606:: a belief that possibly stems from a situation arising in connection the Bridge Inn, a Port Sunlight temperance "pub" that was opened in 1900. Lever was a lifelong teetotaller, and he naturally assumed that the Bridge would be "dry". Within two years of its opening, however, representations were made to change its status to a licensed house. Lever promptly announced that he would not impose his own views, and that the issue would be decided by a referendum; insisting somewhat unconventionally for that time that women would take part. With the added proviso that the Bridge would only become a true British "pub" if a supermajority of 75% was in favour, Lever probably felt confident that the outcome would support his abstemious sentiments, but in the event more than 80% voted for an alcohol licence and even though some people petitioned Lever urging him to use his absolute authority in Port Sunlight and ignore the referendum, he refused to do so.
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spending power and improved education of that large section of the
British population, the skilled workers. For inspiration, Lever turned to the United States and he seems to have had no reservations in adopting American methods in Above The Line (ATL) and Below The Line (BTL) advertising. One subtle proposition introduced from America was designed to persuade women that the toil of housework was responsible for an accelerated aging process, and that Sunlight Soap offered a form of liberation. This, and other similarly cautionary messages, were posted on hoardings and on the sides of buses together with pictures that underscored the slogans. Promotional literature, in the form of instructions about the best ways of using the company's products, was widely distributed, as well as allegorical accounts of their successful adoption by stylish – and totally fictional – upper-class ladies.
1264:, as he had become the previous year, addressed the Stornoway Council and the Lewis District Council at a meeting which he had asked to be specially convened on that date. Lord Leverhulme asked them to take the land and make their system work, but only Stornoway, always on Leverhulme's side, accepted the gift, set up the Trust, and to a large extent made it work for the benefit of the town. Left with so much of the Island he no longer wanted, Leverhulme sold off as much as he could, but many of the buyers were interested principally in shooting and fishing. Leverhulme died in May 1925. Very soon thereafter, the Board of Lever Brothers gave orders for all development on Harris to stop, and so Leverhulme's scheme for the Western Isles perished with almost nothing achieved there.
1151:; the fleet of fishing vessels the MacLine Company. Mac Fisheries was a success, and it grew rapidly until there were over four hundred shops all purchasing fish from many different wholesale suppliers. Other food industry enterprises were acquired including Wall's, a manufacturer of ice-cream and sausages, and various companies specialising in different segments of the fish business, as well as several fishing fleet owners and operators. Although these developments brought tangible benefits to the people of Lewis, Leverhulme's plans did not suit everyone, and this anomaly created severe obstacles for his ambitious plans for the Western Isles.
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were taken aback when he voiced his complete condemnation of their actions and asked them to withdraw from his land. Some left, but others erected shelters for their families on the stolen plots. Leverhulme was evidently not willing to prosecute ex-servicemen who were trying to secure homes for their families, and it seems unlikely that, under the circumstances, legal action would have succeeded. Instead, he toured Lewis trying to persuade them that their future lay with him and not in the crofting system. They were, however, extremely reluctant to abandon old ways and most of them continued to espouse the crofting way of life.
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erudite plans for his eldest son and thus, not long after his fifteenth birthday, he started work in the family grocery business. By then, the Lever family had moved from Wood Street to a larger house adjacent to the grocery business. In the celebrated
Victorian manner, the boss's son was, initially at least, shown no preferential treatment, being required to sweep the floor and tidy up before the staff arrived. Other tasks included various practical assignments more to do with the fundamentals of the wholesale grocery trade, almost certainly designed to prepare the youth for management in later years. His remuneration was "a
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value; other members of the
Combine experienced similarly devastating declines. Such conditions inevitably led to a reassessment of the position and, following a meeting of all firms involved in the alliance, but without the wholehearted approval of Lever himself, a decision was made to bring the organization to an end. Most of the members of the failed cartel found their reputations seriously tarnished, and none escaped financial damage; Lever estimated his losses at "considerably over half a million". For Northcliffe, this was clearly a victory of liberty over iniquity, a view reflected in the
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honour and integrity" and express their deepest regrets for having made such malicious attacks upon him. There followed a scene on the floor of the court wherein the legal teams literally haggled over the size of the financial settlement. In the end, the sum agreed to was £50,000, plus around £40,000 which was eventually awarded from individual newspapers. This victory was celebrated with a day's holiday at Port
Sunlight, where Lever blithely addressed the employees and other spectators who cheered and applauded their hero.
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friends tended to comprise children of similar backgrounds and beliefs. Among these was
Elizabeth Ellen Hulme (Dec 1850 – 24 July 1913) whose family also resided on Wood Street. In the tradition of the nineteenth-century well-to-do middle classes, William paid court to Elizabeth over several years and, when the financial circumstances allowed, he formally proposed marriage. On 17 April 1874, after a two-year engagement, they were married at the Church of St Andrew and St George (then Congregational, now
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exacerbate an already critical situation. Lever himself considered, and then rejected, some rather drastic alterations to the
Sunlight formula; eventually deciding on reducing the weight of the standard bar. In July 1906 he was asked to attend a meeting in Liverpool, called by a group of soap-makers based in the north of England. The result was an accord to put in motion changes that would effectively cartelise the industry by stifling competition and controlling prices to the consumer.
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Brothers position within the cartel included takeovers and share issues, but as more people became aware of their plans, it was inevitable that information would be leaked to the press. Nevertheless, retrenchments were set in motion, including the cancellation of several substantial press advertising campaigns. By
October, several newspapers were publishing articles about the Soap Trust, and some began to represent Lever as the leading character in an infamous conspiracy.
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appointing local agents to safeguard the firm's interests. At this time, his flair for advertising and branding began to emerge as he successfully differentiated the Lever brand from generic commodities. By the end of 1879, the business' prospects were good enough to convince
William and Elizabeth to invest in a new home in Bolton and by 1881 the expanding Wigan business warranted the commissioning of new premises; Lever and Company was expanding steadily.
655:. Other schemes adopted from the USA included competitions with cash prizes, coupons and tokens included in soap packaging, and sponsorship of worthy causes such as a lifeboat named Sunlight. The success of these schemes soon led to their adoption by Lever's competitors, although they eventually became difficult to sustain as raw material costs began to increase during the first decade of the twentieth-century, inducing most soap makers to phase them out.
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could greatly improve living standards to an extent that crofting would become a forgotten way of life. He was also impatient with politicians' machinations and the laborious indolence of the political system that persisted with the "futile land reform" instead of adopting what he considered the most sensible course of action; to forget about new crofts and allow him, in the interests of expediency, to behave like the 'monarch' of the
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posters located at public places throughout northern
England. But at that time, Lever had to rely for supplies on "soap-boilers" – independent firms that specialised in producing soap to order – who were expected to work to his proprietary formula. The reliability of these suppliers was however apparently questionable, as variations in the end product gave rise to complaints about the effectiveness, and even the smell, of Self-Washer.
