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1206:'s 1981 guidelines. In 1994, Chicago pop culture made local food a trend in the Midwest. These largely unsuccessful resolutions encouraged increased local production to slow farmland loss. The program described "sustainable diets" - a term then new to the American public. At the time, the resolutions were met with strong criticism from pro-business institutions, but have had a strong resurgence of backing since 2000.
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1457:: "As a concept, food miles has gained some traction with the popular press and certain groups overseas. However, this debate which only includes the distance food travels is spurious as it does not consider total energy use especially in the production of the product." The locavore movement has been criticized by Vasile Stănescu, the co-senior editor of the
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required for food to get from farm to table. Reducing the travel time makes it possible to transport the crops while they are still fresh, without using chemical preservatives. The combination of local farming techniques and short travel distances makes the food consumed more likely to be fresh, an added benefit.
1504:, with transport accounting for about 19% of total food-system emissions, though shifting towards plant-based diets would still remain substantially more important. The study concludes that "a shift towards plant-based foods must be coupled with more locally produced items, mainly in affluent countries".
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Since local foods travel a shorter distance and are often sold directly from producer to consumer, they may not require as much processing or packaging as other foods that need to be transported over long distances. If they are not processed, they may contain fewer added sugars or preservatives. The
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State definitions of "local" can be included in laws, statutes, regulations, or program materials, however few state laws explicitly define "local" food. Most states use "local" (or similar words like "native") in food procurement and marketing policies to mean that the food was produced within that
1319:
In
America, local food sales were worth $ 1.2 billion in 2007, more than doubled from $ 551 million in 1997. There were 5,274 farmers' markets in 2009, compared to 2,756 in 1998. In 2005, there were 1,144 community-supported agriculture organizations (CSAs). There were 2,095 farm to school programs
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Local eating can support public objectives. It can promote community interaction by fostering relationships between farmers and consumers. Farmers' markets can inspire more sociable behavior, encouraging shoppers to visit in groups. 75% of shoppers at farmers' markets arrived in groups compared to
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While locavorism has been promoted as a feasible alternative to modern food production, some believe it might negatively affect the efficiency of production. As technological advances have influenced the amount of output of farms, the productivity of farmers has skyrocketed in the last 70 years.
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production had a 14% higher impact on the climate than factory farm egg production. Studies such as
Christopher Weber's report on food miles have shown that the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions in production far outweighs those in transportation, which implies that locally grown food is
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book series, as being idealistic and for not actually achieving the environmental benefits of the claim that the reduced food miles decrease the number of gasses emitted. Studies have shown that the amount of gasses saved by local transportation while existing, does not have a significant enough
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method when producing their organic crops. This method not only aids in reducing the use of pesticides and pollutants, but also keeps the soil in good condition rather than depleting it. Locavores seek out farmers close to where they live, and this significantly reduces the amount of travel time
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Farmers' markets create local jobs. In a study in Iowa (Hood 2010), the introduction of 152 farmers' markets created 576 jobs, a $ 59.4 million increase in output, and a $ 17.8 million increase in income. Promoting local food can support local food actors in the food supply chain and create job
1358:
Launched in 2009, North
Carolina's 10% local food campaign is aimed at stimulating economic development, creating jobs and promoting the state's agricultural offerings. The campaign is a partnership between The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS), with support from N.C. Cooperative
1346:(a 71-store chain across the northeast), have long cooperated with the local food movement. A recent study led by economist Miguel Gomez found that the supermarket supply chain often did much better in terms of food miles and fuel consumption for each pound compared to farmers markets.
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No single definition of local food systems exists. The geographic distances between production and consumption varies within the movement. However, the general public recognizes that "local" describes the marketing arrangement (e.g. farmers selling directly to consumers at regional
1448:
Critics of the local foods movement question the fundamental principles behind the push to eat locally. For example, the concept that fewer "food miles" translates to a more sustainable meal has not been supported by major scientific studies. According to a study conducted at
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was revised to emphasise nutrition: "it provides low-income seniors with vouchers for use at local produce markets, and it added more than $ 1 billion to the fresh fruit and vegetable program, which serves healthy snacks to 3 million low-income children in schools".
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Local food campaigns have been successful in supporting small local farmers. After declining for more than a century, the number of small farms increased 20% in the six years to 2008, to 1.2 million, according to the
Agriculture Department (USDA).
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Dunne, Jonnie B.; Chambers, Kimberlee J.; Giombolini, Katlyn J.; Schlegel, Sheridan A. (March 2011). "What does 'local' mean in the grocery store? Multiplicity in food retailers' perspectives on sourcing and marketing local foods".
