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1217:'s 1981 guidelines. In 1994, Chicago pop culture made local food a trend in the Midwest. These largely unsuccessful resolutions encouraged increased local production to slow farmland loss. The program described "sustainable diets" - a term then new to the American public. At the time, the resolutions were met with strong criticism from pro-business institutions, but have had a strong resurgence of backing since 2000.
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1468:: "As a concept, food miles has gained some traction with the popular press and certain groups overseas. However, this debate which only includes the distance food travels is spurious as it does not consider total energy use especially in the production of the product." The locavore movement has been criticized by Vasile Stănescu, the co-senior editor of the
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required for food to get from farm to table. Reducing the travel time makes it possible to transport the crops while they are still fresh, without using chemical preservatives. The combination of local farming techniques and short travel distances makes the food consumed more likely to be fresh, an added benefit.
1515:, with transport accounting for about 19% of total food-system emissions, though shifting towards plant-based diets would still remain substantially more important. The study concludes that "a shift towards plant-based foods must be coupled with more locally produced items, mainly in affluent countries".
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Since local foods travel a shorter distance and are often sold directly from producer to consumer, they may not require as much processing or packaging as other foods that need to be transported over long distances. If they are not processed, they may contain fewer added sugars or preservatives. The
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State definitions of "local" can be included in laws, statutes, regulations, or program materials, however few state laws explicitly define "local" food. Most states use "local" (or similar words like "native") in food procurement and marketing policies to mean that the food was produced within that
1330:
In
America, local food sales were worth $ 1.2 billion in 2007, more than doubled from $ 551 million in 1997. There were 5,274 farmers' markets in 2009, compared to 2,756 in 1998. In 2005, there were 1,144 community-supported agriculture organizations (CSAs). There were 2,095 farm to school programs
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Local eating can support public objectives. It can promote community interaction by fostering relationships between farmers and consumers. Farmers' markets can inspire more sociable behavior, encouraging shoppers to visit in groups. 75% of shoppers at farmers' markets arrived in groups compared to
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While locavorism has been promoted as a feasible alternative to modern food production, some believe it might negatively affect the efficiency of production. As technological advances have influenced the amount of output of farms, the productivity of farmers has skyrocketed in the last 70 years.
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production had a 14% higher impact on the climate than factory farm egg production. Studies such as
Christopher Weber's report on food miles have shown that the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions in production far outweighs those in transportation, which implies that locally grown food is
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book series, as being idealistic and for not actually achieving the environmental benefits of the claim that the reduced food miles decrease the number of gasses emitted. Studies have shown that the amount of gasses saved by local transportation while existing, does not have a significant enough
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method when producing their organic crops. This method not only aids in reducing the use of pesticides and pollutants, but also keeps the soil in good condition rather than depleting it. Locavores seek out farmers close to where they live, and this significantly reduces the amount of travel time
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Farmers' markets create local jobs. In a study in Iowa (Hood 2010), the introduction of 152 farmers' markets created 576 jobs, a $ 59.4 million increase in output, and a $ 17.8 million increase in income. Promoting local food can support local food actors in the food supply chain and create job
1369:
Launched in 2009, North
Carolina's 10% local food campaign is aimed at stimulating economic development, creating jobs and promoting the state's agricultural offerings. The campaign is a partnership between The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS), with support from N.C. Cooperative
1357:(a 71-store chain across the northeast), have long cooperated with the local food movement. A recent study led by economist Miguel Gomez found that the supermarket supply chain often did much better in terms of food miles and fuel consumption for each pound compared to farmers markets.
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No single definition of local food systems exists. The geographic distances between production and consumption varies within the movement. However, the general public recognizes that "local" describes the marketing arrangement (e.g. farmers selling directly to consumers at regional
1459:
Critics of the local foods movement question the fundamental principles behind the push to eat locally. For example, the concept that fewer "food miles" translates to a more sustainable meal has not been supported by major scientific studies. According to a study conducted at
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was revised to emphasise nutrition: "it provides low-income seniors with vouchers for use at local produce markets, and it added more than $ 1 billion to the fresh fruit and vegetable program, which serves healthy snacks to 3 million low-income children in schools".