480:, Lancashire, England. He was the eldest son and the seventh child born to James Lever (1809–1897), a grocer, and Eliza Hesketh, daughter of a cotton mill manager. From age six to age nine William attended a small private school run by the Misses Aspinwall in a house on Wood Street, not far from the Lever family home. At the age of nine he was sent to another of Bolton's private schools before finishing his formal education at
787:, Lord Northcliffe, the principal witness for the defence, was overseas and, according to Jolly, "had no intention of returning within range of any writ server while the case was on." It seems clear, therefore, that Northcliffe was in the wrong and, moreover, he knew that he would most probably lose the case: he reportedly offered Lever a public apology shortly before the start of the trial. For the plaintiff, Carson accused
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his experiences with butter and other commodity products. Thus, instead of selling soap by weight, he had it cut into small, manageable tablets which were individually wrapped. The Trade Mark
Registration Act 1875 protected trade names from counterfeiters and imitators, and this opened the way for brand name recognition and consumer loyalty. Within 12 months, Lever had registered a series of trade marks, among them
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1163:, on the other hand, were mainly subsistence farmers and many of them were squatters; and it was this section of the population that Leverhulme hoped to develop and recruit. The crofters were poor, but they were used to an independent lifestyle that was both long established and deeply ingrained in their psyche. Nevertheless, Leverhulme planned to entice them into becoming carbon copies of his
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1206:, to acquire certain farms in the Highlands and Islands by compulsory purchase and to have them divided up to provide more crofts. In 1913, four farms on Lewis had been scheduled for take-over, but the action had been opposed by the proprietor at that time, and when the war with Germany broke out it was left in abeyance. Towards the end of the war, in the summer of 1918, the
667:, Lever's District Agent in Switzerland who used the fledgling cinema industry as an advertising tool. The success of this venture led, by 1900, to the establishment of factories in Switzerland, Germany, Canada, the United States, Holland, and Australia with several others planned, while the Sunlight brand had been strengthened by the addition of Lifebuoy, Vim and Lux.
521:. In 1907 he became Worshipful Master, going on to found many Lodges and hold various offices at national level. In 1907, while sitting as an MP, he was a founder of the Phoenix Lodge 3236, and in May 1912 he founded St. Hilary Lodge No. 3591. He then became Past Pro-Grand Warden (P.P.G.W) and Immediate Past Master (I.P.M). In 1919, he was appointed
882:, as he had become in December 1911, firmly believed that paid labour alongside the schools, hospitals and rations his company promised to provide would attract workers. However, "the harshness and danger of the labour demanded from them, living in camps away from their homes, as well as the poor remuneration HCB offered, failed to interest them."
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Lord Leverhulme intended that the port should be improved and enlarged to attract landings of fish from visiting vessels to supplement catches made by local boats and his own fleet of modern drifters and trawlers. There would be an ice-making factory, and cargo vessels with refrigerated holds to take
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had a good harbour, there were many disadvantages to Lord Leverhulme's plans for the port. Its remoteness led to additional transport costs for ice, fuel, packaging, and anything else that had to be imported, as well as for the fish products, almost all of which was sold on the Scottish mainland. The
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proclaimed: "Soap Trust Arithmetic – How 15 ounces make a pound", "Dismissal of employees begins", and "Trust Soap Already Dearer". Other allegations included claims that the Trust was trying to control the available supplies of raw materials and that it was preparing to use 'unsavoury substances' in
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In reality, workers' social lives were policed from the head office, and some of Lever's employees clearly resented his paternalism. However well intentioned, the power it afforded the company, even though it was rarely exercised, was viewed as an attack on workers' liberty and human rights. Although
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In 1884, having developed Lever and Company to a point where it was virtually self-governing, William resolved to capture a large share of the international soap trade. In essence, he planned to manufacture and market a range of high quality, price differentiated products, using a strategy based upon
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Typically, Leverhulme's business strategies were comprehensive and meticulously set out. His plans for the island called for a reliable workforce, but although the inhabitants of Stornoway were generally well educated and hardworking, they were for the most part regularly employed and well paid. The
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The campaign had a surprisingly rapid and strikingly negative impact on the member companies, particularly on Lever Brothers' businesses. By November 1906, Lever sales had fallen by sixty per cent compared with the previous year and Lever Brothers shares had lost around twenty-five per cent of their
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In 1879 the Lever family business acquired a failing wholesale grocer in Wigan, affording young William an opportunity to prove his ability as a quasi-autonomous administrator. The expanded activity necessitated a search for new suppliers, taking William to Ireland, France and other parts of Europe,
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In early March 1919, men started to take over Leverhulme's farms on Lewis. They drove off the farmers' livestock, demolished boundary walls, and staked out six-acre plots: by the summer sixteen out of the twenty-two farms on the island had been affected. Expecting Leverhulme's approval, the raiders
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was apparently one of Leverhulme's main strategies for the island fisheries venture, and to this end he acquired retail fishmonger's shops in most of the UK's larger towns and cities: all were modernised and refitted, and their previous proprietors were installed as managers. This aspect of Lever's
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Lever attempted to rationalise the formation of the Soap Trust by claiming that the industry would become more efficient, thus making cost savings that could be passed on to the consumer; assertions that could never be realised. Financial manoeuvres made by Lever were designed to maximise the Lever
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Lever's desire to directly influence the consumer led to the employment of "District Agents" whose tasks involved engaging directly with members of the public in order to advance the merits of the company's products, as well as to act as undercover agents who reported on anything they observed that
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The Lever soap campaign began with a range of Sunlight branded soaps differentiated mainly by colour: Pale, Mottled and Brown, with a fourth variant presented as a product that was especially formulated for washing clothes. This 'Sunlight Self-Washer Soap' was widely advertised using billboards and
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Attitudes began to harden and polarise, culminating in politicians pressing ahead with land reform and Leverhulme demanding a ten-year moratorium coupled with a thinly veiled threat to withdraw from his schemes. In early 1920, upon his return from a business trip to the US, Leverhulme learned that
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should take possession of certain of his farms and create something fewer than a hundred and fifty crofts. He was against this, even though some local politicians believed that Leverhulme's project and the provision of more crofts were not mutually exclusive, but Leverhulme firmly believed that he
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artisans by offering them an attractive alternative to their meagre smallholdings. He did not actively oppose the crofter's way of life, but neither did he support it as some thought he, as their patron, ought to have done. When the crofters learned about the money that was being expended on other
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Such was the impression of Lever's demeanour and testimony on the defence team that, as soon as the court was assembled on the following day, they capitulated completely. They also stated that, on behalf of their clients that they wished to retract completely "every imputation made upon Mr Lever's
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of conducting a malicious campaign "with the object of smashing up Lever Brothers". Speaking for more than five hours, he listed a number of complaints and asked the jury to award punitive damages. He then called Lever as his first witness, inviting the leader of the defence team to "cross-examine
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The success of the Sunlight brand, especially after Lever assumed full responsibility for the product's quality, was exceptional; so much so that by the end of 1887 it had become impossible to squeeze any more capacity from the Warrington plant. Having failed to either extend the site or find more
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was unlikely to tolerate any departure from the implementation of land reform, but he saw no reason why Lewis should not have Leverhulme's industrial schemes as well as more crofts. Leverhulme refused to budge, believing that the break-up of his farms would lead to seriously inefficient, probably
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The private habits of an employee have really nothing to do with Lever Brothers providing the man is a good workman. At the same time, a good workman may have a wife of objectionable habits, or he may have objectionable habits himself, which make it undesirable to have him in the (Port Sunlight)
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from 1864 to 1867. Not a particularly bright scholar, he was nevertheless keen to acquire academic learning. His mother wanted him to enter the learned professions, ostensibly medicine, and William himself was very interested in becoming an architect. His father, however, had other, somewhat less
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and other new products, and in early 1906 it was clear that this increased demand was not temporary, and prices rose sharply. Concern in the soap-making industry was widespread and, in some cases, acute, competition became fierce, leading to increases in advertising expenses which served only to
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that badly needed to increase its output in order to become profitable and although Lever could probably have solved its problem though placing orders for most of his soap, he clearly wanted complete control. Having persuaded his father and younger brother that it would be a beneficial strategy,
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and James Lever, a teetotaller and a non-smoker, applied its principles in his business life as well as in his personal life. In accordance with nonconformist tenets, the Lever family held frequent Bible readings at home, and were regular worshipers at the local chapel. Thus, William's circle of
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At some stage, William was moved to the administration department where he learned about and subsequently reorganised the firm's accounting and bookkeeping systems. Perhaps in order to escape the shackles of his father's close supervision, he eventually petitioned to take the place of a retiring
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It is clear that skilful advertising and favourable publicity were major positive factors in the early success of Lever's enterprise. Much of the Sunlight brand "message" focussed on the alleviation of drudgery in the lives of working class housewives, targeted no doubt because of the increased
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to house its employees. From 1888, Port Sunlight village offered decent living conditions in the belief that good housing would ensure a healthy and happy workforce. The community was designed to house and support the workers. Life in Port Sunlight included intrusive rules and implied mandatory
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In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. When he found difficulties in obtaining more palm plantation concessions, he started looking elsewhere. In 1911, Lever signed a treaty with the Belgian Government to gain access to the palm oil of the
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A Treasury of Useful Information of value to all Members of the Household. Including Calendar and Kindred Matter, British Colonies and Dependencies, Geography, Literature, Science, Fine Arts, Commerce, Architecture, Agriculture, Army and Navy, Sports and Pastimes, Cycling Maps, The Household,
1252:, making his decision about the Western Isles project relatively straightforward. With a pressing need to make significant savings, he announced his intention to concentrate his efforts on Stornoway and on Harris, and that all work in the country areas of Lewis would be abandoned forthwith.
