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Local homeomorphism

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And even if the polynomial function is not an open map, then this theorem may nevertheless still be applied (possibly multiple times) to restrictions of the function to appropriately chosen subsets of the domain (based on consideration of the map's local
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is also a local homeomorphism. The restriction of a local homeomorphism to any open subset of the domain will again be a local homomorphism; explicitly, if
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of two copies of the reals identifies every negative real of the first copy with the corresponding negative real of the second copy. The two copies of
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As pointed out above, the Hausdorff property is not local in this sense and need not be preserved by local homeomorphisms.
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The idea of a local homeomorphism can be formulated in geometric settings different from that of topological spaces. For
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is essential for the inclusion map to be a local homeomorphism because the inclusion map of a non-open subset of
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Every homeomorphism is a local homeomorphism. But a local homeomorphism is a homeomorphism if and only if it is
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is a continuous open surjection with discrete fibers so this result guarantees that the maximal open subset
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for this map is the empty set; that is, there does not exist any non-empty open subset
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is a local homeomorphism. In certain situations the converse is true. For example: if
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will continue to be a local homeomorphism when it is considered as the surjective map
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Thus restrictions of local homeomorphisms to open subsets are local homeomorphisms.
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fibers is "almost everywhere" a local homeomorphism (in the topological sense that
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that, intuitively, preserves local (though not necessarily global) structure. If
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Since the composition of two local homeomorphisms is a local homeomorphism, if
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in a natural way. All of this is explained in detail in the article on
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are not identified and they do not have any disjoint neighborhoods, so
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but the converse is not always true. For example, the two dimensional
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of two local homeomorphisms is a local homeomorphism; explicitly, if
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gives rise to a uniquely defined local homeomorphism with codomain
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yields a local homeomorphism (since it will not be an open map).
5677:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} } 2883:
is an invertible linear map (invertible square matrix) for every
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transfers "local" topological properties in both directions:
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Similarly, it is possible to construct a local homeomorphisms
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is a dense open subset of its domain). For example, the map
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a conclusion that may be false without the assumption that
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is not Hausdorff. One readily checks that the natural map
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one can show that a continuously differentiable function
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stand in a natural one-to-one correspondence with the
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be a local homeomorphism (as is the case with the map
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is a local homeomorphism depends on its codomain. The
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every fiber of every non-constant polynomial is finite
3213:-valued local homeomorphism on a dense open subset of 5817: 5787: 5767: 5734: 5690: 5646: 5587: 5567: 5547: 5514: 5494: 5368: 5348: 5321: 5297: 5258: 5234: 5203: 5179: 5148: 5124: 5093: 5069: 5034: 5009: 4970: 4941: 4912: 4871: 4839: 4789: 4746: 4710: 4669: 4649: 4616: 4575: 4555: 4514: 4494: 4462: 4433: 4398: 4347: 4293: 4257: 4237: 4217: 4185: 4159: 4133: 4088: 4054: 4034: 4014: 3990: 3930: 3907: 3883: 3851: 3819: 3788: 3763: 3713: 3684: 3657: 3615: 3569: 3542: 3514: 3494: 3465: 3439: 3416: 3389: 3369: 3345: 3295: 3275: 3242: 3219: 3199: 3179: 3147: 3127: 3103: 3075: 3051: 3008: 2954: 2918: 2889: 2859: 2830: 2810: 2769: 2742: 2718: 2692: 2672: 2652: 2610: 2581: 2545: 2520: 2497: 2463: 2427: 2407: 2387: 2364: 2351:
will be a local homeomorphism if and only if it is a
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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A map is a local homeomorphism if and only if it is
