London Trained Bands

2033: 1834:, Essex ordered the Parliamentary horse to cut their way out to Plymouth on the night of 30/31 August, while Essex himself escaped by sea, leaving the foot to surrender on 2 September. The surrender was signed by Skippon on behalf of Essex's regular infantry, and Col Christopher Whichcot of the Green Auxiliaries on behalf of the Londoners. The terms were generous: because the Royalists could neither feed nor guard such a large number of prisoners, they were escorted to Poole, and then allowed to march away to Southampton. The disarmed survivors were badly plundered by the country folk on their march. The Green and Orange Auxiliaries returned to London on 24 September, to a low-key welcome. The Yellow Auxiliaries garrisoning Weymouth had been ordered to march west to help Essex, but were too late. They had returned to Weymouth on 14 September, and were then shipped to join the garrison of Plymouth, where the Royalists renewed the blockade. 1896:, and exchanged fire when the Royal army returned in force on 9 November to retrieve the guns lodged in the castle after the battle. The Southwark TBs had been sent to take part in a new siege of Basing House, where they were joined on 15 November by the Tower Hamlets from Donnington but the siege of Basing was lifted for the winter, and by 25 November the London brigade was fortifying Henley. Harrington considered the place untenable and his men overstretched, particularly when the Tower Hamlets were sent to reinforce Browne at Abingdon. On 6 December Harrison was permitted to withdraw, and the three regiments with him arrived back in London on 14 December. Browne kept up active forays from Abingdon against Oxford, but his garrison was being depleted by sickness and desertion, and in December the three weak regiments of City Auxiliaries (Red, White and Blue) were reduced into a single regiment under Col George Paine. 1909:. Most of the regional armies were absorbed into the New Model, the foot regiments of which were trained and commanded by Skippon. This powerful force no longer needed to be periodically reinforced by field brigades of the LTBs. In June 1645 the London Militia Committee raised a full-time regiment (the 'New Model of the Forts') to relieve the citizens of the LTBs from the burden of garrisoning the Lines of Communication round London. The LTBs continued to man the 'Courts of Guard' (night patrol posts) around the city, and continued their musters and training. The Auxiliaries from Abingdon finally returned to London on 20 December 1645, having garrisoned the town for 15 months. The Yellow Auxiliaries cut off in Plymouth may not have returned to London until the town was fully relieved in January 1646. 1917:' and other radical sects, which were gaining control of the Army. However, when the Army marched on London in June 1647 hardly any of the trained bandsmen attended the muster that was called. Skippon having refused the sergeant-major-generalship of the city, Maj-Gen Massey, assisted by Waller, was appointed to raise a force from disbanded soldiers but when the army reached Hounslow and the LTBs refused to muster, the Common Council caved in, and the New Model marched in. The revived London Militia Committee restored the purged officers, demolished the Lines of Communication and returned the suburban trained bands to local control. Although a riot by pro-Royalist apprentices was put down by the regulars, companies of LTBs patrolled the streets under Skippon's command once more. 846:, The LTBs were ordered to muster in Spring 1639 and the king demanded 3000 selected men for his projected campaign. However, the City asserted the right that its trained bands could not be compelled to serve outside London. The following year the city was ordered to levy 4000 men for the next campaign, but they were not to be drawn from the trained bands. Instead, the LTBs were to secure the suburbs where riots against Royal policies were becoming frequent (though the men were reluctant to act against the rioters with whom they sympathised). As the crisis worsened, the LTBs did duty at Westminster for long periods, for example for 55 days and 10 nights during the trial of the 1132: 1654:). The Royalists did not follow up on Waller's disordered right wing, while the foot fought in the hedgerows on the left of Waller's line. However, the Royalists horse attacked without orders in the centre and a general cavalry battle took place in the space between the wings, the London brigade on the right having to drive back several Royalist cavalry probes in their direction. The Royalist cavalry lost heavily, and in the afternoon Browne led the foot back into Cheriton Wood. Late in the afternoon the Royalists began to give way, pursued by musketry and artillery fire, but made a reasonably orderly retreat to Basing, covered by a rearguard in Alresford. 2130: 70: 1483: 1409:

hedgerows, while the other Auxiliaries drove back the Royalist cavalry with their pikes, encouraged by Essex in person. Skippon then brought up the heavier artillery, whose emplacement was covered by the Red and Blue Regiments drawn up in the open on Wash Common. These two units came under fire from the Royalist guns and renewed attacks by Rupert's cavalry, but despite heavy casualties they held their positions until their own guns were in action. The City Brigade had some 300 wounded, with many killed (60–70 in the Red Regiment alone, including Lt-Col William Tucker commanding the regiment).

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a further alarm, and the regiment was drawn up on a nearby hill. It spent some time there, surrounded on three sides by Royalist cavalry squadrons before the rest of the army came up. On 5 September Essex reached Prestbury Hill, overlooking Gloucester. The supply waggons could not attempt the descent until the following morning, and the Red Regiment was again left in the open as baggage guard during a night of rain and alarms. Unused to campaigning, the LTBs complained bitterly about camping out on short rations.

89: 1794:, under his original orders, which he did with the assistance of part of Venn's Windsor garrison on 11 July, after which the Essex TBs went home and Browne moved to Reading. He was ordered to join Waller at Abingdon, but objected that he had only 'three broken regiments of London auxiliaries, not above 800 in all' to hold Reading. In the end Waller left for London and Browne was put in command of the whole force at Abingdon, including his own auxiliaries and the 'Windsor Regiment'. 873:, and that subsequently there were clashes between the new guards and the London apprentices. However, this story has been refuted in the most detailed history of the LTBs, which points out that the guards were provided by the Westminster TBs all along, supported by the other Middlesex TBs and it was only the commanders who were exchanged. The clashes between TBs and apprentices may have been orchestrated by the anti-Royalist faction in Parliament, especially the City of London 1742:. The Royalist horse responded aggressively, charging downhill and driving the Parliamentarians back across the river. The Tower Hamlets TBs stoutly defended the west side of the bridge, preventing the Royalists from crossing to complete the destruction of Waller's army. There was only skirmishing next day, but hearing that Browne was marching to join Waller with the Reserve Auxiliary brigade, the King took the opportunity to break contact with Waller's battered force. 1558:

army was quartered. The Royalists were taken by surprise as Waller's infantry assaulted the town, the London Brigade supported by the regular garrison of Farnham Castle attacking from the west. The Westminsters and the Farnham Greencoats attacked a breastwork, whose defenders retired when outflanked by the Green Auxiliaries, allowing the brigade to enter the town. The Royalists defended the churchyard wall, but some London musketeers broke in and pushed them back into

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the army was deployed by Skippon, who reported that 'The two Red and Yellow Regiments of the Citizens held the Enemy play on the right', while the Blue Regiment came up from reserve to assist the other brigades. Harrington had his horse shot under him during the battle, and some of the cannon lost at Lostwithiel were recaptured. Nevertheless, the Parliamentarian combination misfired and the Royalists escaped the trap to reach Oxford.

