Lucy Burns - Knowledge

574:." The women were treated brutally and were refused medical attention. To unite the women, Burns tried to call roll and refused to stop despite numerous threats by the guards. When they realized Lucy Burns's spirit was not going to be easily broken, they handcuffed her hands above her head to her cell door and left her that way for the entire night. Burns was so loved and respected by her fellow suffragists that the women in the cell across from her held their hands above their head and stood in the same position. Despite her courage and extraordinary leadership skills, the burden of working so diligently did bother Burns at times; she once told Alice Paul, "I am so nervous I cannot eat or sleep. I am such a coward I ought to be a village seamstress, instead of a Woman's Party organizer." 480: 3496: 33: 279: 547: 400:(NAWSA) as leaders of its Congressional Committee. Both women felt it was critical to hold the political party in power responsible for a federal suffrage amendment. By holding an entire party accountable, Paul and Burns believed that congressmen would be forced to take action or risk losing their seats. This militant tactic was presented by Paul and Burns at the 1912 NAWSA convention in Philadelphia to Anna Howard Shaw and other NAWSA leaders. NAWSA leaders rejected their proposal because they felt any action against the 476:

particularly troublesome; Burns is quoted as saying "If the women here, however, would only give me the money they are willing to spend on luncheons and dinners I will get along admirably." Burns spread the message about suffrage in theaters, on the streets, by going door-to-door, and by circulating cartoons and pamphlets. By election time in 1914 the Democratic Party had become an extremely vocal critic of the Congressional Union, and ultimately the Congressional Union claimed responsibility for five Democratic losses.

607: 314:. In a fracas with a senior police officer led to Burns being described by the magistrate as "setting an extremely bad example" and getting a harsher sentence. While Burns is not a widely known speaker from the woman's rights movement, she did make a variety of speeches in marketplaces and on street corners while in Europe. Her activism resulted in numerous court appearances and reports of "disorderly conduct" in the newspapers. In August 1909, she hid with 6325: 455:

displeased members within their own organization; some women were complaining that the Congressional Union was elitist, authoritarian, and undemocratic. Paul believed centralized authority was critical to accomplishing their goals and operating effectively, so they did not make any drastic changes; to appease their members they solicited suggestions and stated "We would be most grateful for any constructive plan which you can lay before us."

619: 6313: 562:. In jail, Burns joined Alice Paul and many other women in hunger strikes to demonstrate their commitment to their cause, asserting that they were political prisoners. Burns was prepared for the hunger strikes since she had previously participated in this and been force-fed in prison in Britain with the WSPU. Being imprisoned did not stop Burns' activism. From within the workhouse she organized protests with other prisoners. 6335: 435:

Women Suffrage Association. Burns was elected unanimously as an executive member of the Congressional Union of the National American Women Suffrage Association. In April 1913, NAWSA decided they wanted to distance themselves from the more radical group and no longer allowed their name to be used in the title, so the Congressional Union of the National American Women Suffrage Association was renamed just the

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bill for suffrage or we will make sure you don't get reelected. Burns stated "Inaction establishes just as clear a record as does a policy of open hostility." She was no longer going to stand for the apathy from the Democratic Party. Burns was particularly infuriated with President Wilson because he had told them he would support the Committee on Suffrage, but then never mentioned his promise in his

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Representatives passed the Susan B. Anthony amendment 304 to 89, and on June 4, the Senate passed it 66 to 30. Surprisingly, the suffragists were very subdued at the announcement of this victory. The suffragists battle was not yet over; they still had to make sure three quarters supermajority of the states – which then numbered 48 – ratified the amendment. Finally, on August 18, 1920,

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The fact that she was the first to speak at such a critical time for federal suffrage shows not only her courage in the face of opposition, but how well respected she was by her fellow leaders and suffragists. The speeches of Burns and Paul were incredibly important at that time in the movement because they showed politicians that women would unite as a voting bloc.

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and experiences as a suffragist had left her bitter towards married women and others who didn't take action during the suffrage movement. After the women of the United States gained the right to vote, Burns retired from political life and devoted herself to the Catholic Church and her orphaned niece. She died on December 22, 1966, in Brooklyn, New York.

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Burns required "five people to hold her down, and when she refused to open her mouth, they shoved the feeding tube up her nostril." This treatment was extremely painful and dangerous, causing Burns to have severe nosebleeds. Of the well-known suffragists of the era, Burns spent the most time in jail.

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had become the chairwoman of NAWSA's Congressional Committee. Without consulting the NAWSA Board, she had endorsed the alternative Shafroth-Palmer amendment on their behalf. This posed a huge threat to the work of Burns and Paul because the Shafroth amendment, if passed, would make suffrage a states'

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as "a woman of twofold ability. She speaks and writes with equal eloquence and elegance. Mentally and emotionally, she is quick and warm. She has intellectuality of a high order; but she overruns with a winning Irishness which supplements that intellectuality with grace and charm; a social mobility

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Realizing something urgent needed to be done or he would potentially have dead prisoners on his hands, the warden moved Burns to another jail and told the remaining women that the strike was over. He also ordered Burns to be force fed. Historian Eleanor Clift recounts that the force feeding of Lucy

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Burns also helped organize and circulate one of the first documents that defined the status of political prisoners. This document described the rights of political prisoners and listed their demands for an attorney, family visits, reading and writing materials, and food from outside the prison. It

