiavellian beliefs in children: relationships with personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 30,137-148.
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Monaghan, C., Bizumic, B., & Sellbom, M. (2016). The role of Machiavellian views and tactics in psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 72-81.
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Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of management, 35(2), 219-257.
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Rauthmann, John F. "Investigating the MACH–IV with item response theory and proposing the trimmed MACH." Journal of personality assessment 95.4 (2013): 388-397.
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Geng, Y., Qin, B., Xia, D., & Ye, Q. (2011). Reliability and validity of the kiddie mach scale in Chinese children. Psychological Reports, 108(1), 229-238.
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Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
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McHoskey, J. W., Worzel, W., & Szyarto, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(1), 192.
211:"Despite such popular uses of concepts from Machiavelli, “Machiavellianism”, as a concept in psychology, was not formulated until 1970."
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Dahling, Jason J.; Whitaker, Brian G.; Levy, Paul E. (March 2009). "The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale".
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Items featured on the test include questions such as "most people who get ahead in the world lead clean, moral lives" and "
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Rauthmann, John F.; Will, Theresa (30 April 2011). "Proposing a Multidimensional Machiavellianism Conceptualization"
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Monaghan, C. (2019). Two-Dimensional Machiavellianism: Conceptualisation, Measurement, and Well-Being.
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Shining Light on the Dark Side of Personality: Measurement Properties and Theoretical Advances, p. 80
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Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (2013). Studies in machiavellianism. Academic Press.
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others, and the "Morality" factor deals with one's adherence to moral scruple.
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