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structures, the damage state variable quantifies the crack density in the plastic hinge zone; in unreinforced concrete components and steel beams, it is a dimensionless measure of the crack surface; in tubular steel elements, the damage variable measures the degree of local buckling The LDM evolution
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of a plastic hinge are introduced. LDM allows for the numerical simulation of the collapse of complex structures with a fraction of the computational cost and human effort of its continuum mechanics counterparts. LDM is also a regularization procedure that eliminates the mesh-dependence phenomenon
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that is observed in structural analysis with local damage models. In addition, LDM method has been implemented in the finite element analysis of crack propagation of steel beam-to-column connections subjected to ultra-low cycle fatigue.
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Marante, M.E., Picón, R., Guerrero, N. And Flórez-López, J. “Local buckling in tridimensional frames: experimentation and simplified analysis” 9(2012) 691 – 712 Latin-American
Journal of Solids and Structures.
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Bai, Yongtao; Guan, Shaoyu; FlĂłrez-LĂłpez, Julio (December 2017). "Development of a damage model for assessing fracture failure of steel beam-to-column connections subjected to extremely low-cycle fatigue".
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Marante, M.E., Flórez-López, J., “Three-Dimensional
Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete Frames Based On Lumped Damage Mechanics” International Journal of Solids and Structures Vol 40, No 19, 5109-5123, 2003.
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Toi, Y., Hasegawa, K.H.,. "Element-size independent, elasto-plastic damage analysis of framed structures using the adaptively shifted integration technique" Comput. Struct. 2011; 89, 2162-2168
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Bai, Yongtao; Kurata, Masahiro; FlĂłrez-LĂłpez, Julio; Nakashima, Masayoshi (October 2016). "Macromodeling of Crack Damage in Steel Beams
Subjected to Nonstationary Low Cycle Fatigue".
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Amorim, D.L.N.D.F., Proença, S.P.B.,Flórez-López, J. “Simplified modeling of cracking in concrete: Application in tunnel linings” Engineering
Structures, 70, pp. 23-25 (2014)
39:. In the models of LDM, cracking or local buckling as well as plasticity are lumped at the inelastic hinges. As in continuum damage mechanics, LDM uses
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Santoro M, Kunnath S. Damage-based RC beam element for nonlinear structural analysis. Eng. Struct. 2013; 49:733–742.
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laws can be derived from continuum damage mechanics or fracture mechanics. In the latter case, concepts such as the
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