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revealed his support for the American's activities as a 'trustbuster'. Roosevelt's investigations of dishonest dealings among many American companies had been fully reported in Britain, eliciting a pious chorus of disapproval and claims that any similar wrongdoing by British firms would be
893:). The Belgians were "grateful to have a partnership with an enlightened entrepreneur to help salvage their battered reputation" and it allowed Lever to recruit the Congolese workforce he needed. Leverhulme's participation in this system of formalised labour has been documented by
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unimaginable but Northcliffe, pointing to the existence of a British Tobacco Trust, was not convinced. He set in motion a campaign of investigative journalism, some of which seems to have verged upon persecution; the clear objective of which was to smash Lever's soap combine.
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sales representative; in those days, being a "rep" meant a great deal of travelling by horse and carriage and spending nights away from home, as well as a measure of independence and some leeway in making decisions and brokering deals with the canny retailers on his route.
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Perhaps naturally, Lever felt that the failure of the soap combine was the result of animosity and resentment directed at him personally, rather than as a consequence of its members' dishonesty. Having sought several opinions on the authority of his suit, he retained
1136:. Leverhulme also expanded the herring-curing capacity and enlarged the fish processing facilities with the installation of a canning factory, and a plant to make fishcakes, fishpaste, glue, animal feed, and fertiliser, with similar equipment being established at
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Leverhulme did his utmost to woo the population of Lewis and to make himself – as well as his schemes – popular among all the islanders. This seems to have worked to some extent, but there were other sceptics whose voices were heard in government circles.
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unsustainable, and ultimately abandoned smallholdings as crofters moved away in search of better incomes. Ranged against this at least ostensibly reasonable prediction was the formidable influence wielded by prospective crofters away fighting in
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in 1925 after his death. He rebuilt the house and made additions including a wing on each side of the house, a ballroom and art gallery. In 1911 and 1914 he acquired two neighbouring properties to expand his garden. This led to a dispute with
780:. Lever's legal team were in no doubt of the outcome; as F.E. Smith reportedly observed "There is no answer to this action for libel and the damages must be enormous." On 15 July 1907 the case came up at Liverpool before Mr Justice Lawrence.
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though he was not a councillor because the council wanted to honour a "Notable son of the Town" as a mark of the high regard the citizens of Bolton had for him. He was elevated to the viscountcy on 27 November 1922. Also, Lever received the
638:, which was a type of almanac first introduced in 1895. These were quite substantial (the 1899 version had 480 pages) publications which evolved into a hard-backed and 'Profusely Illustrated' volume, described by the publisher as:
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The population of Harris was smaller in size and more scattered than that of Lewis. Consequently, Leverhulme's plans advanced there with very few problems. With permission from the locals, the fishing village of Obbe was renamed
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were paternalistic and his views were much more progressive than most industrialists of the time. Malcolm Hardman writes that "Lever observed and respected the intelligence and integrity of the Congolese he was allowed to meet".
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Thus, by the beginning of 1919, the positions taken up by those involved were fairly well defined. Robert Munro, himself a Highlander, believed passionately in the reinstatement of the crofts and he also felt strongly that the
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many such people preferred to find their own accommodation, there were others who, for whatever reason, were never given an opportunity to reside in Port Sunlight. Perhaps Lever's observations on this matter are revealing:
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its soaps. Port Sunlight, parodied as 'Port Moonshine', was portrayed as a sweatshop, reports by disgruntled retailers were given prominent positions and readers were urged to buy products made by non-Trust manufacturers.
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Lever Brothers had indeed been seriously damaged by the press, as well as by rises in the costs of raw materials, but Lever hesitated to use the court awarded cash to bolster the company. Instead, he presented it all to
1355:. It was built in 1820 by Richard Brownlow, a lawyer, who later became a recluse. It was acquired by Lever after Brownlow's death and was rented out until demolition in 1942, its land was used for coal mining.
897:, who contends that, "Leverhulme set up a private kingdom reliant on the horrific Belgian system of forced labour, a program that reduced the population of Congo by half and accounted for more deaths than the
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1307:'s government to introduce a national old age pension, such as the one he provided for his workers. On the recommendation of the Liberal Party, he was created a baronet in 1911 and raised to the peerage as
804:, bestowing significant sums to the faculties of Town Planning, Tropical Medicine, and Russian Studies, while making sure that an enduring record of the litigation was ensconced in the University library.
854:. For Lever, HCB was expected to become the crowning achievement of his own brand of "moral capitalism". A few months before his death, Lord Leverhulme, as he then was, wrote in a private letter that the
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employees. The village was later provided with community amenities including a school, shops, social establishments and a church. Thornton Manor was restructured, and the gardens greatly extended.
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holocaust". The archives show a record of Belgian administrators, missionaries and doctors protesting against the practices at the Lever plantations. Formal parliamentary investigations by the
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Per pale Argent and barry of eight Or and Azure two bendlets Sable the upper one engrailed in sinister chief a chaplet Gules and in the dexter base a rose of the last leaved and seeded Proper.
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After much consideration, William began to consider the possibility of taking control of the manufacture, and thus the quality, of Sunlight soaps. He had discovered a small producer based in
1111:, Scotland. His plans for their future prosperity centred upon the application of modern science and his own business skills in establishing a large and thriving fishing industry. Although
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him to his heart's content, and, when his time comes, I hope he will be able to follow my example and do the same, and call as his first witness his own client, Lord Northcliffe..."
1475:, and restored it as a museum for the town. He donated 360 acres (150 hectares) of land and landscaped Lever Park in Rivington in 1902. Lever was responsible for the formation of
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In some matters, Lever was keen to allow the residents of Port Sunlight a degree of democratic control, and this seems to have led to a common conviction that he was in favour of
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William raised sufficient capital for the takeover to take place and in August 1885 Lever and Company, wholesale grocers, added soap manufacturing to its range of activities.
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on 7 July 1913, although it is suspected her confession was false. The property contained a number of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000.
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over Lever's intentions to take over a public right of way to join the two plots; an issue that was not resolved to his satisfaction. The Hill was his main home from 1919.