2301:, in the City of London is a carved wooden memorial to Martin Bond, (died aged 83 in 1643) who is described as 'Captaine' of the London Trained Bands at Tilbury in 1588, and later 'Chief Captain' until his death. He is depicted seated in his tent, wearing armour, his groom waiting outside with his horse. Flanking the entrance to the tent are two sentries, dressed as musketeers of 1643, in broad-brimmed hats and wearing bandoliers. 1913:

the Earl of Essex in October. By 1647 control of the English Trained Bands had become an issue between Parliament and the Army, as it had been between Parliament and the King. The Army regarded the TBs as its second line and tried to wrest control from the politicians, some of whom wanted to use the LTBs as a counterweight to the Army, which refused to disband until pay arrears were settled. The City purged the LTB officers of '

55: 888: 1180:, studded with some 23 forts and redoubts, these defences were about 11 miles (18 km) long, making it the most extensive series of city defences in 17th century Europe. The Lines were completed by May 1643 and the City and suburban TB companies took their turns in manning the forts and key points: seven companies for the north side, two for the south side, one for Westminster, one company at the 1515:, and a 'commanded' body of musketeers skirmished with the defenders until they had used their ammunition and were relieved. Skirmishing continued around the outbuildings next day, but deputations from the London regiments asked Waller to be allowed to withdraw because of the bad weather, while the paid substitutes had run out of money. Waller compromised by allowing them into 2077:, where the insurgents were pursued by the Yellow Regiment. Eventually they were cornered in the Blue Anchor in Coleman Street and the Helmet Tavern in Threadneedle Street, where the Yellow Regiment broke in through the roofs and stormed up the stairs, killing or capturing them all. Venner and his leading associates were hanged in Coleman Street on 19 January 1661. 1128:, where they established winter quarters within a ring of garrisons. From his advanced HQ at Windsor, Essex also disposed his regular troops to cover the western approaches to London, while the LTBs returned to their homes. The City reluctantly allowed Skippon to be seconded to Essex's army as Sergeant-Major-General of Foot. 1669:. The Londoners were now anxious to return home, and the two regiments left without orders, accompanied by the second regiment of City Horse. They returned as heroes to the city on 14 April. Without the City Brigade Waller had to shut down operations and hold his positions at Bishop's Waltham and Farnham. 839:

men. Until the late 1630s the LTBs' duties were largely ceremonial, or to maintain order amongst the unruly apprentices during holidays. It appears that the annual muster was the only regular training for the LTBs, but the officers were active in the HAC and the growing number of other military societies.

456:, who were mustered for regular drills. Even so, there was resistance throughout the country to the costs involved, especially for firearms and training ammunition, and when London tried to get its quota of 2000 'shot' reduced to 500 in 1574, the government increased it to 4000. To reach that total the 2089:

under the control of the king's lords-lieutenant, the men to be selected by parish ballot. This was popularly seen as the 'Constitutional Force' to counterbalance a 'Standing Army' tainted by association with the New Model Army that had supported Cromwell's military dictatorship. The city was covered

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Difficulties in raising money led to the London brigade being late in mobilising, but Harrington marched out with the Red Regiment and his own Westminster Regiment on 7 October, followed by the Blue Regiment on 9 October; the remainder waited for their money. The brigade concentrated at Maidenhead on

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began about 07.00 with Royalist infantry and cavalry attacks through the fields against Round Hill. These had almost pushed the Parliamentary infantry off the hill when Skippon deployed his reserve, the City Brigade. The Blue Auxiliaries stabilised Robartes' line, which was in a musketry fight in the

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to find billets of their own. This put them nearest to the enemy, without a cavalry screen, and shortly after they settled down there was an alarm as Prince Rupert's cavalry was nearby. The Red Regiment stood to arms all night in the open. Next morning the men managed to get some food, but there was

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The London Auxiliaries were recruited back to strength for a general muster on 19 May 1646, when all 18 regiments were on parade in Hyde Park but the First English Civil War had effectively ended with the surrender of King Charles to the Scots in April. The LTBs were paraded again for the funeral of

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on 27 June. Having drawn reinforcements from Oxford the King's army was now prepared to give battle to Waller. The two sides skirmished across the Cherwell on 28 June. Next day the two armies marched parallel to each other on the high ground on either side of the river until Waller saw a gap opening

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on 25 October 1643. Essex sent Skippon with 400 London musketeers and the two regiments of City Horse to seize Newport Pagnell, which a small Royalist force had begun to fortify. On Skippon's approach the Royalists withdrew without a fight on 27 October. The City Horse drove off a number of Royalist

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London had long outgrown the old city walls. During the Edgehill campaign the citizens had erected breastworks across all the streets leading to open country and set up guard posts manned by the LTBs – 20 companies were on duty each night. During the winter of 1642–3 volunteer work gangs of citizens

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of the Aldersgate Company was one of those present at Tilbury. He later became 'Chief Captain' of the LTB and the first President of the Court of Assistants of the Artillery Company. After the defeat of the Armada, the army at Tilbury was dispersed and the Trained Bands returned to their homes. They

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17 October, though many of the men were still absent. On 19 October Harrington was ordered to march with four regiments to rendezvous with the army at Basingstoke, leaving the Southwark regiment to garrison Reading. On 26 October the combined Parliamentary forces confronted the Royalist army at the

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and the Tower Hamlets TBs, later joined by the Westminster Yellow Auxiliaries, all commanded by Maj-Gen Harrington. It sent three of the City auxiliary regiments to join Essex, followed by the other three as a reserve. Accordingly, in mid-May the Green, Yellow and Orange Auxiliaries joined Essex at

