965:". For Luxembourg, the stakes were high, as steel was vital to its economy. The Schuman Plan would allow it to export its products to Germany and France, and grant it free access to the raw materials it required. At the same time, there was some nervousness at transferring sovereign rights to a supranational institution: it would mean transferring control over a central part of the national economy to a common body. Trade union leaders feared the move would mean lower pay for Luxembourgish workers, while managers feared that subsidies to Belgian coal producers would mean an imbalance in prices between Belgium and Luxembourg.
675:
820:. New markets for the steel industry were found in Britain, Italy, Austria and the Netherlands. In 1923–1925, sold 72-75% of its production in Europe; Belgium (20%) and Germany (11%) were the major clients. America and Asia each absorbed about 12%. Unlike the situation under the Zollverein, the external markets had become highly volatile. The German market, essential to Luxembourg's economy, had been kept open until 1925 by provisional measures of the Treaty of Versailles. However, this concession was effectively cancelled out by the massive inflation in Germany in 1922–1923.
879:, "Commissioner-General for the Belgo-Luxembourg Iron-Producing Industry" and Paul Raabe, "Commissioner-General for Iron Ore Exploitation and Distribution for Lorraine and Luxembourg". In June 1940, Steinbrinck called together the Luxembourg heads of industry, to make them pledge to cooperate with the Germans. Anyone refusing to do so would have to resign. The representatives of ARBED and the Rodange foundry agreed to the conditions, while those of Hadir refused. Thereupon, on 15 June the Hadir foundries were incorporated into a new body, the
363:
1922:
31:
832:. This functioned as a cartel, and put an end to the steel war. Five large steel producers limited their production through a quota system: 40,5% for Germany; 31,9% for France; 12,6% for Belgium; 6,6% for the Saar region; 8,5% for Luxembourg. In 1926, Luxembourg again reached its 1913 level of production (2,560,000 tonnes of cast iron), and surpassed it in 1929 with 2,906,000 tonnes.
91:
were generally farmers temporarily freed up from agricultural work, and earning some extra money. Luxembourgish steel industry generally produced iron bars, wrought iron and cast iron. Due to the weak domestic market, most of this was exported to workshops in Liège, which used the iron in their manufactured products which were exported from Dutch ports.
502:, and up to 70% of its produce was sold to Germany. The machinery and technology came from Germany, as did the skilled personnel and the engineers. The decision-making centre was in the Ruhr, whereas Luxembourg was a kind of periphery, where raw materials and semi-finished goods were made, to be processed in the Ruhr.
1060:
ARBED had received relatively little government money at this point, compared to its competitors: from 1976 to 1982 it invested 25.8 billion francs, of which only 10% were from the state. The DAC cost 5.1 billion in the same period, of which the state covered 1.6 billion. In other areas, where people
783:
The German market had collapsed; the
Belgian market was saturated by Belgian production; the French market was closed off due to customs; this meant that the Luxembourg foundry owners had to find new markets elsewhere in Europe, in America and Asia. They quickly founded trading posts, to export their
618:
mined increased tenfold from 700,000 tons in 1868 to 7 million tons in 1913; the volume of cast iron produced increased from 100,000 tons to 2,5 million, and steel production, started only in 1886, reached 1,5 million tons in 1913. The number of blast furnaces increased from 14 in 1871 to 47 in 1913.
835:
The following years of the inter-war period, in contrast to the early boom years, were characterised by a level of stagnation, and several crises. The foundry of
Rumelange closed down in 1927, as did that of Steinfort in 1931. There were further technological breakthroughs, but none as revolutionary
823:
The
Luxembourg steel industry managed to transform itself in a short period of time from a supplier of German steel companies into an independent producer of diverse finished goods, which were competitive on the world market. In summary, one can say that the basis for Luxembourg steel production, as
1037:
In March 1979, a
Tripartite agreement was reached, stipulating that ARBED would invest 23.2 billion francs by 1983 to modernise its factories. The unions accepted that worker numbers would be reduced to 16,500, and the Luxembourg government granted ARBED a loan of 3.2 billion francs, over 10 years.
90:
was produced). "Bohnerz" ("bean ore") was used. The furnaces only employed a small number of permanent, specialised workers, estimated at 700 in the late 18th century. This early industry involved another 8,000-10,000 workers on a seasonal basis: road workers, carriers, lumberjacks, colliers. These
269:
In addition to the opening of the German market, the expansion of the railway network from 1855 to 1875 was another important factor, particularly the construction of the
Luxembourg-Thionville railway line, with connections from there to the European industrial regions. As a consequence, it became
915:
Concerning the production levels in wartime, there are two periods to be distinguished: From August 1940 to March 1942, production was lower than before the war, due to the collapse of the French export market, the need to retool towards the German market, and the lack of raw materials. In August
846:
There had traditionally been a high number of foreigners working in the steel industry in
Luxembourg, making up 60% of the work force in 1913. This proportion had declined in World War I; however, it then increased from a level of 25% in 1922 to 40% in 1930. The 1920s, then, showed that although
827:
The steel war between France and
Germany, of which the occupation of the Ruhr area was a part, was highly damaging to Luxembourg. The head of ARBED, Émile Mayrisch, sought to bring about a Franco-German rapprochement. His knowledge of both countries and their languages, and many contacts in the
907:, was much changed; and the executive board included nine Germans and six Luxembourgers (compared to the pre-war 15 Luxembourgers and two Belgians). It was, however, intended from the outset that when Germany had won the war, ARBED and the Rodange foundry would also pass into German ownership.