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impact to consider it a benefit. Food miles concept does not consider agriculture, which is having contributed the highest when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions. Plus, season and transportation medium also makes a difference.
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16% of shoppers at supermarkets. At farmers' markets, 63% had an interaction with a fellow shopper, and 42% had an interaction with an employee or farmer. More affluent areas tend to have at least some access to local,
1397:, whereas low-income communities, which in America often have African American and Hispanic populations, may have little or none, and "are often replete with calorie-dense, low-quality food options", adding to the
1163:, environment, community, or society of a particular place. The term has also been extended to include not only the geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be "defined in terms of social and
1413:. In local or regional food systems it can be easier to trace resource flows and recycle nutrients in that specific region. It can also be a way to preserve open landscapes and support biodiversity locally.
2167:. Amy Francis. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Rpt. from "The Rise of the 'Locavore': How the Strengthening Local Food Movement in Towns Across the U.S. Is Reshaping Farms and Food Retailing."
442:
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Motivations for eating local food include healthier food, environmental benefits, and economic or community benefits. Many local farmers, whom locavores turn to for their source of food, use the
2737:
Li, Mengyu; Jia, Nanfei; Lenzen, Manfred; Malik, Arunima; Wei, Liyuan; Jin, Yutong; Raubenheimer, David (June 2022). "Global food-miles account for nearly 20% of total food-systems emissions".
2821:
Raloff, Janet. "AAAS: Climate-friendly Dining ... Meats | Environment | Science News."AAAS: Climate-friendly Dining ... Meats | Environment | Science News. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 February 2013.
1827:
Martinez, Steve; Hand, Michael; Da Pra, Michelle; Pollack, Susan; Ralston, Katherine; Smith, Travis; Vogel, Stephen; Clark, Shellye; Lohr, Luanne; Low, Sarah; Newman, Constance (May 2010).
1335:
Websites now exist that aim to connect people to local food growers. They often include a map where fruit and vegetable growers can pinpoint their location and advertise their produce.
2583:, and Greg Taylor, "Food Miles – Comparative Energy/Emissions Performance of New Zealand's Agriculture Industry" Research Report No. 285 Lincoln University, New Zealand, July 2007. 93.
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The only study to date that directly focuses on whether or not a local diet is more helpful in reducing greenhouse gases was conducted by
Christopher L. Weber and H. Scott Matthews at
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1262:(I) the locality or region in which the final product is marketed, so that the total distance that the product is transported is less than 400 miles from the origin of the product; or
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is food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed, often accompanied by a social structure and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket
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Numerous studies have shown that locally and sustainably grown foods release more greenhouse gases than food made in factory farms. The "Land
Degradation" section of the
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2812:"Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options." Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. United Nations, n.d. Web. 11 February 2013.
2306:
2185:
1989:
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emphasising the relative importance of food choice over emissions from transport for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Transport related emissions are in red.
2025:
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These latter criticisms combine with deeper concerns of food safety, cited on the lines of the historical pattern of economic or food safety inefficiencies of
1488:. They concluded that "dietary shift can be a more effective means of lowering an average household's food-related climate footprint than 'buying local'". An
1332:. In the 2016 Index, the three top-ranking states were Vermont, Maine and Oregon, while the three lowest-ranking states were Nevada, Texas and Florida.
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post makes the same point, that food choice is overwhelmingly more important than emissions from transport. However, a 2022 study suggests global
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found that cattle raised on open pastures release 50% more greenhouse gas emissions than cattle raised in factory farms. Adrian
Williams of
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1524:- in terms of increased productivity both in livestock production and in feed crop agriculture - can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
1366:
In 2017, a campaign was started in
Virginia by the Common Grains Alliance mirroring many of the efforts of the North Carolina campaign.
2232:"North Carolina campaign promoting locally grown food." Southeast Farm Press 22 November 2011. General OneFile. Web. 11 December 2011.
1255:
107:
A map of wheat production (average percentage of land used for its production times average yield in each grid cell) across the world
1501:
527:
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and organic raised chickens have a 20% greater impact on global warming than chickens raised in factory farm conditions, and
512:
2344:
Understanding
Childhood Obesity in America: Linkages between Household Income, Community Resources, and Children's Behaviors
2895:
435:
2382:
Blay-Palmer, Alison; Santini, Guido; Dubbeling, Marielle; Renting, Henk; Taguchi, Makiko; Giordano, Thierry (May 2018).