4389:local homeomorphism is therefore a homeomorphism. 1864:is equal to its composition with the inclusion map 5851: 5803: 5773: 5753: 5720: 5676: 5619: 5573: 5553: 5533: 5500: 5374: 5354: 5342:. Furthermore, every continuous map with codomain 5330: 5303: 5273: 5240: 5218: 5185: 5163: 5130: 5108: 5075: 5052: 5018: 4988: 4950: 4927: 4898: 4857: 4825: 4776:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} ^{2}} 4775: 4728: 4696: 4655: 4631: 4602: 4561: 4541: 4500: 4480: 4448: 4416: 4353: 4333: 4279: 4243: 4223: 4203: 4171: 4145: 4119: 4074: 4040: 4020: 3996: 3973: 3913: 3889: 3869: 3825: 3801: 3774: 3750:{\displaystyle O_{f}=\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\},} 3749: 3695: 3670: 3643: 3601: 3555: 3520: 3500: 3480: 3451: 3425: 3395: 3375: 3351: 3327: 3281: 3261: 3228: 3205: 3185: 3165: 3133: 3109: 3081: 3057: 3026: 2982: 2940: 2904: 2875: 2845: 2816: 2796: 2748: 2724: 2704: 2678: 2658: 2638: 2596: 2567: 2528: 2503: 2483: 2433: 2413: 2393: 2370: 2343: 2308: 2263: 2222: 2193: 2164: 2132: 2105: 2053: 2004: 1972: 1940: 1891: 1856: 1830: 1798: 1746: 1726: 1706: 1686: 1663: 1639: 1604: 1580: 1560: 1526: 1506: 1468: 1436: 1401: 1381: 1361: 1315: 1283: 1245: 1213: 1169: 1145: 1117: 1085: 1065: 1023: 994: 964: 941: 918: 898: 853: 799: 763: 711: 682: 654: 596: 576: 544: 521: 487: 448: 403: 367: 344: 324: 301: 279: 247: 223: 196: 176: 152: 121: 94: 74: 4280:{\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} \sqcup \mathbb {R} } 1651:. But it is a local homeomorphism if and only if 1181:Local homeomorphisms and composition of functions 6443: 3782:This example also shows that it is possible for 3757:which confirms that this set is indeed dense in 27:Mathematical function revertible near each point 5804:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} } 5446: â€“ In mathematics, invertible homomorphism 5434: â€“ Isomorphism of differentiable manifolds 133:. Typical examples of local homeomorphisms are 4488:is necessarily an open subset of its codomain 2941:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} } 2536:) is a local homeomorphism precisely when the 1323:is a local homeomorphism then its restriction 1253:are local homeomorphisms then the composition 1034:Generalizing the previous two examples, every 129:Local homeomorphisms are used in the study of 6058: 5824: 5594: 4549:will also be a local homeomorphism (that is, 3602:{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to [0,\infty )} 3302: 2853:) is a local homeomorphism if the derivative 2025: 1912: 1773: 1336: 1038:is a local homeomorphism; in particular, the 949:), is a local homeomorphism for all non-zero 620: 4111: 4105: 3741: 3735: 3236:To clarify this statement's conclusion, let 2054:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}=f\circ i.} 1941:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}=f\circ i.} 655:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to f(U)} 2344:{\displaystyle U\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 807:(so that geometrically, this map wraps the 6426: 6399: 6065: 6051: 5541:is equal to the union of all open subsets 5508:is continuous and open imply that the set 4663:). However, in general it is possible for 972:but it is a homeomorphism only when it is 728:Local homeomorphisms versus homeomorphisms 449:{\displaystyle S^{2}\to \mathbb {R} ^{2}.} 5845: 5797: 5789: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5620:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to Y} 4763: 4754: 4314: 4306: 4273: 4265: 4068: 3951: 3943: 3765: 3728: 3686: 3577: 3328:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{O}:O\to Y} 2934: 2926: 2833: 2784: 2522: 2477: 2331: 2296: 2210: 2149: 2093: 1799:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to Y} 1362:{\displaystyle f{\big \vert }_{U}:U\to Y} 744: 433: 388: 264: 5925: 5640:Consider the continuous open surjection 6005: 5967: 5889: 4865:is a local homomorphism if and only if 3269:be the (unique) largest open subset of 2797:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 2309:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 2106:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 289:If there is a local homeomorphism from 14: 6444: 5390:Generalizations and analogous concepts 3841:Local homeomorphisms and Hausdorffness 6046: 4082:is a local homeomorphism. The fiber 906:which wraps the circle around itself 764:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \to S^{1}} 3707:for instance), it can be shown that 3335:is a local homeomorphism. If every 3141:(which is a necessary condition for 458: 411:but there is no local homeomorphism 5468: â€“ generalization of manifolds 4341:with the same equivalence relation 4075:{\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {R} } 3921:is not. Consider for instance the 3481:{\displaystyle O\neq \varnothing ;} 2484:{\displaystyle f:U\to \mathbb {C} } 2012:are local homomorphisms then so is 24: 5338:this correspondence is in fact an 4251:is not: pick the natural map from 3703:with additional effort (using the 3593: 3452:{\displaystyle X\neq \varnothing } 3173:to be a local homeomorphism) then 2551: 2275:. Consequently, a continuous map 723:Examples and sufficient conditions 25: 6478: 3845:There exist local homeomorphisms 3732: 3532:second-countable spaces that has 3472: 3446: 2165:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} 1568:is any subspace (where as usual, 404:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2},} 280:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}.} 6425: 6398: 6388: 6378: 6367: 6357: 6356: 6150: 4704:to be a local homeomorphism but 2846:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 2666:is not a local homeomorphism at 2445:Local homeomorphisms in analysis 2223:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1409:is also a local homeomorphism. 1129:local homeomorphism between two 854:{\displaystyle f:S^{1}\to S^{1}} 2998:Local homeomorphisms and fibers 1534:is also a local homeomorphism. 