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and the rest of his army went into winter quarters. On 12 December Waller mustered his army in Farnham Park and persuaded the London Brigade to stay with him until Christmas. That night he marched out as if to renew the siege of Basing, but instead turned south to Alton, where a brigade of Hopton's

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drill mixed up, with numerous front rank men killed and wounded by the second and third ranks firing too soon. With the Royalist artillery concentrating fire on this disordered formation, the Westminster musketeers broke and fled, and the assault failed. The Green Auxiliaries recovered the guns and

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on 10 August. The Royalists correctly estimated that Essex's army was too weak to intervene, but Essex and a delegation from both Houses of Parliament appealed to the city, and the Common Council agreed to send a brigade of five regiments under Sgt-Maj-Gen Mainwaring, the individual regiments being

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The suburbs of Westminster, Southwark and the Tower Hamlets similarly raised auxiliary TBs. When the London Militia Committee took over full responsibility for the City and Suburbs in August 1643, it controlled 18 regiments of Foot, about 20,000 men at full strength. Not all could be called away at

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Manning these fortifications day and night was a considerable drain on the existing TBs and would prevent them taking the field in numbers. In 1643 the City raised six additional regiments, the Auxiliaries, with the same colours and effectively acting as second battalions of the original regiments,

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Once the First English Civil War broke out in 1642, neither side made much further use of the Trained Bands outside London except as a source of recruits and weapons for their own full-time regiments. A number of regiments in the Earl of Essex's Parliamentary army were wholly or partly recruited in

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In theory the Trained Bands met for a day's training in each of the summer months, but for most of the country this was perfunctory, and they were in fact Untrained Bands, who would not serve outside their own district. Londoners often made fun of the Trained Bands and their sham fights at Mile End

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in 1713, effectively disappearing in some counties, but not London where the six traditional LTB regiments continued in existence, and together with the HAC continued to play a role in civic ceremonies and . In 1719 it was made compulsory for officers and sergeants of the LTBs to be members of the

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when he heard cannon fire from the west. Despite Royalist reports that the London brigade was with Manchester, suffering heavy casualties in his skirmish line and final attack, they were in fact with Essex's army, which had made a 13 miles (21 km) march to get into position. Essex being sick,

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on 2 July the King was already 30 miles (48 km) away. By now Waller's original London brigade (Harrington's suburban regiments) had taken up the chant of 'Home, Home!', and when the colonel and a senior captain of the Southwark White Auxiliaries died of sickness, that regiment marched home to

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The militia was neglected during James's reign, but in 1614 the Privy Council ordered the Lord Mayor to muster the LTBs, inspect the weapons and fill vacancies. In 1616 the four regiments were formally established (with slightly different recruiting areas), each consisting of five companies of 300

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Although there has been a presumption that the trained bandsmen were dressed in coloured coats corresponding to their regimental names (as in the regular forces), there is no evidence of this, rather that they wore their ordinary clothes. The pikemen might purchase a buff coat for protection, but

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The London Train'd-bands and Auxiliary Regiments (of whose inexperience of danger, or any kind of Service beyond the easy practice of their Postures in the Artillery Garden, Men had 'till then too cheap an estimation) behaved themselves to wonder; and were, in truth, the preservation of that Army

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London, and it is safe to assume that a proportion of the men and certainly some of the officers were members or former members of the LTBs and HAC. Many of the other recruits were apprentices, promised freedom from their indentures at the completion of their service. These regiments included Col

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Just before Christmas Skippon set out with the Green and Orange Regiments to join the siege of Grafton House. They arrived on 22 December and after two days of skirmishing the artillery had destroyed the mansion's roof. The garrison accepted terms of surrender and the Londoners then entered the

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South Eastern Association army. The regiments chosen were the Green Auxiliaries with the Westminster Red Regiment (also known as the Westminster Liberty Regiment) and Tower Hamlets Yellow Auxiliaries, but in view of Essex's successful expedition they did not march out immediately. Once his City

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On 12 February 1642 the Common Council increased the LTBs to 40 companies of 200 men, now organised in six rather than four regiments, and under the authority of the Militia Committee rather than the Lord Mayor. The new regiments took their names from the colour of their ensigns, and took their

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appointed new commissioners including Skippon to control the LTBs in case they were needed to suppress civil disorder. They were not to be employed outside the city without their own consent. Five thousand men were reviewed by Cromwell's sons, but in the event the rebellion was crushed and the

1511:, where it rendezvoused with Waller's army. The projected move to Winchester was halted by snow and the force returned to the barns and farm buildings it had occupied the previous night. By now numbers of the auxiliaries were deserting and returning home. On 6 November the army moved to attack 1494:

The Tower Hamlets Auxiliaries were the first to march out to Brentford, but whole companies were absent and it took some days to bring them out. Many of the trained bandsmen on this expedition were actually paid substitutes, the citizens preferring to stay at home. By 25 October the City Green

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With Essex's line still holding the edge of the plateau, fighting died down for the night about 19.00. The Parliamentarians were prepared to renew the battle next morning, but the Royalists, short of gunpowder, had withdrawn towards Oxford, leaving the London road open. Essex's army marched on

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under the Commissioners of Lieutenancy for the city. Unlike most county militia regiments which could be 'embodied' for permanent service anywhere in the country, one of the London regiments had to remain in the city at all times and the other could not legally be employed more than 12 miles

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Action on 28 March was confined to cavalry skirmishing. Early next morning Waller sent a 'commanded' party of 1000 musketeers from the White Regiment and one of the regular regiments to secure Cheriton Wood on the Royalists' left flank. Hopton sent a force to drive these skirmishers out,

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In December 1643 Parliament appointed Col Richard Browne to command a replacement City brigade for Waller's army. This consisted of the White and Yellow Regiments, the only two City regiments that had not yet seen any service. The White Regiment marched out with a number of cannon to

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in the Bank's defences (though it is unclear whether he was with the militiamen or volunteers). On the evening of 7 June the Bank was attacked and the militia under Col Holroyd fired six or seven volleys, killing several rioters and driving them back. Following the riots a permanent

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These regiments (roughly 1000 men apiece) were much larger than the equivalent units of Essex's (or the King's) army, which were weakened by casualties, sickness and desertion. The London Militia Committee also released the City Horse, and Mainwaring's Redcoats for the campaign.

