Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook

1782:, Head of Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain wrote that "We had the organization, we had the men, we had the spirit which could bring us victory in the air but we had not the supply of machines necessary to withstand the drain of continuous battle. Lord Beaverbrook gave us those machines, and I do not believe that I exaggerate when I say that no other man in England could have done so." Hollis recalled in an interview: "Beaverbrook's ruthless, cut-throat, steam-roller approach to every problem made him feared as well as respected. You either got on with him or you did not; and in the latter case it was better and safer to give him a wide berth. Nevertheless, he was a staunch and faithful friend to me, and immensely kind." Beaverbrook increasingly came into conflict with Ernest Bevin over a number of issues such as whose ministry would be responsible for safety training in aircraft factories, and the two ministers spent much time feuding. Hollis recalled: "Their hostility grew to such an extent that it embarrassed Mr. Churchill, and caused a great deal of unhappiness in the government. It seemed astonishing that, at such a time, two men of such stature and ability should be so eager to score points off each other. I was especially grieved at this because I admired both men very much". Hollis also recalled that Beaverbrook's relations with Churchill would vary dramatically as he stated: "Beaverbrook's friendship with Churchill was of very long standing and to my mind, quite stormy. They would fight and argue every Monday and Tuesday; part on Wednesday and Thursday; and then make it up again on Friday and Saturday". 1806: 1000:

people who disliked the "food taxes" and "stomach taxes". The great dividing line in British politics were between the Whole Hoggers who were willing to accept higher food prices as the consequences of a protectionist bloc vs. the Free Fooders who were not. Aitken had a financial interest in the supporting the Whole Hoggers as in 1912 he purchased all of the grain terminals in Alberta in the expectation that an Imperial Preference tariffs would soon be enacted as law. Aitken had little to do as an MP, and set about seeking the acceptance of British elites. The British historian Neal Ascherson wrote: "The first is that posh English society was no match for him. He was 'vulgar', but there was a charm in his self-promotion which made languid ladies and gentlemen want to be on his side and at his side. He was wildly rich even then, but knew how to use his wealth in hospitality and (discreetly) by rescuing grand friends from awkward debts. Above all, he was fun to be with."

1710: 1550:. Beaverbrook and Rothermere founded that month the United Empire Party. The United Empire Party was intended to split the right-wing vote to such an extent that it would be impossible for the Conservatives to ever win a general vote again, and in this way Rothermre and Beaverbrook intended to impose their will on the Conservative party. However, Beaverbrook and Rothermere differed in their intentions. Rothermere made it very clear that he wanted to see Baldwin replaced with a puppet leader of his choosing. Likewise, Rothermere had doubts about the "food taxes" as the proposed tariffs on food were known and promoted a "no-surrender line" with regard to the Government of India act. The Empire Free Trade candidate won the 1586:

no responsibilities, no liabilities outside of the Empire except in relation to the Anglo-Saxon race". He supported the "limited liability" rearmament under which the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy were built up at the expense of the British Army as the rearmament programme in best accord with his own foreign policy ideas. In 1935, Beaverbrook campaigned against the Peace Ballot, an unofficial referendum organised in 1935 by the League of Nations Union, as the "Ballot of Blood". He was concerned that if Britain should be obliged to enforce the collective security policies of the League of Nations against aggression, it could involve Britain in wars where no British interests were at stake. In a leader in the

1687:. At the time of the Sudetenland crisis, Beaverbrook wrote in a leader: "... do not get caught up in quarrels over foreign boundaries that do not concern you." Beaverbrook was strongly opposed to the famous "guarantee" offered by Chamberlain for Poland in the House of Commons on 31 March 1939 under his usual grounds that Britain had no interests in Poland, and no reason to go to war for Poland. Beaverbrook told Maisky: "I want the empire to remain intact, but I don't understand why for the sake of this we must wage a three-year war to crush "Hitlerism"...Poland, Czechoslovakia? What are they to do with us? Cursed be the day when Chamberlain gave our guarantees to Poland!" On 4 August 1939, a leader in 1870:, outside of the Cabinet, and held that post until the end of the war. After leaving the War Cabinet, Beaverbrook made himself the main spokesman for the "Second Front Now" campaign, calling for an Anglo-American invasion of France. This put him at odds with Churchill who favored the "peripheral strategy" of winning the war via strategical bombing of Germany; maintaining command of the sea; and the "Mediterranean strategy" of engaging the Wehrmacht in North Africa and Italy. Despite their disagreement over the second front, Beaverbrook remained a close confidant of Churchill throughout the war, and could regularly be found with Churchill until the early hours of the morning. 2058: 1802:

spoke fluent English and it was in that language that the interview was conducted. Beaverbrook reported to Churchill that Hess was an exceedingly eccentric and strange man who believed that the war between Germany and Britain was a grave mistake. Beaverbrook further stated that the best he could discern for Hess's motives was that he had told him that Germany was going to be invading the Soviet Union in the very near-future and now was the ideal time for the two "Nordic" nations to stop their pointless "fratricidal" war and join forces against the Soviet Union, whom Hess insisted was the common enemy of both nations.

1742:, the revered "Victor of Verdun", who argued for an immediate armistice. Churchill devised a scheme for an Anglo-French Union as a way to keep France in the war, which Beaverbrook was strongly opposed to. Unlike Churchill, Beaverbrook did not see any particular importance of keeping France in the war, and was much more indifferent to the prospect of France being defeated than was the prime minister, arguing that Britain still had the Commonwealth and the empire. Churchill's viewpoint that if France were occupied, it would shorten the flying time of the Luftwaffe to bomb Britain from hours to minutes and allow the 1020:(the most widely read newspaper in Canada at the time) published a front-page appeal to all Canadians by Kipling where he wrote: "It is her own soul that Canada risks today. Once that soul is pawned for any consideration, Canada must inevitably conform to the commercial, legal, financial, social and ethical standards which will be imposed on her by the sheer admitted weight of the United States." Kipling's article attracted much attention in Canada and was reprinted in every English-language Canadian newspaper over the following week, where it was credited with helping the Conservatives win the election. 1099: 1778:

once promoted an Air Commodore to Air Vice-Marshal-over the heads of fifty more senior Air Commodores. This sort of behavior did not make for happiness, but it was the way he worked, and the end justified the means". Hollis stated that for Beaverbrook all that mattered was if someone was efficient or not, and he was very ruthless about sacking those he viewed as inefficient. However, it has been argued that aircraft production was already rising when Beaverbrook took charge and that he was fortunate to inherit a system which was just beginning to bear fruit. Air Chief Marshal

1590:, he wrote the collective security policy of the League "will drag you and your children into a war" caused by "the ambitious and unscrupulous powers" that were the other members of the League (Beaverbrook failed to mention that to activate collective security required the approval of the League Council, of which Britain was a veto-holding member). Beaverbrook stated that his readers should not take part in the Peace Ballot and wrote: "Tear up the ballot paper. Throw the pieces in the waste paper basket. Turn away from Europe. Stand by the Empire and Splendid Isolation". 5769: 2006: 957: 1969:

in a negative light. As part of his campaign against Mountbatten, Beaverbrook used his newspapers to make allegations to the effect that Mountbatten had deliberately launched the Dieppe raid of 19 August 1942 - in which the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division had taken heavy losses - in the full knowledge that it would fail to prevent a second front from being opened in 1942. Beaverbrook angrily told Mountbatten at a dinner party hosted by Harriman in London: "You murdered my Canadians to wreck my Second Front campaign!"

1484:(modern Israel), which Britain held as the administering power for the League, under the grounds that Palestine was more of a debit than a credit for the British empire. A typical statement from Beaverbrook was: "The British empire exists for the British race. It is our heritage. Let us cultivate it, defend it, cherish it, and make it great, rich and strong in righteousness, an example and object lesson for the rest of mankind". In 1925, Beaverbrook wrote: "In the Empire and not in Europe our future lies and the 940:, and amalgamated them into Canada Cement, eventually controlling four-fifths of the cement production in Canada. Canada was booming economically at the time, and Aitken had close to a monopoly on the material. There were irregularities in the stock transfers leading to the conglomeration of the cement plants, resulting in much criticism of Aitken, as well as accusations of price-gouging and poor management of the cement plants under his company's control. Aitken sold his shares, making a large amount of money. 5748: 1582:

capable of achieving much of anything. Beaverbrook frequently changed his views about Adolf Hitler, which caused the obituary writers that worked for him much anguish as they were forced to change their drafts of a Hitler obituary from positive to negative to positive again. After the Night of the Long Knives, Beaverbrook "turned solidly, fanatically anti-Hitler" as he compared Hitler to Al Capone and the Nazis to gangsters. Beaverbrook was to change his opinions about Hitler a number of times afterward.

6560: 6147: 64: 1758:. Beaverbrook did not tolerate the arguments that supply "bottlenecks" were hindering aircraft production and required that aircraft manufacturers submit to him a daily list of "bottlenecks" which he made his mission to resolve. One of Beaverbrook's first acts as minister of aircraft production was to order the "cannibalization" of all wrecked aircraft which totalled about 2,000 aeroplanes. For every two wrecked planes, it was possible to fashion a new plane. His 1422:, Beaverbrook was the subject of much fascination by the public. He was disliked by his employees as a demanding boss who had telephones installed in every room of his house so that he could always call his newspapers editors to give his orders about what story was interesting him at the moment without having to wait. Beaverbrook's much vaunted principle of "independence" under which he felt free to attack his allies via his newspapers made him few friends. 5739: 2605: 1598:, the Soviet ambassador in London, writing to him in 1936 about his "...friendly attitude towards your Great Leader" and he was "determined that nothing shall be said or done by any newspaper controlled by me which is likely to disturb your tenure in office". Beaverbrook concluded "while I am free, and my newspapers in the attitude I take to the Russian leader, I must say I admire and praise his conduct of government". In 1936, at the invitation of 6899: 2225: 1370:, a "tiny Tudor house in Hurlingham Road" where ... "far from the centre of London I was relieved of casual callers and comparatively free of long-winded visitors. I provided facilities by means of private telephone lines without any direct contact with the Telephone Exchanges. Thus the political conferences held there were safeguarded against interruption." Powerful friends and acquaintances such as Asquith, Lloyd George, Churchill, 6882: 6916: 2213: 2275:, to which he devoted most of his later largesse and at which he situated his extensive archival collection of British public life in the first half of the 20th century. Among other gifts over three years from 1946 he tripled the size of the library at UNB, and bestowed the Old Manse Library in Newcastle Miramichi. He endowed the Lord Beaverbrook Overseas Scholarships to send UNB undergraduates for a spell at the 6865: 1594:

might cause a "world race war" as he stated that Ethiopia was not worth fighting for as it was an African nation. Likewise, when Germany remilitarized the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, violating both the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Locarno, Beaverbrook used his newspapers to argue against Britain taking action to enforce the treaties it had signed. Beaverbrook maintained good relations with

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RUSSIA-THE PUBLIC HUMBUGGED". A linked article claimed that the British force in Arkhangelsk were poised to go deep into Russia with the aim of overthrowing the Bolshevik regime and Churchill had lied to the British people about the purpose of the expedition. In 1920, Beaverbrook opposed to British aid to Poland under the grounds that the Soviet-Polish war did not involve British interests.