1514:are local homeomorphisms, then 1507:{\displaystyle g\circ f:X\to Z} 1284:{\displaystyle g\circ f:X\to Z} 800:{\displaystyle t\mapsto e^{it}} 6452:Theory of continuous functions 5932:General Topology: Chapters 1–4 5883: 5862: 5841: 5706: 5694: 5666: 5634: 5611: 5482: 5288:The local homeomorphisms with 5268: 5262: 5213: 5207: 5158: 5152: 5103: 5097: 5044: 4980: 4922: 4916: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4849: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4758: 4720: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4626: 4620: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4472: 4443: 4437: 4408: 4195: 4114: 4102: 4064: 3861: 3625: 3619: 3596: 3584: 3581: 3319: 3157: 3018: 2964: 2958: 2930: 2779: 2756:sheets come together there). 2620: 2614: 2568:{\displaystyle f^{\prime }(z)} 2562: 2556: 2473: 2291: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2188: 2182: 2088: 1996: 1964: 1880: 1822: 1790: 1631: 1498: 1460: 1428: 1353: 1307: 1275: 1237: 1205: 1109: 1057: 877: 871: 838: 781: 748: 706: 700: 649: 643: 637: 571: 565: 479: 428: 66: 13: 1: 5919: 4906:is a local homeomorphism and 4364: 4120:{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\{y\})} 3775:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} .} 3696:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ;} 2401:such that the restriction of 2358:(meaning that every point in 6072: 5876: 2529:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 1857:{\displaystyle U\subseteq X} 1561:{\displaystyle U\subseteq X} 7: 5425: 4899:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 4826:{\displaystyle f(x)=(x,0),} 4697:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 4603:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 4542:{\displaystyle f:X\to f(X)} 2264:{\displaystyle f:U\to f(U)} 899:{\displaystyle f(z)=z^{n},} 352:is locally homeomorphic to 255:is locally homeomorphic to 204:has a neighborhood that is 10: 6483: 6319:Banach fixed-point theorem 6006:Willard, Stephen (2004) . 5811:for which the restriction 5581:such that the restriction 4392:Whether or not a function 3644:{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}} 3609:defined by the polynomial 2983:{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{3}} 2639:{\displaystyle f(x)=z^{n}} 82:is a local homeomorphism, 6352: 6309: 6273: 6159: 6148: 6080: 5721:{\displaystyle f(x,y)=x.} 5420:Ă©tale geometric morphisms 5340:equivalence of categories 4964:of a local homeomorphism 4456:of a local homeomorphism 2511:is an open subset of the 1892:{\displaystyle i:U\to X;} 1444:is continuous while both 5943:ÉlĂ©ments de mathĂ©matique 5475: 5408:formally Ă©tale morphisms 5396:differentiable manifolds 5053:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4989:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4858:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4729:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4481:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4417:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 4204:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 3870:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 3705:inverse function theorem 3166:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 3027:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 2992:differentiable manifolds 2761:inverse function theorem 2705:{\displaystyle n\geq 2.} 2005:{\displaystyle i:U\to X} 1973:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1831:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1640:{\displaystyle i:U\to X} 1469:{\displaystyle g:Y\to Z} 1437:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1316:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1246:{\displaystyle g:Y\to Z} 1214:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 1118:{\displaystyle p:X\to Y} 1066:{\displaystyle p:C\to Y} 488:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 75:{\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 5754:{\displaystyle O=O_{f}} 5534:{\displaystyle O=O_{f}} 5461:Locally Hausdorff space 4172:{\displaystyle y<0.} 4146:{\displaystyle y\geq 0} 3262:{\displaystyle O=O_{f}} 3038:surjection between two 2905:{\displaystyle x\in U.} 2646:on an open disk around 2597:{\displaystyle z\in U.} 6457:Functions and mappings 6374:Mathematics portal 6274:Metrics and properties 6260:Second-countable space 5977:Upper Saddle River, NJ 5853: 5805: 5775: 5755: 5722: 5678: 5621: 5575: 5555: 5535: 5502: 5466:Non-Hausdorff manifold 5376: 5356: 5332: 5305: 5275: 5242: 5220: 5187: 5165: 5140:locally path-connected 5132: 5110: 5077: 5054: 5028:A local homeomorphism 5020: 4990: 4952: 4929: 4900: 4859: 4827: 4777: 4730: 4698: 4657: 4633: 4610:onto its image, where 4604: 4563: 4543: 4502: 4482: 4450: 4418: 4355: 4335: 4281: 4245: 4225: 4205: 4173: 4147: 4121: 4076: 4042: 4022: 3998: 3975: 3915: 3891: 3871: 3827: 3803: 3776: 3751: 3697: 3672: 3645: 3603: 3557: 3522: 3502: 3482: 3453: 3427: 3397: 3377: 3353: 3329: 3283: 3263: 3230: 3207: 3187: 3167: 3135: 3111: 3083: 3059: 3028: 2984: 2942: 2906: 2877: 2876:{\displaystyle D_{x}f} 2847: 2818: 2798: 2750: 2726: 2706: 2680: 2660: 2640: 2598: 2569: 2530: 2505: 2485: 2435: 2415: 2395: 2372: 2345: 2310: 2265: 2224: 2195: 2166: 2134: 2107: 2055: 2006: 1974: 1942: 1893: 1858: 1832: 1800: 1748: 1728: 1708: 1688: 1665: 1641: 1606: 1582: 1562: 1528: 1508: 1470: 1438: 1403: 1383: 1363: 1317: 1285: 1247: 1215: 1171: 1147: 1119: 1087: 1067: 1025: 996: 966: 943: 920: 900: 855: 801: 765: 713: 684: 666:(where the respective 656: 598: 578: 546: 523: 522:{\displaystyle x\in X} 489: 450: 405: 369: 346: 326: 303: 281: 249: 225: 198: 178: 154: 123: 96: 76: 5854: 5806: 