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Come my boys, my brave boys, let us pray heartily and fight heartily. I will run the same fortunes and hazards with you. Remember the Cause is for God; and for the defence of your selves, your wives, and children. Come my honest brave boys, pray heartily, and God will bless us.

1361:. The Royalists moved to cover Worcester, but having successfully feinted and gained a day's march on his opponents, Essex began a rapid march for home. This time he chose to move round the south of the Oxford zone, overrunning a small Royalist garrison and supply train in 1240:

of the Red Regiment of TBs also commanded a regular regiment of foot (Mainwaring's Redcoats) recruited from and normally stationed in London. As Sergeant-Major-General of the City in succession to Skippon, Mainwaring used the City Horse and his Redcoats for police duties.

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The LTBs were called out to suppress riots by London weavers in 1675 and 1689, but did not behave well in the first instance (several trained bandsmen were themselves arrested for encouraging the rioters and the Regulars had to be called in). During the time of the

1818:, but she escaped to France before his arrival. However, the check inflicted on Waller at Cropredy had allowed the King to break contact and march with his Oxford army into the West Country to deal with Essex. Having relieved the siege of Plymouth, Essex moved into 1790:

bury them. The remainder of Harrington's brigade was finally allowed home on 14 August. The Essex and Hertfordshire TBs were also deserting, and on 6 July wounded Browne in the face when he confronted them. He was sent to capture Greenland House on the Thames near

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were a radical Protestant sect that was well-represented in the New Model Army, but later turned against the regime of Cromwell and his son. Their leader, Maj-Gen Thomas Harrison, was executed as a regicide after the Restoration, and his place was taken by

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and Surrey TBs soon arrived to take over garrisoning the castle under Venn and the LTBs returned home on 25 October. Venn's permanent regiment, recruited in London and officered by former LTB officers, arrived to garrison Windsor four days later. When

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The London Trained Bands, with their own Act of Parliament, remained outside many of the 18th Century reforms of the militia system until they were finally reorganised under the 1794 Militia Act. The traditional six regiments were reduced to two, the

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whereby the citizens of London could practise with 'artillery' (longbows, crossbows and handguns), and in 1539 he called out a 'Great Muster' across the country, when the 16,000-strong 'Citie Forces' marched through London from their muster at

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Next day, Waller was greeted by cries of 'Home, Home!', from the London regiments. Although their officers voted to fight Hopton's approaching army, the trained bandsmen refused (there had been rumours that they were to march to relieve the

2098:. The term ‘Trained Bands’ went out of use in most counties after 1661: London was one of the exceptions, and it remained the official title of the London Militia until 1794, when they were reorganised under their own Act of Parliament. 1201:

with some officers holding dual appointments. The property qualification for participation was relaxed, so that apprentices and younger men who were not householders could serve. The weapons were supplied by the livery companies and the

806:, believed that he had the support of 1000 men of the LTBs under Sheriff Thomas Smyth, captain of the Billingsgate and Broad Street company, but when he and his followers went to Smyth's house they found no support, and on returning to 2317:, claimed descent from the Yellow Regiment of LTBs (among others), but there was no link, the true descendants of the LTBs being the 7th Bn Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). As its slow march the 7th Londons adopted the tune 1588:. Skippon's Dutch engineers designed strong fortifications for Newport Pagnell, with earthworks and ditches. These were dug by the LTBs, even though the London Militia Committee felt that their men could be better employed elsewhere. 1999:

militia was not required. When Cromwell raised troops of horse militia to police the country under his regional major-generals, none were stationed in London When Cromwell died in 1658 the LTBs formed part of the funeral procession.

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However, Parliament was lucky also to retain the reliable LTBs in hand as a strategic reserve. John Venn was sent with a detachment of 12 companies of the LTBs (two from each regiment) to secure Windsor Castle, for Parliament. The

1947:") and the army arrested moderate officers, including Browne, Massey and Waller. The 'Rump Parliament' then passed a new Militia Act in 1650, replacing lords lieutenant with county commissioners appointed by Parliament or the 1690:, which had also been abandoned by the Royalists, who were calling in their garrisons to form a field army. From 30 May to 1 June the London Auxiliaries were engaged in skirmishes as Essex tried to seize crossings over the 810:

their way was barred by the LTBs. Essex ordered his followers to charge, but several of them were killed in the skirmish that followed. Essex was captured shortly afterwards. The LTBs were reinforced by the Trained Bands of

1928:. Evading the New Model forces, he marched on London, expecting the Royalists there to join him. However, Skippon called out the LTBs and this time they mustered in force and manned the gates. Norwich's force diverted into 1333:, skirting north of the outer defences of Oxford. When the army camped on 3 September there were insufficient quarters and the Red Regiment had to march 1 mile (1.6 km) beyond the rest of the brigade to the village of 1229:

once – the need to man the defences and continue the economic life of the City precluded that – but during the active campaigning season the regiments took turns to do tours of duty in the field, receiving pay for a month.

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appointed by the monarch. The entry into force of these Acts in 1558 is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. Regulations for mustering the militia of the City of London were issued by

754:). It appears that the City regiments were temporary – no colonels were appointed (except to the Tower Hamlets and Westminster contingents) – and the 40 companies were the sole permanent organisations. Formally, the 2110:

trained bandsmen patrolled the streets of the city by day and night from October 1678 to December 1681. Royalist officials used the LTBs to intimidate opposition candidates and electors in the 1682 City elections.

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house, securing many prisoners and stores before burning the house down. They returned to Newport Pagnell until 11 January 1644, when they marched home, leaving the fortifications in the hands of the new garrison.

