429:
228:
441:
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200:
515:
576:
608:
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20:
483:
592:
216:
361:
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561:
642:
317:
332:
546:. It had two columns of three drawers each, each mounted on four feet and connected by an E-shaped brace, supporting a flat writing surface with a single drawer beneath. Later variations included a folding top. Later in the reign, the Mazarin desk was replaced by a large flat-topped writing table with four legs and two drawers. A very elegant version of this desk was made by André-Charles Boulle, for
132:. The characteristics of the first style in decoration and furniture were richness of materials and an effort to achieve a monumental effect. Decorative elements on the walls and furniture were often military; helmets, crossed weapons, oak leave clusters symbolizing victory, sculpted, gilded, and placed on the walls. Other common decorations were masks of
182:. Another popular decoration on furniture was bronze ornament, sculpted and gilded. Reliefs of gilded bronze covered the faces of the pieces of furniture, decorating the keyholes and the angles. The corners of commodes were occupied by sculptures of women or angels, and the feet were dressed in gilded bronze shoes or sculpted lions' or deer feet.
178:, exotic woods, copper, tortoise shell, and mother-of-pearl. Sometimes copper decoration was placed on a background of tortoise shell, and sometimes the tortoise shell design was on a background of copper. The decor became more and more elaborate, fanciful and exotic, particularly in the work of another influential designer,
440:
460:
The ornate and heavy chests of Louis XIII gradually disappeared were replaced by a new item of furniture, the commode, which had a column of drawers. In the earlier years of Louis XIV the chests were massive and geometric, sometimes with columns and pediments and panels of wood with carved decorative
634:
The bedroom was a place of ceremony under Louis XIV. The formal awakening of the King at the Palace of
Versaille was a daily event, which any member of the Court or visitor to the Palace could attend. It was common for members of the nobility to receive guests when they were in bed. The beds had
143:
In the final period, from about 1690 onwards, under the influence of
Haroudin-Mansart, Pierre Lapautre and other designers, the style of decor and furniture became less grandiose and more elegant; marble on walls was replaced by wood paneling in light colors, or natural wood that was waxed or
302:, stools made of cane. Gradually this privilege was extended to Duchessses, then other high nobility, and eventually to all the official members of the Court Portable chairs were invented to meet the changing demands of court protocol. These included chairs with cane backs, folding chairs (
139:
The Royal furniture manufactory was established in 1667, part of the royal art establishment which included the
Academy of Fine Arts and the royal tapestry manufactory at Sèvres. Its designers and craftsmen created most of the new furniture made for the Palace of Versailles and other royal
59:
and other rare woods, a technique first used in
Florence in the 15th century, which was refined and developed by Boulle and others working for the King. Furniture was inlaid with thin plaques of ebony, copper, mother of pearl, and exotic woods of different colors in elaborate designs.
418:, from 1670–80, which features marquetry made with an assortment of woods, plus pewter, brass, copper, horn, and tortoiseshell; it is now in the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. A variant of this design by Boulle from the same period is found in the
144:
vanished. As heating systems improved, fireplaces became smaller; as glass technology improved, mirrors became larger, and could cover entire walls, as they soon did at
Versailles. New and lighter decorative themes appeared that were often exotic and playful, notably
428:
635:
very high canopies and draperies supported by four posts and a rectangual frame or panel, called a tester, above. The draperies were largely to keep heat in and drafts out. The beds were separated from the rest of the room by a balustrade.