5776: 5756: 5723: 5679: 5622: 5576: 5556: 5536: 5503: 5488:The assumptions that 5400:local diffeomorphisms 5377: 5357: 5333: 5306: 5276: 5243: 5221: 5188: 5166: 5133: 5111: 5078: 5055: 5021: 4991: 4953: 4935:is an open subset of 4930: 4901: 4860: 4828: 4778: 4731: 4699: 4658: 4634: 4605: 4564: 4544: 4503: 4483: 4451: 4419: 4356: 4354:{\displaystyle \sim } 4336: 4282: 4246: 4226: 4206: 4174: 4148: 4122: 4077: 4043: 4023: 3999: 3997:{\displaystyle \sim } 3976: 3916: 3892: 3872: 3828: 3804: 3802:{\displaystyle O_{f}} 3777: 3752: 3698: 3673: 3671:{\displaystyle O_{f}} 3646: 3604: 3558: 3556:{\displaystyle O_{f}} 3530:completely metrizable 3523: 3503: 3483: 3454: 3428: 3398: 3378: 3354: 3330: 3284: 3264: 3231: 3208: 3188: 3168: 3136: 3112: 3084: 3060: 3029: 2985: 2943: 2907: 2878: 2848: 2824:is an open subset of 2819: 2799: 2751: 2727: 2707: 2681: 2661: 2641: 2599: 2570: 2531: 2506: 2486: 2436: 2416: 2396: 2373: 2346: 2311: 2266: 2225: 2196: 2167: 2135: 2108: 2056: 2007: 1975: 1943: 1894: 1859: 1833: 1801: 1749: 1729: 1709: 1689: 1666: 1649:topological embedding 1642: 1607: 1588:is equipped with the 1583: 1563: 1529: 1509: 1471: 1439: 1404: 1384: 1364: 1318: 1286: 1248: 1216: 1172: 1148: 1120: 1088: 1068: 1026: 997: 967: 944: 921: 901: 856: 802: 766: 714: 685: 657: 599: 579: 547: 524: 490: 451: 406: 370: 347: 327: 304: 282: 250: 226: 208:to an open subset of 199: 179: 155: 124: 97: 77: 6329:Invariance of domain 6281:Euler characteristic 6255:Bundle (mathematics) 5859:is an injective map. 5815: 5785: 5765: 5732: 5688: 5644: 5585: 5565: 5545: 5512: 5492: 5456:Local diffeomorphism 5450:Invariance of domain 5366: 5346: 5319: 5295: 5274:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5256: 5232: 5219:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5201: 5177: 5164:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5146: 5122: 5109:{\displaystyle f(X)} 5091: 5067: 5032: 5007: 4968: 4939: 4928:{\displaystyle f(X)} 4910: 4869: 4837: 4833:for example). A map 4787: 4744: 4708: 4667: 4647: 4632:{\displaystyle f(X)} 4614: 4573: 4553: 4512: 4492: 4460: 4449:{\displaystyle f(X)} 4431: 4396: 4345: 4291: 4255: 4235: 4215: 4183: 4157: 4131: 4127:has two elements if 4086: 4052: 4032: 4012: 3988: 3983:equivalence relation 3928: 3905: 3881: 3849: 3833:'s domain. Because 3817: 3786: 3761: 3711: 3682: 3655: 3613: 3567: 3540: 3512: 3492: 3463: 3437: 3414: 3387: 3367: 3343: 3293: 3273: 3240: 3217: 3197: 3177: 3145: 3125: 3101: 3073: 3049: 3006: 2952: 2916: 2887: 2857: 2828: 2808: 2767: 2740: 2716: 2690: 2670: 2650: 2608: 2579: 2575:is non-zero for all 2543: 2518: 2495: 2461: 2425: 2405: 2385: 2362: 2320: 2316:from an open subset 2279: 2234: 2205: 2194:{\displaystyle f(U)} 2176: 2144: 2124: 2120:from an open subset 2076: 2070:Invariance of domain 2065:Invariance of domain 2016: 1984: 1952: 1903: 1868: 1842: 1810: 1764: 1738: 1718: 1698: 1675: 1655: 1619: 1596: 1572: 1546: 1518: 1480: 1448: 1416: 1393: 1373: 1327: 1295: 1257: 1225: 1193: 1177:is a covering map. 1161: 1137: 1097: 1077: 1045: 1024:{\displaystyle n=-1} 1006: 980: 976:(that is, only when 953: 933: 926:times (that is, has 910: 865: 819: 775: 740: 712:{\displaystyle f(U)} 694: 674: 611: 588: 577:{\displaystyle f(U)} 559: 536: 507: 467: 415: 383: 356: 336: 313: 293: 259: 239: 212: 188: 168: 162:locally homeomorphic 144: 140:A topological space 110: 86: 54: 34:, more specifically 18:Locally homeomorphic 6339:Tychonoff's theorem 6334:PoincarĂ© conjecture 6088:General (point-set) 5975:(Second ed.). 5869:minimums/maximums). 4153:and one element if 3383:then this open set 2072:guarantees that if 995:{\displaystyle n=1} 668:subspace topologies 501:local homeomorphism 40:local homeomorphism 6324:De Rham cohomology 6245:Polyhedral complex 6235:Simplicial complex 6018:Dover Publications 5981:Prentice Hall, Inc 5938:Topologie GĂ©nĂ©rale 5849: 5801: 5771: 5751: 5718: 5674: 5617: 5571: 5551: 5531: 5498: 5372: 5352: 5331:{\displaystyle Y;} 5328: 5301: 5271: 5238: 5216: 5183: 5161: 5128: 5106: 5073: 5050: 5019:{\displaystyle X.} 5016: 4986: 4951:{\displaystyle Y.} 4948: 4925: 4896: 4855: 4823: 4773: 4726: 4694: 4653: 4629: 4600: 4559: 4539: 4498: 4478: 4446: 4414: 4351: 4331: 4277: 4241: 4221: 4201: 4169: 4143: 4117: 4072: 4038: 4018: 3994: 3971: 3911: 3887: 3867: 3823: 3799: 3772: 3747: 3693: 3668: 3641: 3599: 3553: 3518: 3498: 3478: 3449: 3433:In particular, if 3426:{\displaystyle X.} 3423: 3393: 3373: 3349: 3325: 3279: 3259: 3229:{\displaystyle X.} 3226: 3203: 3183: 3163: 3131: 3107: 3079: 3055: 3024: 2980: 2938: 2902: 2873: 2843: 2814: 2794: 2746: 2722: 2702: 2676: 2656: 2636: 2594: 2565: 2526: 2501: 2481: 2431: 2411: 2391: 2368: 2341: 2306: 2261: 2220: 2191: 2162: 2130: 2103: 2051: 2002: 1970: 1938: 1889: 1854: 1828: 1796: 1744: 1724: 1704: 1687:{\displaystyle X.} 1684: 1661: 1637: 1602: 1578: 1558: 1524: 1504: 1466: 1434: 1399: 1379: 1359: 1313: 1281: 1243: 1211: 1167: 1143: 1115: 1083: 1063: 1021: 992: 965:{\displaystyle n,} 962: 939: 916: 896: 851: 797: 761: 709: 680: 652: 594: 574: 542: 519: 497:topological spaces 485: 446: 401: 368:{\displaystyle Y,} 365: 342: 325:{\displaystyle Y,} 322: 299: 277: 245: 224:{\displaystyle Y.} 221: 194: 184:if every point of 174: 150: 122:{\displaystyle Y.