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for rest. He then advanced against Basing House again on 12 November, in two columns, the Londoners being directed against the earthworks facing Basing Park, which they attacked vigorously, employing ladders and

1236:, raised from October 1642, though it is not clear whether their service was full- or part-time. These were formed into a regiment in early 1643 and a second regiment was authorised in August. Lieutenant-Colonel 498:. It attracted keen citizens who learned drill and studied the military arts as a hobby under the tutelage of hired professional captains. The Artillery Company and similar groups such as the Military Garden in 1566:

Waller returned to Farnham and proposed to recapture Arundel Castle, but the London Brigade refused, and Waller allowed them to march home on 20 December. The three regiments held a service of thanksgiving in

482:), but London was in fact the exception to the rule: its regiments were well trained, capable of putting up a stout defence, and the men were even prepared to leave their businesses for short campaigns. Under 1633:

on 27 March. The Royalists planned a surprise attack on Waller's advance guard, but found the whole White Regiment drawn up facing them. Waller came up in support with the main body, and decided to make for

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by a great procession from the city, led by Maj Gen Richard Browne, with the LTBs and Auxiliaries lining the route. Browne, who like Monck had been instrumental in organising the restoration, was created a

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village while Manchester's army remained to the east, using about 1000 skirmishers to distract attention from the pincer movement. The skirmishers were driven back, and in the afternoon Manchester attacked

1248:'s plot and to guard the prisons and subsequent executions. On 20 July 1643, Col Richard Browne of the Dragoons led Mainwaring's Redcoats and the Green Auxiliaries to break up an assembly of Royalists at 1904:

The second Newbury campaign was the LTBs' last active service of the war. In 1645 Parliament finally organised a properly paid, equipped, and trained field army for service anywhere in the kingdom: the

1462:– and all six regiments, together with Mainwaring's Redcoats, were to join Essex and Waller at Windsor to recapture Reading. However, news of a second Royalist army advancing through Hampshire under 1453:

While one City Brigade was marching back from Newbury, a great muster of the LTBs had been held in Finsbury Fields on 24 September and regiments were chosen by lot for a second brigade to join

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precedence from the seniority of the aldermen who were appointed as their colonels. A large number of new officers were appointed, mainly from the HAC. The regiments were organised as follows:

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where they regrouped. On 4 January the insurgents re-entered the City and the Guards were sent from Whitehall to deal with them, as well as the City regiments. There was fierce fighting in

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Although the militia obligation was universal, it was clearly impractical to train and equip every able-bodied man, so after 1572 the practice was to select a proportion of men for the

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where there was a three-hour skirmish on 24 July, when they were driven out of town and 200 were captured. Both regiments returned to London on 29 July, carrying the captured weapons.

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the militia were associated with their local county regiments, and in 1881 they formally became battalions of in those regiments. The Royal London Militia became the 4th Battalion,

915:) and then fled London, Skippon led a parade of eight companies of the LTBs down the Strand to honour the returning five members. He also seized the Tower of London (guarded by the 1761:. The regiments were weak because the city was having trouble finding enough volunteers among the citizens and paid substitutes. Browne had been commissioned as Major-General of 5891: 5603: 1983:. Like the former 'New Model of the Forts' these were garrison troops to allow the regulars of the New Model to march out, and were disbanded as soon as the emergency was over. 812: 5124: 1377:. Rupert caught up at Aldbourne on 18 September and there was a cavalry skirmish involving the City Horse, watched by the LTBs. This delayed Essex's army, which only reached 5901: 746:

provided a further 5 companies with 350 pikes and 750 calivers. (Another breakdown of the LTBs' weapons in April 1588 listed 1000 muskets, 2000 pikes, 2400 calivers and 600

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was a likely target for the rioters, and a force of regular troops was sent to defend it alongside the militia and volunteers. Radical journalist and former Lord Mayor

2126:, or during the subsequent wars. When the Militia were mustered in 1697, the City regiments (referred to both as Militia and as Trained Bands) and their colonels were: 5896: 1345:

However, the arrival of this army forced the Royalists to break up their siege, and on 8 September Essex entered Gloucester with the badly-needed supplies for Col

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The first muster of the six regiments was held on 10 May 1642 as a public celebration attended by thousands of Londoners and members of both Houses of Parliament.

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the militia received pay when called out, and operated alongside the New Model Army to control the country. When insurrection threatened in 1655 Lord Protector

1967:) the 12 regiments of LTBs and Auxiliaries mustered to witness the hangman ceremonially burning Charles's manifesto. During the campaign that culminated at the 1353:

to cover the Gloucester garrison and citizens' foraging, leaving Mainwaring and two of his regiments in Gloucester. Essex then began building a bridge over the

2032: 1714:. At this point the two Parliamentarian armies separated. Essex's army, accompanied by the Auxiliary brigade, marched west to relieve the besieged garrison of 1400:

The Royalists were in a good position, but the Parliamentarians moved before dawn on 20 September, crossed the valley separating the armies, and Skippon's and

790:

continued to train, but by the 1599 muster the numbers from the 25 wards and the out-liberty of St Martin-le-Grand had fallen to 1150 pikes and 2225 calivers.

2057:

in the name of ‘King Jesus’, killing a passer-by. They drove off four files of musketeers (about 24 men) who were sent from the Main Guard of the LTBs at the

2324: 1458:

Brigade had returned home Essex's army was too weak to hold Reading. A further three TBs regiments were then chosen – the Green and Orange Regiments and the

816: 1584:

probes in November. The Orange and Green Regiments and a regiment of Hertfordshire TBs held the town until a permanent garrison could be recruited from the

1706:, and the Royalist guards on the Cherwell were withdrawn. With Oxford partially encircled, the King and the Royalist field army left the city and moved to 1237: 4120: 5162: 4174: 2086: 2061:

to dislodge them, but then were attacked by the Lord Mayor, Maj-Gen Sir Richard Browne, leading the Yellow Regiment of LTBs. Venner's men retreated to

1785:

on 1 July, where he was joined by the Hertfordshire and Essex TBs. Browne was too late to intervene at Cropredy Bridge, and when he joined Waller near

1681:

to move against Oxford, but a new London brigade had to be provided before Waller's army could take the field. The London Militia Committee sent the

4600: 5886: 4580: 2314: 1773:

and given the task of reducing the Royalist garrisons. However, when news of the King's move eastwards was received, Browne was directed towards

4146: 3768: 3670: 1939:

At the end of 1648 the army rejected Parliament's proposed treaty with the King, and replaced the LTB guards on the Houses Parliament with Col