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Adding to the growing tensions between the Congressional Union and NAWSA, Burns made a radical proposal once again at the 1913 NAWSA convention in Washington, D.C. Because Democrats controlled the White House and both houses of Congress at the time, Burns wanted to give them an ultimatum—support our

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Because of the arguments over tactics and funding, Burns and Paul felt it would be best if they added to NAWSA's Congressional Committee and formed a group still associated with NAWSA, but one with its own governing body. This new committee was called the Congressional Union of the National American

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Burns and other suffragists had been told by the chairman of the House Committee on Suffrage that the House would not pass a suffrage amendment before 1920. To their surprise, it was announced in late 1917 that the House would make a decision on January 10, 1918. The amendment passed in the House

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Burns played a large role in the National Woman's Party. She worked in virtually every aspect of the organization at one time or another. Specifically, she was a chief organizer, lobby head, newspaper editor, suffrage educator, teacher, orator, architect of the banner campaign, rallying force, and

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in fighting for women's rights and particularly their right to vote. They were opposed by more conservative suffragists who advocated less militant tactics. NAWSA leaders thought the tactics of the National Woman's Party were futile and would alienate Democrats that were sympathetic to suffrage.

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Many predicted that this split would do irreparable harm to women's campaign for suffrage; the cynics did not discourage Paul and Burns, and they began planning their campaign against the Democrats in the summer of 1914. In addition to confronting the Democratic Party, Burns and Paul had to address

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At this point Burns was completely exhausted and quoted as saying "I don't want to do anything more. I think we have done all this for women, and we have sacrificed everything we possessed for them, and now let them fight for it now. I am not going to fight anymore." All of her time spent in jail

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Burns and Paul were utterly enraged, but after coming so close there was no chance that they were going to give up now. They resumed their protests at the White House on August 6, 1918. Once again the women were jailed, exposed to horrendous conditions, and released shortly thereafter. Their focus

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After enduring the torture of the "Night of Terror," the women refused to eat for three days. The guards tried to tempt the women with fried chicken, but this was only viewed as an insult; Burns told the other women "I think this riotous feast which has just passed our doors is the last effort of

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beginning in January 1917. A bi-partisan organization, it directed its attacks at the office of the President of the United States, in this case, Woodrow Wilson. Burns also opposed World War I, seeing it as a war led by powerful men that resulted in young men being drafted and giving their lives

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After all of the turmoil of the past few years, Alice Paul announced a radical new plan for 1916—she wanted to organize a woman's political party. Burns adamantly supported this plan and on June 5, 6 and 7, 1916 at the Blackstone Theater in Chicago, delegates and female voters met to organize the

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In 1915 the Congressional Union decided to put its efforts into organizing in every state that did not already have a branch. The goal of this plan was to continue what their 1914 state-by-state campaign had started and make suffrage a national issue with demand in every state. In 1915 Burns also

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Burns was the first woman to speak before the Congressional delegates in 1914, when the Anthony amendment finally made it out of committee and into the House. While her speech was primarily intended to set the stage for Alice Paul, she also outlined the accomplishments of the Congressional Union.

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in Washington, D.C., on December 17, 1915. NAWSA wanted the Congressional Union to become an affiliate but they had numerous demands—the Congressional Union was to end its anti-Democratic Party campaign and never wage any political campaigns in the future. These demands were viewed as completely

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Burns was later employed by the Women's Social and Political Union as a salaried organizer from 1910 to 1912. While working with the Pankhursts in the United Kingdom, Lucy Burns became increasingly passionate about activism and participated in numerous campaigns with the WSPU. She amazed a young

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While working with the WSPU, Burns first met Alice Paul at a London police station. Both women had been arrested for demonstrating, and Paul introduced herself when she noticed that Burns was wearing an American flag pin on her lapel. The women discussed their suffrage experiences in the United

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After Burns was released, she was quickly rearrested for continuing protests, picketing, and marching at the White House. Upon her third arrest in 1917, the judge aimed to make an example of Burns, and she was given the maximum sentence. Once again a prisoner at Occoquan Workhouse, Lucy Burns

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She was a gifted student and first attended Packer Collegiate Institute, or what was originally known as the Brooklyn Female Academy, for second preparatory school in 1890. Packer Collegiate Institute prided itself on "teaching girls to be ladies", and they emphasized religious education while

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NAWSA felt they could no longer tolerate the radical tactics employed and advocated by the Congressional Union, and they wanted to officially sever their ties. Paul and Burns did not want to start a completely separate organization that could potentially rival NAWSA and hinder progress in the

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Following this, the Congressional Union sent two organizers to each of the nine states where women had the right to vote. Burns went to San Francisco, California with suffragist Rose Winslow. Organizing women in these states was not an easy task, and raising adequate funds was found to be

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symbol of the NWP. In Burns 'suffrage schools', she taught women how to conduct automobile campaigns, lobby, and work with the press, which they continued during the war. She was savvy with working with the media and supplied two hundred news correspondents with frequent news bulletins.

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As tensions grew between the suffragists and President Wilson, he realized something had to be done quickly to end the highly publicized protests and clashes between the police and suffragists. He requested that Congress convene for a special session in May 1919. On May 21 the House of

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Burns taught at Erasmus High School in Brooklyn for two years. While Burns enjoyed the educational field, she generally found the experience to be frustrating and wanted to continue her own studies. In 1906, at age twenty-seven, she moved to Germany to resume her studies in language.