} 119: 92: 72: 48:topological spaces 6439: 6438: 6228:fundamental group 6027:978-0-486-43479-7 5990:978-0-13-181629-9 5969:Munkres, James R. 5952:978-3-540-64241-1 5927:Bourbaki, Nicolas 5891:Munkres, James R. 5774:{\displaystyle U} 5574:{\displaystyle X} 5554:{\displaystyle U} 5501:{\displaystyle f} 5375:{\displaystyle Y} 5355:{\displaystyle Y} 5304:{\displaystyle Y} 5241:{\displaystyle X} 5186:{\displaystyle X} 5131:{\displaystyle X} 5085:locally connected 5076:{\displaystyle X} 4998:discrete subspace 4656:{\displaystyle Y} 4641:subspace topology 4562:{\displaystyle f} 4501:{\displaystyle Y} 4379:locally injective 4244:{\displaystyle Y} 4231:is Hausdorff and 4224:{\displaystyle X} 4041:{\displaystyle X} 4021:{\displaystyle 0} 3914:{\displaystyle X} 3890:{\displaystyle Y} 3826:{\displaystyle f} 3521:{\displaystyle f} 3501:{\displaystyle f} 3403:is necessarily a 3396:{\displaystyle O} 3376:{\displaystyle X} 3361:discrete subspace 3352:{\displaystyle f} 3282:{\displaystyle X} 3206:{\displaystyle Y} 3186:{\displaystyle f} 3134:{\displaystyle X} 3119:discrete subspace 3110:{\displaystyle f} 3082:{\displaystyle Y} 3058:{\displaystyle X} 2817:{\displaystyle U} 2749:{\displaystyle n} 2725:{\displaystyle 0} 2679:{\displaystyle 0} 2659:{\displaystyle 0} 2504:{\displaystyle U} 2434:{\displaystyle N} 2414:{\displaystyle f} 2394:{\displaystyle N} 2371:{\displaystyle U} 2133:{\displaystyle U} 1747:{\displaystyle X} 1727:{\displaystyle X} 1707:{\displaystyle U} 1664:{\displaystyle U} 1605:{\displaystyle X} 1590:subspace topology 1581:{\displaystyle U} 1527:{\displaystyle f} 1402:{\displaystyle X} 1382:{\displaystyle U} 1170:{\displaystyle p} 1146:{\displaystyle Y} 1086:{\displaystyle Y} 942:{\displaystyle n} 919:{\displaystyle n} 683:{\displaystyle U} 597:{\displaystyle Y} 545:{\displaystyle U} 531:open neighborhood 459:Formal definition 345:{\displaystyle X} 302:{\displaystyle X} 248:{\displaystyle n} 197:{\displaystyle X} 177:{\displaystyle Y} 153:{\displaystyle X} 102:is said to be an 95:{\displaystyle X} 16:(Redirected from 6474: 6462:General topology 6429: 6428: 6402: 6401: 6392: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6360: 6359: 6154: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6009:General Topology 6002: 5964: 5913: 5912: 5897:(2nd ed.). 5887: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5486: 5471: 5398:, we obtain the 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4757: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4309: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4101: 4100: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3813:dense subset of 3808: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3580: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3043:second-countable 3034:is a continuous 3033: 3031: 3030: 3025: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2736:" (intuitively, 2731: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2555: 2554: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2451:complex analysis 2441:is injective). 2440: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1776: 1760:The restriction 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1131:Hausdorff spaces 1124: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1001: 999: 998: 993: 971: 969: 968: 963: 948: 946: 945: 940: 925: 923: 922: 917: 905: 903: 902: 897: 892: 891: 860: 858: 857: 852: 850: 849: 837: 836: 806: 804: 803: 798: 796: 795: 770: 768: 767: 762: 760: 759: 747: 718: 716: 715: 710: 689: 687: 686: 681: 661: 659: 658: 653: 630: 629: 624: 623: 603: 601: 600: 595: 583: 581: 580: 575: 551: 549: 548: 543: 528: 526: 525: 520: 494: 492: 491: 486: 455: 453: 452: 447: 442: 441: 436: 427: 426: 410: 408: 407: 402: 397: 396: 391: 374: 372: 371: 366: 351: 349: 348: 343: 331: 329: 328: 323: 308: 306: 305: 300: 286: 284: 283: 278: 273: 272: 267: 254: 252: 251: 246: 230: 228: 227: 222: 203: 201: 200: 195: 183: 181: 180: 175: 159: 157: 156: 151: 128: 126: 125: 120: 101: 99: 98: 93: 81: 79: 78: 73: 21: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6366: 6348: 6344:Urysohn's lemma 6305: 6269: 6155: 6146: 6118:low-dimensional 6076: 6071: 6028: 5991: 5953: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5844: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5796: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5469: 5428: 5412:Ă©tale morphisms 5392: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252:if and only if 5250:first-countable 5233: 5230: 5229: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197:if and only if 5195:locally compact 5178: 5175: 5174: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142:if and only if 5123: 5120: 5119: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087:if and only if 5068: 5065: 5064: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643:inherited from 4615: 4612: 4611: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4367: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4323: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4067: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4013: 4010: 4009: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3960: 3950: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3899:Hausdorff space 3882: 3879: 3878: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3635: 3631: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2974: 2970: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2732:is a point of " 2717: 2714: 2713: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2630: 2626: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2476: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2453:that a complex 2449:It is shown in 2426: 2423: 2422: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2013: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389:open subset of 1374: 1371: 1370: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155:locally compact 1138: 1135: 1134: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040:universal cover 1007: 1004: 1003: 981: 978: 977: 954: 951: 950: 934: 931: 930: 911: 908: 907: 887: 883: 866: 863: 862: 845: 841: 832: 828: 820: 817: 816: 788: 784: 776: 773: 772: 755: 751: 743: 741: 738: 737: 725: 695: 692: 691: 675: 