1029:
In 1975 a law was enacted that prevented lay-offs for economic reasons. On 18 August 1975 a
Tripartite economic committee was created, that is, a committee involving representatives of employers, trade unions and the government. Its goal was to manage the disappearance of thousands of jobs in
663:
The break with
Germany meant that the Luxembourg steel industry not only had to reorient itself economically, but also had to restructure itself. The challenge was twofold: firstly, to secure both pre- and post-production markets (that is, on the one hand, the supply of raw materials,
509:
provoked an economic downturn amplified by the arrival of
British cast iron. The re-establishment of customs rights in 1879 put an end to this crisis. From then onwards, cartels were formed with a view to regulating the steel market. In 1879, a Lorraine-Luxembourgish iron cartel
259:
was regularly renewed over the next 60 years, and facilitated the country's industrial development. Profiting from the economic dynamism of its German neighbours, Luxembourg started exporting its iron ore to the Saar and Ruhr areas, but also to Belgian forges. A deposit of
916:
1940, there were 14,000 unemployed. But from April 1942 until the liberation, the war industry's demands grew and grew. There were now not enough workers to meet demand. Another reason was that from September 1942, 1,200 foundry workers were forcibly conscripted into the
1034:, or DAC, was created, where those who had lost their jobs in steel-working could do community work (2,700 people in 1977). Obligatory early retirement at 57 years was introduced for ARBED employees; as well as cash subsidies for those who left voluntarily.
847:
World War I constituted a break, heavy industry was still dependent on foreign labour. During the economic crisis after 1929, employers tended to lay off foreign workers first, meaning that by 1939 their proportion of the steel workforce had sunk to 20%.
738:
952:
Due to the national importance of each country's steel sector, there was a grave risk of overproduction. For this reason, it was necessary to create a supranational body capable of coordinating European steel production. The French foreign minister,
926:
were taken from the occupied territories of Eastern Europe to Luxembourg and forced to work in the foundries and mines. They were not qualified to work in the foundries, and therefore production levels never reached those of the inter-war period.
308:
in steel-making after 1879, and a high level of immigration—Germans after 1870, Italians after 1890—contributed to make Luxembourg's steel industry one of the most important in Europe. Five large steel companies were founded from 1870 to 1890:
850:
With the sale of German companies after World War I, the proportion of Luxembourgish managers in the steel industry also increased. ARBED traditionally favoured them, while Hadir preferred to have Frenchmen in positions of management.
977:, was characterised by stable growth. In 1958, 25,700 people were employed in the Luxembourg steel industry, rising to 27,200 in 1974. Steel production rose from 3 million tons in 1951, to 4 million in 1960, to 6,4 million in 1974.
652:
in 1919. The steel industry, amongst others, advocated a trade alliance with the French, but it was not to be. Instead, after tough negotiations, Luxembourg found a new economic and trade partner in Belgium, with whom it formed the
1041:
Additionally, synergy agreements were made with other steel producers: instead of everyone doing everything across the whole range of products, only the most profitable site for each would remain in existence. Thus, the
1061:
were simply made redundant, these costs did not exist. From 1975 to 1979, a ton of steel was supported with 13 francs in Luxembourg, 700-900 francs in France, 1,500 francs in the UK, and with 1,800 francs in Belgium.
986:
ARBED managed to reinforce its position, and in 1967 it took over Hadir, thereby becoming a monopoly producer in Luxembourg steel production and processing. Around the same time, it became the majority owner of the
1107:
In 1994, ARBED took the strategic decision to use only electric production. The time of the blast furnace, using ore and coke, was over. Over the next few years, all steelworks in Luxembourg were converted to use
902:
remained managing director - due to fears that this would affect its productivity. However, a delegate was sent from Germany to oversee Meyer's work; the share ownership of ARBED, which had mostly belonged to the
898:, were eager to take over ARBED. Gustav Simon would not allow this: he recognised the key role that ARBED played in Luxembourg, and was reluctant to lose control over it. ARBED's management was not changed -
754:
1082:
In the 1990s, prospects improved. The individual companies of the ARBED group were structured as autonomous units, which were each responsible for showing good results. In 1992, ARBED bought up the
1076:
In 1984, a law was enacted through which the state of Luxembourg became an investor in ARBED and took over all the shares of Sidmar. To finance this, the solidarity tax was raised from 5% to 10%.
743:
479:
1014:
In one year, from 1974 to 1975, sales from Luxembourg fell from 6.4 million tons to 4.6 million tons. It soon became clear that this was not a short-term incident, but a structural
550:
529:, iron extraction, steel production and the process of rolling the steel were organised close to each other. The companies banded together in bigger and bigger conglomerates:
1083:
1079:
After further investments in ARBED, in 1986 the Luxembourg government was the largest investor with 43.9% of shares. However, the state only had 30.8% of voting rights.
668:
and coke, and on the other, a demand for the finished products, from nails to grey-beams); secondly, to take the place of the German firms, which had had to withdraw.