369:. Their similar passions and fearlessness in the face of opposition made them quickly become good friends. Both women were passionate about activism, and the feminist struggle for equality in the UK inspired Burns and Paul to continue the fight in the United States in 1912. 595:

then was moved to helping pro-suffrage candidates get elected in November. For the first time, the NWP did not give allegiance to one party over another; they supported anyone who was willing to support suffrage, and this cost the Democrats their majority in Congress.

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Despite their stark differences, Paul and Burns worked together so effectively that followers would often describe them as having "one mind and spirit.". However Paul described Burns as "always more valiant than I was, about a thousand times more valiant by nature."

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While trying to address both internal and external attacks, the Congressional Union worked to keep the Anthony amendment afloat in 1914. The Anthony amendment, or Mondell Resolution, was a federal amendment for woman's suffrage and what would ultimately become the

408:, a well-respected and more unorthodox NAWSA leader, to petition their cause to her fellow NAWSA leaders. While the women were forced to tone down their proposal NAWSA leaders did authorize a suffrage parade, which Burns, Paul, and other activists organized as the 494:. During this time period, NAWSA was experiencing a lot of internal strife. After their convention in 1915, Anna Howard Shaw stepped down as president, and many believed this would be a time for potential reconciliation between the Congressional Union and NAWSA. 468:

rights only issue. While Burns, Paul, and other women from both the Congressional Union and NAWSA met to address this issue, NAWSA ultimately remained in support of the Shafroth amendment, and the Congressional Union continued its campaign for federal suffrage.

447:. When a delegation of women from NAWSA tried to meet with him to address this incident and register their protest, Wilson claimed to be ill. A few days later, Wilson reneged his vow to support suffrage and said he would not impose his private views on Congress. 439:. Despite this, Burns and Paul still wanted the Congressional Union to be associated with NAWSA, so they applied for it to be considered a NAWSA auxiliary. The Congressional Union was granted auxiliary membership, but the relationship remained tenuous. 591:

by a vote of 274 to 136, and the women of the NWP, including Burns, began working on the 11 additional votes they would need for the amendment to pass in the Senate. Unfortunately on June 27, 1918, the Senate narrowly failed to pass the amendment.

338:, unable to gain access Burns then broke police station windows and got a ten-day sentence, where she and others went on hunger strike, damaged the cells and refused to do prison work. Burns and Paul were involved in a stunt at the London 420:. NAWSA's one stipulation was that Paul and Burns' Congressional Committee would receive no further funding from NAWSA. While Burns and Paul readily agreed to this stipulation, this event marked the beginning of their divide with NAWSA. 566:

was circulated through holes in the walls until every suffrage prisoner had signed it. Once prison officials realized what Burns was doing, they had her transferred to a district jail and put in solitary confinement.

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with little free will. Throughout her career with the National Woman's Party, Burns was known to have a bitter sense of injustice and become angry because of the actions of the President or apathetic Americans.

259:, for coming from America to support the movement, even saying she had come to London to be arrested and that it "was a very grave honour." One of her first major contributions was organizing a parade in 228:

Burns's first major experiences with activism were with the Pankhursts in the United Kingdom from 1909 to 1912. While attending graduate school in Germany, Lucy Burns traveled to England where she met

270:; she invited suffragettes from residents and non-residents of Edinburgh to a large gathering in the city's Cafe Vegetaria on the night of the census, so that they could not be officially registered. 451:

movement, so they tried on numerous occasions to initiate negotiations with NAWSA leaders. Despite their efforts, the Congressional Union officially split from NAWSA on February 12, 1914.

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to study English. Burns was fortunate enough to have a very extensive educational background as her father, Edwards Burns, supported her and financed her international education.

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she planned to break through the roof and disrupt a political speech by the Earl of Crewe in front of an all-male audience. Burns was again with Alice Paul and

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with a hidden banner shouting "How can you dine here while women are starving in prison?" Again this resulted in prison, self-starving and force feeding.

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Burns and Paul bonded over their frustration with what they considered the inactivity and ineffective leadership of the American suffrage movement by

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In Germany, Burns studied at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin from 1906 to 1909. Burns later moved to the United Kingdom, where she enrolled at

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Membership in the NWP was limited to only enfranchised women, and their sole goal was promoting a federal amendment for woman's suffrage.

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Visionaries. In Profiles: Selected Leaders of the National Woman's Party from The Library of Congress American Memory. Retrieved from

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Bland, S.R. (1981). 'Never Quite as Committed as We'd Like': The Suffrage Militancy of Lucy Burns (Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 4–23).

1746: 4725: 2434: 2429: 1957: 1443: 655:, chronicling the voting rights movement of Lucy Burns, Alice Paul, and other suffragists. Burns was portrayed by Australian actress 963: 6419: 5276: 4737: 4542: 3591: 3548: 2789: 2478: 2177: 6429: 157:

and women's rights advocate. She was a passionate activist in the United States and the United Kingdom, who joined the militant

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the institution to dislodge all of us who can be dislodged. They think there is nothing in our souls above fried chicken."

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became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the Anthony amendment, and Burns' quest for federal suffrage was finally over.

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advocating more liberal ideals such as educating "the mind to habits of thinking with clearness and force."

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https://web.archive.org/web/20100307182835/http://www.history.com/topics/national-womans-party-nwp

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unreasonable, and the meeting ended without any reconciliation or possibility of future attempts.