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Local food campaigns have been successful in supporting small local farmers. After declining for more than a century, the number of small farms increased 20% in the six years to 2008, to 1.2 million, according to the
Agriculture Department (USDA).
1867:
Dunne, Jonnie B.; Chambers, Kimberlee J.; Giombolini, Katlyn J.; Schlegel, Sheridan A. (March 2011). "What does 'local' mean in the grocery store? Multiplicity in food retailers' perspectives on sourcing and marketing local foods".
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impact to consider it a benefit. Food miles concept does not consider agriculture, which is having contributed the highest when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions. Plus, season and transportation medium also makes a difference.
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16% of shoppers at supermarkets. At farmers' markets, 63% had an interaction with a fellow shopper, and 42% had an interaction with an employee or farmer. More affluent areas tend to have at least some access to local,
1408:, whereas low-income communities, which in America often have African American and Hispanic populations, may have little or none, and "are often replete with calorie-dense, low-quality food options", adding to the
1174:, environment, community, or society of a particular place. The term has also been extended to include not only the geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be "defined in terms of social and
1424:. In local or regional food systems it can be easier to trace resource flows and recycle nutrients in that specific region. It can also be a way to preserve open landscapes and support biodiversity locally.
2178:. Amy Francis. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from "The Rise of the 'Locavore': How the Strengthening Local Food Movement in Towns Across the U.S. Is Reshaping Farms and Food Retailing."
453:
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Motivations for eating local food include healthier food, environmental benefits, and economic or community benefits. Many local farmers, whom locavores turn to for their source of food, use the
2748:
Li, Mengyu; Jia, Nanfei; Lenzen, Manfred; Malik, Arunima; Wei, Liyuan; Jin, Yutong; Raubenheimer, David (June 2022). "Global food-miles account for nearly 20% of total food-systems emissions".
2832:
Raloff, Janet. "AAAS: Climate-friendly Dining ... Meats | Environment | Science News."AAAS: Climate-friendly Dining ... Meats | Environment | Science News. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 February 2013.
1838:
Martinez, Steve; Hand, Michael; Da Pra, Michelle; Pollack, Susan; Ralston, Katherine; Smith, Travis; Vogel, Stephen; Clark, Shellye; Lohr, Luanne; Low, Sarah; Newman, Constance (May 2010).
1346:
Websites now exist that aim to connect people to local food growers. They often include a map where fruit and vegetable growers can pinpoint their location and advertise their produce.
2594:, and Greg Taylor, "Food Miles – Comparative Energy/Emissions Performance of New Zealand's Agriculture Industry" Research Report No. 285 Lincoln University, New Zealand, July 2007. 93.
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The only study to date that directly focuses on whether or not a local diet is more helpful in reducing greenhouse gases was conducted by
Christopher L. Weber and H. Scott Matthews at
1907:
1273:(I) the locality or region in which the final product is marketed, so that the total distance that the product is transported is less than 400 miles from the origin of the product; or
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is food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed, often accompanied by a social structure and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket
2719:
2604:
1584:
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Numerous studies have shown that locally and sustainably grown foods release more greenhouse gases than food made in factory farms. The "Land
Degradation" section of the
1575:
2823:"Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options." Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. United Nations, n.d. Web. 11 February 2013.
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2000:
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emphasising the relative importance of food choice over emissions from transport for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Transport related emissions are in red.
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These latter criticisms combine with deeper concerns of food safety, cited on the lines of the historical pattern of economic or food safety inefficiencies of
1499:. They concluded that "dietary shift can be a more effective means of lowering an average household's food-related climate footprint than 'buying local'". An
1343:. In the 2016 Index, the three top-ranking states were Vermont, Maine and Oregon, while the three lowest-ranking states were Nevada, Texas and Florida.
