105:
48:
91:). A defect in the body's production of cholesterol can lead to adverse consequences as well. Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes and is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. It is not clear if a lower than average cholesterol level is directly harmful; however, it is often encountered in particular illnesses.
155:
In the elderly, low cholesterol may confer a health risk that may not be offset by the beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering. Similarly, for elderly patients admitted to hospital, low cholesterol may predict short-term mortality. The prevalence of hypocholesterolemia in the elderly ranges
156:
between 2% and 36%, depending on specific cutoff levels and age range investigated. Alerting physicians to hypocholesterolemia may benefit some of their patients who take cholesterol-lowering drugs and decrease the rate of their emergency room visits.
541:"The low indexes of metabolism intervention trial (LIMIT): design and baseline data of a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate how alerting primary care teams to low metabolic values, could affect the health of patients aged 75 or older"
267:
According to the
American Heart Association in 1994, only total cholesterol levels below 160 mg/dL or 4.1 mmol/L are to be classified as "hypocholesterolemia". However, this is not agreed on universally and some put the level lower.
139:
Links with depression have been supported by studies. In contrast, no evidence was found for a link with hemorrhagic stroke (although higher cholesterol levels conferred a relative protection), and neither did statin drugs worsen the risk.
803:
788:
418:
Heart
Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002). "MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial".
120:
Demographic studies suggest that cholesterol levels form a U-shape curve when plotted against mortality; this suggests that low cholesterol is associated with increased mortality, mainly due to
136:
and respiratory diseases. It is possible that whatever causes the low cholesterol level also causes mortality, and that the low cholesterol is simply a marker of poor health.
461:
Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD (2001). "Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the
Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study".
653:
Gordon BR, Parker TS, Levine DM, et al. (2001). "Relationship of hypolipidemia to cytokine concentrations and outcomes in critically ill surgical patients".
112:
With the increased use of medication to suppress cholesterol, some have expressed concern that lowering cholesterol levels excessively will itself cause disease.
846:
947:
598:
Tsabar, Nir; Press, Yan; Rotman, Johanna; Klein, Bracha; Grossman, Yonatan; Vainshtein-Tal, Maya; Eilat-Tsanani, Sophia (2019-10-12).
539:
Tsabar, Nir; Press, Yan; Rotman, Johanna; Klein, Bracha; Grossman, Yonatan; Vainshtein-Tal, Maya; Eilat-Tsanani, Sophia (2018-01-05).
164:
In the setting of critical illness, low cholesterol levels are predictive of clinical deterioration, and are correlated with altered
839:
734:
Marini A, Carulli G, AzzarĂ A, Grassi B, Ambrogi F (1989). "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in hematological malignancies".
600:"A Randomized Trial of Alerting to Hypocholesterolemia Results of the Low Indexes of Metabolism Intervention Trial-C (LIMIT-C)"
147:
found no increase in either respiratory disease or neuropsychiatric illness in a large trial population taking a statin drug.
832:
893:
240:
504:
Onder G, Landi F, Volpato S, et al. (2003). "Serum cholesterol levels and in-hospital mortality in the elderly".
340:"Relations of trait depression and anxiety to low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in healthy young adult women"
859:
908:
235:
17:
379:"Hypercholesterolemia, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study"
328:
Criqui MH. (1994). Very Low
Cholesterol and Cholesterol Lowering. Leaflet 71-0059. American Heart Association.
1002:
980:
913:
898:
888:
975:
1033:
855:
1028:
222:- a rare genetic disease that causes cholesterol readings below 50 mg/dL. It is found mostly in
1054:
939:
962:
903:
824:
339:
229:
599:
144:
191:
970:
883:
879:
219:
8:
930:
807:
129:
121:
678:
635:
575:
540:
486:
443:
395:
378:
812:
517:
474:
431:
1023:
751:
716:
670:
666:
639:
627:
619:
580:
562:
521:
478:
435:
400:
359:
355:
308:
133:
490:
447:
743:
708:
682:
662:
611:
570:
552:
513:
470:
427:
390:
351:
298:
66:
Statins, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, malabsorption, malnutrition, etc.