672: 671: 625: 619: 618: 617: 612: 609: 608: 589: 586: 585: 560: 557: 556: 537: 534: 533: 508: 505: 504: 503:if every point 468: 465: 464: 461: 437: 432: 431: 422: 418: 416: 413: 412: 392: 387: 386: 384: 381: 380: 357: 354: 353: 337: 334: 333: 314: 311: 310: 294: 291: 290: 268: 263: 262: 260: 257: 256: 240: 237: 236: 231:For example, a 213: 210: 209: 189: 186: 185: 169: 166: 165: 145: 142: 141: 111: 108: 107: 87: 84: 83: 55: 52: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6480: 6470: 6469: 6467:Homeomorphisms 6464: 6459: 6454: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6396: 6386: 6376: 6364: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Winding number 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6223:homotopy group 6215: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6026: 6003: 5989: 5965: 5951: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5770: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5633: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5570: 5550: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5497: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5432:Diffeomorphism 5427: 5424: 5406:, we have the 5391: 5388: 5371: 5351: 5327: 5324: 5300: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5237: 5227: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5182: 5172: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5127: 5117: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5072: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5015: 5012: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4947: 4944: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4739: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4652: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4558: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4497: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4366: 4363: 4350: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4240: 4220: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4037: 4017: 4006:disjoint union 3993: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3923:quotient space 3910: 3886: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3822: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3771: 3767: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3692: 3688: 3665: 3661: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3550: 3546: 3517: 3497: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3422: 3419: 3407: 3392: 3372: 3348: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3278: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3225: 3222: 3202: 3182: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3130: 3106: 3078: 3054: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2840: 2835: 2813: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2745: 2721: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2675: 2655: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2524: 2500: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2430: 2410: 2390: 2367: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2217: 2212: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2129: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1806:of a function 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1756: 1743: 1723: 1714:being open in 1703: 1683: 1680: 1660: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1601: 1577: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1538:Inclusion maps 1523: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1398: 1378: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1166: 1142: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1082: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 991: 988: 985: 961: 958: 938: 928:winding number 915: 895: 890: 886: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 848: 844: 840: 835: 831: 827: 824: 794: 791: 787: 783: 780: 758: 754: 750: 746: 724: 721: 708: 705: 702: 699: 679: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 628: 622: 616: 593: 573: 570: 567: 564: 541: 518: 515: 512: 502: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 460: 457: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 421: 400: 395: 390: 364: 361: 341: 321: 318: 298: 276: 271: 266: 244: 220: 217: 193: 173: 149: 118: 115: 91: 71: 68: 65: 62: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6479: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6301:Orientability 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137:Set-theoretic 6135: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Combinatorial 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014:Mineola, N.Y. 6011: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5910: 5908:0-13-181629-2 5904: 5900: 5899:Prentice Hall 5896: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5865: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5818: 5793: 5768: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5691: 5658: 5650: 5647: 5637: 5630: 5629:injective map 5614: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5588: 5568: 5548: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5495: 5485: 5481: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438:Homeomorphism 5436: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5418:, we get the 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5369: 5349: 5341: 5325: 5322: 5314: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5265: 5259: 5251: 5235: 5228: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5180: 5173: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5125: 5118: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5070: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5026: 