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1383:. He subsequently acquired more land in the village and many of its picturesque, but outdated, houses were demolished and replaced with modern homes which were rented to
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368:, philanthropist, and politician. Educated at a small private school until the age of nine, then at church schools, he joined his father's wholesale grocery business in
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The company town of Leverville was a project born out of the shared desire of the Belgian Government and of Lever Brothers to build a 'moral' form of capitalism in
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took a personal interest in the anti-Soap Trust campaign. While extending assurances of "the strictest impartiality" to Lever, Northcliffe's close friendship with
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According to W.P. Jolly, "Of the dozen or so houses that Lever lived in, and upon which he stamped his own mark of reconstruction, the three most important were
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at the age of fifteen. Following an apprenticeship and a series of appointments in the family business, which he successfully expanded, he began manufacturing
1526:, is open to the public and has been renamed Inverforth House. A blue plaque at Inverforth House commemorating Lever was unveiled by his great-granddaughter,
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could be useful to Port Sunlight. The success of this aspect of Lever's marketing strategy led to the first overseas manufacturing plant being established in
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William Lever and Edith Rigby, An examination of the evidence relating to the burning of Roynton Cottage at Rivington, Lancashire on Tuesday 8th July 1913
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In 1902, when he became the first initiate of a lodge bearing his name (William Hesketh Lever Lodge No. 2916 in Port Sunlight) Lever involved himself in
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Failing to find sufficient voluntary workers, HCB turned to the Belgian colonial authorities, a brutal regime notorious for their use of a system of
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observance of the Sabbath had a negative effect on fishing operations, while catches of varieties of fish other than herring were unfeasibly small.
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Lever died at 73 of pneumonia at his home in Hampstead on 7 May 1925. His funeral was attended by 30,000 people. He is buried in the churchyard of
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a week all found" which meant that his board and lodgings were provided, making the financial aspect of the contract more-or-less pocket money.
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space in the areas, Lever eventually decided to move the whole manufacturing facility to an 11 acres (4.5 ha) green-field site near
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after re-endowing Bolton Grammar School and Bolton High School for Girls in 1913. He donated the land for Bolton's largest park,
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These books were distributed widely, and many were given to the head teachers of schools, causing protests from members of the
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of England. He was Provincial Senior Grand Warden of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Cheshire, and founded many other Lodges.
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The circumstances in which the trial took place were unusual in that, while Lever's legal team were accommodated at
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3298:"Hubris and colonial capitalism in a "model" company town. The case of Leverville, 1911-1940 – Benoît Henriet"
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1514:, both becoming Leverhulme Church of England Academies in Bolton. The garden of his former London residence '
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Davenport-Hines, Richard (6 January 2011). "Lever, William Hesketh, first Viscount Leverhulme (1851–1925)".
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1299:. He was invited to contest elections for the Liberal Party. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the
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to promote its products. Lever's response was to acquire similarly illustrative works, and he later bought
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Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935
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opened in 1922 and is in the Port Sunlight conservation area. In 1915 Lever acquired a painting entitled
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2698:"A Desperate Woman. Suffragette Confesses to Deeds of Violence, Says She Fired Sir W. Lever's Bungalow"
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comes nearest to it in social work". By 1923, a Lever soap factory was built there, and by 1924 SAVCO (
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1553:. The painting was previously owned by his competitor, A & F Pears, who used paintings such as
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campaign to purchase land in west London, as the "Gilbert White Memorial" - it is now known as the
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Global dilemmas : imperial Bolton-le-Moors from the hungry forties to the death of Leverhulme
1236:, as well as by supporters of the Highland League which was politically dedicated to land reform.
423:, a key ingredient in Lever's product line. His firm had become associated with activities in the
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raiding had continued during his absence. By then, serious financial difficulties were besetting
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place itself was, for various reasons, unpopular with sailors, and the local population's strict
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on 21 June 1917, the "hulme" element of his title being in honour of his wife, Elizabeth Hulme.
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By 1905, many of the raw materials used in the manufacture of soap were being used by makers of
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for £167,000 (equivalent to £19,800,000 in 2023). And in late 1919 he bought the estate of
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2838:"Heritage: Soap-boiler, social reformer, MP and tribal chieftain – the life of William Lever"
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set up to provide funding for education and research, the trust in 2017 became benefactor to
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Munro, Neil, "The Coal Famine", in Osborne, Brian D. & Armstrong, Ronald (eds.) (2002),
2676:"New light shed on 100-year-old mystery of one of Bolton's most notorious historical events"
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A patron of the arts, Lever began collecting artworks in 1893 when he bought a painting by
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Salespeople's Charity, formerly known as The Commercial Travellers' Benevolent Institution
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1771:"19th Century European Paintings, Sculpture & Master Drawings, New York Auction, 1997"
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A trumpet fesswise thereon a cock Proper charged on the breast with a rose as in the arms.
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L'histoire du Congo, 1910–1945: Travail forcé pour l'huile de palme de Lord Leverhulme
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823:(HCB) after buying a concession for 750,000 hectares (1,900,000 acres) of forest for
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meant that a worker losing his or her job could be almost simultaneously evicted.
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between 1906 and 1909 and used his maiden speech in the House of Commons to urge
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Enterprise in Soap and Chemicals: Joseph Crosfield & Sons, Limited 1815–1965
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Building Co-operation: A Business History of The Co-operative Group, 1863–2013
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Hamill, J. M (1992). "The Masonic Collection at the Lady Lever Art Gallery".
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which became a model village comparable to Port Sunlight and in 1906 built
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This Working-day World: women's lives and culture(s) in Britain, 1914–1945
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The company's former Congo plantations today operate under the control of
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and opened his operation under a subsidiary of the Lever consortium named
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in his Erchie MacPherson story "The Coal Famine", first published in the
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On either side an elephant Or charged on the shoulder with a rose Gules.
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first proposed to Leverhulme that under the Small Landholders Act, the
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1015: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Lever's Hampstead house and its garden (Hill Garden) are described in
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Nature and the Victorian Entrepreneur: Soap, Sunlight and Subjectivity
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916:, employing approximately 4,000 people, acquired by the firm in 2009.
542:, a house style that was later applied to a range of household soaps.
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3356:
The history of Unilever: a study in economic growth and social change
3095:
Cartel Criminality: The Mythology and Pathology of Business Collusion
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1188:, as well as a number of supporting characters including most of the
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3467:
A Guide to Port Sunlight Village: Including Two Tours of the Village
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Wilson, John F.; Webster, Anthony; Vorberg-Rugh, Rachael (2013).
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Newspaper clippings about William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
3335:"The story of Port Sunlight's 'soap king' and his model village"
3318:. Vol. 3 (7th ed.). Thomson Learning Academic Center.
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in 1917. In November 1918 Lord Leverhulme was invited to become
590:. This site became Port Sunlight where he built his works and a
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William Lever was born on 19 September 1851 at 16 Wood Street,
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projects, they began to resent his lack of support for them.
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Medical, Port Sunlight, etc. Also Specially Written Story by
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Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory
3523:
The King of Sunlight: How William Lever Cleaned Up the World
3502:
Lord Leverhulme's Ghosts: Colonial Exploitation in the Congo
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1856:
1738:
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1351:." A further building he purchased was Rockhaven in 1899 in
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Prior to serving in cabinet, Lever unsuccessfully contested
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In 1904, Lever purchased The Hill, an Edwardian mansion at
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One of the more remarkable Below The Line projects was the
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to promote the Sunlight soap brand. In 1922 he founded the
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2719:"Rivington Bungalow Fire, Confession by a Doctor's Wife".
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1914:
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production. The main coordinating base was established at
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3363:
3353:
Wilson, Charles (1968). "Chapter 6, The Crisis of 1906".