263:, or leaves. The four legs were connected for support by a cross beam under the chair in the form of an H, which evolved into an X. The chairs were upholstered either with leather or with tapestry. The feet of chairs were either
79:
or "Confessional armchair", which had padded cushions on either side of the back of the chair. The console table also made its first appearance; it was designed to be placed against a wall. Another new type of furniture was the
123:
The second period, from 1660 to about 1690, was the beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV; much of the furniture of this period was made for the decoration of the grand new halls of the Palace of
Versailles designed by
575:
607:
27:(1675–80). Oak veneered with pewter, brass, tortoise shell, horn, ebony, ivory, and wood marquetry; bronze mounts; figures of painted and gilded oak; drawers of snakewood (J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles)
199:
227:
514:
275:
which looked like two armchairs joined together. In the later period of the Louis XIV style, the amount of decoration on the frame diminished, and their form became more graceful and curving. The feet
116:, placed as squares or rectangles on the walls, and the sculpted ceilings with similar decorations. Cabinets, tables and chairs were geometric. Armchairs appeared with high backs, made with pieces of
185:
In the later style, the geometric forms were gradually replaced by curving lines, and an assortment of new, more portable furniture appeared, including folding chairs and small tables, called
465:
lightened the appearance of the commodes with marquetry of ivory, mother of pearl, tin, and brass. He also used different colored woods to create elaborate floral bouquets and other designs.
112:. Rooms were dominated by massive cabinets, decorated with columns, frontons, pilasters, balustrades, niches and other decoration which matched the elaborate carved wood paneling, called
482:
376:
294:
In the early years of the reign, the King demanded that all members of the court, no matter what their rank, remain standing, often for very long periods, while he was seated in a
498:
411:
The console was a particular type of table made to stand against a wall; it usually had a plaque of marble on top, and was richly ornamented, but only on side facing the room.
346:
360:
283:, or queen's armchair, was introduced and became a popular form which continued to be made, with various modifications, throughout the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. The
591:
706:
414:
In the later Louis XIV period, under the influence of Boulle, marquetry became the dominant decoration of tables. A particularly fine example is a table by
215:
686:
136:(the Sun God symbolized Louis, the "Sun King"); the eagle of Jupiter, the lion, the rooster, and a wide variety of crowns, scepters and royal batons.
404:. The brace between the legs underneath was often in an X form, and the meeting place often had a very elaborate console with reverse S shapes. The
696:
19:
542:
in its rough modern form appeared under Louis XIV. The earliest version was the
Mazarin desk, named for Louis's prime minister,
461:
elements in diamond and other geometric shapes. The early chests and commodes were often of dark wood, which made them sombre.
39:
was massive and lavishly covered with sculpture and ornament of gilded bronze in the earlier part of the personal rule of King
882:
846:
75:, or sofa, appeared, in the form of a combination of two or three armchairs. New kinds of armchairs appeared, including the
287:
was another innovation, an armchair with wings with thick cushions on either side of the head. Another innovation was the
189:, which could be moved easily from room to room. These tendencies led directly to the more fanciful and curving forms of
641:
408:
or belt around the edge of the table was richly ornamented with sculptural decoration, which often cascaded downwards.
864:
681:
560:
905:
316:
676:
88:
had a central section set back, placed between two columns of drawers, with four feet on each column.
900:
331:
910:
671:
598:
582:
206:
179:
661:
618:
521:
505:
489:
462:
447:
415:
171:
44:
24:
476:
for displaying medals; and special cabinets or stands for clocks, which were large and heavy.
129:
648:
8:
174:, who between 1675–80 greatly refined the classic techniques of applying thin plaques of
40:
915:
190:
84:, a marble-topped table for holding dishes. Early varieties of the desk appeared; the
878:
860:
842:
543:
109:
666:
622:
614:
551:
547:
101:
251:, which were lavishly decorated with sculpted and often gilded ornaments called
691:
567:
279:
often ended in the form known as a "deer's foot", or a gilded bronze shoe. The
85:
43:(1660–1690). After about 1690, thanks in large part to the furniture designer
894:
525:
291:, which featured braces between the legs in the form of curving sheep bones.