2317:
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1285:, where food production is considered from the perspective of a basic ecological unit defined by its climate, soil,
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2384:"Validating the City Region Food System Approach: Enacting Inclusive, Transformational City Region Food Systems"
378:
2014:
2684:"You want to reduce the carbon footprint of your food? Focus on what you eat, not whether your food is local"
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practices, although these are not explicitly related to the geographic proximity of producer and consumer.
1001:
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and price supports. The contemporary
American movement can be traced back to proposed resolutions to the
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Strolling of the Heifers 2016 Locavore Index: Which states are most committed to locally-sourced food?
2610:
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1305:. Similar to watersheds, foodsheds follow the process of where food comes from and where it ends up.
896:
681:
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188:
115:
1222:
2316:. Union of Concerned Scientists—Citizens and Scientists for Environmental Solutions. Archived from
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60:
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218:
20:
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1897:"Historical Reflections on the Current Local Food and Agriculture Movement | Essays in History"
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2307:"Market Forces: Creating Jobs through Public Investment in Local and Regional Food Systems"
2186:"A Community and Local Government Guide to Developing Local Food Systems in North Carolina"
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in 2009. Using metrics such as these, a Vermont-based farm and food advocacy organization,
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2709:"Climate impact of food miles three times greater than previously believed, study finds"
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Gogoi, Pallavi. "The Local Food Movement Benefits Farms, Food Production, Environment."
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1963:
Making healthy places designing and building for health, well-being, and sustainability
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1829:"Economic Research Report Number 97: Local Food Systems Concepts, Impacts, and Issues"
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or to schools). Definitions can be based on political or geographic boundaries, or on
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announced plans to invest $ 400 million in locally grown produce. Other chains, like
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2015:"One Hundred Tenth Congress of the United States of America, at the Second Session"
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2630:"Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States"
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Granvik, Madeleine; Joosse, Sofie; Hunt, Alan; Hallberg, Ingela (November 2017).
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In May 2010 the USDA acknowledged this definition in an informational leaflet.
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2594:'Green' Eggs and Ham? The Myth of Sustainable Meat and the Danger of the Local
2547:
2480:"Confusion and Misunderstanding—Interpretations and Definitions of Local Food"
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2863:
Just Food: Where Locavores Get It Wrong and How We Can Truly Eat Responsibly
2523:
1324:, publishes the annual Locavore Index, a ranking of the 50 U.S. states plus
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Local foods require less energy to store and transport, possibly reducing
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2835:"Book Review: The Locavore's Dilemma: In Praise of the 10,000-Mile Diet"
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1990:"Defining Local Food: An Analysis of State Approaches and Challenges"
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Supermarket chains also participate in the local food scene. In 2008
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796:
560:
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143:
2358:"NRDC: Pollution from Giant Livestock Farms Threatens Public Health"
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actually worse for the environment than food made in factory farms.
1167:
characteristics." For example, local food initiatives often promote
2870:
Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System
2080:
Craven, Teri J.; Krejci, Caroline C.; Mittal, Anuj (January 2018).
1720:
1302:
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861:
2381:
2789:"How much do food miles matter and should you buy local produce?"
1343:
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1290:
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493:
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403:
2244:"Five Lessons For Making Change From 18 Impact-Driven Farmers"
2082:"Logistics Best Practices for Regional Food Systems: A Review"
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and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more
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103:
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Food produced within a short distance of where it is consumed
1834:. Economic Research Service. ERS (Economic Research Service)
1587:
2426:
Enthoven, Laura; Van den Broeck, Goedele (1 October 2021).
2346:(163.5 ed.). American Heart Journal. pp. 836–843.
1928:"Dietary Guidelines for Sustainability: Twelve Years Later"
2727:
1194:
In the US, the local food movement has been traced to the
2477:
2060:
1826:
1435:, which can also arguably provide added health benefits.
1431:
term "local" is sometimes synonymous with sustainable or
2428:"Local food systems: Reviewing two decades of research"
2628:
Weber, Christopher L.; Matthews, H. Scott (May 2008).
2425:
1955:
1953:
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2517:
2515:
1950:
2829:
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1308:
1264:(II) the State in which the product is produced.
19:For foods with protected geographical names, see
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2736:
2512:
2192:. Center for Environmental Farming Systems. 2013
1984:
1982:
1980:
1281:The concept of "local" is also seen in terms of
2824:
2524:"Fixing food with ideas of "local" and "place""
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2471:
2416:
1369:
1502:3.5–7.5 times higher than previously estimated
1315:Online grocer § Impact on the environment
2627:
2528:Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences
1977:
1114:
41:The examples and perspective in this article
2865:. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010.