1131:
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post makes the same point, that food choice is overwhelmingly more important than emissions from transport. However, a 2022 study suggests global
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55:
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found that cattle raised on open pastures release 50% more greenhouse gas emissions than cattle raised in factory farms. Adrian
Williams of
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1305:
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1535:- in terms of increased productivity both in livestock production and in feed crop agriculture - can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
1377:
In 2017, a campaign was started in
Virginia by the Common Grains Alliance mirroring many of the efforts of the North Carolina campaign.
2243:"North Carolina campaign promoting locally grown food." Southeast Farm Press 22 November 2011. General OneFile. Web. 11 December 2011.
1266:
118:
A map of wheat production (average percentage of land used for its production times average yield in each grid cell) across the world
1512:
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and organic raised chickens have a 20% greater impact on global warming than chickens raised in factory farm conditions, and
523:
2355:
Understanding
Childhood Obesity in America: Linkages between Household Income, Community Resources, and Children's Behaviors
2906:
446:
17:
2393:
Blay-Palmer, Alison; Santini, Guido; Dubbeling, Marielle; Renting, Henk; Taguchi, Makiko; Giordano, Thierry (May 2018).
2328:
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1296:, where food production is considered from the perspective of a basic ecological unit defined by its climate, soil,
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2395:"Validating the City Region Food System Approach: Enacting Inclusive, Transformational City Region Food Systems"
389:
2025:
2695:"You want to reduce the carbon footprint of your food? Focus on what you eat, not whether your food is local"
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2901:
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practices, although these are not explicitly related to the geographic proximity of producer and consumer.
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623:
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and price supports. The contemporary
American movement can be traced back to proposed resolutions to the
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Strolling of the Heifers 2016 Locavore Index: Which states are most committed to locally-sourced food?
2621:
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1721:
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1316:. Similar to watersheds, foodsheds follow the process of where food comes from and where it ends up.
907:
692:
604:
199:
126:
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2327:. Union of Concerned Scientists—Citizens and Scientists for Environmental Solutions. Archived from
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635:
264:
249:
71:
1938:
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229:
31:
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1908:"Historical Reflections on the Current Local Food and Agriculture Movement | Essays in History"
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2318:"Market Forces: Creating Jobs through Public Investment in Local and Regional Food Systems"
2197:"A Community and Local Government Guide to Developing Local Food Systems in North Carolina"
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in 2009. Using metrics such as these, a Vermont-based farm and food advocacy organization,
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977:
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2720:"Climate impact of food miles three times greater than previously believed, study finds"
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2550:
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2174:
Gogoi, Pallavi. "The Local Food Movement Benefits Farms, Food Production, Environment."
2781:
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1974:
Making healthy places designing and building for health, well-being, and sustainability
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1954:
1840:"Economic Research Report Number 97: Local Food Systems Concepts, Impacts, and Issues"
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or to schools). Definitions can be based on political or geographic boundaries, or on
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announced plans to invest $ 400 million in locally grown produce. Other chains, like
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2026:"One Hundred Tenth Congress of the United States of America, at the Second Session"
1950:
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2641:"Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States"
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2489:
Granvik, Madeleine; Joosse, Sofie; Hunt, Alan; Hallberg, Ingela (November 2017).
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In May 2010 the USDA acknowledged this definition in an informational leaflet.
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259:
2605:'Green' Eggs and Ham? The Myth of Sustainable Meat and the Danger of the Local
2558:
2491:"Confusion and Misunderstanding—Interpretations and Definitions of Local Food"
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2874:
Just Food: Where Locavores Get It Wrong and How We Can Truly Eat Responsibly
2534:
1335:, publishes the annual Locavore Index, a ranking of the 50 U.S. states plus
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Local foods require less energy to store and transport, possibly reducing
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2846:"Book Review: The Locavore's Dilemma: In Praise of the 10,000-Mile Diet"
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2001:"Defining Local Food: An Analysis of State Approaches and Challenges"
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1349:
Supermarket chains also participate in the local food scene. In 2008
1309:
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1092:
992:
807:
571:
374:
154:
2369:"NRDC: Pollution from Giant Livestock Farms Threatens Public Health"
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actually worse for the environment than food made in factory farms.