505:
After the German annexation of Lorraine in 1871, Luxembourgish steel products were subject to intense competition. Germany's suppression of customs rights in 1873 and
418:
86:
In the pre-industrial period (17th-18th centuries), there were a number of furnaces throughout the country, located near rivers (for water power) or forests (where
1153:
in Luxembourg. The first factory worldwide to receive the name ArcelorMittal, was ArcelorMittal Dudelange. The group made about 6% of the world's steel in 2016.
1011:, which was growing bigger and bigger; and European steel companies owned by the state, which to some extent brought their products to market at dumping prices.
587:
391:
1049:
1979 showed that these measures would not be enough: the steel crisis intensified, through increased inflation, which increased interest levels on loans, the
1053:, which caused energy and raw material prices to shoot up, and over-production, which was still a factor in different steel-producing countries, despite the
398:" as a family business. From 1866 to 1868, the Metz brothers built a modern steel mill in Dommeldange, with four blast furnaces, which processed coke and
2389:
1764:
2379:
631:
725:, and in Belgium and the Netherlands in 1920. It also purchased concessions and land in Lorraine. In downstream production, it took over the Cologne "
660:
The post-war return of Lorraine — hitherto part of Germany — to France meant that the vast Lorraine-Luxembourg-Saar industrial complex was broken up.
578:
2878:
452:
429:
413:. In 1871 they received permission to open a foundry in Esch-sur-Alzette, which was later renamed ARBED-Schifflange. This steel mill first produced
1182:
980:
Between 1946 and 1967, 30,2 billion francs were invested in the factories. In Belval, the blast furnaces A (1965) and B (1970) started production.
1138:
announced a takeover bid for Arcelor in January 2006. After long discussions, on 25 June 2006 Arcelor agreed to merge with the Anglo-Dutch group
456:
304:
From the 1870s, the influx of German capital, the exploitation of the mines of the Esch-Alzette area in the south of the country, the use of the
103:
in Luxembourg, which all used wood and whose total annual production amounted to 7,300 tons. The blast furnaces were in the following villages:
2883:
1100:
2411:
1177:
1200:
Michael Overbeck: "Montanarchäologie in Luxemburg - Eisenverhüttung am Vorabend des Hochofenzeitalters." In. Fondation Bassin minier (ed.):
354:
under the condition that it had to be processed in Luxembourg. This enabled certain Luxembourg families to play a key role in the furnaces.
2270:
968:
The Benelux countries each received one seat in the High Authority, and Luxembourg was allocated 4 out of 78 seats in the Common Assembly.
17:
2303:
320:
637:
The social crisis brought about by the war caused the workers in the metallurgy industry to found trade unions: the politically neutral
2819:
785:
2577:
1112:, in which scrap iron was melted using electricity. The last blast furnace in Luxembourg, HF B in Belval, was closed in July 1997.
1021:
ARBED faced the challenge of modernising itself as quickly as possible to become profitable again with declining sales and income.
797:
622:
Just before World War I, Luxembourg was the sixth-largest cast iron producer worldwide, and the eighth-largest producer of steel.
2612:
2421:
1757:
828:
business world, allowed him to play the role of an honest broker. In September 1926 he managed to hammer out an agreement on the
2724:
2443:
750:
614:
The production statistics make it clear how much the Luxembourg steel industry had changed within only 35 years. The volume of
1570:
1064:
Thus, the Tripartite agreement was changed in 1979, and on 8 April 1982 a law created the "national investment contribution" (
46:
continues to occupy the first place in the country, even after the industrial reforms which have taken place since the 1960s.
2888:
2648:
2617:
2354:
2232:
1681:
Schmit, Lambert (2006). "Richesses d'une région, émois d'une nation. Sur les traces de la sidérurgie dans le bassin d'Esch".
654:
1723:
648:
Yet the big break for the industry came later: as a consequence of the German defeat, Luxembourg had to withdraw from the
2562:
930:
Other prisoners were also forced to work in the foundries: at Arbed-Schifflange, prisoners from the external camp of the
474:, allowing cast iron to be made into steel. They first used this process in Eich, but soon after opened a new foundry in
2572:
2406:
1750:
498:, the Luxembourg steel industry depended entirely on Germany. 90% of the coke used in Luxembourg was imported from the
2416:
1699:
958:
947:
859:
After Luxembourg had been invaded in May 1940 and occupied by German troops, a German civil administration headed by
843:, which hit the country with some delay. Production stood at 2,512,000 tonnes in 1937 and 1,551,000 tonnes in 1938.
2799:
2719:
2683:
2658:
2550:
2364:
2250:
1203:
Mutations, Mémoires et perspectives du Bassin minier. Terres rouges - Approche interdisciplinaire et transnationale
1202:
466:
In the 1880s, there was a further change: the Metz brothers acquired the rights to the process invented in 1879 by
394:
and in 1845 built the Eich foundry. In 1847 they bought their investors' shares, and from then on ran the company "
2587:
2492:
2296:
555:
2873:
2809:
2794:
2702:
2567:
1575:. Le Luxembourg 1960-2010 (in French). STATEC - Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques.
75:. In 2003–2005, the remains of a smelting plant from the 13th or 14th century were found and excavated in the
1624:
Un siècle d'histoire industrielle (1873-1973) - Belgique, Luxembourg, Pays-Bas. Industrialisation et Sociétés
1508:
1261:
Un siècle d'histoire industrielle (1873-1973) - Belgique, Luxembourg, Pays-Bas. Industrialisation et Sociétés
839:
Production in the 1930s was subject to large fluctuations. Luxembourg did not escape the consequences of the
829:
1649:
895:
2749:
2524:
2482:
2240:
2032:
1664:
Raggi, Paul (2019). "Deux territoires sidérurgiques en reconversion: la Lorraine au miroir du Luxembourg".