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nature to him...In conversation, Beaverbrook was constantly exaggerating and embellishing." Beaverbrook was considered to be likeable character full of charm and zest, but he was widely distrusted by the British elite as he was viewed as an unprincipled intriguer. A flamboyant, charismatic man full of dynamism and exuberance who stood out on the account of his Canadian

1170:. Ascherson wrote: "A momentous friendship began. In return for contacts and inside information, Aitken would give Churchill hope and energy, and Churchill – in spite of some volcanic quarrels over the next half-century – came to rely on him not only as a political and journalistic ally but as an unfailing source of optimism, gossip, reassurance and sheer fun." 1476:", namely that Britain should devote its interests to the British empire, but be otherwise disengaged from the rest of the world. A recurring theme of Beaverbrook's newspapers was that Britain was not a European nation, and should have as little to do as possible with the affairs of Europe. Likewise, Beaverbrook was opposed to British membership in the 1517:

British industry supplying the manufactured goods for the Dominions while the Dominions would supply food and other raw materials to Britain. As such, Beaverbrook wanted to see the end of all trade barriers within the Commonwealth and a system of tariffs to keep non-Commonwealth products out of the Commonwealth to form what he called the

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needed. The biography by Anthony Furze of Wilfrid Freeman, a senior official in the Ministry of Aircraft Production, discusses the Beaverbrook myth 'Magic is nine tenth's illusion' describing how Freeman had to limit the worst side-effects of Beaverbrook's short-term thinking (Spellmount Press, 2000). The Royal Marine General

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over the reaction of the Beaverbrook newspapers. Beaverbrook was strongly opposed to the application and used his newspapers to offer ferocious criticism of Macmillan's application to join the EEC, accusing him of a betrayal of the Commonwealth whom Beaverbrook continued to insist were Britain's natural allies. In 1960, the

1166:, and Aitken went to see him to offer him his sympathy. Aitken wrote about Churchill: "The charm, the imaginative sympathy of his hours of defeat, the self-confidence, the arrogance of his hours of power and prosperity". Later, when Churchill went to the Western Front, Aitken allowed him to stay as his guest at his house in 1626:"the George Washington of Germany". Beaverbrook published the piece, but told Lloyd George that he was embarrassed by it as he disliked "the regimentation of opinion" in Germany. In regards to the Sino-Japanese war, Beaverbrook was entirely concerned about a possible Japanese threat to the British empire and used the 1899:

1951, but remained an Empire loyalist throughout his life. In 1947, Beaverbrook was vehemently opposed to the plans to end the Raj with the colony of India to be granted independence and partitioned into the new nations of India and Pakistan. Through the decision to end the Raj was taken by the Labour prime minister,

1114:. Aitken also established the Canadian War Memorials Fund, which evolved into a collection of art works by the premier artists and sculptors in Britain and Canada. In accordance with establishing these works, he was also instrumental in creating the Canadian War Records Office in London and arranged for stories about 2111:. Beaverbrook was rarely a faithful husband, and even in old age was often accused of treating women with disrespect. In Britain he established the then-married Jean Norton as his mistress at Cherkley. Aitken left Norton for a Jewish ballet dancer named Lily Ernst whom he had rescued from pre-war Austria. 2199:

Beaverbrook was both admired and despised in Britain, sometimes at the same time: in his 1956 autobiography, David Low quotes H.G. Wells as saying of Beaverbrook: "If ever Max ever gets to Heaven, he won't last long. He will be chucked out for trying to pull off a merger between Heaven and Hell after

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would be settled peacefully. In a memo dated 3 March 1943, Beaverbrook was unapologetic about the "no war" headlines as he wrote: "The prophecy proved wrong. The policy, had it been pursued more vigorously might have proved it right". The British historian Daniel Hucker wrote that Beaverbrook was out

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and his government on several issues. A colorful character, the American historian Randall Woods described him as "...a sharp, intense, unpredictable man. He was something of a firebrand, tending to overstatement and even irresponsibility in his editorials or public statements...Conspiracy was second

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threatening to withdraw support from the government over tariff reform. Beaverbrook increasingly came under attack from MPs who distrusted a press baron being employed by the state. He survived but became increasingly frustrated with his limited role and influence, and in October 1918 he resigned due

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Churchill was free to stay and paint in the sun at La Capponcina whenever he pleased, and their friendship grew closer until Beaverbrook's death in 1964. He used his money and connections quietly to rescue many other lesser figures in trouble. A.J.P. Taylor justly called him "a foul-weather friend".

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Beaverbrook used his newspapers to campaign against Mountbatten being appointed First Sea Lord under the grounds that he "gave away" India in 1947. When Mountbatten was appointed First Sea Lord, the Beaverbrook newspapers went out of their way to portray the Royal Navy under Mountbatten's leadership

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to promote British neutrality as he wrote a leader which compared supporting the Spanish Republic as alike to supporting the Whites in the Russian civil war as he declared that British intervention in the Russian civil war "cost us some thousands of British soldiers' lives, £100,000,000 in cash, and

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In a guest opinion column published in April 1935 in the Hearst newspapers, Beaverbrook set out to explain "the section of opinion to which I belong - the Isolationists". Beaverbrook advocated that: "Britain should make no alliances except with the United States, that we should incur no obligations,

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within the Ministry, on lines similar to the earlier Canadian war art scheme, but when he established a private charity that would receive income from BWMC exhibitions, it was regarded as a conflict of interest and he dropped the scheme. Beaverbrook had a number of clashes with the Foreign Secretary

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to use the French Atlantic ports to attack shipping in the Western Approaches made no impression on Beaverbrook. The plans for an Anglo-French union fell flat when Pétain - who regarded the plan for a union as a way for the British to seize France's colonial empire - persuaded the French cabinet to

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were just as important as Britain in holding the empire together. Beaverbrook believed that because Britain had more people than what British agriculture was capable of feeding while the Dominions produced more food than what their people needed that a symbiotic relationship would be possible with

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as leader of the Unionist party late in 1911. Aitken's demands for a protectionist bloc uniting the British empire made him into a disruptive force in the Conservative and Unionist ranks as the idea of a bloc would mean higher food prices, making the plan unpopular with many segments of the British

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through an Act of the local legislature. In 1960, the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan decided to have the United Kingdom join the European Economic Community (EEC) as the European Union was then called, but he waited until July 1961 to formally make the application at least in part out of the fear

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detailed these allegations in a manuscript of a biography of Beaverbrook he wrote in the mid-1950s, but the threats of a libel suit from Mountbatten led the allegations being removed from the published book. The British historian Adrien Smith argued that the real reason for Beaverbrook's feud with

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made his flight to Scotland to contact the Duke of Hamilton about opening talks for an Anglo-German peace. Instead he was taken into custody by local police constables. Beaverbrook was sent to interview Hess with orders to find out just what had motivated the deputy Führer to fly to Scotland. Hess

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who worked as the Senior Assistant Secretary to the War Cabinet recalled in an interview: "For all Beaverbrook's tremendous achievement in producing aeroplanes, there was little to praise in the way he rode roughshod over everyone. He never carried an oil can. He did as he liked, when he liked. He

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In March 1933, he visited Germany where he wrote that it was his impression that "the stories of Jewish persecution are exaggerated". His most enduring impressions of his German trip was he felt that SA could not march properly, and he seemed to regard the Nazis as something of a joke who were not

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Later Taylor said: "The enduring merits of the book are really beyond cavil. It provides essential testimony for events during a great political crisis...It contains character sketches worthy of Aubrey. On a wider canvas, it displays the behaviour of political leaders in wartime. The narrative is

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Aitken continued to live lavishly. Ascherson noted: "His life became a progress like a medieval king's, cruising on Atlantic liners and luxurious yachts with a great retinue of servants, cronies, henchmen, useful politicians and pretty women. But the Beaver did not forget old comrades. The ageing

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During the crisis caused by the Italian aggression against Ethiopia, Beaverbrook was opposed to the policy of imposing sanctions on Italy under the banner of the League of Nations as he argued that the Italo-Ethiopian war did not concern Britain. In a leader, he warned that the sanctions on Italy

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in 1929. In December 1929, Beaverbrook set up a central office to co-ordinate the Empire Crusade movement. However, Beaverbrook could not quite decide if the purpose of the Empire Crusade was to depose Baldwin or just merely have the Conservative party give him the respect he felt he deserved. In

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zone. Taylor credited Beaverbrook's Canadian origins for his beliefs about an "Empire Free Trade zone" as he wrote: "At the bottom this was pure sentiment, a desire to be both British as well as Canadian, and a desire, also characteristic of a Canadian, that the British empire should maintain its

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headline warning that a Labour victory would amount to the 'Gestapo in Britain' (adapted from a passage in a radio election speech by Churchill on 4 June) was a huge mistake and completely misjudged the public mood. Beaverbrook renounced his British citizenship and left the Conservative Party in

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Beaverbrook had long resented Baldwin's leadership of the Conservative Party and the loss of his influence that had followed the resignation of Bonar Law in 1923. Beaverbrook had privately "rejoiced" when the Conservatives lost the 1929 election, seeing Labour's victory as a chance to impose his

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had confessed at his show trial under the influence of "truth drugs". In 1950, Christiansen turned down a chance to publish photographs of South Korean policemen engaged in a mass execution of suspected Communists because to do so would have "given our enemies a chance to say we are playing the

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entitled "The Russian Window" starting in October 1948. The nature of Burchett's "Russian Window" reports about life behind the Iron Curtain such as his claims that there was a surplus of luxury goods on sale in shops in Moscow led to accusations that he was engaged in propaganda for the Soviet

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Under Beaverbrook, fighter and bomber production increased so much so that Churchill declared: "His personal force and genius made this Aitken's finest hour." Beaverbrook's impact on wartime production has been much debated but he certainly energized production at a time when it was desperately

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believes that the British Empire is the greatest instrument for good the world has ever seen". Beaverbrook believed that protecting the greatness as he saw it of the empire could be best accomplished via "splendid isolation" as he consistently argued for an isolationist foreign policy. In 1925,

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support the war as a justified assertion of British national interests. Beaverbrook regarded the end of the Suez crisis with Britain being forced to withdraw under strong American-Soviet pressure to be a national humiliation, and much of the anti-Americanism he was to express in his last years

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to sound his fears that the Japanese might try to seize the British colonies in Asia. In a 1938 leader, Beaverbrook warned: "Too many people would be interested in checking Japan if that country really MEANT trouble against white people...The British public seem to have sensed what the British

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became one of the four so-called press barons that were the dominant figures in the inter-war press. By 1937 the four owned nearly one in every two national and local daily papers sold in Britain, as well as one in every three Sunday papers that were sold. The combined circulation of all their

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Empire Fiscal Union was, in fact, my only reason for entering politics in Britain and for continuing to take an interest in public life. My devotion to Bonar Law, my belief in his Leadership, my faith in his ability to give to the Empire some day, perhaps some day soon, the Union I so ardently

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from 1942 to 1945 and accompanied Churchill to several wartime meetings with President Roosevelt. He was able to relate to Roosevelt in a different way than Churchill and became close to Roosevelt during these visits. This friendship sometimes irritated Churchill who felt that Beaverbrook was

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a banner headline, "ARCHANGEL SCANDAL EXPOSED: FAMOUS VC APPEALS TO THE NATION" above an article attacking the intervention as pointless and singled Churchill as the author of an expedition that had gone horribly wrong. The subtitle of the article was "DUPLICITY OF CHRUCHILL'S POLICY TOWARDS

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in two volumes, the first in 1928 and the second in 1932, republished in one volume in 1960. Upon their original publication, the books were largely ignored by professional historians and the only favourable reviews were in Beaverbrook's own newspapers. However, when the combined edition of

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Though a Conservative, Beaverbrook was opposed to British intervention in the Russian civil war and used his newspapers to argue that the question of who ruled Russia was no business of Britain's. Beaverbrook had one of his periodic falling outs with Churchill at the time, and saw attacking

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Aitken had made his first visit to Britain in September 1908, and when he returned there in the spring of 1910, in an attempt to raise money to form a steel company, he decided to make the move permanent, but not before he led the underwriting, with a preponderance of British money, of an

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views on the Conservative party, especially with regard to the Empire Free Trade zone. Through there was much discontent within the Conservative ranks over Baldwin's leadership, Beaverbrook was regarded as an "untouchable" by the Conservative elite. In July 1929, Beaverbrook launched the

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later wrote that Beaverbrook was a pathbreaker who "invented all the methods of publicity" used by Britain to promote the war, including the nation's first war artists, the first war photographers, and the first makers of war films. He was especially effective in promoting the sales of

1666:. Beaverbrook himself gave evidence before the inquiry and vehemently denied the allegations; Express Newspapers general manager E. J. Robertson denied that Robeson had been blacklisted, but did admit that Coward had been "boycotted" because he had enraged Beaverbrook with his film 1998:

related to bitterness over the Suez crisis. Beaverbrook likewise favored a hawkish line on the Cyprus Emergency as he used his newspapers to support keeping Cyprus a British colony and regarded the decision to grant Cyprus independence in 1960 again as a national humiliation.

1944:, Arthur Christiansen about Burchett after reading several of his "Russian Window" columns, he was told: "He is, I think, a fellow traveler, but nevertheless an able chap". Even after the "Russian Window" column was terminated, Burchett continued to work as a free-lancer for 704:("Max" to his close circle), was a Canadian-British newspaper publisher and backstage politician who was an influential figure in British media and politics of the first half of the 20th century. His base of power was the largest circulation newspaper in the world, the 1734:. Beaverbrook was given almost dictatorial powers over all aspects of aircraft production. In June 1940, Beaverbrook went with Churchill in a desperate mission to Tours to meet the French government with the aim of keeping France in the war. The French Premier, 1631:

ministers have not - that Japan is dynamiting her way not only through the Chinese empire, but dangerously near other empires. Get out your map!" Along the leader was a map that showed the proximity of Japanese troops to Hong Kong. Beaverbrook supported the

2049:. Beaverbrook was always proud of his New Brunswick roots, and liked to claim in his last years that four of the most outstanding men of his generation were from New Brunswick, by which he meant Bonar Law, R.B. Bennett, Sir James Hamet Dunn and himself. 1015:

intervene in the election on the behalf of the Conservatives. At the time the line between British and English-Canadian national identities was more blurred than today, and Aitken did not regard Kipling as a "foreign" figure. On 7 September 1911, the

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The Beaverbrook Foundation continues his philanthropic interests. In 1957, a bronze statue of Lord Beaverbrook was erected at the centre of Officers' Square in Fredericton, New Brunswick, paid for by money raised by children throughout the province.