2794:"The Hill Hampstead at the Thomas Mawson Archive website"
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Works by or about William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
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Coat of arms of William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
1347:, The Hill at Hampstead in London, and The Bungalow at
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So clean : Lord Leverhulme, soap and civilization
1887:
776:, assisted by another K.C. and two juniors, acted for
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Lord Leverhulme's Hebridean venture was satirised by
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claimed to have set fire to Leverhulme's bungalow at
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the fresh fish to a depot on the British mainland at
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s headline, "Public Opinion Smashed the Soap Trust".
3021:(Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 222.
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1671:
Mutare Vel Timere Sperno (I Scorn To Change Or Fear)
1566:
344:
338:
318:
312:
61:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
3639:– a charity that Lord Leverhulme named in his will.
3615:
Portraits of William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
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2447:
2168:"François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke, Swiss Businessman"
1748:
1202:had empowered the Scottish Secretary, on behalf of
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350:
335:
309:
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3544:Lord of the Isles: Lord Leverhulme of the Hebrides
2786:
858:were "a business like none other we have. Perhaps
419:, particularly in Africa and Asia, which supplied
4857:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
2121:
1455:Lever was a major benefactor to his native town,
364:; 19 September 1851 – 7 May 1925) was an English
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3558:Bolton: A Study in Town Planning & Civic Art
3092:Harding, Christopher; Edwards, Jennifer (2016).
2512:
1815:
1789:
1721:
1502:in London to the British nation and endowed the
4827:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
3464:Hubbard, Edward; Shippobottom, Michael (2005).
3156:The Soap Man: Lewis, Harris and Lord Leverhulme
3035:
2783:Page 33 of the Selborne Society's Minute Book E
2497:
1881:
1494:Lever endowed a school of tropical medicine at
468:which he dedicated to his late wife Elizabeth.
4847:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
3091:
2513:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024).
2251:
292:William Hesketh Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
3800:
2829:
2596:
1934:"Lady Lever Art Gallery, Masonic Lodge Apron"
1276:Leverhulme, in a portrait painted in 1918 by
3610:contributions in Parliament by William Lever
3042:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2855:
1411:
271:Industrialist, philanthropist and politician
3272:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2842:Ham & High, Archant Community Media Ltd
2471:
2165:
1952:
1765:
1763:
1623:Counties of Inverness and Ross and Cromarty
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1291:in 1910. Lever was a lifelong supporter of
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3621:
3308:
3153:
3145:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2738:. London. 18 July 1913. col C, p. 14.
2088:
1896:
1641:
953:. Please do not remove this message until
415:. He was an advocate for expansion of the
3426:
3016:
2668:
2563:"Lord Leverhulme (William Hesketh Lever)"
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2000:
1978:
1827:Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool museums
1802:Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool museums
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1483:, in 1914. In 1920 he donated £50 to the
1200:The Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911
1095:In May 1918, by then in semi-retirement,
1075:Learn how and when to remove this message
973:Learn how and when to remove this message
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
3632:Inverforth House, Hamstead Heath, London
3540:
3519:
3430:Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy
3332:
3295:
2977:
2957:
2937:
2622:
2414:
1936:. Liverpool Museum. 2011. Archived from
1760:
1754:
1390:
1271:
1086:
1024:"William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme"
949:Relevant discussion may be found on the
743:
674:
3498:
3243:
3112:
3039:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2712:
2690:
2678:. Bolton News. Bolton News. 6 July 2013
2465:
2453:
2204:Wilson, Webster & Vorberg-Rugh 2013
1926:
1823:"History of the Lady Lever Art Gallery"
1742:
1285:Birkenhead (UK Parliament constituency)
14:
4784:
4711:William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme
3551:
3391:
3352:
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2742:
2704:. 10 July 1913. p. 5 – via
2567:Links in a Chain: The Mayors of Bolton
2555:
2325:
2215:
2028:
1691:
1450:William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme
1287:in 1892, 1894, 1895, and also lost at
434:. Lever's rival in the soap industry,
407:and later, as Lord Leverhulme, in the
396:. In politics, Lever briefly sat as a
384:. In 1886, together with his brother,
98:William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme
42:contains content that is written like
4802:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
4601:(except the United States and Canada)
3788:
3565:
3484:
3214:
3200:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3172:
3065:Journal of the History of Collections
3017:Cohen, Ruth; Cook, P. Lesley (2003).
2835:
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1920:
1908:
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1850:
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1727:
1539:Saint George's United Reformed Church
1289:Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)
919:
4764:
3333:Williams, Olivia (13 October 2019).
3286:
3193:
2337:
2159:
1962:. Phoenix Lodge 3236. Archived from
1363:In 1888, shortly after the birth of
1013:adding citations to reliable sources
984:
923:
26:
3368:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3296:Phillips, Claire (2 October 2017).
2881:
1584:
24:
3405:
3384:
1508:Rivington and Blackrod High School
905:were called for by members of the
25:
4893:
3619:National Portrait Gallery, London
3588:
3526:. Transworld Publishers Limited.
2987:. 12 December 1922. p. 8793.
2947:. 29 December 1911. p. 9826.
2166:Lavanchy-Clarke, François-Henri.
1773:. Christies. 1997. Archived from
1567:In literature and popular culture
756:and two juniors, one of whom was
595:participation in activities. The
527:Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons
4867:UK MPs who were granted peerages
4763:
4752:
4751:
3750:Baronetage of the United Kingdom
3667:Parliament of the United Kingdom
3427:Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921).
3315:Western Civilization: Since 1789
3221:. Manchester: University Press.
2734:"Mrs Rigby committed to trial".
2511:"consistent series" supplied in
2301:"The Collapse of the Soap Trust"
1338:
989:
928:
565:
532:
331:
305:
250:William, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme
120:
31:
3491:Viscount Leverhulme: by his Son
2991:
2907:
2796:. 22 March 2012. Archived from
2777:
2505:Gross Domestic Product deflator
2459:
1448:. He was succeeded by his son,
1178:Secretary of State for Scotland
1000:needs additional citations for
670:
4590:VO5 (except the United States)
3470:. Liverpool University Press.
3158:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited.
1796:Frith, William Powell (n.d.).
869:Lever's attitudes towards the
665:François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke
625:
512:
505:) on St Georges Road, Bolton.
13:
1:
4882:Viscounts created by George V
3708:Peerage of the United Kingdom
3566:Smith, Malcolm David (1998).
2967:. 26 June 1917. p. 6286.
2515:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"
2307:. 1 December 1906. p. 24
2172:Who's Who in Victorian Cinema
1679:
3814:
3392:Bergin, John Philip (1999).
3176:Lord Leverhulme: A Biography
3056:UK public library membership
2921:, Edinburgh, pp. 490 - 493,
2836:Sonin, Adam (16 June 2013).
2552:, p. 197-235, chpt. 13.
1684:
1609:County Palatine of Lancaster
1467:in 1902. In 1899, he bought
1147:Hebridean venture was named
1099:, as he was now, bought the
471:
7:
4832:High sheriffs of Lancashire
3654:20th Century Press Archives
3572:. Wyre Publishing Company.
3302:copperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk
2702:The Nottingham Evening Post
2444:, p. 107-131, chpt. 9.
1533:Lever built many houses in
1267:
955:conditions to do so are met
10:
4898:
4817:English Congregationalists
4567:(except for North America)
4516:(except for North America)
4398:(except for North America)
4382:(except the United States)
3547:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3401:(PhD). University of Hull.
3154:Hutchinson, Roger (2003).
3009:
2863:"Thornton Hough Appraisal"
2723:. 13 July 1913. p. 4.