478:, which used the new procedure exclusively. To run this plant, they partnered up with Victor Tesch and the
444:
439:. At the same time the Brasseur foundry (later "ARBED Terres Rouges") was founded in Esch, by the brothers
305:
2512:
2473:
2463:
2394:
2193:
887:", was allowed to continue its existence; it received a German trustee as its head, and was renamed the "
423:
2744:
2714:
2663:
2384:
2289:
2069:
1431:
Generalbeauftragter für die Eisenerzgewinnung und -verteilung für die Gebiete Lothringen und Luxemburg
350:
reserves down to a certain depth. In 1880, another law was passed, which tied new concessions to mine
249:
Luxembourg's steel industry changed radically in the mid-19th century. In 1842, Luxembourg joined the
2678:
2643:
2597:
2265:
2117:
1581:
875:
Immediately after the occupation, two high-level functionaries were sent to the country. These were
2555:
2401:
2208:
2006:
561:, the second-largest German heavy industry group after Krupp, bought the Brasseur foundry (renamed
1632:
1259:
This section, unless otherwise indicated, is based on: René Leboutte, Jean Puissant, Denis Scuto:
2729:
2688:
2582:
2448:
2431:
2374:
2359:
2255:
2245:
2132:
1794:
467:
266:, a low-quality Luxembourgish iron ore, had been discovered in the south of the country in 1842.
255:(the German customs union), gaining access to a large market in the East. The treaty to join the
1150:
683:
2804:
2739:
2602:
2592:
2538:
2458:
2147:
2079:
2064:
2056:
2022:
1650:"L'usine sidérurgique de Dommeldange, une forge pionnière aux portes de la ville de Luxembourg"
1003:
In 1974 the world steel market collapsed due to over-production. The reasons for this were the
1541:
868:
was established in July 1940. It had two main goals: to turn the Luxembourgers' minds towards
674:
2838:
2777:
2759:
2631:
2453:
2321:
1889:
1886:
1594:
L'économie du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg - La production secondaire: L'industrie sidérurgique.
1162:
282:
63:
in the region of modern-day Luxembourg. Archeological remains of this have been found on the
434:
2772:
2344:
2218:
2182:
2137:
2027:
2001:
1610:
1167:
1135:
1109:
1038:
The production facilities that were not profitable and not worth modernising, were closed.
607:
522:
200:
8:
2847:
2814:
2789:
2339:
2334:
2187:
2177:
2173:
2122:
2112:
1996:
1975:
1862:
1829:
1104:, of which ARBED had owned 25% since 1978, passed completely into its ownership in 1994.
931:
699:
2782:
2607:
2497:
1892:
1789:
1145:
The new group, formed from the two largest steel producers in the world, took the name
1050:
1004:
570:
440:
294:
35:
1229:
Der Zollanschluss des Grossherzogtums Luxemburg an Deutschland (1842-1918) Erster Band
961:
in 1950: soon, Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg agreed to the "
761:, which included the foundries of Differdange and Rumelange, and the mines of Ottange.
595:
2852:
2369:
2329:
1906:
1695:
1516:
973:
187:
60:
1172:
1087:
534:
1991:
1970:
1669:
876:
840:
983:
A new process, the so-called LD-AC process, allowed steel quality to be improved.
2468:
2198:
1951:
1855:
687:
489:
471:
1007:, which increased energy prices and caused demand to decrease; competition from
2767:
2502:
2102:
2084:
1960:
1956:
1902:
1139:
954:
935:
679:
599:
took over the Rodange foundry in 1905, and added a steelworks and rolling mill,
506:
995:, one of the most modern steelworks in Europe, with direct access to the sea.
2867:
2734:
2046:
1835:
1520:
1419:
Generalbeauftragter für die belgisch-luxemburgische Eisenschaffende Industrie
1146:
1095:
1054:
630:
During World War I, industrial production continued in Luxembourg, now under
262:
100:
1742:
362:
289:, mostly from Belgian and Prussian companies. About two-thirds of the mined
2160:
2155:
1921:
1882:
1878:
1068:), also called the "solidarity tax", which was levied by general taxation.
1043:
1015:
962:
899:
865:
410:
379:
375:
371:
68:
277:
This meant that the furnace owners were more and more interested in using
2203:
2107:
1964:
1930:
1673:
922:
495:
271:
232:
171:
142:
366:
The Metz foundry in the 1870s, which later became ARBED Esch-Schifflange
2312:
2092:
1935:
1845:
1633:"August Thyssen und die luxemburgische Minenkonzessionsaffäre von 1912"
1490:
Unless otherwise indicated, this chapter is a summary of Schmit (2006).
251:
216:
2281:
824:
it was to remain until the 1970s, was laid at the end of World War I.
459:
set up a foundry in Rodange, with other investors. The same year, the
2668:
2507:
2213:
2127:
1898:
1850:
1807:
1507:
Kanter, James; Timmons, Heather; Giridharadas, Anand (25 June 2006).