5013: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4945: 4942: 4919: 4913: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4768: 4750: 4747: 4737: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4650: 4642: 4623: 4617: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4556: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4348: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4269: 4261: 4258: 4238: 4218: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4108: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4035: 4015: 4007: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3924: 3908: 3900: 3884: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3820: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3769: 3744: 3738: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3690: 3663: 3659: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3590: 3587: 3573: 3570: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3515: 3495: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3443: 3440: 3420: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3390: 3370: 3362: 3346: 3338: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3296: 3276: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3223: 3220: 3200: 3180: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3128: 3120: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3076: 3068: 3052: 3045:spaces where 3044: 3041: 3037: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2922: 2919: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2838: 2811: 2789: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2743: 2735: 2719: 2712:In that case 2699: 2696: 2693: 2673: 2653: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2604:The function 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2559: 2547: 2539: 2514: 2513:complex plane 2498: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2428: 2408: 2388: 2381: 2365: 2357: 2356:injective map 2355: 2336: 2326: 2323: 2301: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2274: 2273:homeomorphism 2255: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2215: 2185: 2179: 2159: 2154: 2127: 2119: 2118:injective map 2116: 2098: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2019: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1906: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1767: 1758: 1754: 1741: 1721: 1701: 1681: 1678: 1658: 1650: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1615: 1614:inclusion map 1599: 1591: 1575: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1521: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1410: 1396: 1376: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1330: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1164: 1156: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1080: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 989: 986: 983: 975: 959: 956: 936: 929: 913: 893: 888: 884: 880: 874: 868: 846: 842: 833: 829: 825: 822: 814: 810: 792: 789: 785: 778: 756: 752: 735: 730: 729: 720: 703: 697: 677: 669: 665: 664:homeomorphism 646: 640: 634: 631: 626: 614: 607: 591: 568: 562: 555: 539: 532: 516: 513: 510: 500: 498: 482: 476: 473: 470: 456: 443: 438: 423: 419: 398: 393: 378: 362: 359: 339: 319: 316: 296: 287: 274: 269: 242: 235:of dimension 234: 218: 215: 207: 191: 171: 163: 147: 138: 136: 135:covering maps 132: 116: 113: 105: 89: 69: 63: 60: 57: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6431:Publications 6296:Chern number 6286:Betti number 6169: / 6160:Key concepts 6108:Differential 6008: 5972: 5936: 5931: 5894: 5885: 5864: 5636: 5484: 5393: 5287: 5284: 5027: 4959: 4391: 4368: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3678:is dense in 3091:normal space 3001: 2997: 2996: 2758: 2734:ramification 2448: 2444: 2443: 2380:neighborhood 2353: 2068: 2064: 2063: 1899:explicitly, 1838:to a subset 1759: 1647:is always a 1541: 1537: 1536: 1411: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1036:covering map 1033: 731: 727: 726: 670:are used on 499:is called a 495:between two 462: 288: 206:homeomorphic 161: 139: 103: 39: 29: 6394:Wikiversity 6311:Key results 5684:defined by 5444:Isomorphism 5315:of sets on 4783:defined by 3093:. If every 3067:Baire space 2201:is open in 1694:The subset 1671:is open in 1612:) then the 1592:induced by 1187:composition 1073:of a space 861:defined by 811:around the 771:defined by 606:restriction 584:is open in 463:A function 104:Ă©tale space 32:mathematics 6446:Categories 6240:CW complex 6181:Continuity 6171:Closed set 6130:cohomology 5920:References 5414:; and for 4371:continuous 4365:Properties 4361:as above. 3981:where the 3289:such that 2759:Using the 2538:derivative 2115:continuous 6419:geometric 6414:algebraic 6265:Cobordism 6201:Hausdorff 6196:connected 6113:Geometric 6103:Continuum 6093:Algebraic 5929:(1989) . 5877:Citations 5842:→ 5794:× 5667:→ 5659:× 5612:→ 5045:→ 4981:→ 4882:→ 4850:→ 4759:→ 4721:→ 4680:→ 4586:→ 4525:→ 4473:→ 4409:→ 4387:bijective 4349:∼ 4329:∼ 4311:⊔ 4270:⊔ 4196:→ 4138:≥ 4095:− 4065:→ 3992:∼ 3966:∼ 3948:⊔ 3862:→ 3733:∖ 3594:∞ 3582:→ 3473:∅ 3470:≠ 3447:∅ 3444:≠ 3320:→ 3158:→ 3040:Hausdorff 3019:→ 2931:→ 2894:∈ 2780:→ 2697:≥ 2586:∈ 2552:′ 2474:→ 2457:function 2327:⊆ 2292:→ 2247:→ 2089:→ 2043:∘ 1997:→ 1965:→ 1930:∘ 1881:→ 1849:⊆ 1823:→ 1791:→ 1632:→ 1553:⊆ 1499:→ 1487:∘ 1461:→ 1429:→ 1354:→ 1308:→ 1276:→ 1264:∘ 1238:→ 1206:→ 1110:→ 1058:→ 1016:− 974:bijective 839:→ 809:real line 782:↦ 749:→ 734:bijective 638:→ 514:∈ 480:→ 429:→ 67:→ 6384:Wikibook 6362:Category 6250:Manifold 6218:Homotopy 6176:Interior 6167:Open set 6125:Homology 6074:Topology 5999:42683260 5973:Topology 5971:(2000). 5961:18588129 5895:Topology 5893:(2000). 