3738: 3638: 2285:(SR), the London unit becoming the 7th (Extra Reserve) Bn, Royal Fusiliers. This was one of just a handful of SR battalions that saw combat in 3700: 3610: 3241: 3161: 3215: 3141: 3189: 1971:, the regiments were on full alert to guard London. In addition, ‘London Volunteer Regiments’ were raised, comprising 1000 musketeers with 895:

The standoff between King and Parliament over control of the TBs across the country was one of the major points of dispute that led to the

3121: 1806:, Essex's army, including the London Auxiliary brigade (Green, Yellow and Orange) raised the siege of Lyme on 15 June. He next marched to 1385:, cutting Essex's route. The Royalists camped on the plateau of Wash Common, just south of the town, while the Parliamentarians halted at 1850:

The Parliamentary leaders ordered a new concentration of forces to face the King's victorious army on its return from the west, with the

1613:

to secure the bridge. They were then ordered to join Waller's army besieging Arundel. Heavy snow delayed their march for several days at

1529:

petards abandoned by the Westminsters. Large numbers of the Westminsters deserted, but were fined or imprisoned when they reached home.

5871: 1854:'s Eastern Association army joining the remnants of Essex's and Waller's at Newbury. London provided a fresh brigade under Harrington: 1041: 880:(captain of the Cripplegate Within company and in the HAC). The LTBs, meanwhile, were maintaining order in the City itself. Later, the 785:

on 9 August. It appears that the job of watching the walls and gates of the city was left to the 4000 armed but untrained men. Captain

223: 2274: 1404:' brigades with two light guns were deployed on Round Hill at the edge of the plateau before the Royalists became aware of them. The 2036:'Incidents in the Rebellion of the Fifth Monarchy Men under Thomas Venner, and the Execution of their Leaders' (contemporary print). 5727: 3091: 2346: 464:

to raise the necessary money. In 1586 the responsibility for the London Trained Bands was shifted from the livery companies to the

853:

There is an often-repeated story that when Charles I returned from his Scottish campaign in October 1641 he ordered the guards on

5866: 2153: 1830:, while the Parliamentary fleet was prevented by Royalist guns from entering Fowey harbour to relieve them. After 13 days of the 1757:

Browne's brigade (the Red, White and Blue Auxiliaries) had only left London towards the end of June, following a training day in

847: 2362:

First Captayne's Companie, The Blewe Regiment of ye Trayned Bandes of ye Cittie of London (English Civil War Society of America)

1851: 1661:

remained in Royalist hands, and he began clearing the surrounding countryside. On 6 April Browne's City Brigade was engaged at

502:

provided much of the officer corps for the LTBs and ensured that they were among the best-trained and equipped in the country.

4998: 4915: 4533: 4083: 3491: 3480: 2361: 2305:

otherwise there was no uniformity. The colours in the regimental names related to the large ensigns carried by each company.

2095: 1562:. The Tower Hamlets forced their way into the church and the Royalists surrendered after their colonel was killed. After the 1044:'s Regiment of Dragoons. The departure of Essex's army in September was another excuse for an LTB parade and civic occasion. 4792: 1325:

Heath on 1 September. Bolstered by these reinforcements, Essex was strong enough to march through Royalist-held country via

1810:, which quickly surrendered, and he installed the Yellow Auxiliaries under Col John Owen as its garrison. He then made for 1438:, but the LTBs drove them off with musket fire. After resting for three days at Reading, the City Brigade marched home via 870: 5845: 5612: 2012: 5462: 2139: 1925: 1549:

and retired to Farnham, where food and pay was received. Hopton followed, but after some skirmishing under the guns of

1422: 1077:) and destroyed the two regiments of Brooke and Holles. Next day Skippon gave a speech to the LTBs and led them out to 862: 803: 32: 1446:

on 28 September with sprigs of greenery in their hats to signify victory. The Red Regiment resolved to give thanks at

907:

as commander of the LTBs. Skippon had been Chief Captain (later Captain-General) of the HAC since 1639 and now became

5876: 5701: 5484: 2263: 1750: 1500: 1401: 1033: 514:, training and equipping the militia became a priority. By early 1588 the LTBs were training twice-weekly before the 511: 227: 1536:

St Lawrence Church, Alton, with the west door (right of picture, now blocked) stormed by the London brigade in 1643.

1734:

in the Royalist line. To exploit the opportunity he sent his horse across the Cherwell at a ford and the bridge at

478: 387:

reiterating the obligation on boys aged from 7 and upwards, and all men of military age, to practise archery (with

2091: 1177: 1073:

Essex's army had reached London first, and held Brentford. Rupert attacked the village early on 12 November (the

1037: 827:

to guard the suburbs against disorder during Essex's trial and subsequent execution. Similarly, the accession of

782: 371:

strengthened the military capability of the country: in Acts of 1511 (An Act concerning shooting in Long Bows.,

5632:

Lt-Col J.H. Leslie, ‘Monuments and Memorials of Soldiers in the London City Churches: St Helen’s Bishopsgate’,

1463: 5527:

Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate

2355: 1101:

The King's army found itself outnumbered and out-gunned; after a day facing Essex and Skippon, it retired to

983: 1381:

that night. Next day the advanced troops of the Royalist Army got ahead of the Parliamentarians and reached

1131: 1559: 947: 559: 487: 404: 2234:, but by the LTBs or HAC during elections (when it was illegal for the army to be stationed in the city). 518:

led to the mobilisation of the trained bands on 23 July. At this time the LTBs were organised as follows:

286:. Throughout their history they were used to suppress civil disorder and insurrection around the capital. 2166: 1682: 1009: 965: 820: 465: 250:

regiments in 1794. They were periodically embodied for home defence, for example in the army mustered at

5623:

Lt-Col J.H. Leslie, ‘A Survey, or Muster, of the Armed and Trayned Companies in London, 1588 and 1599’,

2258:(19 km) away. Both regiments were awarded the prefix 'Royal' in 1804. They were amalgamated as the 1148:

constructed a massive entrenchment and rampart round the city and its suburbs. On the north bank of the

5850: 5714: 5442:

Ian F.W. Beckett, 'The Evolution and Decline of the Restoration Militia in Buckinghamshire 1660–1745',