917:
861:
809:
475:
448:
414:
72:
2519:
2349:
2487:
2097:
1839:
1825:
1817:
1443:
Die deutsche Volkstumspolitik in Luxemburg und ihre sozialen Folgen
1121:
126:
87:
80:
537:, the Metz and Tesch families amalgamated their companies to form
482:, who owned a large amount of land in Dudelange, and founded the "
2653:
1129:
739:
Hauts-fourneaux et aciéries de Differdange, St-Ingbert, Rumelange
722:
298:
1611:"La sidérurgie au Luxembourg pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale"
1125:
1091:
988:
805:
386:" in 1838, with the help of Belgian investments holding group "
158:
30:
490:
Turn of the century: German influence and vertical integration
346:
Under a law passed in 1870, the state became the owner of all
1777:
1730:. Le Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 28 April 2015
1582:"L'industrie lourde luxembourgeoise dans l'armement allemand"
1572:
L’industrie sidérurgique luxembourgeoise depuis les années 60
992:
817:
813:
538:
1542:"ArcelorMittal Wants to Raise $ 3 Billion As Profits Plunge"
1128:. The new group, headquartered in Luxembourg, took the name
1773:
1120:
On 18 February 2002, Arbed merged with the Spanish company
1008:
499:
484:
Société anonyme des Hauts-fourneaux et Forges de Dudelange"
105:
1728:.lu - The official portal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
1408:
This section is mostly based on a summary of Krier (1989).
1506:
1472:
1448:
941:
802:
Société Générale pour le Commerce de Produits Industriels
586:, which had been founded in 1896 by Paul Wurth and Baron
1604:(5th ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
920:. Thus, from Autumn 1942 onwards, hundreds of so-called
872:, and to bring the steel industry under German control.
671:
In 1919, the German companies in Luxembourg were sold:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1317:
1124:, of which it had owned 35% since 1997, and the French
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1271:
1269:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
779:", including the foundry of Rodange, via a subsidiary.
772:. They also took shares in various coal and ore mines.
405:
In 1870, Norbert Metz associated his company with the
1622:
Leboutte, René; Puissant, Jean; Scuto, Denis (1998).
1621:
1460:
407:
SA des Mines du Luxembourg et des Forges de Saarbruck
1341:
1329:
1132:. It became the largest steel company in the world.
1562:
1353:
1305:
1293:
1266:
1234:
1209:
971:The period from World War II to 1974, known as the
641:was founded on 1 September 1916, and the socialist
625:
521:Around the turn of the century, a greater level of
998:
584:Société anonyme des hauts-fourneaux de Differdange
543:SA des Aciéries Réunies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange"
340:Société des hauts-fourneaux et forges de Dudelange
281:. From 1854 to 1869, there were 64 requests for a
1281:
2865:
759:Deutsch-Luxemburgische Bergwerks- und Hütten-AG"
702:as the main investors, bought the sites of the "
590:. It did the same with the foundry at Rumelange.
796:), and HADIR followed suit in 1923, by joining
579:Deutsch-Luxemburgische Bergwerks- und Hütten-AG
1030:steel-working as well as possible. In 1977, a
894:Several German steel companies, including the
525:came about in Luxembourg. The exploitation of
516:Lothringisch-Luxemburgischer Stahlwerksverband
514:) was formed, and in 1889 a steel cartel, the
2412:Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg
2297:
1772:
1758:
1149:. Its headquarters initially remained in the
1086:, and through Sidmar, bought the majority of
512:Lothringisch-Luxemburgisches Roheisensyndikat
59:Iron was already worked and processed by the
1183:History of the steel industry (1970–present)
1024:
639:Luxemburger Berg- und Hüttenarbeiter-Verband
390:". They rented the foundry of Berbourg from
384:Société en commandite Auguste Metz & Cie
27:Overview of the steel industry of Luxembourg
1115:
1094:. It increased its share of the capital of
784:products worldwide. In 1920, ARBED founded
694:A Franco-Belgo-Luxembourg consortium, the "
2304:
2290:
1765:
1751:
1596:Luxembourg: Editions Joseph Beffort, 1953.
610:, took over the Steinfort foundry in 1912.
357:
314:Société des hauts-fourneaux luxembourgeois
1178:History of the steel industry (1850–1970)
1101:Métallurgique et Minière de Rodange-Athus
775:Schneider took over the German parts of "
698:, with Schneider-Creusot, ARBED and the
696:Société Métallurgique des Terres Rouges"
673:
361:
334:Société des hauts-fourneaux de Rumelange
328:Société des hauts-fourneaux de Hollerich
29:
2311:
1710:L'ARBED dans la société luxembourgeoise
1689:
1396:
1188:
1066:Contribution nationale d'investissement
14:
2866:
1680:
1599:
1568:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1275:
1247:
1215:
1071:
942:European integration and post-war boom
790:Comptoir Luxembourgeois de Métallurgie
321:Société des hauts-fourneaux de Rodange
2285:
1746:
1663:
1608:
1579:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
910:
755:Société Lorraine des Aciers de Rombas
736:A Franco-Belgian consortium, HADIR ("
2879:History of Luxembourg (1945–present)
1647:
1630:
1287:
764:The foundry of Steinfort went from "
731:Clouterie et Tréfilerie de Flandres"
54:
1712:. Arbed corporate publications s.d.