2252:Harding & Edwards 2016
1960:"About Phoenix Lodge 3236"
1629:High Sheriff of Lancashire
1324:High Sheriff of Lancashire
1248:concerning the disastrous
570:Lever was the founder of '
95:
4747:
4706:Antonius Johannes Jurgens
4694:
4638:
4612:
4445:Degree/Rexona/Sure/Shield
4405:
4311:
4002:
3971:
3960:
3928:Lipton Teas and Infusions
3887:
3831:
3824:
3773:
3760:
3755:
3748:
3737:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3696:
3682:Member of Parliament for
3680:
3672:
3665:
3113:Hardman, Malcolm (2017).
2889:"St Georges URC, History"
2706:British Newspaper Archive
2653:, p. 34-35, chpt. 5.
2400:, p. 55-57, chpt. 6.
2388:, p. 53-55, chpt. 6.
2364:, p. 52-53, chpt. 6.
2352:, p. 51-57, chpt. 6.
2290:, p. 50-51, chpt. 6.
2278:, p. 49-50, chpt. 6.
2266:, p. 48-49, chpt. 6.
2242:, p. 46-48, chpt. 6.
2230:, p. 43-67, chpt. 6.
2194:, p. 41-43, chpt. 6.
2156:, p. 40-41, chpt. 6.
2118:, p. 38-39, chpt. 6.
2106:, p. 80-81, chpt. 7.
2079:, p. 22-23, chpt. 3.
2067:, p. 21-22, chpt. 3.
2055:, p. 19-20, chpt. 3.
2043:, p. 18-29, chpt. 3.
1911:, p. 16-19, chpt. 3.
1865:, p. 11-17, chpt. 3.
1563:to promote its products.
1427:
1412:The Bungalow at Rivington
1406:Hampstead Borough Council
1107:for £36,000; both in the
807:
778:Associated Newspapers Ltd
285:
275:
267:
255:
245:
237:
227:
210:
182:
177:
173:
163:
153:
142:
132:
128:
119:
107:
4630:W. H. Burford & Sons
4460:Campaign for Real Beauty
3541:Nicolson, Nigel (1960).
3455:: CS1 maint: location (
2865:. Wirral. Archived from
2816:British Listed Buildings
2665:, p. 145, chpt. 10.
2129:"Sunlight Yearbook 1899"
1853:, p. 1-10, chpt. 2.
1359:Thornton Manor, Cheshire
1305:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
1204:His Majesty's Government
837:Province of Léopoldville
820:Huileries du Congo Belge
586:and the railway line at
259:Bolton Church Institute
4822:English philanthropists
4740:Eugenio Minvielle Lagos
4731:Sidney J. van den Bergh
4661:Lipton Institute of Tea
3520:Macqueen, Adam (2005).
3499:Marchal, Jules (2008).
2915:Erchie, My Droll Friend
2569:. Bolton Town Hall. n.d
1986:"About St Hilary Lodge"
1293:William Ewart Gladstone
1260:. On 3 September 1923,
907:Belgian Socialist Party
864:Savonneries Congolaises
653:Soap Makers Association
482:Bolton Church Institute
262:University of Edinburgh
114:The Viscount Leverhulme
4812:English art collectors
4651:Lever Brothers Factory
3918:Gorton's of Gloucester
3569:Leverhulme's Rivington
3310:Spielvogel, Jackson J.
3179:. Constable & Co.
3048:10.1093/ref:odnb/34506
2631:Thornton Manor History
2593:, p. 57, chpt. 6.
1923:, p. 79, chpt. 7.
1798:"'The New Frock' 1889"
1581:of 12th January 1920.
1543:Lady Lever Art Gallery
1491:Local Nature Reserve.
1459:, where he was made a
1280:
1092:
1091:Abandoned house, Lewis
764:. For the defendants,
684:
649:
623:
496:The Lever family were
458:Lady Lever Art Gallery
4051:Hellmann's/Best Foods
3943:United Africa Company
3895:Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
3553:Mawson, Thomas Hayton
3215:Lewis, Brian (2008).
3173:Jolly, W. P. (1976).
2374:Cohen & Cook 2003
1551:Charles Burton Barber
1391:The Hill at Hampstead
1275:
1090:
831:in what was then the
789:Associated Newspapers
758:Frederick Edwin Smith
678:
640:
612:
241:Elizabeth Ellen Hulme
187:William Hesketh Lever
93:English industrialist
63:neutral point of view
4726:Samuel van den Bergh
3486:Lever, William Hulme
3268:Musson, A E (1965).
3194:Judd, Denis (2013).
3001:. 1921. p. 557.
1882:Davenport-Hines 2011
1578:Glasgow Evening News
1561:John Everett Millais
1496:Liverpool University
1316:justice of the peace
1212:Board of Agriculture
1144:Vertical Integration
1009:improve this article
835:, later part of the
802:Liverpool University
454:William Powell Frith
446:John Everett Millais
133:Member of Parliament
110:The Right Honourable
4807:Burials in Cheshire
4736:Simon van den Bergh
4671:Unilever Gloucester
3990:(outside of the UK)
3984:Buavita (Indonesia)
3777:William Hulme Lever
3767:(of Thornton Manor)
3731:William Hulme Lever
3721:Viscount Leverhulme
3494:. Houghton Mifflin.
3422:on 27 February 2017
3406:Halton, Maurice J,
3077:10.1093/jhc/4.2.285
2721:Bolton Evening News
2507:figures follow the
2133:Dust-Covered Curios
2031:, pp. 285–295.
2010:. Mersey Lodge 5434
2008:"Mersey Lodge 5434"
1745:, pp. 348–368.
1637:
1615:Viscount Leverhulme
1512:Harper Green School
1471:, one time home of
1333:Order of Leopold II
1301:Wirral constituency
1262:Viscount Leverhulme
1225:Imperial Parliament
942:of this section is
866:) was established.
770:Marquess of Reading
523:Senior Grand Warden
55:promotional content
4852:West Pennine Moors
4842:People from Bolton
4386:Seventh Generation
4369:) (brand owned by
4260:Good Humor-Breyers
3844:Hindustan Unilever
3359:. London: Praeger.
3019:Effects of Mergers
2984:The London Gazette
2964:The London Gazette
2944:The London Gazette
2812:"Inverforth House"
2468:, pp. 348–368
1635:
1281:
1093:
920:Lewis & Harris
903:Belgian Parliament
833:district of Kwango
726:Theodore Roosevelt
685:
636:Sunlight Year Book
498:Congregationalists
57:and inappropriate
4779:
4778:
4721:Morris Tabaksblat
4608:
4607:
4474:Dollar Shave Club
4307:
4306:
4015:Ben & Jerry's
3956:
3955:
3909:
3908:(Fragrances only)
3783:
3782:
3774:Succeeded by
3728:Succeeded by
3697:Succeeded by
3579:978-0-9526187-3-7
3533:978-0-552-15087-3
3512:978-1-84467-239-4
3477:978-0-85323-455-5
3375:978-0-19-965511-3
3287:Oldfield, Sybil.
3279:978-0-7190-0023-2
3228:978-0-7190-7804-0
3207:978-0-571-30010-5
3186:978-0-09-461070-5
3165:978-1-84158-327-3
3124:978-1-61147-902-7
3105:978-1-317-16963-5
3054:(Subscription or
3028:978-0-415-31346-9
2999:Debrett's Peerage
2800:on 22 March 2012.
2340:, pp. 65–66.
2328:, pp. 72–88.