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as part of the campaign in Scotland in 1909. She was the WSPU Edinburgh organiser for two years.

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The National Woman's Party led dozens of women to picket the White House in Washington, D.C., as

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Burns and Paul met with NAWSA officials and other women from the Congressional Union at the

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From equal suffrage to equal rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, 1912–1928

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https://web.archive.org/web/20100410091449/http://www.nwhm.org/rightsforwomen/Burns.html

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Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary, Volume 4

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opened to the public on January 25, 2020, with a gala opening on May 9, 2020, in

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The origins of the Equal Rights Amendment: American feminism between the wars

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Burns also met one of her lifelong role models, Laura Wylie, while attending

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Burns was arrested in 1917 while picketing the White House and was sent to

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and other suffragettes in Dundee trying to enter a political meeting of

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Lunardini, 1986 (pp. 8-9), Barker-Benfield & Clinton, 1991 (p. 456)

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Barker-Benfield & Clinton, 1991 (p. 449); Lunardini, 1986 (p. 87)

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http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/suffrage/nwp/profiles.html

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family. She was described by fellow National Woman's Party member

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and joined a protest on June 29, 1909, where she was arrested.

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Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes

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Upon returning to the United States, Paul and Burns joined the

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Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage

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Burns was an active supporter of the campaign to boycott the

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Portraits of American Women from Settlement to the Present

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became the editor of the Congressional Union's newspaper

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Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States

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Profiles: Selected Leaders of the National Woman's Party

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Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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compares the partnership of Paul and Burns to that of

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Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

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Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain

153:(July 28, 1879 – December 22, 1966) was an American 585: 1638: 1636: 1596: 1594: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1390: 1388: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1181: 1179: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1097: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1021: 1019: 872: 870: 671:, a nonprofit educational organization located in 1898:Barker-Benfield, G.J., & Clinton, C. (1991). 1775: 1626: 1624: 1342: 1340: 1312: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1234: 1232: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1051: 1049: 964:"1911 Suffrage evaders: Cafe Vegetaria Edinburgh" 851: 849: 847: 845: 843: 841: 822: 820: 801: 799: 797: 757: 755: 753: 751: 6351: 778: 776: 3634:Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage 3235:Music and women's suffrage in the United States 2856:Women's suffrage organizations and publications 1633: 1591: 1559: 1541: 1529: 1471: 1385: 1206: 1176: 1136: 1122: 1092: 1080: 1058: 1016: 867: 635:Burns was posthumously named an honoree by the 483:Lucy Burns working with the Congressional Union 356: 342:'s Ball, mingling with guests then approaching 3644:Northern Men's Federation for Women's Suffrage 2743:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) 1719:Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1993). 1621: 1337: 1307: 1295: 1229: 1162: 1150: 1046: 838: 817: 794: 748: 731:Timeline of women's rights (other than voting) 4569: 3599: 3261: 2209: 2035: 1921:Founding Sisters and the Nineteenth Amendment 773: 610:The entrance to the Lucy Burns Museum at the 1421:Barker-Benfield & Clinton, 1991 (p. 449) 1043:Clift, 2003 (p. 97); Lunardini, 1986 (p. 15) 398:National American Women Suffrage Association 392:National American Women Suffrage Association 362:Kingdom and the American women's movement. 197:. Wylie was one of the first women to go to 4539:Scotland's Suffrage History Education Packs 1966:. New York, NY: Liverright. Retrieved from 1830: 1438: 1436: 1013:Irwin, 1921 (p. 9); Lunardini, 1986 (p. 15) 814:Bland, 1981 (p. 6), Lunardini, 1986 (p. 14) 172: 5332:African-American women's suffrage movement 4576: 4562: 3606: 3592: 3268: 3254: 2886:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 2216: 2202: 2042: 2028: 1953:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 1831:Noe Kennedy, Barbara (February 20, 2018). 1025:Barker-Benfield and Clinton, 1991 (p. 457) 770:Bland, 1981 (p. 8), Lunardini, 1986 (p. 9) 186:of extreme sensitiveness and swiftness." 165:, and together they ultimately formed the 31: 3219:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar 1995: 1588:Becker, 1981 (p. 5); Clift, 2003 (p. 157) 505: 5277:Discrimination against transgender women 2790:1920 United States presidential election 1433: 904: 617: 605: 545: 541: 521:(NWP). Burns and Paul were committed to 478: 277: 3030:Women's Rights National Historical Park 662: 6352: 2707:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 2072:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 430:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage 423: 5626:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 4892:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 4557: 3587: 3549:Women's suffrage in the United States 3249: 2748:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) 2563:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 2197: 2178:Women's suffrage in the United States 2023: 1923:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 1852:Hamm, Catherine (November 12, 2017). 1499:"Visionaries: Lucy Burns (1879–1966)" 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 884: 882: 282:Suffragette being force fed in prison 201:Graduate School. Burns also attended 3275: 3101:"The March of the Women" (1910 song) 2829:List of suffragists and suffragettes 2692:Women's Coronation Procession (1911) 1851: 1739: 1265:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 63); Bland, 1981 721:List of suffragists and suffragettes 678: 642: 336:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 273: 1526:Stevens, 1920; Clift, 2003 (p. 142) 570:endured what is remembered as the " 129:Suffragist, women's rights activist 13: 6425:Women's Social and Political Union 6370:Alumni of the University of Oxford 4447:Violet Graham, Duchess of Montrose 3674:Women's Social and Political Union 3659:Stornoway Women's Suffrage Society 3071:National Voting Rights Museum (US) 3035:Women's Suffrage National Monument 2851:Historiography of the Suffragettes 2805:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) 2125:Women's Social and Political Union 1003:"Glasgow Herald". August 21, 1909. 879: 412:of 1913, occurring the day before 242:Women's Social and Political Union 14: 6456: 6385:American women's rights activists 3654:Shetland Women's Suffrage Society 3649:Orcadian Women's Suffrage Society 3511:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 2963:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 1979: 1751:National Women's History Alliance 637:National Women's History Alliance 223: 177:Burns was born in New York to an 6415:National Woman's Party activists 6333: 6324: 6323: 6311: 5871:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5287:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 3494: 3114:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) 2912:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 2758:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) 2728:Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 1909:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1669:Becker, 1981 (p. 5); Clift, 2003 726:List of women's rights activists 586:Final push for American Suffrage 463:. Since their split from NAWSA, 6420:Activists from New York (state) 2927:Kate Sheppard National Memorial 2687:Battle of Downing Street (1910) 2330:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 1892: 1866: 1845: 1824: 1799: 1769: 1712: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1612: 1603: 1582: 1573: 1520: 1491: 1462: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1328: 1319: 1286: 1277: 1268: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1220: 1197: 1188: 1113: 1104: 1037: 1028: 1007: 996: 981: 956: 931: 858: 16:American suffragist (1879–1966) 6430:Hunger Strike Medal recipients 4524:WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner 2738:Ohio Women's Convention (1850) 2723:Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 2067:1913 Woman Suffrage Procession 2049: 1996:R. Digati (October 18, 2004). 1968:https://books.google.com/books 1938:https://books.google.com/books 1934:The Story of The Woman's Party 1914:Journal of Long Island History 1444:"National Woman's Party (NWP)" 988:"Suffragists and the census". 829: 808: 785: 764: 702:and the 1910s protests by the 161:. Burns was a close friend of 1: 4535:Scotland's Suffragette Trumps 3461:Evelyn Wotherspoon Wainwright 1928:http://iron-jawed-angels.com/ 741: 649:In 2004, HBO Films broadcast 79:Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. 6233:Suffragists and suffragettes 4583: 4519:The Suffragette Handkerchief 3679:Workers' Suffrage Federation 3615:Women's suffrage in Scotland 3396:Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith 2844:in majority-Muslim countries 2834:Timeline of women's suffrage 2773:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) 2702:Open Christmas Letter (1914) 2651:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 2223: 2002:Social reformer, Suffragette 968:National Records of Scotland 736:Timeline of women's suffrage 716:List of civil rights leaders 690:, on the former site of the 357:Relationship with Alice Paul 7: 4351:Elizabeth and Agnes Thomson 3984:Charlotte Carmichael Stopes 3629:Actresses' Franchise League 3214:New Zealand ten-dollar note 2881:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 2795:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957) 2733:Rochester Convention (1848) 2518:Constitutional amendments: 2304:Women's liberation movement 1926:Iron Jawed Angels Website. 1226:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 55, 59) 992:. April 4, 1911. p. 9. 709: 195:Packer Collegiate Institute 89:Packer Collegiate Institute 10: 6461: 6390:Columbia University alumni 4127:Margaret Milne Farquharson 2753:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) 1325:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 81-82) 1133:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 44-49) 939:"Woman's Hour – Grace Roe" 835:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 8, 14) 509: 427: 6305: 6245: 6184: 6177: 5856: 5561: 5307:Female genital mutilation 5245: 5178: 5075: 4795: 4784: 4711:Majority-Muslim countries 4676: 4643: 4600: 4591: 4543:Protests and Suffragettes 4492: 4459: 4434: 4383: 4022: 3774:Elizabeth Finlayson Gauld 3694: 3687: 3621: 3519: 3503: 3492: 3283: 3221:(2020 U.S. commemorative) 3084: 3058: 3040:International Women's Day 2817: 2715: 2659: 2558: 2551: 2312: 2231: 2165: 2133: 2117: 2057: 630: 410:Woman Suffrage Procession 310:meeting on the Budget by 133: 125: 94: 84: 68: 42: 30: 23: 6400:Roman Catholic activists 6280:Women's studies journals 6238:Women's rights activists 4787:Movements and ideologies 4227:Priscilla Bright McLaren 3124:Women's suffrage in film 3095:The Women's Marseillaise 2983:Suffragette Handkerchief 2861:Women's rights activists 2641:Hong Kong 1 July marches 1949:Lunardini, C.A. (1941). 1687:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 153) 1678:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 152) 1651:Clift, 2003 (p. 178-179) 1203:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 225) 905:Atkinson, Diane (2018). 675:, is named after Burns. 173:Early life and education 6395:Activists from Brooklyn 5823:International relations 4435:Anti-suffrage activists 4077:Dorothea Chalmers Smith 3954:Mary Anderson Snodgrass 3924:Elizabeth Margaret Pace 3481:Margaret Fay Whittemore 3426:Elizabeth Selden Rogers 3361:Alison Turnbull Hopkins 3225:2020 US ten-dollar bill 3209:Susan B. Anthony dollar 3146:Not for Ourselves Alone 2768:Suffrage Special (1916) 2697:Great Pilgrimage (1913) 2646:2014 Hong Kong protests 2244:Right to run for office 1382:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 87) 1355:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 85) 1346:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 84) 1334:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 83) 1304:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 71) 1292:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 67) 1274:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 65) 1256:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 63) 1247:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 62) 1238:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 61) 1217:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 55) 1194:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 56) 1185:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 51) 1173:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 49) 1119:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 36) 1101:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 34) 1089:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 22) 1077:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 21) 1055:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 16) 782:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 14) 683:The Lucy Burns Museum * 349:Burns had been given a 61:Brooklyn, New York City 6440:National Woman's Party 6410:Yale University alumni 6253:Conservative feminisms 5551:Women in the workforce 5519:Violence against women 5494:Sexual objectification 5454:Opposition to feminism 4651:Bicycling and feminism 4406:Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon 4322:Maud Arncliffe Sennett 4137:Margaret Skirving Gibb 3969:Catherine Helen Spence 3919:Elizabeth Pease Nichol 3669:Women's Freedom League 3527:National Woman's Party 3356:Florence Bayard Hilles 2892:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 2541:1965 Voting Rights Act 2091:National Woman's Party 876:Lunardini, 1986 (p. 9) 623: 615: 555: 519:National Woman's Party 512:National Woman's Party 506:National Woman's Party 484: 382:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 353:'for Valour' by WSPU. 283: 167:National Woman's Party 139:National Woman's Party 57:Kings County, New York 6405:Vassar College alumni 6293:Women in peacekeeping 5833:Revisionist mythology 5270:Children's literature 4401:Margaret Neill Fraser 4375:Henria Leech Williams 4287:Isabella Bream Pearce 4132:Ellison Scotland Gibb 4107:Marion Wallace Dunlop 4062:Jane Esdon Brailsford 3819:Thomas Martin Lindsay 3704:Wilhelmina Hay Abbott 3386:Anne Henrietta Martin 3336:Sarah Tarleton Colvin 2873:Belmont–Paul Monument 2800:Freedom Summer (1964) 2677:Women's Sunday (1908) 1932:Irwin, I. H. (1921). 1905:Becker, S.D. (1981). 1700:. Library of congress 622:The Lucy Burns Museum 621: 609: 549: 542:Life in American jail 482: 281: 6380:American suffragists 5735:Pathways perspective 5580:Gender mainstreaming 5499:Substantive equality 5479:Reproductive justice 5429:Matriarchal religion 5282:Diversity (politics) 4442:Lady Griselda Cheape 4361:Mona Chalmers Watson 4207:Agnes Syme Macdonald 4057:Catherine Hogg Blair 3939:Marion Kirkland Reid 3764:John McAusland Denny 3759:Margaret C. Davidson 3351:Matilda Hall Gardner 3138:Shoulder to Shoulder 3107:The Mother of Us All 3050:Women's Equality Day 3045:Susan B. Anthony Day 2899:Suffragette Memorial 2504:District of Columbia 2274:Non-resident citizen 2157:Lucy Burns Institute 1986:Lucy Burns Institute 1962:Stevens, D. (1920). 1811:Lucy Burns Institute 1779:(January 16, 2005). 1660:Clift, 2003 (p. 180) 1642:Clift, 2003 (p. 178) 1630:Clift, 2003 (p. 167) 1618:Clift, 2003 (p. 164) 1609:Clift, 2003 (p. 162) 1600:Clift, 2003 (p. 158) 1579:Clift, 2003 (p. 157) 1570:Clift, 2003 (p. 152) 1556:Clift, 2003 (p. 151) 1538:Clift, 2003 (p. 150) 1488:Clift, 2003 (p. 142) 1468:Clift, 2003 (p. 138) 1159:Clift, 2003 (p. 100) 669:Lucy Burns Institute 663:Lucy Burns Institute 465:Ruth Hanna McCormick 461:nineteenth amendment 6318:Feminism portal 6198:Ecofeminist authors 6048:Trinidad and Tobago 5988:Republic of Ireland 5848:Composition studies 5529:Women's empowerment 5484:Sex workers' rights 5409:Feminist capitalism 5389:Internalized sexism 5322:Feminism in culture 5200:Kurdish (Jineology) 4509:Hunger Strike Medal 4217:Margaret Macfarlane 4212:Florence Macfarlane 4052:Edith Marian Begbie 3929:Emily Rosaline Orme 3884:Mary Murdoch (Hull) 3869:Isabella Fyvie Mayo 3466:Amelia Himes Walker 3446:Mary Church Terrell 3421:Alice Gram Robinson 3321:Lucy Gwynne Branham 3005:Hunger Strike Medal 2682:Black Friday (1910) 1876:. Lucy Burns Museum 1874:"Lucy Burns Museum" 1787:on February 2, 2011 1781:"Iron Jawed Angels" 1757:on January 15, 2020 1507:Library of Congress 1430:Clift, 2003 (p. 91) 1412:Bland, 1981 (p. 13) 1373:Becker, 1981 (p. 5) 1316:Bland, 1981 (p. 12) 1283:Bland, 1981 (p. 11) 1147:Clift, 2003 (p. 99) 1034:Clift, 2003 (p. 96) 791:Irwin, 1921 (p. 16) 554:, Washington, D.C. 445:address to Congress 437:Congressional Union 424:Congressional Union 372:Suffrage historian 351:Hunger Strike Medal 232:and her daughters, 203:Columbia University 102:Columbia University 6435:Catholic feminists 6375:American feminists 5693:Literary criticism 5570:Complementarianism 5292:Effects on society 5260:Complementarianism 5067:Women's liberation 4327:Margaret Skinnider 4152:Mary Pollock Grant 4092:Annie Walker Craig 3839:Chrystal MacMillan 3799:Christina Jamieson 3664:United Suffragists 3555:Jailed for Freedom 3539:Occoquan Workhouse 3148:(1999 documentary) 3015:Suffrage jewellery 2239:Universal suffrage 1964:Jailed for Freedom 1919:Clift, E. (2003). 1403:Bland, 1981 (p. 9) 1394:Bland, 1981 (p. 4) 855:Bland, 1981 (p. 7) 826:Bland, 1981 (p. 6) 805:Bland, 1981 (p. 5) 761:Bland, 1981 (p. 8) 696:Lorton Reformatory 694:, also called the 692:Occoquan Workhouse 673:Madison, Wisconsin 624: 616: 612:Occoquan Workhouse 560:Occoquan Workhouse 556: 552:Occoquan Workhouse 485: 418:first inauguration 284: 230:Emmeline Pankhurst 6445:Militant feminism 6347: 6346: 6301: 6300: 5710:Political ecology 5616:Écriture féminine 5514:Triple oppression 5504:Toxic masculinity 5489:Sexual harassment 5349:Feminist stripper 5327:Feminist movement 5241: 5240: 5179:Ethnic and racial 4780: 4779: 4551: 4550: 4455: 4454: 4396:Helen Cruickshank 4334:and her daughter 4332:Georgiana Solomon 4292:Caroline Phillips 4247:Jessie C. Methven 4192:Alice Stewart Ker 4087:Catherine Corbett 4037:Mary Sophia Allen 3581: 3580: 3563:Iron Jawed Angels 3476:Sue Shelton White 3311:Mary Ritter Beard 3243: 3242: 3154:Iron Jawed Angels 3076:Umbrella Movement 3020:Suffragette penny 2934:Millicent Fawcett 2905:Portrait Monument 2813: 2812: 2667:WSPU march (1906) 2484:African Americans 2402:Spain (Civil War, 2294:Compulsory voting 2191: 2190: 2142:Iron Jawed Angels 1991:Lucy Burns Museum 1936:. Retrieved from 1859:Los Angeles Times 1777:Katja von Garnier 679:Lucy Burns Museum 652:Iron Jawed Angels 644:Iron Jawed Angels 344:Winston Churchill 306:trying to stop a 274:Prison in Britain 218:Oxford University 183:Inez Haynes Irwin 148: 147: 117:Oxford University 72:December 22, 1966 6452: 6337: 6336: 6327: 6326: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6182: 6181: 6165:History of women 5641:Political theory 5541: 5534:Women-only space 5419:Likeability trap 5384:Invisible labour 5302:Female education 4793: 4792: 4788: 4748:African-American 4678:Women's suffrage 4669: 4656:Feminist history 4598: 4597: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4530:Justice for Ever 4514:The Suffrage Oak 4503:Holloway Jingles 4493:Art, culture and 4142:Marion Gilchrist 3979:Louisa Stevenson 3874:Frances Melville 3834:Louisa Macdonald 3714:Mary Anne Baikie 3692: 3691: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3498: 3441:Betty Gram Swing 3431:Caroline Spencer 3371:Mary Hall Ingham 3306:Abby Scott Baker 3296:Nina E. Allender 3277:Silent Sentinels 3270: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3066:Age of candidacy 2999:Holloway Jingles 2973:Pankhurst Centre 2944:(2008 sculpture) 2867:Leser v. Garnett 2672:Mud March (1907) 2556: 2555: 2489:Native Americans 2299:Disfranchisement 2218: 2211: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2183:Women's suffrage 2097:Silent Sentinels 2084:Suffrage Special 2044: 2037: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1783:. Archived from 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1753:. Archived from 1743: 1737: 1736: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1557: 1554: 1539: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1450:on March 7, 2010 1446:. Archived from 1440: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1174: 1171: 1160: 1157: 1148: 1145: 1134: 1131: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1090: 1087: 1078: 1075: 1056: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1000: 994: 993: 985: 979: 978: 976: 974: 960: 954: 953: 951: 949: 935: 929: 928: 902: 877: 874: 865: 862: 856: 853: 836: 833: 827: 824: 815: 812: 806: 803: 792: 789: 783: 780: 771: 768: 762: 759: 704:Silent Sentinels 688:Lorton, Virginia 657:Frances O'Connor 535:Silent Sentinels 402:Democratic Party 378:Susan B. Anthony 367:Anna Howard Shaw 137:Co-founding the 75: 52: 50: 35: 21: 20: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6334: 6312: 6310: 6297: 6241: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6080:Northern Cyprus 5852: 5843:Science fiction 5636:Oedipus complex 5596:Women's studies 5557: 5556: 5555: 5539: 5449:Oedipus complex 5439:Men in feminism 5404:Language reform 5379:Ideal womanhood 5359:Gender equality 5354:Formal equality 5317:Feminationalism 5255:Cognitive labor 5237: 5205:Native American 5174: 5173: 5172: 5071: 4981:Post-structural 4786: 4776: 4672: 4665: 4661:Women's history 4639: 4587: 4582: 4552: 4547: 4494: 4488: 4461: 4460:Historians and 4451: 4430: 4379: 4277:Adela Pankhurst 4237:Margaret McPhun 4197:Isabella Leitch 4072:Isabella Carrie 4047:Janet Barrowman 4018: 3999:Muriel Thompson 3974:Flora Stevenson 3964:Mary Somerville 3854:Lavinia Malcolm 3739:Jane Clapperton 3683: 3617: 3612: 3582: 3577: 3515: 3499: 3490: 3471:Ruza Wenclawska 3451:Phyllis Terrell 3406:Katherine Morey 3401:Vida Milholland 3376:Paula O. Jakobi 3331:Iris Calderhead 3279: 3274: 3244: 3239: 3204:(upcoming film) 3130:Votes for Women 3086: 3080: 3054: 2993:Holloway brooch 2988:Holloway banner 2819: 2809: 2778:Night of Terror 2711: 2655: 2547: 2308: 2227: 2222: 2192: 2187: 2161: 2129: 2113: 2102:Night of Terror 2059: 2058:Suffrage events 2053: 2048: 2010: 2008: 1982: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1850: 1846: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1747:"2020 Honorees" 1745: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1555: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1296: 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6286:SCUM Manifesto 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6155:United Kingdom 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5828:Existentialism 5825: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5784:Existentialism 5781: 5780: 5779: 5777:Justice ethics 5769: 5764: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575:Gender studies 5572: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5546:Women's rights 5543: 5540:Women's health 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Male privilege 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5393:International 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4726:United Kingdom 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4541:, produced by 4532: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4484:Sarah Pedersen 4481: 4479:Diane Atkinson 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4426:Helen Matthews 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4370:Annot Robinson 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4346:Jessie Stephen 4343: 4338: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4312:Arabella Scott 4309: 4304: 4302:Annot Robinson 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4282:Frances Parker 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4257:Ethel Moorhead 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4232:Frances McPhun 4229: 4224: 4222:Jenny McCallum 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4202:Mary Macarthur 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Frances Graves 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4112:Flora Drummond 4109: 4104: 4099: 4097:Helen Crawfurd 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4042:Helen Archdale 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959:Jessie M. Soga 3956: 3951: 3949:Frances Simson 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3914:Grace Paterson 3911: 3909:Jessie Newbery 3906: 3904:Margaret Mylne 3901: 3896: 3894:Frances Murray 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3824:Louisa Lumsden 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794:Margaret Irwin 3791: 3786: 3784:Mary Henderson 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3754:Mary Crudelius 3751: 3749:Muriel Craigie 3746: 3744:Jessie Craigen 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3574:(2022 musical) 3567: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3544:Prison Special 3541: 3536: 3533:The Suffragist 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3198: 3197:(2022 musical) 3190: 3189:(2018 musical) 3182: 3174: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3119:Suffrage plays 3116: 3111: 3103: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2942:Great Petition 2938: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2879:Rise up, Women 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2783:Prison Special 2780: 2770: 2765: 2763:Suffrage Torch 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2435:Cayman Islands 2425:United Kingdom 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2153:(2022 musical) 2146: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107:Prison Special 2104: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2078:The Suffragist 2069: 2063: 2061: 2060:(co-organized) 2055: 2054: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2018: 2017: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1980:External links 1978: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1865: 1844: 1823: 1798: 1768: 1738: 1732:978-0674627338 1731: 1711: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1558: 1540: 1528: 1519: 1490: 1470: 1461: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1306: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1228: 1219: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1175: 1161: 1149: 1135: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1091: 1079: 1057: 1045: 1036: 1027: 1015: 1006: 995: 980: 955: 930: 915: 878: 866: 857: 837: 828: 816: 807: 793: 784: 772: 763: 746: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 711: 708: 680: 677: 664: 661: 646: 641: 632: 629: 587: 584: 543: 540: 510:Main article: 507: 504: 491:The Suffragist 428:Main article: 425: 422: 414:Woodrow Wilson 393: 390: 358: 355: 328:Herbert Samuel 275: 272: 225: 224:Early activism 222: 207:Vassar College 179:Irish Catholic 174: 171: 146: 145: 135: 134:Known for 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 120: 119: 114: 109: 107:Vassar College 104: 98: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 76:(aged 87) 70: 66: 65: 55: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6457: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6332: 6330: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6160:United States 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6008:Latin America 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Technoscience 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Art criticism 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5601:Men's studies 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Transmisogyny 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Purplewashing 5467: 5465: 5464:Protofeminism 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Honor killing 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:Transnational 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914:Individualist 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Anti-abortion 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738:United States 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495:commemoration 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4421:Agnes McLaren 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411:Frances Ivens 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:Bessie Watson 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4341:Barbara Steel 4339: 4337: 4336:Daisy Solomon 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Amy Sanderson 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Mary Phillips 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4252:Maggie Moffat 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4177:Agnes Husband 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Florence Haig 4165: 4163: 4162:Marion Grieve 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4122:Maude Edwards 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Annie S. Swan 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899:Sylvia Murray 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3889:Eunice Murray 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879:Graham Moffat 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Lilly Maxwell 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844:Alice McLaren 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809:Harriet Leisk 3807: 3805: 3804:Jessie Keppie 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622:Organisations 3620: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436:Doris Stevens 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411:Mary A. 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