1509:"Arcelor agrees to Mittal takeover"
463:built blast furnaces in Rumelange.
388:Société d'industrie luxembourgeoise
24:
1493:
1206:. Luxemburg: April 2010, p. 21-33.
25:
2900:
2884:History of Luxembourg (1890–1945)
2649:Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union
1716:
1580:Hamdi, Mohamed (5 January 2018).
1098:to become the main investor. The
959:European Coal and Steel Community
948:European Coal and Steel Community
883:. The Rodange foundry, owned by "
836:as the Gilchrist-Thomas process.
655:Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union
565:) and its mines, and founded the
533:In 1911, under the leadership of
1920:
1569:Casali, Simone (12 March 2013).
1563:Bibliography and further reading
757:and took over the sites of the "
626:World War I and inter-war period
1534:
1484:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1402:
999:Steel crisis and re-orientation
854:
94:
1631:Maas, Jacques (1 April 1994).
1253:
1221:
1194:
721:, took over coal mines around
494:From the late 19th century to
42:In the industrial sector, the
13:
1:
1790:History of ferrous metallurgy
1666:20 & 21. Revue d'histoire
957:, proposed the creation of a
830:International Steel Agreement
704:Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG"
606:, a subsidiary of the German
270:profitable to use the harder
2889:Steel industry of Luxembourg
2033:Argon oxygen decarburization
1668:(in French) (144): 161–174.
905:Société générale de Belgique
804:). Columeta had branches in
751:Société générale de Belgique
645:was created on 3 September.
551:Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG
99:In 1841/1842, there were 11
18:Luxembourgish steel industry
7:
2513:Valley of the Seven Castles
2194:Differential heat treatment
1600:Kreins, Jean-Marie (2010).
1156:
461:SA Gonner, Munier et Helson
10:
2905:
1046:at Dudelange was closed.
945:
896:Reichswerke Hermann Göring
881:Differdinger Stahlwerke AG
706:(including the foundries "
582:bought and modernised the
447:. The following year, the
49:
2832:
2758:
2710:
2701:
2639:
2630:
2546:
2537:
2439:
2430:
2320:
2231:
2169:
2146:
2118:Ferritic nitrocarburizing
2078:
2055:
2045:
2015:
1984:
1944:
1929:
1918:
1871:
1816:
1803:
1785:
1724:"Iron and steel industry"
1690:Trausch, Gilbert (1992).
1659:(in French) (123): 45–50.
1025:Luxembourg's social model
889:Eisenhüttenwerke Rodingen
417:, which was processed in
44:Luxembourg steel industry
2444:Administrative divisions
2209:Post weld heat treatment
1116:Arcelor and Mittal Steel
1084:Maxhütte Unterwellendorf
766:Felten & Guilleaume"
727:Felten & Guilleaume"
306:Gilchrist–Thomas process
2375:Second Treaty of London
1795:List of steel producers
749:"), was founded by the
604:Felten & Guilleaume
358:Steel industry families
2360:First Treaty of London
2023:Electro-slag remelting
1692:Histoire du Luxembourg
1648:Maas, Jacques (2021).
1602:Histoire du Luxembourg
934:concentration camp at
690:
367:
39:
38:site of ARBED, in 1991
2874:Economy of Luxembourg
2573:Consultative Assembly
2563:Council of Government
2233:Production by country
1609:Krier, Émile (1989).
1263:. Edition SEDES 1998.
1163:Economy of Luxembourg
1110:electric arc furnaces
717:ARBED, together with
677:
643:Metallarbeiterverband
588:Alexandre de Gerlache
569:from 1909 to 1913 in
365:
274:instead of charcoal.
33:
2820:World Heritage Sites
2407:Military occupations
2345:Austrian Netherlands
2219:Superplastic forming
2138:Quench polish quench
2028:Vacuum arc remelting
2007:Basic oxygen process
2002:Electric arc furnace
1674:10.3917/vin.144.0161
1615:Les cahiers lorrains
1189:Notes and references
1168:Mining in Luxembourg
1151:Avenue de la Liberté
684:Avenue de la Liberté
596:SA d'Ougrée-Marihaye
523:vertical integration
392:Jean-Nicolas Collart
293:was exported to the
2810:RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
2578:Diplomatic missions
2551:Chamber of Deputies
2340:Spanish Netherlands
2335:House of Luxembourg
2174:Cryogenic treatment
1997:Open hearth furnace
1985:Primary (Post-1850)
1976:Cementation process
1863:Direct reduced iron
1586:d'Lëtzebuerger Land
1072:Improving prospects
1032:Division Anti-Crise
932:Natzweiler-Struthof
700:Banque de Bruxelles
602:The cable producer
409:, which was run by
2684:Telecommunications
2659:Electricity sector
2498:Luxembourg plateau
2493:Little Switzerland
2355:Belgian Revolution
1945:Primary (Pre-1850)
1708:Trausch, Gilbert.
1513:The New York Times
1481:, p. 107-108.
1457:, p. 119-120.