243:
The armchairs chairs of the early Louis XIV style had legs in a form called
701:
419:
298:, or armchair. Later, princes and princesses were allowed to sit on simple
125:
48:
149:
105:
434:
Marble-top console table, cabinet of the
Council, Palace of Versailles
164:
153:
100:'s youth (1643–1660), when France was effectively run by his mother,
97:
52:
47:, a more original and delicate style appeared, sometimes known as
396:
Tables had the same two types of feet and legs as chairs; either
271:, with a curved S form. An early version of the sofa appeared, a
64:
133:
175:
145:
56:
163:
The style of the last period was strongly influenced by the
539:
766:
764:
655:
468:
A variety of specialized chests were created, including
63:
New and often enduring types of furniture appeared; the
805:
783:
781:
779:
761:
749:
739:
737:
724:
722:
550:, the King's minister of finance, for his château at
793:
776:
734:
719:
450:(1670–80), California Palace of the Legion of Honor
221:Design for a chest by Jean Le Pautre (circa 1675)
892:
581:Desk with folding top (dated 1685) designed by
504:Armoire with marquetry in parakeet pattern by
108:, mixed with the Italian influence brought by
104:, the furniture style was that of his father,
67:, with two to four drawers, replaced the old
875:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
233:Jewel chest of Louis XIV (1676), the Louvre
827:
811:
755:
18:
872:
836:
799:
728:
893:
854:
787:
770:
743:
712:
455:
656:Notable designers of Louis XIV period
238:
13:
585:, made by Alexandre-Jean Oppenordt
14:
927:
640:
606:
590:
574:
559:
513:
497:
481:
439:
427:
375:
370:(1690–1710), Metropolitan Museum
359:
345:
330:
315:
267:, or geometric and tapering, or
226:
214:
198:
16:Furniture of Louis XIV of France
821:
209:(late 17th/early 18th century)
1:
839:L'Art Classique et le Baroque
51:. It was based on the use of
873:Renault, Christophe (2006),
830:Histoire des arts décoratifs
7:
10:
932:
857:Caractéristique des Styles
91:
828:De Morant, Henry (1970).
391:
77:fauteuil en confessionale
55:, the inlay of pieces of
647:Bed of Louis XIV at the
533:
386:(1710–20), Louvre Museum
285:fauteuil en confessional
120:, cut in a spiral form.
855:Ducher, Robert (1988),
837:Cabanne, Perre (1988),
677:Jean BĂ©rain the Younger
629:
289:fauteuil Ă os de mouton
130:Jules Hardouin-Mansart
28:
23:Cabinet on a stand by
859:, Paris: Flammarion,
832:. Librarie Hacahette.
672:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
599:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
583:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
207:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
205:Furniture designs by
180:Jean BĂ©rain the Elder
22:
906:History of furniture
662:André-Charles Boulle
649:Palace of Versailles
619:André-Charles Boulle
522:André Charles Boulle
506:André Charles Boulle
492:, Wallace Collection
490:André Charles Boulle
463:André-Charles Boulle
448:André-Charles Boulle
416:André-Charles Boulle
172:André-Charles Boulle
45:André Charles Boulle
25:André-Charles Boulle
877:, Paris: Gisserot,
841:, Paris: Larousse,
713:Notes and citations
508:(1680–1700), Louvre
456:Commodes and chests
382:Sofa and armchairs
368:fauteuil Ă la reine
353:Fauteuil Ă la reine
306:) and a variety of
281:fauteuil Ă la reine
41:Louis XIV of France
773:, pp. 128–29.
621:at the Château of
191:Louis XV furniture
29:
884:978-2-877-4746-58
848:978-2-03-583324-2
682:Philippe Caffieri
488:Early commode by
96:In the period of
923:
901:French furniture
887:
869:
851:
833:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
774:
768:
759:
753:
747:
741:
732:
726:
707:André Brustolone
644:
610:
597:Side of desk by
594:
578:
563:
544:Cardinal Mazarin
517:
501:
485:
443:
431:
422:in Los Angeles.