1988:. St Hilary Lodge
1777:on 20 August 2011
1677:
1676:
1619:The Western Isles
1440:in what was then
1399:. It was renamed
1184:, the MP for the
1085:
1084:
1077:
1059:
983:
982:
975:
754:Sir Edward Carson
699:Headlines in the
679:Cartoon from The
645:Sir Walter Besant
388:, he established
289:
288:
223:, London, England
197:19 September 1851
96:For his son, see
91:
90:
83:
16:(Redirected from
4889:
4862:UK MPs 1906–1910
4837:Mayors of Bolton
4771:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4698:
4550:Salon Selectives
4146:
4145:
4125:Sir Kensington's
3969:
3968:
3964:
3907:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3740:Baron Leverhulme
3673:Preceded by
3663:
3662:
3625:
3599:Internet Archive
3583:
3562:
3548:
3537:
3516:
3495:
3481:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3423:
3421:
3415:, archived from
3414:
3402:
3400:
3379:
3360:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3329:
3305:
3292:
3283:
3264:
3240:
3211:
3190:
3169:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3109:
3088:
3059:
3051:
3032:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2929:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2891:. Archived from
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2869:on 19 March 2012
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2833:
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2808:
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2255:
2249:
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2237:
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2225:
2219:
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2207:
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2195:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2119:
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2101:
2092:
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2080:
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2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:on 30 March 2014
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
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1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1601:Baron Leverhulme
1585:Honours and arms
1528:Jane Heber-Percy
1504:Leverhulme Trust
1485:Selborne Society
1469:Hall i' th' Wood
1401:Inverforth House
1309:Baron Leverhulme
1190:House of Commons
1134:North of England
1097:Baron Leverhulme
1080:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1017:
993:
985:
978:
971:
967:
964:
958:
932:
931:
924:
774:Viceroy of India
739:
722:Lord Northcliffe
621:
604:women's suffrage
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
302:
217:
196:
194:
178:Personal details
166:
156:
147:
124:
105:
104:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
44:an advertisement
35:
34:
27:
21:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4872:Unilever people
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4757:
4743:
4696:
4690:
4634:
4604:
4407:
4401:
4313:
4303:
4152:
4144:
4042:(except the UK)
3998:
3962:
3952:
3883:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3779:
3770:
3765:
3743:
3733:
3724:
3702:
3700:Gershom Stewart
3687:
3678:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3534:
3513:
3478:
3448:
3447:
3419:
3412:
3398:
3387:
3385:Further reading
3382:
3376:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3280:
3261:
3253:. P. Bellings.
3229:
3208:
3187:
3166:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3106:
3053:
3029:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2956:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2919:Birlinn Limited
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2895:on 13 July 2011
2887:
2886:
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2872:
2870:
2861:
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2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:Leverhulme Park
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2503:United Kingdom
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2089:Spielvogel 2009
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1897:Hutchinson 2003
1895:
1888:
1880:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1605:Bolton-le-Moors
1591:Lever Baronetcy
1587:
1569:
1500:Lancaster House
1481:Leverhulme Park
1473:Samuel Crompton
1430:
1414:
1393:
1361:
1341:
1328:Mayor of Bolton
1314:Lever had been
1270:
1208:Scottish Office
1194:First World War
1081:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1018:
1016:
1006:
994:
979:
968:
962:
959:
948:
933:
929:
922:
878:William Lever,
810:
762:Lord Birkenhead
749:
737:
673:
628:
622:
620:William Lever,
619:
615:village. . . .
568:
535:
515:
503:United Reformed
474:
436:A & F Pears
432:Edmund Leighton
334:
330:
308:
304:
294:
260:
228:Political party
219:
215:
198:
192:
190:
189:
188:
169:Gershom Stewart
164:
154:
148:
143:
134:
115:
112:
101:
94:
87:
76:
70:
67:
48:
36:
32:
23:
22:
18:Lord Leverhulme
15:
12:
11:
5:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4681:Unilever Leeds
4678:
4676:Unilever House
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4646:Colworth House
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4625:Margarine Unie
4622:
4620:Lever Brothers
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4367:Persil Service
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:Sealtest Dairy
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4233:Golden Gaytime
4225:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4195:Kwality Wall's
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:Glidat Strauss
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Limuru Tea Plc
3920:
3915:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Alberto-Culver
3835:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3626:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3589:External links
3587:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3563:
3549:
3538:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3496:
3482:
3476:
3461:
3445:. p. 557.
3443:Dean & Son
3424:
3403:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3361:
3350:
3339:Liverpool Echo
3330:
3324:
3306:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3245:Marchal, Jules
3241:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3151:
3123:
3110:
3104:
3089:
3071:(2): 285–295.
3060:
3033:
3027:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2990:
2970:
2950:
2930:
2906:
2880:
2854:
2828:
2803:
2785:
2776:
2765:
2741:
2726:
2711:
2689:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2621:
2595:
2580:
2554:
2533:
2520:MeasuringWorth
2509:MeasuringWorth
2496:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2432:, p. 177.
2419:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2376:, p. 222.
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2218:, p. 225.
2208:
2206:, p. 118.
2196:
2184:
2158:
2146:
2120:
2108:
2093:
2091:, p. 711.
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1999:
1977:
1951:
1940:on 20 May 2011
1925:
1913:
1901:
1886:
1867:
1855:
1840:
1814:
1788:
1759:
1747:
1732:
1720:
1716:Hesilrige 1921
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1612:
1598:
1595:Thornton Manor
1586:
1583:
1568:
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1535:Thornton Hough
1522:, designed by
1465:County Borough
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1389:
1373:Thornton Hough
1369:Thornton Manor
1360:
1357:
1345:Thornton Manor
1340:
1337:
1322:, he was also
1278:William Strang
1269:
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1109:Outer Hebrides
1083:
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2754:(video). 1925
2753:
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2608:bolton.org.uk
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2479:"Feronia Inc"
2474:
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2415:Phillips 2017
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2305:The Spectator
2302:
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2254:, p. 38.
2253:
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2135:. 23 May 2010
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2009:
2003:
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1981:
1965:
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1755:Williams 2019
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1525:
1524:Thomas Mawson
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1489:Perivale Wood
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Bolton School
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
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1438:Port Sunlight
1435:
1434:Christ Church
1425:
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1385:Port Sunlight
1382:
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1339:Lever's homes
1336:
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1250:Niger Company
1247:
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1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:Western Isles
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
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1191:
1187:
1186:Western Isles
1183:
1182:Donald Murray
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1149:Mac Fisheries
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Isle of Lewis
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1079:
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1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
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1036:
1033:
1029:
1026: –
1025:
1021:
1020:Find sources:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:This section
996:
992:
987:
986:
977:
974:
966:
956:
952:
946:
945:
941:
935:
926:
925:
917:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:Jules Marchal
892:
891:forced labour
888:
887:travail forcé
883:
881:
877:
872:
867:
865:
861:
860:Port Sunlight
857:
853:
852:Great Britain
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
815:Belgian Congo
805:
803:
797:
793:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
746:
741:
736:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
697:
693:
690:
682:
677:
668:
666:
662:
656:
654:
648:
646:
639:
637:
632:
616:
611:
607:
605:
600:
598:
597:tied cottages
593:
592:model village
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Port Sunlight
566:Port Sunlight
563:
561:
555:
552:
547:
543:
541:
533:Sunlight soap
530:
528:
524:
520:
510:
506:
504:
499:
494:
490:
488:
483:
479:
469:
467:
463:
462:Port Sunlight
459:
455:
451:
450:The New Frock
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
428:
426:
425:Belgian Congo
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Sunlight Soap
371:
367:
366:industrialist
361:
326:
301:
297:
293:
284:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
232:Liberal Party
230:
226:
222:
213:
209:
205:
201:
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
152:
146:
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138:
131:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
103:
99:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
4877:Lever family
4710:
4613:Predecessors
4465:
4363:Persil Power
4095:
3905:Calvin Klein
3825:Subsidiaries
3768:
3761:
3757:New creation
3756:
3738:
3719:
3715:New creation
3714:
3681:
3676:Joseph Hoult
3603:
3568:
3557:
3543:
3522:
3501:
3490:
3466:
3435:Fleet street
3429:
3417:the original
3408:
3394:
3365:
3355:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:
3314:
3301:
3288:
3269:
3249:
3217:
3196:
3175:
3155:
3114:
3094:
3068:
3064:
3037:
3018:
2998:
2993:
2982:
2973:
2962:
2953:
2942:
2933:
2914:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:the original
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2798:the original
2788:
2779:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2750:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2670:
2658:
2646:
2635:, retrieved
2630:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2571:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2524:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2482:
2473:
2466:Marchal 2001
2461:
2454:Hardman 2017
2449:
2437:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2111:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1928:
1916:
1904:
1858:
1831:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1750:
1743:Marchal 2001
1723:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1546:
1532:
1493:
1454:
1431:
1416:Suffragette
1415:
1394:
1362:
1342:
1313:
1308:
1282:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1221:
1198:
1174:Robert Munro
1170:
1153:
1142:
1122:
1118:Presbyterian
1105:South Harris
1094:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1019:
1007:Please help
1002:verification
999:
969:
960:
938:
911:
886:
884:
868:
863:
855:
841:
818:
811:
798:
794:
782:
766:Rufus Isaacs
750:
744:
734:
731:
720:
714:Evening News
712:
708:Daily Mirror
706:
700:
698:
694:
686:
681:Daily Mirror
680:
671:Soap combine
657:
650:
641:
633:
629:
613:
608:
601:
584:River Mersey
582:between the
569:
556:
548:
544:
536:
516:
507:
495:
491:
475:
449:
440:
429:
291:
290:
216:(1925-05-07)
165:Succeeded by
159:Joseph Hoult
144:
102:
77:
68:
53:by removing
49:Please help
41:
4797:1925 deaths
4792:1851 births
4716:Paul Polman
4656:Lever House
4450:Dermalogica
4035:Continental
3981:Bru (India)
3874:Philippines
3854:Australasia
3608:1803–2005:
3117:. Madison.
2979:"No. 32776"
2959:"No. 30150"
2939:"No. 28566"
2682:18 November
2604:"Rivington"
2483:Feronia.com
2326:Wilson 1968
2216:Musson 1965
2029:Hamill 1992
1530:, in 2002.
1418:Edith Rigby
1229:Westminster
1065:August 2022
914:Feronia Inc
661:Switzerland
626:Advertising
519:Freemasonry
513:Freemasonry
155:Preceded by
4786:Categories
4525:Pears soap
4349:Lever 2000
4292:Dickie Dee
4280:Choco Taco
4265:Good Humor
4238:Paddle Pop
4150:Heartbrand
4110:Pot Noodle
4040:Cup-a-Soup
3859:Bangladesh
3771:1911–1925
3744:1917–1925
3725:1922–1925
3058:required.)
2751:Pathe News
2663:Jolly 1976
2651:Jolly 1976
2591:Jolly 1976
2550:Jolly 1976
2489:12 October
2442:Jolly 1976
2430:Lewis 2008
2398:Jolly 1976
2386:Jolly 1976
2362:Jolly 1976
2350:Jolly 1976
2288:Jolly 1976
2276:Jolly 1976
2264:Jolly 1976
2240:Jolly 1976
2228:Jolly 1976
2192:Jolly 1976
2154:Jolly 1976
2116:Jolly 1976
2104:Jolly 1976
2077:Jolly 1976
2065:Jolly 1976
2053:Jolly 1976
2041:Jolly 1976
1921:Jolly 1976
1909:Jolly 1976
1863:Jolly 1976
1851:Jolly 1976
1728:Jolly 1976
1680:References
1662:Supporters
1656:Escutcheon
1573:Neil Munro
1446:Merseyside
1377:the Wirral
1297:Liberalism
1258:Leverburgh
1165:Lancashire
1159:-speaking
1130:Lancashire
1035:newspapers
963:April 2019
940:neutrality
829:Leverville
747:libel case
745:Daily Mail
735:Daily Mail
702:Daily Mail
560:Birkenhead
551:Warrington
268:Occupation
214:7 May 1925
204:Lancashire
193:1851-09-19
51:improve it
4530:Pepsodent
4514:Mentadent
4466:Evolution
4425:Brylcreem
4255:HB Wall's
4245:Viennetta
4153:Ice cream
3994:Sariwangi
3972:Beverages
3938:Palm Line
3869:Indonesia
3505:. Verso.
3451:cite book
3237:181601639
3141:cite book
3133:987796852
3085:0954-6650
2736:The Times
2485:. Feronia
2338:Judd 2013
1685:Citations
1520:Hampstead
1422:Rivington
1397:Hampstead
1349:Rivington
1138:Fleetwood
1126:Fleetwood
1113:Stornoway
951:talk page
871:Congolese
856:Huileries
689:margarine
588:Bebington
472:Biography
427:by 1911.
276:Known for
256:Education
221:Hampstead
206:, England
149:1906–1909
145:In office
4758:Category
4586:Vaseline
4581:TRESemmé
4499:Lifebuoy
4440:Close-Up
4420:Bed Head
4415:Axe/Lynx
4406:Personal
4391:Sunlight
4342:Domestos
4314:products
4287:Popsicle
4275:Klondike
4200:Langnese
4175:GB Glace
4165:Cornetto
4115:Pot Rice
4097:Monumite
4025:Colman's
3988:Horlicks
3879:Pakistan
3817:Unilever
3555:(1911).
3488:(1927).
3433:. 160A,
3312:(2009).
3247:(2001).
2311:30 March
2177:13 March
2139:23 March
1547:Suspense
1516:The Hill
1442:Cheshire
1381:Cheshire
1320:Cheshire
1268:Politics
1161:crofters
1155:largely
944:disputed
825:palm oil
768:, later
760:, later
618:—
580:Cheshire
540:Sunlight
487:shilling
466:Cheshire
421:palm oil
394:Unilever
382:Lifebuoy
246:Children
71:May 2024
4770:Commons
4594:Zendium
4576:Timotei
4571:Sunsilk
4520:Noxzema
4489:Impulse
4352:Neutral
4346:Finitex
4334:Comfort
4320:Bio-Tex
4270:Breyers
4228:Streets
4218:Selecta
4160:Calippo
4130:Talenti
4091:Marmite
4030:Conimex
3948:Upfield
3913:Fabergé
3832:Current
3763:Baronet
3656:of the
3652:in the
3617:at the
3605:Hansard
3597:at the
3344:10 June
3010:Sources
2899:11 July
2873:11 July
2847:2 April
2821:11 July
2758:14 June
2614:14 June
2573:14 June
2526:15 July
1833:14 June
1807:14 June
1621:in the
1607:in the
1556:Bubbles
1498:, gave
1463:of the
1461:Freeman
1365:William
1353:Horwich
1049:scholar
880:Baronet
848:Belgium
525:of the
441:Bubbles
398:Liberal
4697:People
4639:Places
4560:Simple
4555:Signal
4540:Q-Tips
4535:Pond's
4376:Probat
4371:Henkel
4359:Persil
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4324:Breeze
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3888:Former
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1944:7 July
1781:8 July
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1625:(1922)
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1597:(1911)
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1457:Bolton
1444:, now
1428:Legacy
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1180:, and
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3864:Ghana
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3233:OCLC
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3147:link
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3119:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3081:ISSN
3023:ISBN
2923:ISBN
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2875:2011
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2684:2019
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2491:2019
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