5350: 2333: 2298: 1666: 1334: 1074: 1054: 932: 900: 869:(many of whose tradesmen members were purveyors to the Royal Court) under the command of the Royalist 5826: 1980: 1739: 866: 759: 279: 180: 5441: 5232: 2227: 5469:, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1959/Moreton-in-Marsh, Windrush Press, 1998, ISBN 1-900624-22-2. 1948: 1921: 1876: 1822:, and was followed by the Royalists on 1 August. By late August Essex's army was hemmed in between 1568: 998: 617: 267: 188: 75: 5173: 5881: 5472: 2398: 2383: 2182: 2129: 1987: 1964: 1703: 1459: 1447: 1405: 1185: 1120:

to prevent an incursion into that county from south of London. Instead the Royalists withdrew to

1106: 1049: 969: 920: 916: 896: 858: 755: 499: 380: 263: 247: 164: 160: 96: 1482: 1061:, Windsor rejected his summons and he continued towards London, joining the King's main body at 5715:

Minnie Reddan and Alfred W Clapham, 'St. Helen's Bishopsgate: Monuments within the church', in

5556: 5539: 2119: 2058: 2054: 1914: 1726: 1181: 951: 908: 877: 778: 350: 334: 330: 326: 1725:

and forced its surrender on 8 June. There followed three weeks' pursuit of the King round the

5522: 5517:

Skippon’s Brave Boys: The Origin, Development and Civil War Service of London’s Trained Bands

2218: 2016: 2008: 2007:

After the crisis following Cromwell's death London welcomed the return of Charles II and the

1960: 1885: 1831: 1815: 1625:

in case Hopton's army threatened. The brigade remained there for two months before moving to

1546: 1532: 991: 987: 911:

of the LTBs. After Charles failed to arrest the leaders of the opposition in Parliament (the

854: 473: 384: 342: 283: 184: 168: 5668: 486:

the Fraternity of St George had developed into the 'Artillery Company of London' (later the

5906: 5507:

Hon Harold Arthur Dillon, 'On a MS List of Officers of the London Trained Bands in 1643',

2393: 2243: 1695: 1610: 1609:

on 4 January, were joined by the Yellow Regiment next day, and together they moved out to

874: 824: 799: 491: 442: 429: 156: 2541: 2289:. After the war the SR fell into abeyance and the militia was formally disbanded in 1953. 1244:

At the end of May 1643 the LTBs and Auxiliaries were called upon to seize the suspects in

8: 5125:

Militia of the Worcester Campaign 1651 at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2328: 2193: 2115: 2074: 2070: 2062: 1968: 1933: 1777:

to protect the Eastern Association counties. He marched with his first two regiments via

1662: 1643: 1585: 1273: 1057:

arrived with the advance guard of the Royalist army on 7 November after the inconclusive

977: 832: 739: 599: 594: 5769: 5807:

The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century: The Story of a Political Issue 1660–1802

2198: 2123: 2049:. Venner continued to plot with disbanded army veterans against the restored monarchy. 2015:

was appointed to command the City troops. When Charles arrived on 29 May he was met at

1842: 1687: 1678: 1651: 1443: 1382: 1358: 1202: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1058: 1005: 959: 940: 770: 751: 651: 570: 275: 193: 176: 60: 5696:, London: Old Comrades' Association, 1946/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, 2053:

began on Sunday 1 January 1661 when a number of Fifth Monarchy men attempted to seize

1392: 726:

In total the 40 City companies, each with an establishment of 150 men, comprised 2000

5795: 5697: 5480: 2378: 2231: 2222: 2041: 1943:'s New Model regiment. Pride's men then denied entry to those MPs who opposed them (' 1893: 1758: 1658: 1542: 1487: 1314: 1029: 936: 710: 691: 642: 483: 457: 446: 438: 354: 322: 259: 27: 2270: 2177: 2146: 2107: 1991: 1944: 1880: 1807: 1791: 1782: 1711: 1686:

Reading, which had been abandoned by the Royalists. The two armies rendezvoused at

1642:. However, the Royalists out-marched him, and his army bivouacked in the fields at 1508: 1338: 1310: 955: 881: 843: 588: 5846:

Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)

1892:

The Red and Blue Regiments and the Tower Hamlets Auxiliaries stayed on to besiege

403:

were popular archery grounds for Londoners. In 1537 Henry issued a charter to the

364:

Moorgate in the 1550s, showing archery practice in Moorfields and Finsbury Fields.

360: 5497: 2282: 2278: 2210: 2066: 1995: 1766: 1563: 1471: 1330: 1081:

where they went into the line alongside's Essex's battered and weary regiments.

433: 400: 388: 368: 346: 301: 271: 172: 5694:

The Shiny Seventh: History of the 7th (City of London) Battalion London Regiment

1280: 903:

over the objections of the Royalist Lord Mayor and aldermen, including imposing

5658: 2388: 2094:, which continued the LTBs under the control of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen as 1906: 1778: 1722: 1691: 1622: 1554: 1550: 1454: 1112:

Unsure of Royalist intentions, three of the LTB regiments were warned to go to

1013: 904: 828: 763: 735: 657: 532: 515: 461: 295: 255: 243: 219: 124: 5600:, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1989, ISBN, 0-900075-95-1. 5589:, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1989, ISBN, 0-900075-85-6. 5578:, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1988, ISBN, 0-900075-75-9. 5567:, London: Longmans, 1903/Adlestrop: Windrush Press, 1988, ISBN, 0-900075-65-1. 5860: 5500:

Historical Records of the Second Royal Surrey or Eleventh Regiment of Militia

2373: 2050: 2046: 1718:, while Waller with Harrington's Suburban brigade shadowed the King's force. 1677:

The Parliamentary leaders had ordered a concentration of all their armies in

1635: 1346: 1245: 1135: 1078: 747: 727: 453: 338: 92: 5506: 4197: 1499:, where they were joined by the Tower Hamlets. The brigade was commanded by 5732:

All the King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War 164–1651

5723:, London: London County Council, 1924, pp. 52-79, at British History Online 5678: 5458: 4175:

Tower Hamlets Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2319: 2206: 1940: 1803: 1512: 1354: 1265: 912: 677: 628: 551: 542: 537: 495: 392: 305: 198: 135: 88: 1001:(6 companies) – north-central City: Coleman Street, Bassishaw, Cripplegate 4121:

Westminster Liberty Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2286: 2214: 2103: 1929: 1827: 1762: 1525: 1516: 1435: 1362: 1165: 1153: 786: 611: 576: 215: 5785: 5649: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5467:

The Great Civil War: A Military History of the First Civil War 1642–1646

5404: 5335: 5292: 5272: 5261: 3538: 2817: 4581:

Southwark Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

1715: 1639: 1602: 1466:

forced a change of plan, and Waller and Essex separated, the former to

1439: 1378: 1350: 1189: 1173: 766:

ward of the city, and its regiment generally cooperated with the LTBs.