5728:The set 5426:See also 5410:and the 5290:codomain 4639:has the 4383:open map 3809:to be a 3534:discrete 3528:between 3002:Suppose 2455:analytic 1153:is also 604:and the 233:manifold 46:between 44:function 36:topology 6409:general 6211:uniform 6191:compact 6142:Digital 5941:]. 5416:toposes 5404:schemes 5384:sheaves 5313:sheaves 5000:of its 4004:on the 2804:(where 2491:(where 2354:locally 1369:to any 1157:, then 1133:and if 690:and on 529:has an 131:sheaves 6404:Topics 6206:metric 6081:Fields 6036:115240 6034:  6024:  5997:  5987:  5959:  5949:  5905:  5627:is an 5402:; for 5002:domain 4960:Every 4377:, and 4211:where 3877:where 3811:proper 3408:subset 2378:has a 1127:proper 813:circle 552:whose 377:sphere 6186:Space 5935:[ 5476:Notes 4996:is a 4962:fiber 4426:image 3897:is a 3459:then 3406:dense 3359:is a 3337:fiber 3193:is a 3117:is a 3095:fiber 3089:is a 3065:is a 2948:with 2686:when 2271:is a 2172:then 2113:is a 1755:never 1125:is a 662:is a 554:image 332:then 106:over 42:is a 6032:OCLC 6022:ISBN 5995:OCLC 5985:ISBN 5957:OCLC 5947:ISBN 5903:ISBN 4508:and 4385:. A 4375:open 4164:< 3901:but 3069:and 3036:open 2230:and 1980:and 1476:and 1221:and 1185:The 1031:). 38:, a 5781:of 5561:of 5281:is. 5248:is 5226:is; 5193:is 5171:is; 5138:is 5116:is; 5083:is 4738:not 4736:to 4287:to 3410:of 3363:of 3339:of 3121:of 3097:of 2994:. 2421:to 2140:of 1542:If 1412:If 1002:or 719:). 309:to 164:to 160:is 30:In 6448:: 6030:. 6020:. 6016:: 6012:. 5993:. 5983:. 5979:: 5955:. 5901:. 5422:. 5386:. 4373:, 4167:0. 2700:2. 137:. 6066:e 6059:t 6052:v 6038:. 6001:. 5963:. 5911:. 5846:R 5839:U 5836:: 5831:U 5825:| 5819:f 5798:R 5790:R 5769:U 5747:f 5743:O 5739:= 5736:O 5716:. 5713:x 5710:= 5707:) 5704:y 5701:, 5698:x 5695:( 5692:f 5671:R 5663:R 5655:R 5651:: 5648:f 5631:. 5615:Y 5609:U 5606:: 5601:U 5595:| 5589:f 5569:X 5549:U 5527:f 5523:O 5519:= 5516:O 5496:f 5370:Y 5350:Y 5326:; 5323:Y 5299:Y 5269:) 5266:X 5263:( 5260:f 5236:X 5214:) 5211:X 5208:( 5205:f 5181:X 5159:) 5156:X 5153:( 5150:f 5126:X 5104:) 5101:X 5098:( 5095:f 5071:X 5048:Y 5042:X 5039:: 5036:f 5014:. 5011:X 4984:Y 4978:X 4975:: 4972:f 4946:. 4943:Y 4923:) 4920:X 4917:( 4914:f 4894:) 4891:X 4888:( 4885:f 4879:X 4876:: 4873:f 4853:Y 4847:X 4844:: 4841:f 4821:, 4818:) 4815:0 4812:, 4809:x 4806:( 4803:= 4800:) 4797:x 4794:( 4791:f 4769:2 4764:R 4755:R 4751:: 4748:f 4724:Y 4718:X 4715:: 4712:f 4692:) 4689:X 4686:( 4683:f 4677:X 4674:: 4671:f 4651:Y 4627:) 4624:X 4621:( 4618:f 4598:) 4595:X 4592:( 4589:f 4583:X 4580:: 4577:f 4557:f 4537:) 4534:X 4531:( 4528:f 4522:X 4519:: 4516:f 4496:Y 4476:Y 4470:X 4467:: 4464:f 4444:) 4441:X 4438:( 4435:f 4412:Y 4406:X 4403:: 4400:f 4325:/ 4320:) 4315:R 4307:R 4302:( 4298:= 4295:Y 4274:R 4266:R 4262:= 4259:X 4239:Y 4219:X 4199:Y 4193:X 4190:: 4187:f 4161:y 4141:0 4135:y 4115:) 4112:} 4109:y 4106:{ 4103:( 4098:1 4091:f 4069:R 4062:X 4059:: 4056:f 4036:X 4016:0 3969:, 3962:/ 3957:) 3952:R 3944:R 3939:( 3935:= 3932:X 3909:X 3885:Y 3865:Y 3859:X 3856:: 3853:f 3821:f 3795:f 3791:O 3770:. 3766:R 3745:, 3742:} 3739:0 3736:{ 3729:R 3725:= 3720:f 3716:O 3691:; 3687:R 3664:f 3660:O 3637:2 3633:x 3629:= 3626:) 3623:x 3620:( 3617:f 3597:) 3591:, 3588:0 3585:[ 3578:R 3574:: 3571:f 3549:f 3545:O 3516:f 3496:f 3476:; 3467:O 3441:X 3421:. 3418:X 3391:O 3371:X 3347:f 3323:Y 3317:O 3314:: 3309:O 3303:| 3297:f 3277:X 3255:f 3251:O 3247:= 3244:O 3224:. 3221:X 3201:Y 3181:f 3161:Y 3155:X 3152:: 3149:f 3129:X 3105:f 3077:Y 3053:X 3022:Y 3016:X 3013:: 3010:f 2976:3 2972:x 2968:= 2965:) 2962:x 2959:( 2956:f 2935:R 2927:R 2923:: 2920:f 2900:. 2897:U 2891:x 2871:f 2866:x 2862:D 2839:n 2834:R 2812:U 2790:n 2785:R 2777:U 2774:: 2771:f 2744:n 2720:0 2694:n 2674:0 2654:0 2632:n 2628:z 2624:= 2621:) 2618:x 2615:( 2612:f 2592:. 2589:U 2583:z 2563:) 2560:z 2557:( 2548:f 2523:C 2499:U 2478:C 2471:U 2468:: 2465:f 2429:N 2409:f 2389:N 2366:U 2337:n 2332:R 2324:U 2302:n 2297:R 2289:U 2286:: 2283:f 2259:) 2256:U 2253:( 2250:f 2244:U 2241:: 2238:f 2216:n 2211:R 2189:) 2186:U 2183:( 2180:f 2160:, 2155:n 2150:R 2128:U 2099:n 2094:R 2086:U 2083:: 2080:f 2049:. 2046:i 2040:f 2037:= 2032:U 2026:| 2020:f 2000:X 1994:U 1991:: 1988:i 1968:Y 1962:X 1959:: 1956:f 1936:. 1933:i 1927:f 1924:= 1919:U 1913:| 1907:f 1887:; 1884:X 1878:U 1875:: 1872:i 1852:X 1846:U 1826:Y 1820:X 1817:: 1814:f 1794:Y 1788:U 1785:: 1780:U 1774:| 1768:f 1742:X 1722:X 1702:U 1682:. 1679:X 1659:U 1635:X 1629:U 1626:: 1623:i 1600:X 1576:U 1556:X 1550:U 1522:f 1502:Z 1496:X 1493:: 1490:f 1484:g 1464:Z 1458:Y 1455:: 1452:g 1432:Y 1426:X 1423:: 1420:f 1397:X 1377:U 1357:Y 1351:U 1348:: 1343:U 1337:| 1331:f 1311:Y 1305:X 1302:: 1299:f 1279:Z 1273:X 1270:: 1267:f 1261:g 1241:Z 1235:Y 1232:: 1229:g 1209:Y 1203:X 1200:: 1197:f 1165:p 1141:Y 1113:Y 1107:X 1104:: 1101:p 1081:Y 1061:Y 1055:C 1052:: 1049:p 1019:1 1013:= 1010:n 990:1 987:= 984:n 960:, 957:n 937:n 914:n 894:, 889:n 885:z 881:= 878:) 875:z 872:( 869:f 847:1 843:S 834:1 830:S 826:: 823:f 793:t 790:i 786:e 779:t 757:1 753:S 745:R 707:) 704:U 701:( 698:f 678:U 650:) 647:U 644:( 641:f 635:U 632:: 627:U 621:| 615:f 592:Y 572:) 569:U 566:( 563:f 540:U 517:X 511:x 483:Y 477:X 474:: 471:f 444:. 439:2 434:R 424:2 420:S 399:, 394:2 389:R 363:, 360:Y 340:X 320:, 317:Y 297:X 275:. 270:n 265:R 243:n 219:. 216:Y 192:X 172:Y 148:X 117:. 114:Y 90:X 70:Y 64:X 61:: 58:f 20:)

Index

Locally homeomorphic
mathematics
topology
function
topological spaces
sheaves
covering maps
homeomorphic
manifold
sphere
topological spaces
open neighborhood
image
restriction
homeomorphism
subspace topologies
bijective
real line
circle
winding number
bijective
covering map
universal cover
proper
Hausdorff spaces
locally compact
composition
subspace topology
inclusion map
topological embedding

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