952:
245:
185:
615:
871:
712:
209:
797:
557:
1048:
994:
623:
566:
303:
286:
201:
196:
108:
Cholesterolemia and mortality for men and women <50 years and >60 years
863:
720:
674:
631:
584:
525:
482:
439:
404:
363:
287:"Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations"
214:
104:
780:
755:
417:
312:
1018:
699:
Moutzouri, E; Elisaf, M; Liberopoulos, EN (2011). "Hypocholesterolemia".
80:
56:
232:- a genetic disease that causes cholesterol readings below 50 mg/dL
205:
747:
920:
250:
165:
854:
180:
792:
223:
125:
47:
84:
698:
733:
597:
538:
285:
Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M, et al. (1992).
284:
604:
Journal of the
American Medical Directors Association
770:
460:
652:
377:Woo D, Kissela BM, Khoury JC, et al. (2004).
503:
1046:
376:
948:Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
694:
692:
840:
204:(inadequate absorption of nutrients from the
689:
115:
727:
894:Familial apoprotein CII deficiency/Type Ib
847:
833:
46:
574:
556:
394:
337:
302:
909:Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia/Type III
324:
322:
176:Possible causes of low cholesterol are:
103:
14:
1047:
899:Familial hypercholesterolemia/Type IIa
914:Familial hypertriglyceridemia/Type IV
889:Lipoprotein lipase deficiency/Type Ia
828:
319:
278:
159:
75:is the presence of abnormally low (
24:
396:10.1161/01.STR.0000127786.16612.A4
99:
25:
1066:
766:
262:
1034:APOA1 familial renal amyloidosis
904:Combined hyperlipidemia/Type IIb
667:10.1097/00003246-200108000-00011
356:10.1097/00006842-199905000-00004
253:and other hematological diseases
188:, or an overactive thyroid gland
646:
94:
591:
532:
497:
454:
411:
370:
331:
13:
1:
981:Chylomicron retention disease
701:Current Vascular Pharmacology
518:10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00354-1
475:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05553-2
432:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3
271:
940:Hypoalphalipoproteinemia/HDL
545:BMC Health Services Research
257:
7:
976:Apolipoprotein B deficiency
963:Hypobetalipoproteinemia/LDL
616:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.08.018
10:
1071:
713:10.2174/157016111794519354
241:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
150:
1011:
1003:Barraquer–Simons syndrome
993:
961:
938:
929:
870:
774:
558:10.1186/s12913-017-2812-0
171:
116:Specific disease entities
62:
54:
45:
37:
32:
338:Suarez EC (1 May 1999).
304:10.1161/01.cir.86.3.1046
230:hypobetalipoproteinemia
921:Xanthoma/Xanthomatosis
145:Heart Protection Study
109:
192:adrenal insufficiency
107:
55:Formula structure of
971:Abetalipoproteinemia
884:Hypertriglyceridemia
880:Hypercholesterolemia
236:manganese deficiency
220:abetalipoproteinemia
931:Hypolipoproteinemia
73:Hypocholesterolemia
33:Hypocholesterolemia
1029:Lipoid proteinosis
130:hemorrhagic stroke
110:
1042:
1041:
1024:Adiposis dolorosa
989:
988:
822:
821:
748:10.1159/000205530
134:aortic dissection
70:
69:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1062:
936:
935:
860:lipid metabolism
849:
842:
835:
826:
825:
772:
771:
760:
759:
731:
725:
724:
696:
687:
686:
650:
644:
643:
595:
589:
588:
578:
560:
536:
530:
529:
501:
495:
494:
458:
452:
451:
415:
409:
408:
398:
374:
368:
367:
335:
329:
326:
317:
316:
306:
282:
160:Critical illness
50:
30:
29:
21:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1055:Lipid disorders
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1007:
985:
957:
953:Tangier disease
925:
866:
853:
823:
818:
817:
783:
769:
764:
763:
732:
728:
697:
690:
651:
647:
596:
592:
537:
533:
502:
498:
469:(9279): 351–5.