1178:
characteristics." For example, local food initiatives often promote
2881:
Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System
2091:
Craven, Teri J.; Krejci, Caroline C.; Mittal, Anuj (January 2018).
1731:
1313:
1249:
1241:
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872:
2392:
2800:"How much do food miles matter and should you buy local produce?"
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1350:
1301:
1293:
655:
504:
937:
857:
414:
2255:"Five Lessons For Making Change From 18 Impact-Driven Farmers"
2093:"Logistics Best Practices for Regional Food Systems: A Review"
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2741:
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and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more
1017:
577:
114:
27:
Food produced within a short distance of where it is consumed
1845:. Economic Research Service. ERS (Economic Research Service)
1598:
2437:
Enthoven, Laura; Van den Broeck, Goedele (1 October 2021).
2357:(163.5 ed.). American Heart Journal. pp. 836–843.
1939:"Dietary Guidelines for Sustainability: Twelve Years Later"
2738:
1205:
In the US, the local food movement has been traced to the
2488:
2071:
1837:
1446:, which can also arguably provide added health benefits.
1442:
term "local" is sometimes synonymous with sustainable or
2439:"Local food systems: Reviewing two decades of research"
2639:
Weber, Christopher L.; Matthews, H. Scott (May 2008).
2436:
1966:
1964:
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2526:
1961:
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1275:(II) the State in which the product is produced.
30:For foods with protected geographical names, see
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2747:
2523:
2203:. Center for Environmental Farming Systems. 2013
1995:
1993:
1991:
1292:The concept of "local" is also seen in terms of
2835:
2535:"Fixing food with ideas of "local" and "place""
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2482:
2427:
1380:
1513:3.5–7.5 times higher than previously estimated
1326:Online grocer § Impact on the environment
2638:
2539:Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences
1988:
1125:
52:The examples and perspective in this article
2876:. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010.
2479:
1687:Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture
1189:Local food represents an alternative to the
1170:; improve local economies; or to affect the
2622:"Is buying local food always sustainable?"
2315:
1970:
1862:
1860:
1833:
1831:
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1267:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1132:
1118:
454:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
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2462:
2410:
2122:
2120:
2108:
1783:Local food systems: background and issues
90:Learn how and when to remove this message
2532:
2129:"Supermarket Chains Narrow Their Sights"
1482:
1232:
539:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
113:
101:
1857:
1824:
1813:Feenstra, G. (2002) Creating space for
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1518:
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14:
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2645:Environmental Science & Technology
2311:
2309:
2280:Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection.
2152:
2126:
2117:
1936:
1870:Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems
2883:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2006.
2352:
2297:Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection
2252:
524:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
2223:"10% campaign off to a strong start"
38:
2609:Journal for Critical Animal Studies
2533:Hinrichs, Clare (1 December 2016).
2306:
2042:from the original on 23 April 2022.
1248:2011. The sign declares, "Eat your
24:
2866:
2316:O'Hara, Jeffrey K. (August 2011).
1193:food model, which often sees food
25:
2933:
1573:which form the topic of the book
511:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
481:Future Primitive and Other Essays
2155:"Jim Prevor's Perishable Pundit"
2127:Burros, Marian (6 August 2008).
1639:
1625:
1611:
1597:
1415:
1197:before it reaches the consumer.
983:
982:
43:
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2289:
2284:Opposing Viewpoints in Context.
2272:
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2189:
2168:
2146:
2084:
2046:
1943:Society for Nutrition Education
1681:Community-supported agriculture
1619:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1320:Contemporary local food markets
1215:Society for Nutrition Education
420:The Theory of the Leisure Class
2301:Opposing Viewpoints in Context
2229:. January 2011. Archived from
2184:Opposing Viewpoints in Context
2153:Prevor, Jim (1 October 2010).
2018:
1930:
1900:
1807:
1781:Waltz, Christopher L. (2011).
1774:
1478:
1436:
1228:
390:Sustainable consumer behaviour
13:
1:
1955:10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70441-3
1768:
1454:
439:The Society of the Spectacle
1819:Agriculture and Human Values
1449:
1398:
1381:Motivations for eating local
624:Institute for Social Ecology
7:
2907:Rural community development
2295:"The Local Food Movement."
2278:"The Local Food Movement."
2081:," Strolling of the Heifers
1971:Dannenburg, Andrew (2011).
1785:. Nova Science Publishers.
1590:
1427:
1393:
1207:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1158:) movements aim to connect
803:Anti-globalization movement
66:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2938:
2762:10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w
2603:Stănescu, Vasile (2010). "
2464:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103226
1937:Gussow, Joan (July 1998).
1878:Cambridge University Press
1817:: lessons from the field.
1583:and public policy scholar
1323:
1200:
1053:Natural resource economics
295:Feminist political ecology
225:Compulsive buying disorder
29:
2850:The Independent Institute
2559:10.1007/s13412-015-0266-4
1886:10.1017/S1742170510000402
1722:List of food cooperatives
1671:Community-based economics
693:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
200:Collaborative consumption
110:in London, United Kingdom
2303:. Web. 12 February 2014.
2253:Debevoise, Nell Derick.
1815:sustainable food systems
1752:Sustainable distribution
1422:greenhouse gas emissions
1333:Strolling of the Heifers
1308:, a unit also called an
1195:traveling long distances
1003:Gross National Happiness
761:Related social movements
636:Rage Against the Machine
563:Organizations and groups
250:Criticism of advertising
2912:Sustainable food system
2299:. Detroit: Gale, 2010.
2227:NC Farm Bureau Magazine
2176:The Local Food Movement
1912:www.essaysinhistory.com
1747:Sustainable agriculture
1539:". Nathan Pelletier of
1529:Livestock's Long Shadow
1471:Critical Animal Studies
1222:United States farm bill
1209:of 1933, which spawned
1023:Influence of mass media
953:Consumption (sociology)
948:Consumption (economics)
798:Anti-corporate activism
395:Sustainable consumption
230:Conspicuous consumption
32:Geographical indication
2353:Eagle, Taylor (2012).
2054:"What is a food shed?"
1576:The Locavore's Dilemma
1551:in England found that
1492:
1372:Golden LEAF Foundation
1283:
1253:
1211:agricultural subsidies
600:Earth Liberation Front
544:So, What's Your Price?
519:The Cultural Creatives
119:
111:
2286:Web. 12 February 2014
2282:Detroit: Gale, 2010.
2186:. Web. 27 March 2014.
1486:
1324:Further information:
1271:
1236:
1033:Intentional community
863:Libertarian socialism
838:Fossil fuel phase-out
588:Deep Green Resistance
549:What Would Jesus Buy?
500:Escape from Affluenza
117:
105:
2443:Agricultural Systems
2180:Business Week Online
1564:Economic feasibility
1549:Cranfield University
1545:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1541:Dalhousie University
1519:Environmental impact
1487:An infographic from
1361:Local food campaigns
1341:District of Columbia
1058:Non-monetary economy
978:Economic materialism
973:Ecological economics
430:The Affluent Society
380:Steady-state economy
350:Planned obsolescence
280:Ecological economics
72:create a new article
64:improve this article
54:may not represent a
2917:Ecology terminology
2902:Localism (politics)
2879:Wilk, Richard, ed.
2872:McWilliams, James.
2657:2008EnST...42.3508W
2551:2016JEnSS...6..759H
2455:2021AgSys.19303226E
2334:on 7 September 2012
1918:on 6 September 2017
1727:Localism (politics)
1571:subsistence farming
1083:Subsistence economy
1008:Heterodox economics
928:Advanced capitalism
783:Anarcho-primitivism
768:Alter-globalization
748:Henry David Thoreau
435:One-Dimensional Man
300:Food loss and waste
290:Ethical consumerism
275:Earth Overshoot Day
235:Consumer capitalism
215:Commodity fetishism
170:Autonomous building
160:Alternative culture
18:Local food movement
2412:10.3390/su10051680
2133:The New York Times
2110:10.3390/su10010168
2005:Vermont Law School
1633:Agriculture portal
1493:
1462:Lincoln University
1370:Extension and the
1254:
1038:Left-wing politics
943:Consumer behaviour
878:Occupy Wall Street
471:Small Is Beautiful
190:Buddhist economics
143:Theories and ideas
120:
112:
2699:Our World in Data
2665:10.1021/es702969f
2651:(10): 3508–3513.
2626:earthsinsight.com
2588:Caroline Saunders
2508:10.3390/su9111981
2233:on 26 April 2012.
1757:Sustainable Table
1712:Geography of food
1661:The 100-Mile Diet
1581:Pierre Desrochers
1501:Our World In Data
1489:Our World In Data
1444:organic practices
1142:
1141:
988:Economic problems
813:Diggers (theater)
778:Anarcho-communism
646:The Venus Project
476:To Have or to Be?
360:Political ecology
315:Green consumption
175:Billboard hacking
100:
99:
92:
74:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2929:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2601:
2595:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1822:
1821:. 19(2). 99-106.
1811:
1805:
1804:
1778:
1702:Food cooperative
1676:Community garden
1656:Local purchasing
1649:
1647:Gardening portal
1644:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1531:concludes that "
1281:
1259:farmers' markets
1134:
1127:
1120:
1068:Post-materialism
986:
985:
903:Social anarchism
828:Environmentalism
743:Bernard Stiegler
738:E. F. Schumacher
698:Edward Goldsmith
513:and Global Order
496:
462:
450:
365:Post-consumerism
320:Hyperconsumerism
135:Anti-consumerism
122:
121:
95:
88:
84:
81:
75:
47:
46:
39:
21:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2887:
2886:
2869:
2867:Further reading
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2746:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2586:
2582:
2531:
2524:
2487:
2480:
2435:
2428:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2118:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1812:
1808:
1793:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1566:
1533:Intensification
1521:
1510:
1497:Carnegie-Mellon
1481:
1457:
1452:
1439:
1433:opportunities.
1430:
1418:
1401:
1396:
1383:
1363:
1328:
1322:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1265:. The American
1231:
1203:
1184:organic farming
1154:Local food (or
1138:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1043:McDonaldization
1028:Informal sector
922:
914:
913:
912:
843:Green anarchism
793:Anti-capitalism
762:
754:
753:
752:
723:Donella Meadows
672:
662:
661:
660:
565:
555:
554:
553:
534:The Corporation
515:
512:
486:
466:Steal This Book
456:
440:
425:Brave New World
409:
401:
400:
399:
355:Right to repair
345:Overconsumption
335:Microgeneration
255:Culture jamming
210:Commodification
195:Buy Nothing Day
180:Buyer's remorse
165:Anti-capitalism
144:
108:farmers' market
106:The Marylebone
96:
85:
79:
76:
61:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2791:
2756:(6): 445–453.
2737:
2726:. 20 June 2022
2711:
2686:
2631:
2613:
2596:
2580:
2545:(4): 759–764.
2522:
2495:Sustainability
2478:
2426:
2399:Sustainability
2385:
2360:
2345:
2305:
2288:
2271:
2245:
2236:
2214:
2188:
2167:
2145:
2116:
2097:Sustainability
2083:
2070:
2045:
2017:
1987:
1960:
1949:(4): 194–200.
1929:
1899:
1856:
1823:
1806:
1791:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Farm to School
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Bioregionalism
1663:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1636:
1622:
1608:
1592:
1589:
1585:Hiroko Shimizu
1579:by geographer
1565:
1562:
1525:United Nations
1520:
1517:
1511:emissions are
1508:
1480:
1477:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1410:obesity crisis
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1362:
1359:
1321:
1318:
1277:
1244:with goats at
1230:
1227:
1202:
1199:
1166:and resilient
1160:food producers
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:Sustainability
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
980:
975:
970:
968:Disneyfication
965:
963:Counterculture
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
911:
910:
908:Social ecology
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Green politics
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Food Not Bombs
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
718:Serge Latouche
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
678:Mauro Bonaiuti
674:
673:
668:
667:
664:
663:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:Reverend Billy
638:
633:
630:Monthly Review
626:
621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
594:Democracy Now!
590:
585:
580:
575:
567:
566:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
509:
507:
502:
497:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
451:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Non-possession
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:Do it yourself
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
131:
130:
98:
97:
58:of the subject
56:worldwide view
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2922:Food security
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Food politics
2895:
2894:
2892:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2820:
2805:
2804:New Scientist
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2592:Andrew Barber
2589:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2202:
2201:cefs.ncsu.edu
2198:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2156:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2059:
2058:MSU Extension
2055:
2049:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1792:9781617615948
1788:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:List of diets
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:deforestation
1534:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1416:Environmental
1413:
1411:
1407:
1391:
1388:
1387:crop rotation
1378:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:states that:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1220:In 2008, the
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:food networks
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Green economy
996:
994:
991:
989:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
918:
917:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Slow movement
896:
894:
893:Situationists
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Postmodernism
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:Eco-socialism
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
758:
757:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
666:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:
618:Green Anarchy
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:
569:
568:
564:
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
514:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
494:
490:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:Notable works
405:
404:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Simple living
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
140:
139:
136:
133:
132:
128:
124:
123:
116:
109:
104:
94:
91:
83:
73:
69:
65:
59:
57:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2880:
2873:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2828:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:
2794:
2753:
2749:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:The Guardian
2723:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:
2689:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2611:8(1/2):8–32.
2608:
2599:
2583:
2542:
2538:
2501:(11): 1981.
2498:
2494:
2446:
2442:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2373:www.nrdc.org
2372:
2363:
2354:
2348:
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1692:Farm to fork
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1164:self-reliant
1155:
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1073:Productivism
1063:Permaculture
788:Anarcho-punk
728:Pierre Rabhi
703:Paul Goodman
683:Noam Chomsky
628:
616:
606:Fifth Estate
605:
592:
570:
385:Subvertising
329:
325:Laconophilia
310:Gift economy
270:Durable good
265:Downshifting
245:Conviviality
205:Collapsology
185:Bioeconomics
86:
80:October 2019
77:
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2750:Nature Food
2405:(5): 1680.
2033:www.gpo.gov
1980:11 December
1762:Terra Madre
1707:Foodscaping
1683:(CSA farms)
1605:Food portal
1557:organic egg
1479:Food choice
1466:New Zealand
1437:Nutritional
1337:Puerto Rico
1306:agrisystems
1246:Maker Faire
1229:Definitions
1180:sustainable
1098:Veblen good
958:Cooperative
933:Advertising
868:Neo-Luddism
818:Ecofeminism
733:John Ruskin
713:Ivan Illich
688:Erich Fromm
651:The Yes Men
583:CrimethInc.
485:Fight Club
457: [
240:Consumerism
2891:Categories
2449:: 103226.
2325:ucsusa.org
2103:(1): 168.
1769:References
1742:Small farm
1553:free range
1505:food miles
1455:Food miles
1304:and local
1263:food miles
1145:Local food
1103:Workaholic
1093:Sweatshops
1048:Mutual aid
848:Green left
773:Amateurism
708:André Gorz
330:Local food
305:Freeganism
285:Ecovillage
150:Asceticism
2786:249916086
2770:2662-1355
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1801:899542944
1737:Slow Food
1450:Criticism
1399:Community
1310:ecoregion
1298:watershed
993:Frugality
808:Communism
612:Freecycle
572:Adbusters
375:Slow Food
155:Affluenza
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2855:26 March
2778:37118044
2704:11 April
2681:18546681
2182:. 2008.
2063:16 March
2037:Archived
1922:13 March
1732:Locavolt
1591:See also
1428:Economic
1394:Benefits
1355:Wegman's
1339:and the
1314:foodshed
1278:—
1242:workshop
1156:locavore
1078:Shopping
921:See also
873:New Left
127:a series
125:Part of
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2809:13 July
2730:13 July
2653:Bibcode
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2138:20 July
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1527:report
1351:Walmart
1302:species
1294:ecology
1289:state.
1250:Zipcode
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529:Evasion
505:No Logo
220:Commune
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