2468:
1676:Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture
1178:Local food represents an alternative to the
1159:; improve local economies; or to affect the
2611:"Is buying local food always sustainable?"
2304:
1959:
1851:
1849:
1822:
1820:
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1256:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1121:
1107:
443:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
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2451:
2399:
2111:
2109:
2097:
1772:Local food systems: background and issues
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2521:
2118:"Supermarket Chains Narrow Their Sights"
1471:
1221:
528:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
102:
90:
1846:
1813:
1802:Feenstra, G. (2002) Creating space for
1552:
1507:
1349:
2878:
2634:Environmental Science & Technology
2300:
2298:
2269:Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection.
2141:
2115:
2106:
1925:
1859:Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems
2872:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2006.
2341:
2286:Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection
2241:
513:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
2212:"10% campaign off to a strong start"
27:
2598:Journal for Critical Animal Studies
2522:Hinrichs, Clare (1 December 2016).
2295:
2031:from the original on 23 April 2022.
1237:2011. The sign declares, "Eat your
13:
2855:
2305:O'Hara, Jeffrey K. (August 2011).
1182:food model, which often sees food
14:
2922:
1562:which form the topic of the book
500:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
470:Future Primitive and Other Essays
2144:"Jim Prevor's Perishable Pundit"
2116:Burros, Marian (6 August 2008).
1628:
1614:
1600:
1586:
1404:
1186:before it reaches the consumer.
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971:
32:
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2273:Opposing Viewpoints in Context.
2261:
2235:
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2157:
2135:
2073:
2035:
1932:Society for Nutrition Education
1670:Community-supported agriculture
1608:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1309:Contemporary local food markets
1204:Society for Nutrition Education
409:The Theory of the Leisure Class
2290:Opposing Viewpoints in Context
2218:. January 2011. Archived from
2173:Opposing Viewpoints in Context
2142:Prevor, Jim (1 October 2010).
2007:
1919:
1889:
1796:
1770:Waltz, Christopher L. (2011).
1763:
1467:
1425:
1217:
379:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
1944:10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70441-3
1757:
1443:
428:The Society of the Spectacle
1808:Agriculture and Human Values
1438:
1387:
1370:Motivations for eating local
613:Institute for Social Ecology
7:
2896:Rural community development
2284:"The Local Food Movement."
2267:"The Local Food Movement."
2070:," Strolling of the Heifers
1960:Dannenburg, Andrew (2011).
1774:. Nova Science Publishers.
1579:
1416:
1382:
1196:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1147:) movements aim to connect
792:Anti-globalization movement
55:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2927:
2751:10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w
2592:Stănescu, Vasile (2010). "
2453:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103226
1926:Gussow, Joan (July 1998).
1867:Cambridge University Press
1806:: lessons from the field.
1572:and public policy scholar
1312:
1189:
1042:Natural resource economics
284:Feminist political ecology
214:Compulsive buying disorder
18:
2839:The Independent Institute
2548:10.1007/s13412-015-0266-4
1875:10.1017/S1742170510000402
1711:List of food cooperatives
1660:Community-based economics
682:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
189:Collaborative consumption
99:in London, United Kingdom
2292:. Web. 12 February 2014.
2242:Debevoise, Nell Derick.
1804:sustainable food systems
1741:Sustainable distribution
1411:greenhouse gas emissions
1322:Strolling of the Heifers
1297:, a unit also called an
1184:traveling long distances
992:Gross National Happiness
750:Related social movements
625:Rage Against the Machine
552:Organizations and groups
239:Criticism of advertising
2901:Sustainable food system
2288:. Detroit: Gale, 2010.
2216:NC Farm Bureau Magazine
2165:The Local Food Movement
1901:www.essaysinhistory.com
1736:Sustainable agriculture
1528:". Nathan Pelletier of
1518:Livestock's Long Shadow
1460:Critical Animal Studies
1211:United States farm bill
1198:of 1933, which spawned
1012:Influence of mass media
942:Consumption (sociology)
937:Consumption (economics)
787:Anti-corporate activism
384:Sustainable consumption
219:Conspicuous consumption
21:Geographical indication
2342:Eagle, Taylor (2012).
2043:"What is a food shed?"
1565:The Locavore's Dilemma
1540:in England found that
1481:
1361:Golden LEAF Foundation
1272:
1242:
1200:agricultural subsidies
589:Earth Liberation Front
533:So, What's Your Price?