459:
455:
416:
412:
375:
371:
336:
332:
327:
320:
283:
279:
274:
265:
260:
246:Marfan syndrome
186:hyperthyroidism
174:
162:
153:
118:
102:
100:Role in disease
97:
41:Low cholesterol
28:
23:
22:
18:Low cholesterol
15:
12:
11:
5:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
999:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
984:
983:
978:
973:
967:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
944:
942:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
876:
874:
872:Hyperlipidemia
868:
867:
852:
851:
844:
837:
829:
820:
819:
816:
815:
800:
784:
779:
778:
776:
775:Classification
768:
767:External links
765:
762:
761:
726:
688:
655:Crit. Care Med
645:
610:(3): 410–414.
590:
531:
496:
453:
426:(9326): 7–22.
410:
369:
330:
318:
297:(3): 1046–60.
276:
275:
273:
270:
264:
263:Classification
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
217:
212:
210:celiac disease
208:), such as in
199:
194:
189:
183:
173:
170:
161:
158:
152:
149:
117:
114:
101:
98:
96:
93:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
995:Lipodystrophy
992:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
830:
827:
814:
810:
809:
805:
801:
799:
795:
794:
790:
786:
785:
782:
777:
773:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Acta Haematol
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:(2): 200–12.
706:
702:
695:
693:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:(8): 1563–8.
660:
656:
649:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
586:
582:
577:
572:
568:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:(4): 265–71.
511:
507:
500:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
457:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
406:
402:
397:
392:
389:(6): 1360–4.
388:
384:
380:
373:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Psychosom Med
341:
334:
325:
323:
314:
310:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:
277:
269:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
207:
203:
202:malabsorption
200:
198:
197:liver disease
195:
193:
190:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
169:
167:
157:
148:
146:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
106:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
65:
61:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
864:dyslipidemia
856:Inborn error
802:
787:
739:
735:
729:
704:
700:
658:
654:
648:
607:
603:
593:
548:
544:
534:
509:
505:
499:
466:
462:
456:
423:
419:
413:
386:
382:
372:
350:(3): 273–9.
347:
343:
333:
294:
290:
280:
266:
226:populations.
215:malnutrition
175:
163:
154:
142:
138:
119:
111:
95:Presentation
88:
79:) levels of
76:
72:
71:
1019:Lipomatosis
742:(2): 75–9.
291:Circulation
81:cholesterol
57:cholesterol
38:Other names
506:Am. J. Med
272:References
206:intestines
122:depression
640:204702775
624:1525-8610
567:1472-6963
258:Diagnosis
251:leukemias
1049:Category
721:20626336
675:11505128
632:31610995
585:29301522
551:(1): 4.
526:12967690
491:36970728
483:11502313
448:35836642
440:12114036
405:15087556
364:10367605
168:levels.
166:cytokine
756:2496554
683:8199266
576:5755463
313:1355411
181:statins
151:Elderly
83:in the
754:
719:
681:
673:
638:
630:
622:
583:
573:
565:
524:
489:
481:
463:Lancet
446:
438:
420:Lancet
403:
383:Stroke
362:
311:
224:Jewish
172:Causes
126:cancer
63:Causes
1012:Other
813:272.5
798:E78.6
679:S2CID
636:S2CID
487:S2CID
444:S2CID
89:-emia
85:blood
77:hypo-
858:of
808:9-CM
752:PMID
717:PMID
671:PMID
628:PMID
620:ISSN
581:PMID
563:ISSN
522:PMID
479:PMID
436:PMID
401:PMID
360:PMID
309:PMID
143:The
804:ICD
789:ICD
744:doi
709:doi
663:doi
612:doi
571:PMC
553:doi
514:doi
510:115
471:doi
467:358
428:doi
424:360
391:doi
352:doi
299:doi
1051::
862::
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