1005:oil crisis of 1973
911:Wartime production
691:
368:
295:Prussian Rhineland
40:
2861:
2860:
2828:
2827:
2697:
2696:
2626:
2625:
2613:Political parties
2588:Foreign relations
2533:
2532:
2370:Luxembourg Crisis
2330:Celtic Luxembourg
2279:
2278:
2227:
2226:
2041:
2040:
1916:
1915:
1907:Induction furnace
1441:Cf. Emile Krier:
1051:second oil crisis
974:Trente Glorieuses
712:Adolf-Emil-Hütte"
632:German occupation
247:
246:
55:Early development
16:(Redirected from
2896:
2841:
2805:Radio Luxembourg
2795:National symbols
2708:
2707:
2637:
2636:
2568:Council of State
2544:
2543:
2437:
2436:
2385:Second World War
2306:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2053:
2052:
1992:Bessemer process
1942:
1941:
1924:
1814:
1813:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1705:
1686:
1677:
1660:
1654:
1644:
1627:
1618:
1605:
1589:
1576:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1504:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1326:, p. 92-93.
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1198:
877:Otto Steinbrinck
841:Great Depression
792:, later renamed
770:Athus-Grivégnée"
747:
729:(1919) and the "
567:Adolf-Emil-Hütte
559:
480:Count de Bertier
441:Dominique-Alexis
438:
427:
242:
226:
210:
181:
152:
136:
106:
21:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2844:
2837:
2824:
2754:
2693:
2622:
2556:Current members
2529:
2469:Luxembourg City
2426:
2422:Railway history
2380:First World War
2365:1848 Revolution
2316:
2310:
2280:
2275:
2223:
2199:Decarburization
2165:
2142:
2083:
2074:
2037:
2011:
1980:
1952:Pattern welding
1933:
1925:
1912:
1867:
1856:Anthracite iron
1805:
1804:Iron production
1799:
1781:
1771:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1702:
1652:
1592:Hemmer, Carlo.
1565:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1505:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1235:
1227:Albert Calmes:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1159:
1118:
1074:
1027:
1001:
950:
944:
913:
885:Ougrée-Marihaye
857:
777:Ougrée-Marihaye
741:
688:Luxembourg City
628:
553:
492:
472:Percy Gilchrist
451:foundry owners
445:Pierre Brasseur
432:
430:Burbach Foundry
421:
360:
240:
224:
208:
179:
150:
134:
120:
118:
113:
97:
57:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2859:
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2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2834:
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2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2750:Social welfare
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Stock Exchange
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2618:Prime Minister
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
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2531:
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2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Moselle Valley
2500:
2495:
2485:
2483:Extreme points
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:Jewish history
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315: articles
2309:
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2301:
2294:
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2196:
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2167:
2166:
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2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Carbonitriding
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2085:Case-hardening
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2047:Heat treatment
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:Tatara furnace
1968:
1961:Damascus steel
1957:Crucible steel
1954:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:Cupola furnace
1896:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1833:
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1811:
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1800:
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1718:
1717:External links
1715:
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1606:
1597:
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1469:, p. 120.
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1304:
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1180:
1175:
1173:Émile Mayrisch
1170:
1165:
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1155:
1140:Lakshmi Mittal
1117:
1114:
1088:Klöckner Stahl
1073:
1070:
1026:
1023:
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997:
955:Robert Schuman
943:
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936:Audun-le-Tiche
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909:
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734:
715:
680:ARBED building
627:
624:
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535:Émile Mayrisch
507:overproduction
491:
488:
396:Metz & Cie
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2271:United States
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2133:Precipitation
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2119:
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2104:
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2071:
2070:Short circuit
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2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
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2003:
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1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1908:
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1900:
1897:
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1888:
1887:Reverberatory
1884:
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1864:
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1857:
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1836:Blast furnace
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1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1701:2-218-03855-2
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:(3/4): 11–26.
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1639:(in German).
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
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1598:
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1588:. p. 11.
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1445:, p. 224-241.
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1350:, p. 95.
1349:
1344:
1338:, p. 94.
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1314:, p. 88.
1313:
1308:
1302:, p. 83.
1301:
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1290:, p. 47.
1289:
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1277:
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1262:
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1147:ArcelorMittal
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1055:Davignon Plan
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719:Terres Rouges
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468:Sidney Thomas
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397:
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381:
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370:The brothers
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74:
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62:
47:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2745:Social class
2715:Demographics
2673:
2260:
2161:Martempering
2156:Austempering
2065:Low hydrogen
1883:Finery forge
1879:Wrought iron
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1709:
1691:
1682:
1665:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1614:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1571:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1512:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1397:Trausch 1992
1343:
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1307:
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1255:
1228:
1223:
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1196:
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1136:Mittal Steel
1134:
1119:
1106:
1099:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1044:Steckel mill
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1020:
1016:steel crisis
1013:
1002:
985:
982:
979:
972:
970:
967:
963:Schuman Plan
951:
929:
921:
914:
904:
900:Aloyse Meyer
893:
888:
884:
880:
874:
869:
866:Gustav Simon
860:
858:
855:World War II
849:
845:
838:
834:
826:
822:
801:
793:
789:
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769:
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629:
621:
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613:
603:
594:
593:The Belgian
583:
577:
566:
562:
549:
542:
526:
520:
515:
511:
504:
493:
483:
465:
460:
411:Victor Tesch
406:
404:
399:
395:
387:
383:
380:Auguste Metz
369:
351:
347:
345:
339:
333:
327:
319:
313:
303:
290:
286:
278:
276:
268:
261:
256:
250:
248:
98:
95:19th century
85:
76:
69:Esch-Alzette
64:
58:
43:
41:
2644:Accountancy
2598:LGBT rights
2204:Forming gas
2108:Carburizing
1965:Wootz steel
1931:Steelmaking
1830:sponge iron
1734:16 November
1683:nos cahiers
1479:Kreins 2010
1467:Kreins 2010
1455:Kreins 2010
1348:Kreins 2010
1336:Kreins 2010
1324:Kreins 2010
1312:Kreins 2010
1300:Kreins 2010
1276:Kreins 2010
1248:Kreins 2010
1216:Kreins 2010
991:factory in
938:were used.