508:The Cultural Creatives
108:
100:
2275:Web. 12 February 2014
2271:Detroit: Gale, 2010.
2175:. Web. 27 March 2014.
1475:
1313:Further information:
1260:
1225:
1022:Intentional community
852:Libertarian socialism
827:Fossil fuel phase-out
577:Deep Green Resistance
538:What Would Jesus Buy?
489:Escape from Affluenza
106:
94:
2432:Agricultural Systems
2169:Business Week Online
1553:Economic feasibility
1538:Cranfield University
1534:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1530:Dalhousie University
1508:Environmental impact
1476:An infographic from
1350:Local food campaigns
1330:District of Columbia
1047:Non-monetary economy
967:Economic materialism
962:Ecological economics
419:The Affluent Society
369:Steady-state economy
339:Planned obsolescence
269:Ecological economics
61:create a new article
53:improve this article
43:may not represent a
2906:Ecology terminology
2891:Localism (politics)
2868:Wilk, Richard, ed.
2861:McWilliams, James.
2646:2008EnST...42.3508W
2540:2016JEnSS...6..759H
2444:2021AgSys.19303226E
2323:on 7 September 2012
1907:on 6 September 2017
1716:Localism (politics)
1560:subsistence farming
1072:Subsistence economy
997:Heterodox economics
917:Advanced capitalism
772:Anarcho-primitivism
757:Alter-globalization
737:Henry David Thoreau
424:One-Dimensional Man
289:Food loss and waste
279:Ethical consumerism
264:Earth Overshoot Day
224:Consumer capitalism
204:Commodity fetishism
159:Autonomous building
149:Alternative culture
2401:10.3390/su10051680
2122:The New York Times
2099:10.3390/su10010168
1994:Vermont Law School
1622:Agriculture portal
1482:
1451:Lincoln University
1359:Extension and the
1243:
1027:Left-wing politics
932:Consumer behaviour
867:Occupy Wall Street
460:Small Is Beautiful
179:Buddhist economics
132:Theories and ideas
109:
101:
2688:Our World in Data
2654:10.1021/es702969f
2640:(10): 3508–3513.
2615:earthsinsight.com
2577:Caroline Saunders
2497:10.3390/su9111981
2222:on 26 April 2012.
1746:Sustainable Table
1701:Geography of food
1650:The 100-Mile Diet
1570:Pierre Desrochers
1490:Our World In Data
1478:Our World In Data
1433:organic practices
1131:
1130:
977:Economic problems
802:Diggers (theater)
767:Anarcho-communism
635:The Venus Project
465:To Have or to Be?
349:Political ecology
304:Green consumption
164:Billboard hacking
89:
88:
81:
63:, as appropriate.
2918:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:. Archived from
1893:
1887:
1886:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1811:
1810:. 19(2). 99-106.
1800:
1794:
1793:
1767:
1691:Food cooperative
1665:Community garden
1645:Local purchasing
1638:
1636:Gardening portal
1633:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1520:concludes that "
1270:
1248:farmers' markets
1123:
1116:
1109:
1057:Post-materialism
975:
974:
892:Social anarchism
817:Environmentalism
732:Bernard Stiegler
727:E. F. Schumacher
687:Edward Goldsmith
502:and Global Order
485:
451:
439:
354:Post-consumerism
309:Hyperconsumerism
124:Anti-consumerism
111:
110:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
36:
35:
28:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2876:
2875:
2858:
2856:Further reading
2853:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2626:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2591:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2520:
2513:
2476:
2469:
2424:
2417:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2107:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1854:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1782:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1555:
1522:Intensification
1510:
1499:
1486:Carnegie-Mellon
1470:
1446:
1441:
1428:
1422:opportunities.
1419:
1407:
1390:
1385:
1372:
1352:
1317:
1311:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1254:. The American
1220:
1192:
1173:organic farming
1143:Local food (or
1127:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1032:McDonaldization
1017:Informal sector
911:
903:
902:
901:
832:Green anarchism
782:Anti-capitalism
751:
743:
742:
741:
712:Donella Meadows
661:
651:
650:
649:
554:
544:
543:
542:
523:The Corporation
504:
501:
475:
455:Steal This Book
445:
429:
414:Brave New World
398:
390:
389:
388:
344:Right to repair
334:Overconsumption
324:Microgeneration
244:Culture jamming
199:Commodification
184:Buy Nothing Day
169:Buyer's remorse
154:Anti-capitalism
133:
97:farmers' market
95:The Marylebone
85:
74:
68:
65:
50:
37:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2780:
2745:(6): 445–453.