1754:, replaced the management of plants that were underperforming, and released German Jewish engineers from internment to work in the factories. He seized materials and equipment destined for other departments and was perpetually at odds with the 1185:

instead. Aitken was a friend of Stanley and agreed to continue with the resignation, so that Stanley could take Aitken's seat in Parliament and be eligible for ministerial office. In return, Aitken received a peerage on 23 January 1917 as the

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over the period from 9 to 12 August 1941. Much impressed by Stalin and the sacrifice of the Soviet people, he returned to London determined to persuade Churchill to launch a second front in Europe to help draw German resources away from the

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in 1928. At a time when censorship was extremely strict with British journalists being kept away from the Western Front, Aitken's 'Eyewitness' reports from the Western Front, which were published in the Canadian newspapers made him famous.

4459: 1817:, the largest invasion in history was launched with 3 million German soldiers organized into three army groups invaded the Soviet Union. In September 1941, Beaverbrook headed the British delegation to Moscow with his American counterpart 894:, Aitken became a minority shareholder and the firm's general manager. Under the tutelage of Stairs, who would be his mentor and friend, Aitken engineered a number of successful business deals and was planning a series of bank mergers. 1413:, was often denounced as excessively powerful because his newspapers supposedly could make or break almost anyone. Beaverbrook enjoyed using his papers to attack his opponents and to promote his friends. From 1919 to 1922 he attacked 1721:

on 3 September 1939, he had his newspapers take an ultra-patriotic line in supporting the war effort, not least because he knew the vast majority of his readers supported the war. During the Second World War, in May 1940, his friend

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Beaverbrook was of an imperialist mindset, with the quote, "There are countries so underdeveloped today that the gift of independence is like the gift of a razor to a child" attributed to him in a panel discussion on Canadian TV.

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to aid the Soviets. In a memo to Churchill on 19 October 1941, Beaverbrook wrote the involvement of the Soviet Union in the war offered a chance to win decisively far sooner than expected. In February 1942, Beaverbrook became

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was under 40,000 a day; by 1937 it was 2,329,000 a day, making it the most successful of all British newspapers and generating huge profits for Beaverbrook whose wealth was already such that he never took a salary. After the

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until 1948 that the wartime "Big Three" alliance of the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom should continue after the war. It was only after the Berlin blockade began in 1948 that Beaverbrook had the

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questioned the need for British commitments to Poland as it was declared: "while there are some reasons in favour of an alliance with France...our alliances in Eastern Europe are another matter"." On 7 August 1939, the

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over the use of intelligence material. He felt that intelligence should become part of his department, but Balfour disagreed. Eventually the intelligence committee was assigned to Beaverbrook but they then resigned

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was published in 1956. It is not a coherent narrative, but is divided by separate episodes centred on one man, such as Carson, Robertson, Rothermere and others. The reviews were favourable, with Taylor's review in

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cover story declared, "Even if Britain goes down this fall, it will not be Lord Beaverbrook's fault. If she holds out, it will be his triumph. This war is a war of machines. It will be won on the assembly line."

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Mountbatten was because one of his various mistresses, Jean Norton, had shared her affections with Mountbatten. Beaverbrook was frequently unfaithful towards his wife, but he was possessive of his mistresses.

7071: 901:, then the business capital of Canada. There he bought and sold companies, invested in stocks and shares and also developed business interests in both Cuba and Puerto Rico. He started a weekly magazine, the 5120: 1618:

the bitter enmity of the Russian government for the next ten years...and the intervention failed anyway. Britain had backed a loser. It is the mark of a mug to go on backing the same loser". In 1936, the

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and again clashed with Bevin, this time over shipbuilding. In the face of Bevin's refusal to work with him, Beaverbrook resigned after only twelve days in the post. In September 1943 he was appointed

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The young Max Aitken had a gift for making money and was a millionaire by the age of 30. His business ambitions quickly exceeded opportunities in Canada and he moved to Britain. There he befriended

1181:. At that time, an MP taking a cabinet post for the first time had to resign and stand for re-election in a by-election. Aitken made arrangements for this, but then Lloyd George decided to appoint 1442:

to associate the Labour Party with the Soviet Union, writing in a leader: "We are not fighting Mr. Ramsay MacDonald in his saner moments, but the Russian Bolshevists and the shade of Lenin." The

1602:, the new German ambassador to the Court of St. James, Beaverbrook attended the opening of the 1936 Berlin Olympics, but quickly became bored with the Third Reich and soon returned to Britain." 784:, to serve as his Minister of Aircraft Production from May 1940. Churchill later praised his "vital and vibrant energy". He resigned due to ill-health in 1941 but later in the war was appointed 7081: 1931:

take an anti-Soviet line, but even then he continued to hold out hopes that the Cold War would not be permanent and it might be possible to revive the "Big Three" alliance. Beaverbrook had

1750:

With Churchill's blessing, Beaverbrook overhauled all aspects of war-time aircraft production. He increased production targets by 15% across the board, took control of aircraft repairs and

1209:

became public knowledge later in 1917, and he was criticised by parts of the Conservative Party for financing a publication they regarded as irresponsible and often unhelpful to the party.

1805: 7031: 1833:'s invasion of the Soviet Union. Harriman said of Beaverbrook's role in the mission: 'has been a great salesman...His genius never worked more effectively.' Beaverbrook met Stalin at the 4413: 1287: 1302:. He turned the dull newspaper into a glittering and witty journal with an optimistic attitude, filled with an array of dramatic photo layouts. He hired first-rate writers such as 760:

into the most successful mass-circulation newspaper in the world, with sales of 2.25 million copies a day across Britain. He used it to pursue personal campaigns, most notably for

7006: 4061: 7056: 6356: 2045:'s early folklore work, and numerous other projects. He bought the archive papers of both Bonar Law and David Lloyd George and placed them in the Beaverbrook Library within the 1650:

alleged that Beaverbrook kept a blacklist of notable public figures who were to be denied any publicity in his papers because of personal disputes. Foot said they included Sir

7076: 1512:

Reflecting his origins, Beaverbrook always thought in terms of the British empire rather than of Britain, and he had an essentially Commonwealth perspective as he argued that

2417:

Sarah Noble House at 9995 Keele Street was the birthplace of Max Aitken where his parents lived from 1879-1880. Historical marker outside of home commemorates his birth here.

1613:, Beaverbrook's newspapers published every titbit of the affair, especially allegations about pro-Nazi sympathies. Reflecting his "empire isolationism", Beaverbrook used the 1426:

intervention in the Russian civil war, which Churchill had strongly promoted, as a way of lashing out. For example, on 6 September 1919, Beaverbrook ran on the front page of

988:. Aitken was an excellent organiser and, with plenty of money for publicity, he won the seat by 196 votes. Aitken's "bumptious" election campaign brought him some notoriety. 1573:, Stanley Baldwin described the media barons who owned British newspapers as having "Power without responsibility – the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages." 1007:, which he believed would lead to the American annexation of Canada. As such, Aitken temporarily returned to Canada to vigorously campaign for the Conservatives led by Sir 6961: 7106: 6951: 1263:

and the often fatal disease progressed into his throat; his English doctors were unable to provide a cure, and it was a Portuguese medic who cured him by administering

7121: 4520: 858:, a future prime minister of Canada. Aitken managed Bennett's successful campaign for a place on Chatham town council. When Bennett left the law firm, Aitken moved to 7101: 1278:

to the general public. Nevertheless, he was widely disliked and distrusted by the political elite, who were suspicious of all they sneeringly called "press lords".

1110:, Aitken was able to show off his great organisational skills. He was innovative in the employment of artists, photographers and film makers to record life on the 2268: 2251:

stands in the park in the town square of Newcastle, New Brunswick, not far from where he sold newspapers as a young boy. His ashes are in the plinth of the bust.

6604: 6255: 1130:, a three-volume collection that chronicled the achievements of Canadian soldiers on the battlefields. Aitken also wrote several books after the war, including 6788: 6515: 2642: 1837:

and developed a liking for the Soviet leader, finding him to be a man like himself who regarded committees as time-wasting and preferred action over meetings.

5041: 1738:, was against an armistice with Germany and in favor of continuing the war from Algeria, but the strongest voice in the French cabinet was that of Marshal 821:

minister, and Jane (Noble), the daughter of a prosperous local farmer and storekeeper Joseph Vaughan Noble. When he was a year old, the family moved to

1402:, who was godfather to Beaverbrook's youngest son Peter, but this did nothing to repair the rift that developed between them when Beaverbrook endorsed 867: 2924: 7126: 4725: 890:, a member of the city's dominant business family, gave him employment and trained him in the business of finance. In 1904, when Stairs launched the 991:

Aitken rarely spoke in the House of Commons, but he did promise substantial financial support to the Unionist Party, and in 1911 he was knighted by

6720: 6099: 5985: 1904: 113: 3208: 1454:, the chief of the Comintern, was alleged to order British Communists to infiltrate the Labour Party and the military, which was published in the 1060:, Rolls-Royce's Commercial managing director, resisted his attempt to gain control of the company, and in October 1913 Aitken sold his holding to 5917: 290: 4501: 2646:, which contains the lines: "Mr Beaverbrook says: 'We've gotta save our tin/And all the garden gates and empty cans are gonna make us win...'." 7066: 7051: 5829: 3994: 985: 462: 1530:

to campaign for the "Empire Free Trade zone", which attracted support from various Tory backbencher MPs, peers and local riding associations.

1031:

in Surrey and entertained lavishly there. In 1913 the house was offered as a venue for negotiations between Bonar Law and the Prime Minister,

844:, but left after a short while. This was to be his only formal higher education. Aitken worked in a shop, then borrowed some money to move to 7096: 7026: 5834: 1003:

In 1911, Aitken was strongly opposed to the reciprocity agreement with the United States signed by the Liberal prime minister of Canada, Sir

981: 726: 1048:

Aitken continued to grow his business interests while in Parliament, and also began to build a British newspaper empire. After the death of

7041: 6981: 2263:

Beaverbrook and his wife Lady Beaverbrook left a considerable legacy to both New Brunswick and the United Kingdom. In 2014, he was named a

1466:

published tended to depict Communists as alien, dirty, hairy, and unkempt, thereby associating them with popular stereotypes of the poor.

1177:

in December 1916. The man Aitken wanted to see replace Asquith was Bonar Law, not Lloyd George. Lloyd George offered to appoint Aitken as

6986: 6966: 6730: 6658: 6630: 6387: 6155: 1570: 1563: 1173:

Aitken was happy to play a small part, which he greatly exaggerated, as a go-between when Asquith was forced from office and replaced by

871: 4069: 7021: 6956: 6871: 6508: 2654: 2144:

in 1981 said the work "will remain, despite all carping, the authoritative narrative; nor does the story want in the telling thereof".

1907:, who Beaverbrook believed could have somehow defied the government and not granted independence if he had wanted to. In a leader, the 1332: 1146:, whom he considered to be mismanaging the war effort. Aitken's opinion of Asquith did not improve when he failed to get a post in the 841: 7116: 2264: 1762:"to make Spitfires" was afterwards revealed by his son Sir Max Aitken to have been nothing more than a propaganda exercise. Still, a 1622:

published an opinion piece by Lloyd George who had just returned from meeting Hitler at the Nuremberg Party Rally in which he called

5715: 4185: 1202:

as too difficult to pronounce. The name "Beaverbrook" also had the advantage of conveying a distinctive Canadian ring to the title.

976:

from Scottish-Canadian families and both were successful businessmen. Aitken persuaded Bonar Law to support him in standing for the

7046: 5864: 1213: 750: 297: 4726:"Lord Beaverbrook Dead at 85; Founder of Newspaper Empire; Member of Churchill's War Cabinet Guided Britain's Aircraft Production" 4704: 1809:

Winston Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook on HMS PRINCE OF WALES during the Atlantic Conference with President Roosevelt, August 1941

854:, sold life insurance and collected debts. Aitken attempted to train as a lawyer and worked for a short time in the law office of 6991: 6712: 6318: 5874: 2241: 1961:

which presented the executions as typical of justice in South Korea, and led to Beaverbrook to complain that it was a shame that

1794: 398: 344: 6796: 6549: 6477: 6414: 6364: 5968: 5762: 5615:

Lovell, Kristopher (2017). "The 'Common Wealth Circus': Popular Politics and the Popular Press in Wartime Britain, 1941–1945".