379:
363:
349:
334:
319:
239:Chairs and sofas
230:
218:
202:
148:or cherubs, and
110:Cardinal Mazarin
71:, or chest. The
931:
930:
926:
925:
924:
922:
921:
920:
911:Interior design
891:
890:
885:
867:
849:
824:
819:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
777:
769:
762:
754:
750:
742:
735:
727:
720:
715:
667:Charles Le Brun
658:
651:
645:
632:
625:
623:Vaux-le-Vicomte
615:Nicolas Fouquet
611:
602:
595:
586:
579:
570:
564:
552:Vaux-le-Vicomte
548:Nicolas Fouquet
536:
529:
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458:
451:
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102:Anne of Austria
94:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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903:
889:
888:
883:
870:
865:
852:
847:
834:
823:
820:
817:
816:
814:, p. 346.
812:De Morant 1970
804:
792:
790:, p. 130.
775:
760:
758:, p. 345.
756:De Morant 1970
748:
746:, p. 120.
733:
717:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
692:Charles Errard
689:
684:
679:
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558:
538:The bureau or
535:
532:
531:
530:
519:
512:
510:
503:
496:
494:
487:
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472:or bookcases;
457:
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433:
426:
393:
390:
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381:
374:
372:
365:
358:
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351:
344:
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337:Foot of chair
336:
329:
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322:Foot of chair
321:
314:
240:
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236:
235:
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225:
223:
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213:
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197:
156:and lace-like
93:
90:
82:table Ă gibier
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
928:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
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868:
866:2-08-011539-1
862:
858:
853:
850:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
825:
813:
808:
802:, p. 60.
801:
796:
789:
784:
782:
780:
772:
767:
765:
757:
752:
745:
740:
738:
731:, p. 59.
730:
725:
723:
718:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:Pierre Maillé
685:
683:
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584:
577:
572:
569:
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555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
527:
526:Grand Trianon
523:
516:
511:
507:
500:
495:
491:
484:
479:
478:
477:
475:
471:
470:bibliothèques
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66:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
874:
856:
838:
829:
822:Bibliography
807:
800:Renault 2006
795:
751:
729:Renault 2006
702:Daniel Marot
697:E. Levasseur
633:
568:Mazarin desk
537:
473:
469:
467:
459:
420:Getty Museum
413:
410:
405:
401:
397:
395:
383:
367:
366:Detail of a
352:
338:
323:
307:
303:
299:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
242:
186:
184:
168:
162:
157:
142:
140:residences.
138:
128:and then by
126:Louis Le Vau
122:
117:
113:
95:
86:Mazarin desk
81:
76:
72:
68:
62:
36:
32:
30:
788:Ducher 1988
771:Ducher 1988
744:Ducher 1988
520:Commode by
474:médailliers
402:en balustre
324:en balustre
249:en balustre
118:bois tourné
49:Boulle work
895:Categories
384:Ă la reine
339:en console
277:en console
269:en console
261:feuillages
257:cannelures
154:arabesques
150:grotesques
106:Louis XIII
916:Louis XIV
446:Table by
308:tabourets
300:tabourets
187:tabourets
165:marquetry
160:designs.
98:Louis XIV
53:marquetry
37:Louis XIV
33:furniture
613:Desk of
524:for the
406:ceinture
398:en gaine
304:ployants
296:fauteuil
245:en gaine
169:ebeniste
158:dentelle
265:en gain
253:godsons
167:of the
114:lambris
92:History
65:commode
881:
863:
845:
601:(1685)
566:Early
528:(1710)
392:Tables
273:canapé
134:Apollo
73:canapé
69:coffre
534:Desks
176:ebony
146:putti
57:ebony
879:ISBN
861:ISBN
843:ISBN
630:Beds
540:desk
259:and
31:The
617:by
400:or
247:or
35:of
897::
778:^
763:^
736:^
721:^
554:.
310:.
255:,
193:.
152:,
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