2726:
2715:. 20 June 2022
2700:
2675:
2620:
2602:
2585:
2569:
2534:(4): 759–764.
2511:
2484:Sustainability
2467:
2415:
2388:Sustainability
2374:
2349:
2334:
2294:
2277:
2260:
2234:
2225:
2203:
2177:
2156:
2134:
2105:
2086:Sustainability
2072:
2059:
2034:
2006:
1976:
1949:
1938:(4): 194–200.
1918:
1888:
1845:
1812:
1795:
1780:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Farm to School
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:Bioregionalism
1652:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1611:
1597:
1581:
1578:
1574:Hiroko Shimizu
1568:by geographer
1554:
1551:
1514:United Nations
1509:
1506:
1500:emissions are
1497:
1469:
1466:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1399:obesity crisis
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1371:
1368:
1351:
1348:
1310:
1307:
1266:
1233:with goats at
1219:
1216:
1191:
1188:
1155:and resilient
1149:food producers
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:Sustainability
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
969:
964:
959:
957:Disneyfication
954:
952:Counterculture
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
897:Social ecology
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Green politics
839:
834:
829:
824:
822:Food Not Bombs
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Serge Latouche
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
667:Mauro Bonaiuti
663:
662:
657:
656:
653:
652:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:Reverend Billy
627:
622:
619:Monthly Review
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
583:Democracy Now!
579:
574:
569:
564:
556:
555:
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
498:
496:
491:
486:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
440:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
329:Non-possession
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
249:Do it yourself
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
120:
119:
87:
86:
47:of the subject
45:worldwide view
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2923:
2912:
2911:Food security
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Food politics
2884:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2794:
2793:New Scientist
2790:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2581:Andrew Barber
2578:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2191:
2190:cefs.ncsu.edu
2187:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2047:MSU Extension
2044:
2038:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:9781617615948
1777:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:List of diets
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1612:
1609:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:deforestation
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1434:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1405:Environmental
1402:
1400:
1396:
1380:
1377:
1376:crop rotation
1367:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1258:states that:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1209:In 2008, the
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:food networks
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Green economy
985:
983:
980:
978:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
907:
906:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Slow movement
885:
883:
882:Situationists
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Postmodernism
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:Eco-socialism
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
747:
746:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
655:
654:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:
607:Green Anarchy
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:
558:
557:
553:
548:
547:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
503:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
479:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
449:
444:
441:
437:
433:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:Notable works
394:
393:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Simple living
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
117:
113:
112:
105:
98:
93:
83:
80:
72:
62:
58:
54:
48:
46:
39:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2869:
2862:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:
2817:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2742:
2738:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:The Guardian
2712:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2600:8(1/2):8–32.
2597:
2588:
2572:
2531:
2527:
2490:(11): 1981.
2487:
2483:
2435:
2431:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2362:www.nrdc.org
2361:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2313:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
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1153:self-reliant
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777:Anarcho-punk
717:Pierre Rabhi
692:Paul Goodman
672:Noam Chomsky
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374:Subvertising
318:
314:Laconophilia
299:Gift economy
259:Durable good
254:Downshifting
234:Conviviality
194:Collapsology
174:Bioeconomics
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69:October 2019
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2739:Nature Food
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2022:www.gpo.gov
1969:11 December
1751:Terra Madre
1696:Foodscaping
1672:(CSA farms)
1594:Food portal
1546:organic egg
1468:Food choice
1455:New Zealand
1426:Nutritional
1326:Puerto Rico
1295:agrisystems
1235:Maker Faire
1218:Definitions
1169:sustainable
1087:Veblen good
947:Cooperative
922:Advertising
857:Neo-Luddism
807:Ecofeminism
722:John Ruskin
702:Ivan Illich
677:Erich Fromm
640:The Yes Men
572:CrimethInc.
474:Fight Club
446: [
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2880:Categories
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2092:(1): 168.
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1542:free range
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1082:Sweatshops
1037:Mutual aid
837:Green left
762:Amateurism
697:André Gorz
319:Local food
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139:Asceticism
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2759:2662-1355
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1439:Criticism
1388:Community
1299:ecoregion
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797:Communism
601:Freecycle
561:Adbusters
364:Slow Food
144:Affluenza
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2767:37118044
2693:11 April
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2052:16 March
2026:Archived
1911:13 March
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1267:—
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1067:Shopping
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