672: 623: 425: 396: 5750:, Eastwood, Nottinghamshire: Partizan Press, 1987, ISBN 0-946525-16-1. 5737: 3092:

London Trained Bands at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2498: 1414:

that day. For they stood as a Bulwark and rampire to defend the rest.

5174:

Thornbury, Chapter XXXI, 'Cheapside Tributaries, North: Wood Street'.

1976: 1972: 1786: 1770: 1745: 1630: 1614: 1580: 1503:, colonel of the Westminster TBs. It left on 30 October marching via 1374: 1366: 1253: 1249: 1152:

it enclosed the whole of Westminster and the Tower Hamlets as far as

1062: 743: 605: 565: 5835: 5431:, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7190-2912-0. 3769:

Orange Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

3671:

Yellow Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

1629:

on 20 March and then joining the general muster of Waller's army at

1579:

Meanwhile, the London Brigade with Essex's army had rendezvoused at

919:

and was given joint authority (with the Sheriff of Surrey) over the

857:

sitting at Westminster, which were provided by the city, Surrey and

5534:

The Bishops' Wars: Charles I's campaigns against Scotland 1638–1640

5163:

Venner's Uprising at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

4601:

Tower Hamlets Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

3739:

Green Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

3639:

White Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

1819: 1774: 1735: 1626: 1618: 1326: 1322: 1161: 1102: 884:

did petition the king for a guard from the LTBs, which was denied.

831:

in 1603 saw 100 Surrey trained bandsmen summoned to help guard the

731: 705: 449:

fulfilled the roles of Lord Lieutenant and appointed the officers.

409: 376: 372: 106: 5617:

Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors

5536:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-34520-0. 3701:

Blue Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

1979:' (early flintlocks) and 500 pikemen under the command of Maj-Gen 1781:, where the Blue Auxiliaries caught up on 26 June, and he reached 1621:

until 29 January, after Arundel had fallen. Here Browne fortified

1495:

Auxiliaries and Westminster Red TBs were quartered at Windsor and

1264:

During the summer of 1643 the Royalists made great strides in the

1004:

Orange Regiment, Col John Towse (6 companies) – west of the city:

5553:, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3. 3611:

Red Auxiliaries at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2021: 1730: 1707: 1606: 1504: 1496: 1467: 1386: 1370: 1318: 1269: 1169: 1157: 973: 899:. Parliament was now issuing orders direct to a committee of the 807: 774: 734:, a kind of light musket. In addition the 'Out Liberties' of the 686: 413: 318: 251: 1879:. Essex and Waller worked round to attack from the west towards 1442:

and Brentford. The men made a ceremonial entry into the City at

887: 648:

Cheapside – from Cheapside, Farringdon Within and Castle Baynard

5606:

An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force)

4147:

Southwark Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

1811: 1699: 1521: 1507:

and on through the night to Farnham. On 3 November it moved to

1149: 1125: 1105:

under cover of darkness rather than make a frontal attack. The

700: 5829:

British Civil Wars, Commonwealth & Protectorate, 1638–1660

2351: 2230:

was stationed every night until 1973, usually provided by the

2197:

Troops firing on the Gordon Rioters, from an 1879 painting by

1221:

Green Auxiliaries (the Cripplegate Auxiliaries), (7 companies)

1823: 1357:

as if he intended to move against the Royalist stronghold of

1259: 1233: 314: 5436:

Wanton Troopers: Buckinghamshire in the Civil Wars 1640–1660

3242:

Orange Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

3162:

Yellow Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

1349:

and his garrison. On 10 September most of the army moved to

620:– from St Martin-le-Grand, Cripplegate and Farringdon Within 258:

of 1588. They saw a great deal of active service during the

5689:, London: Methuen, 1924/Greenhill 1991, ISBN 1-85367-100-2. 3216:

Green Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

3142:

White Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2205:

The LTBs were deployed on the streets of London during the

1749:

Maj-Gen Richard Browne, afterwards Lord Mayor and Baronet (

309: 5738:

C.F. Richmond, ‘Fauconberg’s Kentish Rising of May 1471’,

5135:

Gardiner, Vol III, pp. 278–9, 296–7, 318–9; Vol IV, p. 30.

3190:

Blue Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

3074: 3072: 2185:

the LTBs were employed to guard the approaches to London.

2173:

Each regiment consisted of 8 companies, a total 6770 men.

935:(7 companies) – east and south-east of the city: Aldgate, 391:, not crossbows) and for all towns and villages to set up 5840: 5438:, Barnsley:Pen & Sword, 2015, ISBN 978-1-47385-603-5. 3122:

Red Rgt at BCW Project (archived at the Wayback Machine).

2327:

2159:

Yellow Regiment, Col Sir Thomas Stampe (Lord Mayor 1691)

1313:

on 23 August and marched out that night, proceeding via

246:

from 1559 until they were reconstituted as conventional

5748:

London And Liberty: Ensigns of the London Trained Bands

5529:, 3rd Edn, London: Greenhill, 1992, ISBN 1-85367-120-7. 3069: 2096:

Commissioners for the Lieutenancy of the City of London

1434:

towards Reading. It was harried by Rupert's cavalry at

842:

Trained bands were called out in 1639 and 1640 for the

5892:

Military units and formations of the English Civil War

5641:

Lt-Col J.H. Leslie, 'The Defences of London in 1643',

432:

cc. 2 and 3), which placed the county militia under a

1093:

Skippon to the London Trained Bands, 13 November 1642

762:, but since 1550 the heart of the borough had formed 5902:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1794

5619:, London: HarperPress, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-722570-5. 3748: 3746: 3650: 3648: 3646: 1657:

Waller entered Winchester on 30 March, although the

1574: 490:, HAC) with a drill ground and firing ranges at the 313:, the military force raised from the freemen of the 5788: