566:. There is an illustration of a circular handpowered throwing machine drawn in 1487 with 32 spindles. The first evidence of an externally powered filatoio comes from the thirteenth century, and the earliest illustration from around 1500. Filatorios and torcitoios contained parallel circular frames that revolved round each other on a central axis. The speed of the relative rotation determined the twist. Silk would only co-operate in the process if the temperature and humidity were high, in Italy the temperature was elevated by sunlight but in Derby the mill had to be heated, and the heat evenly distributed.
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412:. Lamech Swift became the sub-tenant in 1780 paying an annual rent of £7 to the corporation and £170 to Thomas Wilson, brother of Richard and William. Despite a row with the corporation over repairs to the weirs in 1781, he remained in occupation until the lease expired in 1803 when the corporation advertised a lease to run for 60 years. The advertisement reveals that the "Italian works" was still used for throwing silk.
368:, and was 33.5m long and 12m wide. It was built on a series of stone arches that allowed the waters of the River Derwent to flow through. The mill was 17m high, topped by a shallow pitched roof. The throwing machines were two storeys high and pierced the first floor. The winding machines were situated on the top three floors. All the machines were powered by Sorocold's 7 metres diameter, 2-metre wide external
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by several months. Taylor's Silk Mill was not at the centre of the controversy although he was one of the employers who agreed not to employ any worker who was a union member. By the middle of April 1834 Taylor reported that two-thirds of his machinery was working and many of his former workers were
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The partnership of Wilson and Lloyd ended in 1753 after acrimony and legal suits. Lloyd remained in possession of the building and machinery. In 1765 Thomas Bennet bought the premises from Lloyd subject to a mortgage to the Wilson family but neglected the building during years of trade recession and
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The connection with silk production ended in about 1908 when F.W. Hampshire and
Company, the chemists, moved into the premises to make fly papers and cough medicines. On 5 December 1910 at 5.00 am, fire broke out in the adjacent Sowter Brothers flour mill and engulfed the Silk Mill. The mill's east
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took their power from the shaft. The vertical shaft was extended beyond the second floor by an iron gudgeon to another vertical shaft that reached the top 3 floors to drive the winding machines. The mill was heated to process the silk, and this was explained in the 1718 patent. It was reported that
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A description of the mill, dating from between 1739 and 1753, says: "The original
Italian works of five storeys high housed 26 Italian winding engines that spun the raw silk on each of the upper three floors whilst the lower two storeys contained eight spinning mills producing basic thread and four
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The Taylor family remained in occupation of the mill until 1865 when bankruptcy forced them to sell the machinery and lease. "The Derby
Mercury" advertised several silk mills for sale that year when a general slump hit the industry. This took place four years before the Cobden Treaty with France
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The circular spinning machines (also known as 'throwing machines'), were the most significant innovation of the factory. Together with the single source of power (water), and the large size and organisation of the workforce for the period (200–400, according to contemporary sources), the total
490:. It was used as stores, workshops and a canteen. Hidden from the road by the power station, its existence was forgotten by the public until the power station was demolished in 1970. It was then adapted for use as Derby's Industrial Museum, which opened on 29 November 1974.
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was used for producing small quantities of silk thread at the homes of local spinsters, the new machines were capable of producing far greater quantities of silk and provided serious competition for the
Italians. The machines required large buildings and a power source. An
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Company who saved the shell of the tower and the outline of the doorways leading into the original five floors. These can be seen today on the tower staircase. The building was rebuilt to the same height but with three storeys instead of five and remains that way today.
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applying for reinstatement. According to "The Derby
Mercury" some of the former unionists were never able to find fresh employment in Derby. This event is commemorated by a march organised by the Derby Trades Union Council annually on the weekend before
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was an employee and he later recalled the long hours, low wages and beatings. Work only stopped in time of drought, extreme frost or problems with the silk supply, although unofficial holidays were taken during elections and Derby races in August 1748.
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Lombe's Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in
England and probably the first fully mechanised factory in the world. Thomas Cotchett's mill, built in Derby in 1704, was a failure. John Lombe had visited the successful silk throwing mill in
522:. The cocoons were harvested and placed in troughs of hot water to dissolve the gum and allowed the single thread to be wound into a skein. The skeins were placed into bales and taken to the mill for processing. Three sorts of yarn could be produced:
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In 1700, Italians were the most technologically advanced throwsters in Europe and had developed two machines capable of winding the silk onto bobbins while putting a twist in the thread. They called the throwing machine, a
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reacted badly to the commercial challenge, placing an embargo on the export of raw silk. It is speculated that he was responsible for John Lombe's mysterious death, six years later, in 1722, perhaps poisoned by an
Italian
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in Derby. At this point a weir had been constructed across the river, and the mill was built on an island downstream which separated the river from the tail race of three corn mills. The tail race was also called a
347:. An unpowered doubling shop was built to the north of the powered Italian works some time before 1739. The mill was sold to Thomas Wilson in 1739. An inventory was taken of the doubling shop, which still exists.
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Lombe used a fire engine (steam engine) to pump hot air round the mill in 1732. The stair column was 19.5m high. Its layout is not known, and there is no information on how bales were hoisted between the floors.
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for £2,800. Wilson remained in Leeds leaving the running of the mill to his partners, William and Samuel Lloyd, both London merchants, with Thomas Bennet as manager, taking a proportion of the profits.
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in 1716, an early example of industrial espionage. He returned to Derby with the necessary knowledge and a group of
Italians. He designed the mill, and with his half-brother
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process of production from raw silk to fine quality thread has led the Lombes' silk mill to be described as the first successful use of the factory system in
Britain.
445:. The story of the Derby Lock-out was dramatised as a short film sponsored by Unite the union in 2015. This was first screened at Derby Quad cinema on 25 April 2015
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John Lombe's idea of mill was inspired by contemporary smaller and less effective mills he studied during the period in which he worked in Italy: traditionally the
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November 1833 saw the beginning of industrial unrest in Derby which led to the formation of the Grand
National Trades Union in February 1834. It predated the
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leaves grown in Italy. Silk fibres from the Bombyx mori silkworm have a triangular cross section with rounded corners, 5–10 μm wide. The silk is a protein,
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The mill passed through several owners and has been rebuilt several times, but the modified structure is extant and has been restored to house the
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Dame Elizabeth advertised the lease for sale in 1739, and the remaining 64 years of the lease were assigned to Richard Wilson junior of
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in September 1777. Not all the visitors were impressed by conditions. Torrington commented on the "heat, stinks and noise", whilst
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Silk is a naturally produced fibre obtained from many species of the silk moth. In 1700 the favoured silk was produced by a moth (
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in 1835 was appalled by the sickly appearance of the poor children. Foreign visitors also included the mill in their itinerary.
372:. Its axle entered the mill through a navel hole at first floor level. It drove a 0.45-metre square vertical shaft that drove a
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is the industrial process where silk that has been wound into skeins, is cleaned, receives a twist and is wound onto bobbins.
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The main range was three storeys high, 42.4m by 5.5m. Each floor was used for doubling, and there were 306 doubling machines.
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wall fell into the river and the building was gutted. Great efforts were made by the borough fire brigade and the
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to build it and fit it with the new machines. Between 1717 and 1721 George built the mill, beside the
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Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in Reconstruction, Industrial Archaeology Review, Anthony Calladine (1993)
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Thomas Lombe was given a 14-year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines. The
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in 1717 and returned to England with details of the Italian silk throwing machines – the
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twist mills." Little of the original mill remains. It was built of brick, in
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to the south of Cotchett's Mill to house machines for "doubling" or twisting
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Calladine, Anthony (1993). "Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in reconstruction".
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is the process where the thread from the bobbins is twisted again to form
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which is said to have effectively destroyed the British silk industry.
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738:"The Derby Lock-Out of 1833-34 and the Origins of the Labour Movement"
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paid by his Italian commercial opponents. John's elder brother, Sir
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The silk industry of the United Kingdom. Its origin and development
550:. The yarn is twisted together into threads, in a process known as
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Derby Silk Mill, probably in the early 1900s, before the 1910 fire.
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The Silk Mill was a tourist attraction in Derby and was visited by
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that had received a slight twist making it easier to handle, and
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510:), that spun a cocoon to protect the larvae. The larvae fed on
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on the west side of the new mill drove the spinning machines.
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The Derby Silk Mill built on the foundations of Lombe's Mill.
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which had a greater twist and was suitable for use as warp.
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When the patents lapsed in 1732, other mills were built in
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Bygones: From Industrial Revolution to prized museum
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Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
251:. At its height, the mill employed some 300 people.
396:The museum entrance and tower from Cathedral Green
223:mill in Britain. It was built on an island on the
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666:The Cotton Industry in the Industrial Revolution
247:– and some Italian craftsmen. The architect was
1253:Miravan Breaking Open the Tomb of his Ancestors
669:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 15.
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899:. Derby City Council. Archived from
869:. London: Dranes. pp. 198–211.
723:"Derby Trades Union Council Website"
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848:. Scott, Greenwood, Van Nostrand.
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829:. London: Reaktion Books.
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1518:Derby Exhibition (1839)
1461:Science and engineering
812:(1). Maney Publishing.
292:(born 1685) instructed
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1554:6th Duke of Devonshire
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861:Warner, Frank (1921).
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231:. It was built after
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976:Derby Sketching Club
370:undershot waterwheel
1376:William Billingsley
1144:Francis O. Grenfell
903:on 21 February 2009
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1092:White Watson
1036:William Tate
1031:Thomas Smith
981:Harry Fidler
971:W. J. Coffee
905:. Retrieved
901:the original
878:. Retrieved
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139:Construction
19:Lombe's Mill
15:
1544:D'Ewes Coke
1302:The Captive
1295:Samuel Ward
1149:David Rushe
1016:Ronald Pope
1011:David Payne
789:Rayner 1903
690:Darley 2003
508:Bombyx mori
205:4 Torcitoio
184:Water Power
179:33.5m x 12m
168:Floor count
126: /
101:Coordinates
1683:Silk mills
1672:Categories
1589:John Lombe
1447:The Street
1327:Ann Borrow
1082:Matlockite
1072:John Farey
621:References
594:John Lombe
589:Bas relief
378:torcitoios
374:line shaft
233:John Lombe
202:8 Filatoio
111:52°55′32″N
95:John Lombe
1402:Derventio
1344:Porcelain
1087:John Mawe
818:0309-0728
564:torcitoio
548:organzine
532:organzine
382:filatoios
341:Stockport
245:torcitoio
152:Employees
114:1°28′32″W
1316:Dovedale
854:7174062M
604:See also
560:filatoio
552:doubling
524:no-twist
512:mulberry
426:Fairholt
410:Cheshire
330:assassin
286:Piedmont
255:Location
243:and the
241:filatoio
237:Piedmont
235:visited
1534:Alkmund
1489:Related
1060:Geology
954:Artists
880:12 June
875:2303073
546:and or
536:Reeling
520:sericin
516:fibroin
422:Boswell
279:History
1527:People
907:26 May
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774:30 May
748:26 May
673:
443:MayDay
160:Height
626:Notes
570:Today
352:Leeds
318:fleam
229:Derby
144:Built
92:Owner
87:brick
1325:and
909:2010
882:2011
871:OCLC
863:"18"
831:ISBN
814:ISSN
776:2015
750:2011
671:ISBN
610:Silk
544:tram
528:tram
380:and
343:and
302:silk
192:7m /
147:1721
70:Silk
810:XVI
227:in
163:17m
155:300
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171:5
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