923:Ostarbeiter
794:Trade Arbed
742: [
708:Rothe Erde"
571:Esch-Belval
554: [
496:World War I
433: [
422: [
233:Dommeldange
172:Colmar-Berg
143:Lamadelaine
119:production
36:Esch-Belval
2868:Categories
2800:Newspapers
2725:Euthanasia
2664:Euro coins
2402:Partitions
2390:Occupation
2313:Luxembourg
2261:Luxembourg
2241:Bangladesh
2183:Deflashing
2093:Ausforming
1936:Steel mill
1846:Cold blast
1838:(produces
1828:(produces
1780:production
1694:. Hatier.
1551:18 October
1526:18 October
946:See also:
870:Deutschtum
650:Zollverein
563:Rothe Erde
283:concession
257:Zollverein
252:Zollverein
217:Ansembourg
112:Number of
2730:Languages
2720:Education
2689:Transport
2669:RTL Group
2583:Elections
2508:Red Lands
2449:Districts
2432:Geography
2395:Holocaust
2214:Quenching
2188:Hardening
2178:Deburring
2148:Tempering
2128:Nitriding
2123:Induction
2113:Cryogenic
2080:Hardening
2057:Annealing
2016:Secondary
1899:Cast iron
1872:Secondary
1851:Hot blast
1808:Ironworks
1521:0362-4331
1288:Maas 2021
918:Wehrmacht
862:Gauleiter
810:Argentina
714:in Esch);
710:and the "
657:in 1921.
476:Dudelange
449:Steinfort
415:cast iron
188:Fischbach
73:Rumelange
2848:Category
2740:Religion
2603:Military
2593:Monarchy
2539:Politics
2488:Guttland
2474:quarters
2459:Communes
2098:Boriding
1890:Puddling
1840:pig iron
1826:Bloomery
1818:Smelting
1657:ons stad
1626:. SEDES.
1617:: 59–68.
1429:German:
1417:German:
1231:, p. 51.
1157:See also
1122:Aceralia
786:Columeta
753:and the
291:minette
285:to mine
201:Grundhof
127:Berbourg
121:in tons
109:Locality
88:charcoal
81:Peppange
67:between
2839:Outline
2778:Cuisine
2760:Culture
2703:Society
2654:Benelux
2632:Economy
2454:Cantons
2322:History
2266:Nigeria
2049:methods
1893:Furnace
1637:Hémecht
1546:Fortune
1130:Arcelor
733:(1921).
723:Cologne
682:on the
666:minette
616:minette
541:, the "
527:minette
453:Charles
419:Burbach
400:minette
376:Norbert
372:Charles
352:minette
348:minette
299:Belgium
297:and to
287:minette
279:minette
263:minette
117:Annual
65:Gläicht
50:History
2853:Portal
2773:Cinema
2735:People
2608:Police
2525:Rivers
2520:Éislek
2350:Forêts
1698:
1519:
1126:Usinor
1092:Bremen
989:Sidmar
806:Brazil
798:SOGECO
342:(1882)
336:(1880)
330:(1877)
324:(1872)
316:(1870)
159:Bissen
2815:Sport
2790:Music
2674:Steel
2464:Towns
2256:Italy
2251:India
2246:China
1901:(via
1881:(via
1778:steel
1653:(PDF)
993:Ghent
818:Japan
814:India
746:]
558:]
539:ARBED
437:]
428:, at
426:]
195:1500
166:1400
79:near
61:Celts
2783:Wine
1885:or
1776:and
1774:Iron
1736:2016
1696:ISBN
1643:(2).
1553:2017
1528:2017
1517:ISSN
1009:Asia
816:and
768:to "
678:The
576:The
548:The
500:Ruhr
470:and
455:and
443:and
378:and
272:coke
243:700
227:700
211:700
182:700
153:900
137:700
71:and
34:The
2768:Art
1905:or
1670:doi
1090:in
891:".
686:in
608:AEG
2870::
2082:/
1963:,
1842:)
1726:.
1655:.
1641:46
1635:.
1613:.
1584:.
1544:.
1515:.
1511:.
1495:^
1355:^
1268:^
1236:^
1142:.
1057:.
1018:.
812:,
808:,
744:lb
634:.
556:de
518:.
486:.
435:de
424:de
402:.
374:,
301:.
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2305:e
2298:t
2291:v
2190:)
2176:(
1967:)
1959:(
1938:)
1934:(
1909:)
1895:)
1832:)
1810:)
1806:(
1766:e
1759:t
1752:v
1738:.
1704:.
1676:.
1672::
1555:.
1530:.
1399:.
800:(
788:(
573:.
545:.
510:(
241:0
237:1
225:0
221:1
209:0
205:1
192:2
180:0
176:1
163:2
151:0
147:2
135:0
131:1
20:)
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