4583: 179: 5555: 1993:, an act that Beaverbrook considered to be intolerable. When the invasion of Egypt began in October 1956, Beaverbrook had the 921:. In 1909, also under the umbrella of his Royal Securities Company, Aitken founded the Calgary Power Company Limited, now the 6501: 5710: 5682: 5658: 5505: 5482: 5434: 5406: 5378: 5359: 5340: 5317: 5298: 5279: 5260: 5241: 5222: 5203: 5175: 5130: 5081: 4999: 4256: 3843: 3610: 3240: 2814: 2581: 2452: 1391: 1225: 1922:

Beaverbrook took a typically idiosyncratic line with regard to the Cold War, holding out hopes in the editorial line of the

7011: 6814: 6640: 6594: 6244: 6188: 6127: 6123: 6092: 5891: 5803: 4898: 4886: 4868: 4850: 4832: 2173: 1891: 1727: 1254:

to be re-employed by the Foreign Office. In August 1918, Lloyd George became furious with Beaverbrook over a leader in the

1217: 969: 351: 6888: 1882:

distracting Roosevelt from concentrating on the war effort. For his part Roosevelt seems to have enjoyed the distraction.

7091: 6853: 6694: 1355: 692: 51: 4952: 1709: 6666: 5884: 5845: 5838: 5607: 2069: 1813:

Early on the morning of 22 June 1941, Hess's predications about the coming invasion of the Soviet Union came true when

1182: 497: 386: 1785:

Beaverbrook resigned on 30 April 1941 and, after a month as Minister of State, Churchill appointed him to the post of

874:. After an unsuccessful attempt to establish a meat business, Aitken returned to Saint John and to selling insurance. 825:, which Aitken later considered to be his hometown. It was here, at the age of 13, that he set up a school newspaper, 6766: 6337: 5821: 5460: 5156: 4467: 3963: 3159: 3129: 2843: 2794: 2089: 1606: 1551: 1359: 1310:. He embraced new technology and bought new presses to print the paper in Manchester. In 1919 the circulation of the 1151: 485: 7016: 7001: 6738: 6376: 6263: 5812: 4806: 17: 829:. Whilst at school, he delivered newspapers, sold newspaper subscriptions and was the local correspondent for the 6996: 6806: 6299: 6085: 5907: 5733: 5522:

Bingham, Adrian (May 2013). "'An Organ of Uplift?' The popular press and political culture in interwar Britain".

2104: 1731: 1555: 1241: 1178: 715: 616: 243: 2728: 2076:) and Mary Louise Drury (née Henderson). They had three children before her death on 1 December 1927. Their son 1537:

and in the resulting depression launched a new political party to promote free trade within the British Empire.

1086:. In November 1916 a share deal worth £17,500, with Lawson Johnson, landed Aitken a controlling interest in the 5570:

Dick, Murray (2015). "Just Fancy That: An Analysis of Infographic Propaganda in The Daily Express, 1956–1959".

2046: 1036: 992: 4784: 3067: 2033:

and the province as a whole. He would provide additional buildings for the university, scholarship funds, the

897:

Stairs' unexpected early death in September 1904 led to Aitken acquiring control of the company and moving to

7111: 6541: 6174: 6010: 5470: 4845: 4827: 1323:

became the largest-selling newspaper in the world, with a circulation of 3,706,000. Beaverbrook launched the

1303: 5096: 4893: 4881: 4863: 1434:

Beaverbrook began supporting independent Conservative candidates and campaigned for fifteen years to remove

710:, which appealed to the conservative working class with intensely patriotic news and editorials. During the 7086: 6748: 2932: 2395: 1878: 1858: 1240:) became Director of Propaganda with control of propaganda in enemy countries. Beaverbrook established the 1115: 1082: 918: 891: 840:, but because he had declined to sit the Greek and Latin papers he was refused entry. He registered at the 405: 2013:

He opposed both Britain's acceptance of post-war loans from America and Britain's application to join the

6976: 6586: 6493: 6230: 6069: 6033: 5799: 2954: 2674: 2320: 2272: 2228:

Beaverbrook House, formerly the Old Manse Library, and earlier the boyhood home of Aitken, in Newcastle,

2077: 2038: 2018: 2014: 1542: 1163: 1111: 802: 746: 651: 450: 6559: 6146: 5494: 2240:

in 1964, aged 85. He had recently attended a birthday banquet organized by fellow Canadian press baron,

6824: 6676: 6406: 6370: 6041: 2358: 2305: 2030: 1191: 5561: 4490: 4408: 2905: 7061: 5554: 5350:

May, Ernest (1994). "The News Media and Diplomacy". In Gordon A. Craig, Francis L. Loewenheim (ed.).

5145: 5020: 3829: 2733: 2368: 2169: 1538: 1527: 1419: 859: 457: 4004: 2057: 1501:

under which Britain "guaranteed" the current borders of France, Belgium, and Germany along with the

2333: 2229: 2217: 2141: 1874:

commented that "Churchill often listened to Beaverbrook's advice but was too sensible to take it."

1845: 1822: 1462:

in its coverage of 1924 election associate the Labour Party with Communism. The cartoons which the

1065: 822: 5790: 4047: 7036: 5449: 5166:

Foster, Alan (2016). "The British Press and the Coming of the Cold War". In Anne Deighton (ed.).

4948: 2314: 2140:

carried along by rare zest and wit, yet with the detached impartiality of the true scholar". Sir

2065:

On 29 January 1906, in Halifax, Aitken married Gladys Henderson Drury, daughter of Major-General

2037:, the Beaverbrook Skating Rink, the Lord Beaverbrook Hotel, with profits donated to charity, the 2034: 1541:

candidates had some success. An Independent Conservative who supported Empire Free Trade won the

977: 945: 573: 5779: 5774: 1840:

Beaverbrook was one of the few close associates to Churchill to be present at his meetings with

1546:

February 1930, the Empire Crusade movement was joined by Lord Rothermere, the proprietor of the

6971: 6784: 6524: 6463: 6108: 5958: 5416: 5272:

Framing China Media Images and Political Debates in Britain, the USA and Switzerland, 1900-1950

5028: 4686: 2679: 1935:, an Australian journalist of extreme left-wing views based in East Berlin to run a column in 1863: 1599: 1387: 1307: 932:

In 1910–1911 Aitken acquired a number of small regional cement plants in Canada, including Sir

845: 696: 568: 132: 54: 5758: 4743: 3833: 3600: 2200:

having secured a controlling interest in key subsidiary companies in both places, of course."

1679:

In the late 1930s, Beaverbrook used his newspapers to promote the appeasement policies of the

1562:

to hold a seat they had been expected to lose. Duff Cooper's victory for the Conservatives in

1194:

being adopted from a small community near his boyhood home. He had initially considered "Lord

4246: 3296: 2658: 2616:

in London and abroad. Waugh later lampooned his employer by portraying him as Lord Copper in

2081: 2066: 1841: 1481: 1371: 956: 922: 883: 756:

After the war, the now Lord Beaverbrook concentrated on his business interests. He built the

738: 5648: 5420: 5010: 4989: 3261: 3230: 3149: 2784: 2559: 2459: 2244:, where he was determined to be seen on his usual good form, despite suffering from cancer. 2009:

Plaque on pew in St Bride's Church (the Journalists' Church) off Fleet Street, London (2023)

805:

and developed a reputation as a historian with his books on political and military history.

6946: 6941: 5729: 5700: 5644: 5475:

National Crisis and National Government British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926-1932

4171: 3187: 2276: 2181: 2097: 2073: 1814: 1367: 1155: 837: 43: 2496:

Why Didn't you Help the Finns? Are you in the Hands of the Jews? And 10 Questions, Answers

2216:

Bust of Lord Beaverbrook, where his ashes are deposited, in the town square of Newcastle,

1949: 8: 6182: 4985: 4193: 2383: 2085: 2029:

He became the university's greatest benefactor, fulfilling the same role for the city of

1849: 1818: 1680: 1518: 1470: 1061: 1053: 777: 646: 5768: 4934: 2650: 2569: 2430: 1940:

Union, a nation that Burchett clearly admired. When Beaverbrook asked the editor of the

1919:

to blacken his reputation and always presented Mountbatten in the worst possible light.

1098: 6444: 5934: 5632: 5587: 5541: 5524: 5329: 4537: 4518:(1982). "Beaverbrook as Historian: "Politicians and the War, 1914–1916" Reconsidered". 4052: 3266: 3192: 2962: 2624: 2440: 2026:

was selling 4,300,000 copies per day, making it into Britain's most popular newspaper.

1986: 1786: 1502: 1414: 1403: 1174: 1056:, and over the next two years gradually increased his holding in the company. However, 817:, Canada, in 1879, one of the ten children of William Cuthbert Aitken, a Scottish-born 742: 374: 320: 189: 1911:

wrote that "in all the world we have few more dangerous enemies" than Mountbatten and

1739: 6528: 6425: 6135: 6111: 6054: 6023: 5944: 5927: 5724: 5706: 5678: 5654: 5636: 5591: 5545: 5501: 5478: 5456: 5430: 5402: 5374: 5355: 5336: 5313: 5294: 5275: 5256: 5237: 5218: 5199: 5171: 5152: 5126: 5103: 5091: 5077: 4995: 4632:

Elliot, John (1981). "Aitken, William Maxwell, first Baron Beaverbrook (1879–1964)".

4252: 3959: 3839: 3783: 3606: 3236: 3155: 3125: 2839: 2810: 2790: 2665:

in 1981, mentioned alongside British Prime Ministers Churchill, Thatcher and Attlee.

2588: 2577: 2448: 2402: 1723: 1668: 1559: 1513: 1498: 1477: 1379: 1159: 1147: 1044:

desired, had kept me in close and intimate touch with him and his political problems.

781: 437: 266: 236: 224: 212: 155: 101: 31: 5604:

The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain: The Twentieth Century, Volume 2

5071: 1797:, refused to let Beaverbrook take over any of his responsibilities. On 10 May 1941, 1118:

appearing in newspapers. His visits to the Western Front, with the honorary rank of

791:

Beaverbrook spent his later life running his newspapers, which by then included the

6684: 6395: 6288: 6077: 6002: 5752: 5743: 5668: 5624: 5579: 5533: 5046: 4529: 3015: 2738: 2469: 2390: 2185: 1932: 1912: 1825:). This made Beaverbrook the first senior British politician to meet Soviet leader 1759: 1751: 1672:, for in the opening sequence Coward included an ironic shot showing a copy of the 1632: 1451: 1337: 1316: 1229: 1119: 1076: 933: 913: 793: 714:, he played a major role in mobilising industrial resources as Winston Churchill's 711: 125: 5628: 5058: 4770: 780:

throughout the 1930s and was persuaded by another long-standing political friend,

733:

he ran the Canadian Records office in London, and played a role in the removal of

6648: 6568: 6219: 6205: 5992: 5795: 5672: 5583: 5537: 5444: 5426: 4496: 3999: 3953: 2662: 2133: 1867: 1764: 1636: 1447: 1438:

from the leadership of the Conservative Party. In the 1924 election, he used the

1435: 1399: 1354:

After the death of Lord Northcliffe in 1922, Beaverbrook, with Lords Rothermere,

1343: 1270: 1264: 1195: 1107: 1012: 1004: 937: 907: 785: 773: 730: 424: 78: 2536:

Friends: Sixty years of Intimate personal relations with Richard Bedford Bennett

1566:

by-election in March 1931 marked the end of the movement as an electoral force.

1212:

On February 10, 1918, Beaverbrook became the first minister in the newly formed

6702: 6622: 6326: 6280: 6213: 6194: 6163: 5720: 5050: 4515: 4242: 2412: 2108: 2093: 1915:. Beaverbrook never forgave Mountbatten and for the rest of his life used the 1900: 1871: 1659: 1651: 1610: 1509:

as involvement in European conflicts where no British interests were at stake.

