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566:, became princes of the empire. Out of the entire empire, the Lower Saxon Circle was ruled the most by foreign kings. Regardless of this, the House of Welf's strong position with the Lower Saxon Circle prevented the dukes of
212:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
198:
1242:
1744:
1601:
499:, the circle had 2,120,00 inhabitants and an area of 1,240 square miles. With respect to religion, almost all the citizens were Protestant. The exception was the partially Catholic
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1632:
1272:
1780:
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Established in 1154 by Henry the Lion, secularized in 1648 as
Principality of Ratzeburg, held by the Dukes of Mecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1701
1340:
232:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
408:. Furthermore, the first mention of an Upper Saxon Circle, a Lower Saxon Circle or the Netherlands occurred much later on. The term Lower Saxony (
1625:
404:
and Lower Saxon Circle. The division was only codified in 1522, and it took a while before the separation was completely implemented by the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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539:, after the Reformation, was ruled by Danes and Swedes, and after 1715 by the House of Welf. Through the
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From about 1160, united with
Blankenburg in 1368, held by the Dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1599
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1409:
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in 1438. An
Imperial Saxon Circle was formally created in 1500, but in 1512 it was divided into an
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were also areas outside the continuous portion of the imperial circle. Within the circle was the
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460:. For the most part it was a continuous territory with the exception of small enclaves like
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from 1239, secularized in 1648 as a principality held by the Dukes of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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461:
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were also part of the personal union, but they were not a part of the Lower Saxon Circle.
8:
1471:
405:
1157:
Established in 1296, in 1689 fell to the Dukes of
Brunswick-Calenberg, 66th seat to the
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1414:
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401:
350:
1127:
1718:
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1031:
Subdivision of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1520 until 1552, again from 1621 until 1695
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1219:
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766:
1759:
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301:
1491:
1218:
The list of states making up the Lower Saxon Circle is based on that in the
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901:
550:
Also as a result of their possessions in the imperial circles, the kings of
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1103:
Established in 1650, held by the Danish Royal House of
Oldenburg from 1734
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441:
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An unusual aspect of this circle was that, at various times, the kings of
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in 919, contested by
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 18th Prelature of the Rhine
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was ruled from 1513 by administrators from the
Brandenburg line of the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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457:
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A large part of the circle was made up of territories ruled by the
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361:
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1745:
Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles
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798:
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357:
884:
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420:
The Lower Saxon Circle included the easternmost part of current
209:
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802:
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618:
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449:
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The Lower Saxon Circle at the beginning of the 16th century
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Established by Charlemagne in 804, secularized in 1648 as
221:
to this template: there are already 1,880 articles in the
396:
The first plans for a Lower Saxon Circle originated from
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and the kings of Denmark from completely dominating.
1178:
Established in 1154 by Henry the Lion, residence at
349:) before later being better differentiated from the
205:
329:. It covered much of the territory of the medieval
201:
a machine-translated version of the German article.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1757:
578:The circle was made up of the following states:
259:{{Translated|de|Niedersächsischer Reichskreis}}
1049:Subdivision of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1701
896:Established in 1474, held by the Danish Royal
247:accompanying your translation by providing an
192:Click for important translation instructions.
179:expand this article with text translated from
1781:1500s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1626:
1258:
921:Subdivision of Holstein from 1544 until 1773
670:from 1494, united with Celle in 1705 to form
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1633:
1619:
1265:
1251:
1203:800 Jahre Calvörde – Eine Chronik bis 1991
289:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
547:became a prince of the imperial circle.
300:
16:Imperial circle of the Holy Roman Empire
1674:Westphalian (Lower Rhenish-Westphalian)
724:from 1291 until 1596, 36th seat to the
699:from 1269 until 1705, 32nd seat to the
480:, which was in personal union with the
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1195:
1614:
1246:
1237:Imperial Circles in the 16th Century
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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18:
13:
14:
1797:
1230:
757:after Napoleon, 38th seat to the
617:, secularized in 1648 as fief of
337:), and was originally called the
34:This article has multiple issues.
1771:Circles of the Holy Roman Empire
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452:, in addition to small areas in
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992:, secularized in 1680, held by
412:) was first used only in 1548.
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
573:
257:You may also add the template
1:
1786:1500 establishments in Europe
1224:Niedersächsischer Reichskreis
319:Niedersächsischer Reichskreis
1239:– Historical Maps of Germany
964:3rd Rhenish City, from 1226
506:
484:since 1502. The Counties of
415:
7:
853:9th Rhenish City from 1189
830:Principality of Halberstadt
780:Established in 852 by Duke
648:8th Rhenish City from 1186
424:, the northernmost part of
353:by the more specific name.
229:will aid in categorization.
10:
1802:
1212:
990:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
625:in 1715; 12th seat to the
533:Margraviate of Brandenburg
521:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
478:Prince-Bishopric of Verden
204:Machine translation, like
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1567:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
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181:the corresponding article
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529:Bishopric of Halberstadt
1776:History of Lower Saxony
1602:Unencircled territories
1363:Brunswick and Lunenburg
939:Established in 1160 by
611:Archbishopric of Bremen
537:Archbishopric of Bremen
501:Bishopric of Hildesheim
495:By the downfall of the
482:Archbishopric of Bremen
268:For more guidance, see
1393:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
984:Established in 955 by
871:Established in 815 by
738:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
613:established in 787 by
517:Protestant Reformation
406:Imperial Chamber Court
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713:Brunswick-Grubenhagen
525:House of Hohenzollern
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270:Knowledge:Translation
241:copyright attribution
1042:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1013:Established in 1352
1006:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
979:Prince-Archbishopric
749:from 1269, included
527:. Also, in 1648 the
519:the newly converted
398:Albert II of Germany
99:"Lower Saxon Circle"
84:improve this article
1578:Circles est. 1512:
1553:Circles est. 1500:
1283:(1500–1806) of the
1024:Mecklenburg-Güstrow
943:, 49th seat to the
875:; 27th seat to the
674:, 34th seat to the
659:Brunswick-Calenberg
562:, who governed the
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1281:Lower Saxon Circle
1222:Knowledge article
898:House of Oldenburg
788:confirmed by King
755:Duchy of Brunswick
747:Brunswick-Lüneburg
722:Brunswick-Lüneburg
697:Brunswick-Lüneburg
668:Brunswick-Lüneburg
541:Duchy of Oldenburg
351:Upper Saxon Circle
311:Lower Saxon Circle
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249:interlanguage link
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1724:Electoral Rhenish
1646:Holy Roman Empire
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1592:Electoral Rhenish
1285:Holy Roman Empire
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1175:Prince-Bishopric
1118:Prince-Bishopric
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1551:until 1734.
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442:Dithmarschen
422:Lower Saxony
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339:Saxon Circle
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333:(except for
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188:(March 2012)
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82:Please help
77:verification
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36:Please help
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1729:Upper Saxon
1679:Lower Saxon
1588:Upper Saxon
1543:until 1695.
1539:until 1640.
1535:until 1773.
1527:until 1596.
1523:until 1705.
1519:until 1731.
1511:until 1701.
1507:until 1648.
1422:Mecklenburg
1383:Grubenhagen
1368:Blankenburg
1306:Halberstadt
994:Brandenburg
834:Brandenburg
821:Halberstadt
784:of Saxony,
771:Gandersheim
751:Blankenburg
621:, ceded to
615:Charlemagne
574:Composition
568:Mecklenburg
515:. With the
490:Spiegelberg
454:Brandenburg
440:(excluding
434:Mecklenburg
402:Upper Saxon
380:) were all
1760:Categories
1719:Burgundian
1669:Franconian
1648:after the
1584:Burgundian
1571:Franconian
1547:from 1701.
1531:from 1708.
1515:from 1648.
1497:Nordhausen
1492:Mühlhausen
1449:Regenstein
1405:Glückstadt
1311:Hildesheim
1132:Regenstein
1085:From 1220
1078:Nordhausen
1067:From 1251
1060:Mühlhausen
902:Glückstadt
864:Hildesheim
810:From 1290
486:Schaumburg
474:Mühlhausen
470:Nordhausen
335:Westphalia
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1415:Pinneberg
1373:Calenberg
1326:Ratzeburg
1321:Magdeburg
1159:Reichstag
1114:Ratzeburg
975:Magdeburg
945:Reichstag
877:Reichstag
786:Immediacy
759:Reichstag
753:, became
726:Reichstag
701:Reichstag
676:Reichstag
627:Reichstag
590:Comments
507:Structure
458:Thuringia
416:Territory
321:) was an
263:talk page
215:Consider
183:in German
45:talk page
1714:Austrian
1664:Bavarian
1580:Austrian
1555:Bavarian
1437:Strelitz
1432:Schwerin
1400:Holstein
1331:Schwerin
1171:Schwerin
889:Holstein
832:held by
466:Jüterbog
438:Holstein
362:Holstein
239:provide
1684:Swabian
1644:of the
1642:Circles
1559:Swabian
1482:Hamburg
1444:Rantzau
1427:Güstrow
1410:Gottorp
1388:Hanover
1350:Secular
1213:Sources
1136:County
1100:County
1096:Rantzau
846:Hamburg
782:Liudolf
672:Hanover
552:Prussia
545:Denmark
446:Hamburg
430:Altmark
382:Princes
370:Hanover
358:Denmark
325:of the
261:to the
243:in the
185:.
124:scholar
1487:Lübeck
1477:Goslar
1472:Bremen
1464:Cities
1358:Bremen
1316:Lübeck
1301:Bremen
1220:German
1180:Bützow
1154:Duchy
1046:Duchy
1028:Duchy
1010:Duchy
986:Otto I
981:Duchy
957:Lübeck
932:Lübeck
918:Duchy
893:Duchy
803:Goslar
742:Duchy
717:Duchy
692:Duchy
663:Duchy
639:Bremen
619:Sweden
601:Bremen
558:, and
556:Sweden
535:. The
450:Bremen
392:Origin
378:Bremen
374:Sweden
372:) and
343:German
315:German
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1378:Celle
1189:Notes
606:Duchy
584:Name
462:Halle
206:DeepL
131:JSTOR
117:books
488:and
472:and
464:and
456:and
376:(in
368:(in
360:(in
309:The
237:must
235:You
199:View
103:news
1738:and
988:as
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208:or
86:by
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