1458:

instead. However, after the Zinoviev letter was published, Beaverbrook had the

1375: 1246: 1057: 1024: 887: 814: 765: 667: 529: 409: 4967: 4957: 3154:. M. Joseph in association with The Imperial War Museum and the Tate Gallery. 2317:, including world-renowned art collection (New Brunswick's provincial gallery) 1663: 6935: 6238: 5122:

Power Without Responsibility: Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain

5067: 5025:

The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law, 1858–1923

3949: 3209:"St John NB & The Magnificent Irvings + Art heist at Beaverbrook Gallery" 2765: 2618: 2310:

Lady Beaverbrook Arena (formerly operated by the University of New Brunswick)

1826: 1774: 1697: 1260: 1221: 1143: 1123: 1070: 1049: 1008: 855: 850: 761: 734: 706: 5565:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 3274: 1877:

In addition to his ministerial roles, Beaverbrook headed the Anglo-American

6612: 6345: 6269: 5599: 5140: 4751: 2613: 2286: 2189: 2153: 2042: 1853: 1830: 1790: 1779: 1755: 1735: 1655: 1647: 1488:

has never failed to preach the Imperial doctrine in good or bad times. The

1473: 1410: 1199: 1032: 996: 818: 6523: 5107: 1676:

floating in the dockside rubbish bearing the headline "No War This Year".

6832: 5116: 5102:. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. 5036: 4771:"A Tribute To Lord Beaverbrook: Founders' Day Address October 18th, 1979" 2699: 2630: 2604: 2248: 2237: 2165: 2103:

Beaverbrook remained a widower for many years until 1963 when he married

1970: 1798: 1717:

Though Beaverbrook did not welcome the British declaration of war on the

1595: 1395: 1383: 1327:

in December 1918, but it only established a significant readership after

1028: 550: 63: 5331:

Profits and Politics: Beaverbrook and the Gilded Age of Canadian Finance

1286: 6774: 4912: 4744:

Aitken, Sir William Maxwell (Lord Beaverbrook) National Historic Person

4541: 2834:

Magill, Frank Northen; Moose, Christina J.; Aves, Alison, eds. (1999).

2347:

Beaverbrook House (his boyhood home and formerly the Old Manse Library)

2344:

Beaverbrook Kin Centre (formerly the Beaverbrook Theatre and Town Hall)

2177: 1534: 1328: 1167: 1142:

Aitken became increasingly hostile towards the British Prime Minister,

769: 6922: 7072:

Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Ashton-under-Lyne

6756: 2928: 2637: 2193: 2164:

was published in 1963, favourable reviewers included Clement Attlee,

2005: 1696:

ran a banner headline saying "No War This Year" as it predicated the

1506: 965: 926: 722: 4533: 2571:

The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George: And Great Was the Fall Thereof

2224: 1533:

He very shrewdly sold the majority of his share holdings before the

5291:

British Policy Towards the Soviet Union During the Second World War

1701:

of touch with the readers of his newspapers in the summer of 1939.

1390:

were guests at both Cherkley and the Vineyard. The circle included

1275: 898: 4528:(3/4). The North American Conference on British Studies: 235–253. 4460:"Lady Jeanne Louise Campbell (later Lady Mailer, later Lady Cram)" 4062:"Battle of Britain in the Words of Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding" 3151:

The War Artists, British Official War Art of the Twentieth Century

2212: 1576: 1068:. In January 1911 Aitken secretly invested £25,000 in the failing 5785: 5759:"Archival material relating to Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook" 1903:, Beaverbrook directed his ire against the last Viceroy, Admiral 1834: 1154:

for Aitken was also blocked by Asquith. After the failure of the

1080:

failed, but he did gain control of another London evening paper,

863: 749:) rewarded Aitken with a peerage and, briefly, a Cabinet post as 533: 4968:"England to play Norway and Belgium in pre-Euro 2012 friendlies" 4056:(Supplement). No. 37719. 11 September 1946. pp. 4543–. 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2157:

greatly pleasing Beaverbrook. The book sold over 23,000 copies.

1973:, the Labour MP who also worked as the gossip columnist for the 1948:

based in Budapest, where he denied in one article that Cardinal

1039:. Later in life Aitken wrote about his early political efforts: 5196:

Public Opinion and the End of Appeasement in Britain and France

4430: 4428: 4387: 4385: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4130: 4128: 4126: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3915: 3913: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 2914:, pp. 97–121, chapter 5: The Montreal Engineering Company. 2378: 2279:. His legacy, and memorials, includes the following buildings: 1957:

propaganda for them". The photographs were later published in

725:

and with his support won a seat in the House of Commons at the

554: 4409:"A Conversation with Ann Moyal, Lord Beaverbrook's Researcher" 1683:

government. The slogan 'There will be no war' was used by the

1554:

in October 1930. In February 1931, Empire Free Trade lost the

972:. The two men had a lot in common: they were both sons of the 6847: 5392:. Ottawa: Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names. 5253:

Churchill's Crusade The British Invasion of Russia, 1918-1920

3122:

The Magic of a Name:The Rolls-Royce Story, The First 40 Years

3082: 973: 5496:

A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-1946

4440: 4425: 4382: 4365: 4140: 4123: 3925: 3910: 3801: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 995:. Aitken's political influence grew when Bonar Law replaced 968:, a native of New Brunswick and the only Canadian to become 964:

In 1910, Aitken moved to Britain and he became friends with

866:

where he helped to run Bennett's campaign for a seat in the

7032:

Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

5796:

Newspaper clippings about Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook

5354:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 665–700. 4011: 3668: 3666: 3336: 3334: 1469:

In foreign policy, Beaverbrook promoted a policy known as "

5187:

Canada 1911: The Decisive Election that Shaped the Country

4640: 4613: 4521:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

3708: 3602:

Minor Parties at British Parliamentary Elections 1885–1974

3404: 3402: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2893: 1642:

Testifying before a Parliamentary inquiry in 1947, former

1341:. Beaverbrook acquired a controlling stake in the Glasgow 4669: 4667: 4225: 4223: 4208: 4152: 4084: 3869: 3698: 3696: 3571: 3548: 3375: 2745: 2407:

The Beaverbrook Chair in Ethics, Media and Communications

1558:

and by splitting the vote with the Conservatives allowed

1331:

became its editor in 1954. In 1923, in a joint deal with

7082:

Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945

4101: 4099: 3977: 3975: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3835:

Countdown to War: A Personal Memoir of Europe, 1938–1940

3766: 3764: 3762: 3683: 3681: 3663: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3331: 2530:. North Haven, Connecticut: The Shoe String Press. 1956. 948:. Very shortly later Aitken moved his family to the UK. 30:"Lord Beaverbrook" redirects here. For the peerage, see 7007:

Canadian baronets recommended by the British government

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Ministers at War: Winston Churchill and His War Cabinet

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The Newspaper Axis: Six Press Barons Who Enabled Hitler

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After the war, Beaverbrook concentrated on running the

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Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies

5556:"Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron" 5039:. "Aitken, William Maxwell, first Baron Beaverbrook". 4664: 4652: 4601: 4560: 4548: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4304: 4302: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4268: 4220: 3881: 3747: 3693: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3485: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 2786:

Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century British Politics

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Beaverbrook was one of eight notable Britons cited in

2017:

in 1961. In 1953 he became chancellor-for-life of the

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In the 1930s, while personally attempting to dissuade

862:, where he again sold life insurance before moving to 27:

Anglo-Canadian business tycoon, politician, and writer

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Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945

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UK Parliamentary Archives, Beaverbrook Library Papers

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Shepperton Babylon: The Lost Worlds of British Cinema

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Dictionary of World Biography: The 20th Century A-Gl

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became a fighter pilot with 601 Squadron, rising to

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20th-century Canadian newspaper publishers (people)

4338: 4299: 4280: 4265: 3533: 3312: 2698:William Cuthbert Aitken served under the Bounty or 2612:For a period of time Beaverbrook employed novelist 2196:said the book was "the finest of all his writing". 2119:After the First World War, Beaverbrook had written 1609:from continuing his affair with American divorcee, 848:, where he worked as a local correspondent for the 7107:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 6952:20th-century British newspaper publishers (people) 5493: 5448: 5328: 5144: 5095: 4724: 4489: 4314: 3207: 2763: 2640:recorded "Mr Churchill Says" for their 1969 album 2587: 2136:said it was "Tacitus and Aubrey rolled into one". 2084:with 16 victories in World War II. Their daughter 868:legislative assembly of the North-West Territories 729:. A knighthood followed shortly after. During the 7122:University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law alumni 5234:British Propaganda and News Media in the Cold War 3232:Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names 2764:Jackson, Peter; de Castella, Tom (14 July 2011). 7102:People from Northumberland County, New Brunswick 6933: 5701:Ottawa Art & Artists: An Illustrated History 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2423: 1985:to clamor for war against Egypt after President 1259:to ill-health. A tooth had become infected with 700:(25 May 1879 – 9 June 1964), generally known as 5500:. Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press. 4706:The perils of independence and Irish cry-babies 4508: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2833: 1991:Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez 772:bloc. Beaverbrook supported the governments of 5184: 3147: 3095: 1363:newspapers amounted to over thirteen million. 6509: 6093: 5775:UK Parliamentary Archives, Beaverbrook Papers 5215:British Prime Ministers From Balfour to Brown 5212: 5065: 4446: 4434: 4391: 4376: 4146: 4134: 3936: 3919: 3816: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2350:Lord Beaverbrook bust in Queen Elizabeth Park 1480:and in a 1923 leader advocated giving up the 727:December 1910 United Kingdom general election 689:William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook 5151:. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. 5114: 5045:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4172:"THE ROYAL NAVY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR" 3292: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 2852: 2554:. Fredericton: Atlantic Advocate Book. 1962. 2269:Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada 1713:Lord Beaverbrook during the Second World War 6659:Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 5008: 4984: 4584:"Lord Beaverbrook: Historian Extraordinary" 4041: 3306: 3107: 3001: 2703: 2328:Lord Beaverbrook statue in Officer's Square 2300:Beaverbrook House (UNBSJ E-Commerce Centre) 1890:Beaverbrook devoted himself to Churchill's 475:3 December 1910 – 23 December 1916 364:10 February 1918 – 4 November 1918 310:10 February 1918 – 4 November 1918 145:4 February 1942 – 19 February 1942 6516: 6502: 6100: 6086: 5767: 5721:Works by Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook 5469: 5326: 4748:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations 3586: 3565: 3143: 3141: 2911: 2899: 2132:came out, the reviews were more positive. 2061:Gladys Drury, sometime before her marriage 1226:propaganda in Allied and neutral countries 836:Aitken took the entrance examinations for 62: 5791:contributions in Parliament by Max Aitken 5477:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5236:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 5185:MacKenzie, David; Dutil, Patrice (2011). 5090: 4764: 4762: 4760: 3065: 3026: 2776: 2751: 2608:Lord Beaverbrook plaque in Maple, Ontario 2514:. London: London Express Newspaper. 1954. 1965:did not have those "real fine pictures". 1267:orally until the infection was arrested. 737:as prime minister in 1916. The resulting 91:24 September 1943 – 27 July 1945 7127:Canadian emigrants to the United Kingdom 5643: 5552: 5213:Goodlad, Graham; Pearce, Robert (2013). 5139: 4402: 4400: 4241: 4164: 4046: 4017: 3260: 3186: 3148:Harries, Merion; Harries, Susie (1983). 2804: 2726: 2603: 2223: 2211: 2056: 2004: 1804: 1708: 1285: 1150:. An attempt by Bonar Law to secure the 1097: 955: 877: 6767:Minister of Labour and National Service 6713:Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 6338:Minister of Labour and National Service 6319:Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 5667: 5521: 5387: 5368: 5288: 5042:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4487: 4481: 4229: 3887: 3753: 3714: 3702: 3687: 3672: 3645: 3630: 3515: 3491: 3455: 3340: 3249: 3228: 3138: 2782: 2435:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1916. 1852:in the North Atlantic off the coast of 1795:Minister of Labour and National Service 1571:the St George's Westminster by-election 1205:Beaverbrook's controlling stake in the 944:amalgamation of smaller units into the 606: 1906; died 1927) 202:29 June 1941 – 4 February 1942 14: 6934: 6749:Secretary of State for India and Burma 5716:Lord Beaverbrook, a Week at the Office 5614: 5443: 5307: 5269: 5250: 5193: 5165: 4991:The Beaverbrook Girl: An Autobiography 4757: 4713:. CBC Digital Archives. 19 March 1961. 4693:. London: Michael Joseph. p. 175. 4673: 4658: 4646: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4554: 4514: 4214: 4158: 4117: 4105: 4090: 4029: 3981: 3904: 3875: 3863: 3770: 3741: 3726: 3657: 3503: 3479: 3467: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3283:, pp. 137 (quote), 129, 135, 136. 3280: 2976: 2829: 2827: 2757: 2271:. He is particularly cherished at the 1989:nationalized the partly British-owned 1639:would seek a peace deal with Germany. 1522:independence from the United States". 936:'s Western Canada Cement Co. plant at 7067:Members of the Order of New Brunswick 7052:Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster 6497: 6081: 5705:Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2022. 5491: 5415: 5396: 5231: 5170:. London: Macmillan. pp. 11–31. 5019: 4768: 4397: 4359: 4347: 4332: 4308: 4293: 4274: 3795: 3598: 3542: 3527: 3325: 3174: 3013: 2599: 2546:. Fredericton: Brunswick Press. 1961. 2107:(1910–1994), the widow of his friend 1577:"Empire Isolationism" and appeasement 1224:. Beaverbrook became responsible for 1090:, but again he kept the deal secret. 1052:in 1910, Aitken bought his shares in 422:2 January 1917 – 9 June 1964 7097:People from Miramichi, New Brunswick 7027:Canadian mass media company founders 6854: 5892:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 5598: 5569: 5373:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5012:The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George 4899:Canadian Register of Historic Places 4887:Canadian Register of Historic Places 4869:Canadian Register of Historic Places 4851:Canadian Register of Historic Places 4833:Canadian Register of Historic Places 4406: 3948: 3119: 2544:Courage, The Story of Sir James Dunn 2162:The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George 1450:, a probably forged letter in which 1446:did not first publish the so-called 1218:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1198:", but rejected it on the advice of 970:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 352:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 7042:Canadian people of Scottish descent 6982:British mass media company founders 6695:Secretary of State for the Colonies 5390:Geographical Names of New Brunswick 5349: 4685: 4572: 4488:Jameson, Leonie (2 December 1996). 4320: 4003:. 16 September 1940. Archived from 3828: 3066:Ascherson, Neal (24 October 2019). 2824: 2488:The Resources of The British Empire 2445:. Small, Maynard and Company. 1922. 1704: 745:as prime minister and Bonar Law as 24: 6987:British people of Canadian descent 6967:20th-century Canadian male writers 5749:Works by or about Lord Beaverbrook 5608:University of North Carolina Press 5515: 4959:Norway 2 England 1 1981 Commentary 4581: 2727:Mcdowall, Duncan (10 April 2017). 2655:Your boys took a hell of a beating 2359:City of Campbellton, New Brunswick 2306:City of Fredericton, New Brunswick 2096:. Together they had one daughter, 1093: 951: 925:, and oversaw the building of the 25: 7138: 7022:Canadian male non-fiction writers 6957:20th-century British male writers 6850:Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook 5692: 5401:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 5035: 4769:Young, Murray (18 October 1979). 4504:from the original on 12 May 2022. 4468:National Portrait Gallery, London 4251:. Jonathan Cape. pp. 82–83. 3014:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). 2931:. 2 December 2011. Archived from 2925:"100 Years, 100 People:1909–1919" 2887: 2369:City of Saint John, New Brunswick 1152:Order of St Michael and St George 801:. He served as Chancellor of the 256:14 May 1940 – 1 May 1941 7117:UK MPs who were granted peerages 6914: 6897: 6880: 6863: 6558: 6145: 6042:Baronetage of the United Kingdom 5813:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5455:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 5274:. London: Taylor & Francis. 5198:. London: Taylor & Francis. 4941: 4927: 4905: 4875: 4857: 4839: 4821: 4799: 4777: 4737: 4717: 4697: 4679: 4634:Dictionary of National Biography 4625: 4414:Journal of New Brunswick Studies 4068:. 20 August 1941. Archived from 2506:. London: The Pilot Press. 1942. 2334:City of Miramichi, New Brunswick 2052: 1789:. Here Beaverbrook clashed with 1409:Beaverbrook, the first baron of 882:In 1900, Aitken made his way to 678:Legislator, author, entrepreneur 7047:Canadian people of World War II 6807:Secretary of State for Scotland 6789:President of the Board of Trade 6300:Minister of Aircraft Production 5908:Minister of Aircraft Production 5492:Woods, Randall Bennett (1990). 5399:Mountbatten Apprentice War Lord 5335:. University of Toronto Press. 5327:Marchildon, Gregory P. (1996). 4452: 4235: 4178: 4035: 3987: 3942: 3838:. William Kimber. p. 104. 3822: 3776: 3592: 3300: 3286: 3254: 3235:. University of Toronto Press. 3200: 3196:. 23 January 1917. p. 842. 3180: 3168: 3113: 3101: 3007: 2947: 2917: 2498:. London: London Express. 1939. 2480:Politicians and the War, Vol. 2 2471:Politicians and the War, Vol. 1 2105:Marcia Anastasia Christoforides 2072:(a first cousin of Admiral Sir 1732:Minister of Aircraft Production 1242:British War Memorials Committee 1179:President of the Board of Trade 716:Minister of Aircraft Production 628: 617:Marcia Anastasia Christoforides 603: 244:Minister of Aircraft Production 6992:British people of World War II 5312:. New York: House of Stratus. 5293:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3016:"Who's Who – Lord Beaverbrook" 2838:. Vol. VII. Salem Press. 2729:"Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook" 2720: 2692: 2657:" commentary at the end of an 1981:In 1956, Beaverbrook used the 1503:permanent demilitarized status 1347:, and in 1928 he launched the 1281: 982:December 1910 general election 670:, Leatherhead, Surrey, England 13: 1: 6542:Lord President of the Council 6357:Minister Resident Middle East 6175:Lord President of the Council 6011:Peerage of the United Kingdom 5629:10.1080/13688804.2017.1353908 4809:. University of New Brunswick 4787:. University of New Brunswick 4248:Never again: Britain, 1945–51 3270:. 5 March 1918. p. 2775. 2805:Mavrikis, Peter, ed. (2005). 2713: 2622:and as Lord Monomark in both 2590:The Abdication of Edward VIII 2424:Beaverbrook's published works 1885: 1291: 1148:Cabinet reshuffle of May 1915 927:Horseshoe Falls hydro station 808: 79:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 5740:Works by or about Max Aitken 5584:10.1080/1461670X.2013.872415 5553:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). 5538:10.1080/1461670X.2013.810901 5059:UK public library membership 4807:"Lady Beaverbrook Residence" 3096:MacKenzie & Dutil (2011) 3070:. The London Review of Books 2396:Lord Beaverbrook High School 2341:Lord Beaverbrook Arena (LBA) 2114: 2092:, who later became the 11th 1879:Combined Raw Materials Board 1552:South Paddington by-election 1497:was strongly opposed to the 1126:, resulted in his 1916 book 919:Montreal Engineering Company 892:Royal Securities Corporation 406:Member of the House of Lords 7: 7012:Canadian expatriate writers 6641:First Lord of the Admiralty 6587:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6231:Chancellor of the Exchequer 5800:20th Century Press Archives 5125:(7th ed.). Routledge. 4447:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 4435:Goodlad & Pearce (2013) 4392:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 4377:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 4147:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 4135:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 3937:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 3920:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 3817:Chisholm & Davie (1993) 2789:. Oxford University Press. 2783:Ramsden, John, ed. (2005). 2766:"Clash of the press titans" 2675:Canadian peers and baronets 2668: 2594:. New York: Atheneum. 1966. 2464:. London: Hutchinson. 1925. 2273:University of New Brunswick 2019:University of New Brunswick 2015:European Economic Community 1953:Communist game and did the 1730:, appointed Beaverbrook as 1164:First Lord of the Admiralty 1106:Due to the outbreak of the 803:University of New Brunswick 747:Chancellor of the Exchequer 652:Sir Max Aitken, 2nd Baronet 183:(as Minister of Production) 10: 7143: 7092:Barons created by George V 6825:Secretary of State for War 6677:Secretary of State for Air 6556: 6407:Minister of Reconstruction 6388:Minister without Portfolio 6143: 5959:Minister of War Production 5009:Beaverbrook, Lord (1963). 4978: 3995:"Great Britain: Shirts On" 3293:Curran & Seaton (2009) 2564:. London: Heinemann. 1962. 2538:. London: Heinemann. 1959. 2504:Spirit of the Soviet Union 2482:. London: Oldbourne. 1932. 2474:. London: Oldbourne. 1928. 2297:Lady Beaverbrook Residence 2294:Lady Beaverbrook Gymnasium 1864:Minister of War Production 1635:and hoped the newly named 1556:Islington East by-election 133:Minister of War Production 29: 6823: 6805: 6783: 6765: 6747: 6729: 6711: 6693: 6675: 6657: 6639: 6621: 6603: 6585: 6567: 6540: 6536: 6462: 6443: 6424: 6405: 6386: 6355: 6336: 6317: 6298: 6279: 6254: 6229: 6204: 6173: 6154: 6122: 6118: 6066: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6030: 6021: 6016: 6009: 5999: 5990: 5982: 5975:as Minister of Production 5965: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5932: 5924: 5914: 5905: 5900: 5889: 5881: 5871: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5828:Member of Parliament for 5826: 5818: 5811: 5369:Olmsted, Kathryn (2022). 5251:Kinvig, Clifford (2007). 3605:. Springer. p. 109. 2955:"Canadian Cement Scandal" 2734:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2522:. London: Hawthorn. 1956. 2520:The Three Keys to Success 2461:Politicians and the Press 2321:The Fredericton Playhouse 2258: 2236:Lord Beaverbrook died in 2121:Politicians and the Press 1569:On 17 March 1931, during 1539:Empire Free Trade Crusade 1335:, Beaverbrook bought the 1132:Politicians and the Press 917:. In 1907 he founded the 905:in 1910, invested in the 860:Saint John, New Brunswick 842:King's College Law School 682: 674: 663: 639: 582: 561: 540: 512: 507: 503: 491: 479: 468: 456: 444: 430: 415: 404: 392: 380: 368: 357: 350: 338: 326: 314: 303: 296: 284: 272: 260: 249: 242: 230: 218: 206: 195: 188: 173: 161: 149: 138: 131: 119: 107: 95: 84: 77: 73: 61: 41: 5451:Beaverbrook: A Biography 5289:Kitchen, Martin (1986). 5168:Britain and the Cold War 3958:. Humbledon and London. 2685: 2574:. London: Collins. 1963. 2528:Men and Power, 1917–1918 2391:City of Calgary, Alberta 2291:Aitken University Centre 2265:National Historic Person 2230:Miramichi, New Brunswick 2218:Miramichi, New Brunswick 2207: 1823:Moscow Conference (1941) 1760:appeal for pots and pans 1074:. An attempt to buy the 1066:American Tobacco Company 1011:. Aitken had his friend 911:and almost acquired the 823:Newcastle, New Brunswick 451:The 2nd Lord Beaverbrook 68:Lord Beaverbrook in 1943 7017:Historians from Ontario 7002:Canadian art collectors 5865:Minister of Information 5562:Encyclopædia Britannica 5352:The Diplomats 1939-1979 5270:Knüsel, Ariane (2016). 5194:Hucker, Daniel (2016). 5029:Eyre & Spottiswoode 4846:Beaverbrook Art Gallery 4048:"The Battle of Britain" 2807:History of World War II 2561:The Divine Propagandist 2379:City of Ottawa, Ontario 2363:Lord Beaverbrook School 2315:Beaverbrook Art Gallery 2148:Men and Power 1917–1918 2130:Politicians and the War 2125:Politicians and the War 2035:Beaverbrook Art Gallery 1646:employee and future MP 1564:St George's Westminster 1528:Empire Crusade movement 1214:Ministry of Information 1136:Politicians and the War 946:Steel Company of Canada 751:Minister of Information 298:Minister of Information 6997:Canadian Presbyterians 6785:Minister of Production 6464:Minister of Production 5397:Smith, Adrian (2010). 5388:Rayburn, Alan (1975). 5308:Leasor, James (2001). 5255:. London: Bloomsbury. 5051:10.1093/ref:odnb/30358 4970:. BBC. 5 January 2012. 4174:. Imperial War Museum. 3599:Craig, F.W.S. (1975). 3229:Rayburn, Alan (2001). 3068:"Ask Anyone in Canada" 2809:. Marshall Cavendish. 2680:Churchill war ministry 2609: 2325:Lord Beaverbrook Hotel 2233: 2221: 2062: 2047:Daily Express Building 2010: 1810: 1714: 1600:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1543:Twickenham by-election 1366:Beaverbrook purchased 1349:Scottish Daily Express 1295: 1103: 1046: 961: 846:Chatham, New Brunswick 593:Gladys Henderson Drury 517:William Maxwell Aitken 6731:Minister of Education 6156:Deputy Prime Minister 5645:Richards, David Adams 5217:. London: Routledge. 4828:Lady Beaverbrook Rink 2659:English football team 2607: 2490:. London: Lane. 1934. 2373:Lord Beaverbrook Rink 2267:on the advice of the 2242:Lord Thomson of Fleet 2227: 2215: 2067:Charles William Drury 2060: 2008: 1892:1945 general election 1808: 1712: 1392:Valentine Castlerosse 1372:Frederick Edwin Smith 1289: 1220:and was sworn of the 1188:1st Baron Beaverbrook 1101: 1041: 959: 923:TransAlta Corporation 886:, Nova Scotia, where 878:Early business career 872:1898 general election 6815:The Earl of Rosebery 6631:Sir Donald Somervell 5885:Sir Frederick Cawley 5763:UK National Archives 5232:Jenks, John (2006). 4962:– via YouTube. 3120:Pugh, Peter (2001). 2277:University of London 2182:Violet Bonham Carter 2098:Lady Jeanne Campbell 2074:Charles Carter Drury 1815:Operation Barbarossa 1493:Beaverbrook via the 1368:The Vineyard, Fulham 1156:Dardanelles campaign 838:Dalhousie University 739:coalition government 656:Captain Peter Aitken 458:Member of Parliament 387:Sir Frederick Cawley 48:The Lord Beaverbrook 44:The Right Honourable 7087:Ministers of Supply 6220:Sir Stafford Cripps 6183:Neville Chamberlain 6128:Minister of Defence 5918:John Moore-Brabazon 5730:Works by Max Aitken 5189:. Toronto: Dundurn. 5073:Beaverbrook: a life 4994:. London: Collins. 4935:"Sarah Noble House" 4915:. McGill University 4691:Low's Autobiography 4649:, pp. 629–630. 4622:, pp. 102–103. 4407:Reid, John (2016). 4020:, pp. 164–165. 2737:(online ed.). 2700:Augmentation Scheme 2512:Don't Trust to Luck 2086:Janet Gladys Aitken 1846:HMS Prince of Wales 1842:President Roosevelt 1306:and the cartoonist 1062:James Buchanan Duke 1054:Rolls-Royce Limited 1018:Montreal Daily Star 813:Aitken was born in 778:Neville Chamberlain 647:Janet Gladys Aitken 291:John Moore-Brabazon 6977:Barons Beaverbrook 6721:Viscount Cranborne 6445:Minister of Supply 5986:Viscount Cranborne 5935:Minister of Supply 5853:Political offices 5572:Journalism Studies 5525:Journalism Studies 5471:Williamson, Philip 5092:Churchill, Winston 5015:. London: Collins. 4986:Aitken Kidd, Janet 4965: • 4892: • 4731:The New York Times 4217:, p. 166-167. 4186:"Lord Beaverbrook" 4161:, p. 163-164. 4093:, p. 110-111. 4059: • 4053:The London Gazette 4045: • 4042:Aitken Kidd (1988) 3878:, p. 184-185. 3717:, p. 103-104. 3384:, p. 247-248. 3307:Beaverbrook (1963) 3267:The London Gazette 3248: • 3227: • 3193:The London Gazette 3177:, pp. 346–347 3108:Beaverbrook (1963) 3002:Aitken Kidd (1988) 2963:The New York Times 2935:on 21 October 2014 2803: • 2704:Beaverbrook (1963) 2625:Put Out More Flags 2610: 2600:In popular culture 2432:Canada in Flanders 2338:Max Aitken Academy 2234: 2222: 2063: 2011: 1987:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1811: 1787:Minister of Supply 1715: 1415:David Lloyd George 1296: 1290:Lord Beaverbrook, 1175:David Lloyd George 1162:was sacked as the 1128:Canada in Flanders 1104: 1035:, over Ulster and 962: 831:St John Daily Star 743:David Lloyd George 735:H. H. Asquith 425:Hereditary peerage 375:David Lloyd George 321:David Lloyd George 190:Minister of Supply 114:Viscount Cranborne 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6605:Foreign Secretary 6595:Sir John Anderson 6529:Winston Churchill 6525:Caretaker Cabinet 6491: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6426:Minister of State 6256:Foreign Secretary 6245:Sir John Anderson 6239:Sir Kingsley Wood 6189:Sir John Anderson 6136:Winston Churchill 6112:Winston Churchill 6076: 6075: 6067:Succeeded by 6031:Succeeded by 6024:Baron Beaverbrook 6000:Succeeded by 5978: 5966:Succeeded by 5945:Sir Andrew Duncan 5942:Succeeded by 5928:Sir Andrew Duncan 5915:Succeeded by 5872:Succeeded by 5843:Succeeded by 5830:Ashton-under-Lyne 5725:Project Gutenberg 5711:978-1-4871-0289-0 5684:978-1-78074-614-2 5669:Schneer, Jonathan 5660:978-0-670-06614-8 5507:978-0-8078-1877-0 5484:978-0-521-52141-3 5436:978-0-571-21297-2 5408:978-0-85771-492-3 5380:978-0-300-25642-0 5361:978-0-691-19446-2 5342:978-0-8020-0740-7 5319:978-0-7551-0049-1 5300:978-1-349-08264-3 5281:978-1-317-13360-5 5262:978-1-84725-021-6 5243:978-0-7486-2675-5 5224:978-0-415-66983-2 5205:978-1-317-07354-3 5177:978-1-349-10756-8 5147:Battle of Britain 5132:978-0-415-46699-8 5098:Their Finest Hour 5083:978-0-394-56879-9 5057:(Subscription or 5001:978-0-00-217602-6 4894:Beaverbrook House 4882:Beaverbrook House 4864:Military Compound 4258:978-0-224-02768-7 3955:Churchill and War 3845:978-0-7183-0674-8 3784:In Which We Serve 3612:978-1-349-02346-2 3587:Williamson (2003) 3566:Williamson (2003) 3242:978-0-8020-8293-0 3020:Firstworldwar.com 2979:, pp. 38–41. 2912:Marchildon (1996) 2902:, pp. 40–41. 2900:Marchildon (1996) 2816:978-0-7614-7231-5 2754:, pp. 12–13. 2582:978-0-313-23007-3 2453:978-0-7661-5409-4 2403:McGill University 2247:A bust of him by 1963:The Daily Express 1950:József Mindszenty 1946:The Daily Express 1937:The Daily Express 1905:Louis Mountbatten 1752:RAF storage units 1724:Winston Churchill 1689:The Daily Express 1669:In Which We Serve 1519:Empire Free Trade 1499:Treaty of Locarno 1482:Palestine Mandate 1478:League of Nations 1428:The Daily Express 1160:Winston Churchill 986:Ashton-under-Lyne 782:Winston Churchill 686: 685: 463:Ashton under Lyne 267:Winston Churchill 237:Sir Andrew Duncan 225:Sir Andrew Duncan 213:Winston Churchill 156:Winston Churchill 102:Winston Churchill 32:Baron Beaverbrook 16:(Redirected from 7134: 7112:UK MPs 1910–1918 7062:Lords Privy Seal 6927: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6856: 6797:Oliver Lyttelton 6685:Harold Macmillan 6577:Lord Beaverbrook 6562: 6538: 6537: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6478:Oliver Lyttelton 6472:Lord Beaverbrook 6453:Lord Beaverbrook 6434:Lord Beaverbrook 6396:Arthur Greenwood 6365:Oliver Lyttelton 6308:Lord Beaverbrook 6289:Herbert Morrison 6264:Viscount Halifax 6149: 6120: 6119: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6003:Arthur Greenwood 5983:Preceded by 5972: 5969:Oliver Lyttelton 5925:Preceded by 5882:Preceded by 5875:The Lord Downham 5819:Preceded by 5809: 5808: 5771: 5766: 5753:Internet Archive 5744:Internet Archive 5688: 5664: 5650:Lord Beaverbrook 5640: 5623:(3–4): 427–450. 5611: 5600:Koss, Stephen E. 5595: 5566: 5558: 5549: 5511: 5499: 5488: 5466: 5454: 5445:Taylor, A. J. P. 5440: 5412: 5393: 5384: 5365: 5346: 5334: 5323: 5304: 5285: 5266: 5247: 5228: 5209: 5190: 5181: 5162: 5150: 5136: 5111: 5101: 5087: 5066:Chisholm, Anne; 5062: 5054: 5037:Boyce, D. George 5032: 5016: 5005: 4972: 4971: 4963: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4909: 4903: 4879: 4873: 4861: 4855: 4843: 4837: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4773:. UNB Libraries. 4766: 4755: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4591:Dalhousie Review 4588: 4579: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4380: 4374: 4363: 4362:, p. 13-14. 4357: 4351: 4345: 4336: 4335:, p. 12-13. 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4297: 4291: 4278: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4196:on 29 March 2010 4192:. Archived from 4182: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4072:on 28 April 2011 4066:Spitfiresite.com 4057: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4007:on 6 March 2011. 3991: 3985: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3850: 3849: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3729:, p. 24-25. 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3691: 3685: 3676: 3675:, p. 96-97. 3670: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3530:, p. 35-36. 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3411:, p. 80-81. 3406: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3343:, p. 92-93. 3338: 3329: 3323: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3216:. 18 August 2008 3211: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3117: 3111: 3110:, pp. 16–17 3105: 3099: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3063: 3024: 3023: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2850: 2849: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2800: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2739:Historica Canada 2724: 2707: 2696: 2651:Bjørge Lillelien 2595: 2593: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2531: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2465: 2446: 2436: 2232:(IR Walker 1983) 2220:(IR Walker 2008) 2186:Richard Crossman 1959:The Daily Worker 1933:Wilfred Burchett 1913:Jawaharlal Nehru 1894:campaign, but a 1819:Averell Harriman 1705:Second World War 1633:Munich Agreement 1607:King Edward VIII 1452:Grigory Zinoviev 1338:Evening Standard 1317:Second World War 1304:Francis Williams 1293: 1230:Lord Northcliffe 1216:, was also made 1102:Lord Beaverbrook 1077:Evening Standard 934:Sandford Fleming 914:Montreal Gazette 903:Canadian Century 794:Evening Standard 723:Andrew Bonar Law 712:Second World War 702:Lord Beaverbrook 699: 632: 630: 607: 605: 569:Liberal Unionist 547: 526: 524: 508:Personal details 494: 482: 473: 447: 433: 420: 399:The Lord Downham 395: 383: 371: 362: 345:The Lord Downham 341: 329: 317: 308: 287: 275: 263: 254: 233: 221: 209: 200: 180:Oliver Lyttelton 176: 164: 152: 143: 126:Arthur Greenwood 122: 110: 98: 89: 66: 39: 38: 21: 18:Lord Beaverbrook 7142: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7131: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6909:from Wikisource 6903: 6898: 6896: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6855:sister projects 6852:at Knowledge's 6846: 6837: 6833:Sir P. 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Grigg 6819: 6801: 6787: 6779: 6761: 6743: 6725: 6707: 6689: 6671: 6653: 6649:Brendan Bracken 6635: 6617: 6599: 6581: 6569:Lord Privy Seal 6563: 6554: 6532: 6531:(May–July 1945) 6522: 6492: 6483: 6458: 6439: 6420: 6401: 6382: 6351: 6332: 6313: 6294: 6275: 6250: 6225: 6206:Lord Privy Seal 6200: 6169: 6150: 6141: 6126: 6114: 6106: 6072: 6063: 6057: 6036: 6027: 6005: 5996: 5993:Lord Privy Seal 5988: 5971: 5962: 5947: 5938: 5930: 5920: 5911: 5895: 5887: 5877: 5868: 5848: 5833: 5824: 5757: 5695: 5685: 5661: 5518: 5516:Further reading 5508: 5485: 5463: 5437: 5427:Faber and Faber 5409: 5381: 5362: 5343: 5320: 5301: 5282: 5263: 5244: 5225: 5206: 5178: 5159: 5133: 5115:Curran, James; 5084: 5056: 5002: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4953:Wayback Machine 4946: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4891: 4880: 4876: 4862: 4858: 4844: 4840: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4767: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4733:. 10 June 1964. 4723: 4722: 4718: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4534:10.2307/4048514 4516:Stubbs, John O. 4513: 4509: 4497:The Independent 4491:"Sex and Power" 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4426: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4281: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4243:Hennessy, Peter 4240: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4060: 4058: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4018:Deighton (1980) 4016: 4012: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3853: 3846: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3694: 3686: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3620: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3572: 3564: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3027: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2853: 2846: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2802: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2671: 2602: 2586: 2568: 2558: 2550: 2542: 2534: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2478: 2468: 2458: 2439: 2429: 2426: 2261: 2210: 2134:A. 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Taylor 1265:iodine solution 1116:Canadian forces 1108:First World War 1096: 1094:First World War 1037:Irish home rule 1013:Rudyard Kipling 1005:Wilfrid Laurier 954: 952:Move to Britain 938:Exshaw, Alberta 908:Montreal Herald 880: 811: 786:Lord Privy Seal 774:Stanley Baldwin 731:First World War 691: 659: 635: 634: 631: 1963) 626: 622: 619: 609: 601: 597: 594: 578: 562:Political party 549: 545: 528: 522: 520: 519: 518: 492: 480: 474: 469: 460: 445: 438:Peerage created 431: 423: 421: 416: 408: 393: 381: 369: 363: 358: 339: 327: 315: 309: 304: 285: 273: 261: 255: 250: 231: 219: 207: 201: 196: 174: 162: 150: 144: 139: 120: 108: 96: 90: 85: 69: 57: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7037:Canadian peers 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6929: 6928: 6911: 6894: 6892:from Wikiquote 6877: 6848: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6717: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6703:Oliver Stanley 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6623:Home Secretary 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6534: 6533: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6327:Clement Attlee 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6283: 6281:Home Secretary 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6242: 6235: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6217: 6214:Clement Attlee 6210: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6195:Clement Attlee 6192: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6164:Clement Attlee 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6132: 6130: 6124:Prime Minister 6116: 6115: 6109:War Cabinet of 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6065: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5998: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5967: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5940: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5846:Albert Stanley 5844: 5841: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5793: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5727: 5718: 5713: 5694: 5693:External links 5691: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5665: 5659: 5641: 5612: 5596: 5578:(2): 152–174. 5567: 5550: 5532:(5): 651–662. 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5489: 5483: 5467: 5461: 5441: 5435: 5417:Sweet, Matthew 5413: 5407: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5366: 5360: 5347: 5341: 5324: 5318: 5310:War at the Top 5305: 5299: 5286: 5280: 5267: 5261: 5248: 5242: 5229: 5223: 5210: 5204: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5163: 5157: 5137: 5131: 5112: 5088: 5082: 5068:Davie, Michael 5063: 5033: 5017: 5006: 5000: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4940: 4926: 4904: 4874: 4856: 4838: 4820: 4798: 4785:"Aitken House" 4776: 4756: 4736: 4716: 4711:Fighting Words 4696: 4678: 4676:, p. 655. 4663: 4661:, p. 629. 4651: 4639: 4624: 4612: 4610:, p. 645. 4600: 4571: 4569:, p. 251. 4559: 4557:, p. 102. 4547: 4507: 4480: 4464:www.npg.org.uk 4451: 4449:, p. 505. 4439: 4437:, p. 178. 4424: 4396: 4394:, p. 512. 4381: 4379:, p. 495. 4364: 4352: 4337: 4325: 4323:, p. 673. 4313: 4298: 4279: 4264: 4257: 4234: 4232:, p. 149. 4230:Kitchen (1986) 4219: 4207: 4177: 4163: 4151: 4149:, p. 402. 4139: 4137:, p. 408. 4122: 4120:, p. 111. 4110: 4108:, p. 110. 4095: 4083: 4034: 4032:, p. 102. 4022: 4010: 3986: 3984:, p. 100. 3971: 3964: 3950:Best, Geoffrey 3941: 3939:, p. 379. 3924: 3922:, p. 378. 3909: 3907:, p. 101. 3892: 3890:, p. 163. 3888:Olmsted (2022) 3880: 3868: 3866:, p. 184. 3851: 3844: 3821: 3819:, p. 493. 3800: 3798:, p. 173. 3788: 3775: 3773:, p. 147. 3758: 3756:, p. 104. 3754:Olmsted (2022) 3746: 3731: 3719: 3715:Olmsted (2022) 3707: 3705:, p. 103. 3703:Olmsted (2022) 3692: 3688:Olmsted (2022) 3677: 3673:Olmsted (2022) 3662: 3650: 3646:Olmsted (2022) 3635: 3631:Olmsted (2022) 3618: 3611: 3591: 3589:, p. 122. 3570: 3568:, p. 121. 3547: 3532: 3520: 3516:Olmsted (2022) 3508: 3506:, p. 253. 3496: 3494:, p. 100. 3492:Olmsted (2022) 3484: 3472: 3460: 3456:Olmsted (2022) 3437: 3425: 3413: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3372:, p. 247. 3362: 3360:, p. xix. 3345: 3341:Olmsted (2022) 3330: 3311: 3309:, p. 65ff 3299: 3285: 3273: 3253: 3250:Rayburn (1975) 3241: 3199: 3179: 3167: 3160: 3137: 3130: 3124:. Icon Books. 3112: 3100: 3098:, p. 211. 3081: 3025: 3006: 2981: 2969: 2966:. 13 May 1911. 2946: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2851: 2844: 2823: 2815: 2795: 2775: 2756: 2752:Churchill 1949 2744: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706:, p. 107 2690: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2584: 2566: 2556: 2548: 2540: 2532: 2524: 2516: 2508: 2500: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2466: 2456: 2437: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2413:Maple, Ontario 2410: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2260: 2257: 2209: 2206: 2116: 2113: 2109:Sir James Dunn 2094:Duke of Argyll 2082:Wing Commander 2078:Max Aitken Jr. 2054: 2051: 1901:Clement Attlee 1887: 1884: 1872:Clement Attlee 1728:Prime Minister 1726:, the British 1706: 1703: 1660:Haile Selassie 1652:Thomas Beecham 1611:Wallis Simpson 1578: 1575: 1386:, Balfour and 1376:Philip Sassoon 1325:Sunday Express 1283: 1280: 1247:Arthur Balfour 1232:(owner of the 1183:Albert Stanley 1095: 1092: 1058:Claude Johnson 1025:Cherkley Court 1023:Aitken bought 978:Unionist Party 960:Cherkley Court 953: 950: 888:John F. Stairs 879: 876: 815:Maple, Ontario 810: 807: 799:Sunday Express 766:British Empire 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 672: 671: 668:Cherkley Court 665: 661: 660: 658: 657: 654: 649: 643: 641: 637: 636: 624: 620: 615: 614: 613: 612: 599: 595: 592: 591: 590: 589: 586: 584: 580: 579: 577: 576: 571: 565: 563: 559: 558: 548:(aged 85) 542: 538: 537: 516: 514: 510: 509: 505: 504: 501: 500: 498:Albert Stanley 495: 489: 488: 483: 477: 476: 466: 465: 454: 453: 448: 442: 441: 434: 428: 427: 413: 412: 402: 401: 396: 390: 389: 384: 378: 377: 372: 370:Prime Minister 366: 365: 355: 354: 348: 347: 342: 336: 335: 333:Office created 330: 324: 323: 318: 316:Prime Minister 312: 311: 301: 300: 294: 293: 288: 282: 281: 279:Office created 276: 270: 269: 264: 262:Prime Minister 258: 257: 247: 246: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 210: 208:Prime Minister 204: 203: 193: 192: 186: 185: 177: 171: 170: 168:Office created 165: 159: 158: 153: 151:Prime Minister 147: 146: 136: 135: 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 111: 105: 104: 99: 97:Prime Minister 93: 92: 82: 81: 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7139: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:Aitken family 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6926:from Wikidata 6925: 6924: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6667:Robert Hudson 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6371:Richard Casey 6369: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6172: 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5526: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5462:0-671-21376-8 5458: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5158:0-698-11033-1 5154: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5141:Deighton, Len 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021:Blake, Robert 5018: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4969: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4914: 4913:"Raboy, Marc" 4908: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4808: 4802: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4674:Taylor (1972) 4670: 4668: 4660: 4659:Taylor (1972) 4655: 4648: 4647:Taylor (1972) 4643: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4620:Taylor (1972) 4616: 4609: 4608:Taylor (1972) 4604: 4597:(1): 129–143. 4596: 4592: 4585: 4582:McEwen, J.M. 4578: 4576: 4568: 4567:Taylor (1972) 4563: 4556: 4555:Taylor (1972) 4551: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4356: 4350:, p. 13. 4349: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4311:, p. 46. 4310: 4305: 4303: 4296:, p. 45. 4295: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4277:, p. 38. 4276: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4215:Leasor (2001) 4211: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4160: 4159:Leasor (2001) 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4118:Leasor (2001) 4114: 4107: 4106:Leasor (2001) 4102: 4100: 4092: 4091:Leasor (2001) 4087: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4030:Leasor (2001) 4026: 4019: 4014: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3983: 3982:Leasor (2001) 3978: 3976: 3967: 3965:1-85285-464-2 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3905:Leasor (2001) 3901: 3899: 3897: 3889: 3884: 3877: 3876:Hucker (2016) 3872: 3865: 3864:Hucker (2016) 3860: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3830:Cox, Geoffrey 3825: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3771:Knüsel (2016) 3767: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3744:, p. 25. 3743: 3742:Foster (2016) 3738: 3736: 3728: 3727:Foster (2016) 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3690:, p. 97. 3689: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3660:, p. 2e. 3659: 3658:Foster (2016) 3654: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3633:, p. 96. 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3545:, p. 36. 3544: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3518:, p. 94. 3517: 3512: 3505: 3504:Foster (2016) 3500: 3493: 3488: 3482:, p. 87. 3481: 3480:Knüsel (2016) 3476: 3470:, p. 23. 3469: 3468:Foster (2016) 3464: 3458:, p. 95. 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3435:, p. 83. 3434: 3433:Knüsel (2016) 3429: 3423:, p. 80. 3422: 3421:Knüsel (2016) 3417: 3410: 3409:Knüsel (2016) 3405: 3403: 3396:, p. 24. 3395: 3394:Foster (2016) 3390: 3383: 3382:Kinvig (2007) 3378: 3371: 3370:Kinvig (2007) 3366: 3359: 3358:Kinvig (2007) 3354: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3328:, p. 35. 3327: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3281:Taylor (1972) 3277: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3215: 3214:Wordpress.com 3210: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3163: 3161:0-7181-2314-X 3157: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3142: 3133: 3131:1-84046-151-9 3127: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3069: 3062: 3060: 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H. Asquith 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Canadian Army 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Western Front 1109: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1088:Daily Express 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1071:Daily Express 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:Charles Rolls 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1009:Robert Borden 1006: 1001: 998: 994: 993:King George V 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 958: 949: 947: 941: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 909: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856:R. B. Bennett 853: 852: 851:Montreal Star 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:tariff reform 759: 758:Daily Express 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 708: 707:Daily Express 703: 698: 694: 690: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666: 662: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 618: 611: 610: 588: 587: 585: 581: 575: 572: 570: 567: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 543: 539: 535: 531: 515: 511: 506: 502: 499: 496: 490: 487: 484: 478: 472: 467: 464: 459: 455: 452: 449: 443: 440: 439: 435: 429: 426: 419: 414: 411: 410:Lord Temporal 407: 403: 400: 397: 391: 388: 385: 379: 376: 373: 367: 361: 356: 353: 349: 346: 343: 337: 334: 331: 325: 322: 319: 313: 307: 302: 299: 295: 292: 289: 283: 280: 277: 271: 268: 265: 259: 253: 248: 245: 241: 238: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 199: 194: 191: 187: 184: 181: 178: 172: 169: 166: 160: 157: 154: 148: 142: 137: 134: 130: 127: 124: 118: 115: 112: 106: 103: 100: 94: 88: 83: 80: 76: 72: 65: 60: 56: 53: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6921: 6904: 6887: 6875:from Commons 6870: 6849: 6613:Anthony Eden 6576: 6550:Lord Woolton 6471: 6452: 6433: 6415:Lord Woolton 6346:Ernest Bevin 6307: 6270:Anthony Eden 6060: 6053: 6049:New creation 6048: 6022: 6018:New creation 6017: 5991: 5974: 5973: 5957: 5952: 5933: 5906: 5901: 5890: 5863: 5858: 5827: 5822:Alfred Scott 5784: 5699: 5677:. Oneworld. 5673: 5649: 5620: 5616: 5603: 5575: 5571: 5560: 5529: 5523: 5495: 5474: 5450: 5421: 5398: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5330: 5309: 5290: 5271: 5252: 5233: 5214: 5195: 5186: 5167: 5146: 5121: 5117:Seaton, Jean 5097: 5072: 5040: 5024: 5011: 4990: 4958: 4949:Ghostarchive 4947:Archived at 4943: 4929: 4917:. Retrieved 4907: 4897: 4885: 4877: 4867: 4859: 4849: 4841: 4831: 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4779: 4752:Parks Canada 4747: 4739: 4730: 4719: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4654: 4642: 4633: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4562: 4550: 4525: 4519: 4510: 4495: 4483: 4471:. Retrieved 4463: 4454: 4442: 4418: 4412: 4360:Smith (2010) 4355: 4348:Smith (2010) 4333:Smith (2010) 4328: 4316: 4309:Jenks (2006) 4294:Jenks (2006) 4275:Jenks (2006) 4247: 4237: 4210: 4198:. Retrieved 4194:the original 4189: 4180: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4113: 4086: 4074:. 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