839:, which has the shortest half life (2–6 hours) of all coagulation factors measured in INR. An elevated INR in patients with liver disease, however, does not necessarily mean the patient has a tendency to bleed, as it only measures procoagulants and not anticoagulants. In liver disease the synthesis of both are decreased and some patients are even found to be hypercoagulable (increased tendency to clot) despite an elevated INR. In liver patients, coagulation is better determined by more modern tests such as
492:
The AST/ALT ratio increases in liver functional impairment. In alcoholic liver disease, the mean ratio is 1.45, and mean ratio is 1.33 in post necrotic liver cirrhosis. Ratio is greater than 1.17 in viral cirrhosis, greater than 2.0 in alcoholic hepatitis, and 0.9 in non-alcoholic hepatitis. Ratio is
153:
cause only mild symptoms initially, but these diseases must be detected early. Hepatic (liver) involvement in some diseases can be of crucial importance. This testing is performed on a patient's blood sample. Some tests are associated with functionality (e.g., albumin), some with cellular integrity
814:
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is significantly expressed in foetal liver. However, the mechanism that led to the suppression of AFP synthesis in adults is not fully known. Exposure of the liver to cancer-causing agents and arrest of liver maturation in childhood can lead to the rise in AFP. AFP can reach
640:
metabolism by transporting peptides across the cell membrane. Much like ALP, GGT measurements are usually elevated if cholestasis is present. In acute viral hepatitis, the GGT levels can peak at 2nd and 3rd week of illness, and remained elevated at 6 weeks of illness. GGT is also elevated in 30% of
540:
of the kidneys, bone, liver, and placenta. It plays an important role in lipid transposition in small intestines and calcification of bones. 50% of all the serum ALP activities in blood are contributed by bone. Acute viral hepatitis usually has normal or increased ALP. For example, hepatitis A has
328:
to reduce the amount of bilirubin in the blood. Pathological jaundice in newborns should be suspected when the serum bilirubin level rises by more than 5 mg/dL per day, serum bilirubin more than the physiological range, clinical jaundice more than 2 weeks, and conjugated bilirubin (dark urine
182:
Although example reference ranges are given, these will vary depending on method of analysis used at the administering laboratory, as well as age, gender, ethnicity, and potentially unrelated health factors. Individual results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the
461:
namely mitochondrial form and cytoplasmic form. It is found in highest concentration in the liver, followed by heart, muscle, kidney, brain, pancreas, and lungs. This wide range of AST containing organs makes it a relatively less specific indicator of liver damage compared to ALT. An increase of
373:
reaction, and only exists in a cytoplasmic form. Any kind of liver injury can cause a rise in ALT. A rise of up to 300 IU/L is not specific to the liver, but can be due to the damage of other organs such as the kidneys or muscles. When ALT rises to more than 500 IU/L, causes are usually from the
169:
Several biochemical tests are useful in the evaluation and management of patients with hepatic dysfunction. These tests can be used to detect the presence of liver disease. They can help distinguish among different types of liver disorders, gauge the extent of known liver damage, and monitor the
178:
Standard liver tests for assessing liver damage include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Bilirubin may be used to estimate the excretory function of the liver and coagulation tests and albumin can be used to evaluate the metabolic
319:
The measurement of bilirubin levels in the newborns is done through the use of bilimeter or transcutanoeus bilirubinometer instead of performing LFTs. When the total serum bilirubin increases over 95th percentile for age during the first week of life for high risk babies, it is known as
170:
response to treatment. Some or all of these measurements are also carried out (usually about twice a year for routine cases) on individuals taking certain medications, such as anticonvulsants, to ensure that these medications are not adversely impacting the person's liver.
746:
found throughout the body, in the cytoplasmic membrane, catalyzing the conversion to inorganic phosphates from nucleoside-5-phosphate. Its level is raised in conditions such as obstructive jaundice, parenchymal liver disease, liver metastases, and bone disease.
596:
induced by large amounts of estrogens. Levels in the third trimester can be as much as 2-fold greater than in non-pregnant women. As a result, ALP is not a reliable marker of hepatic function in pregnant women. In contrast to ALP, levels of ALT, AST, GGT, and
470:
and chronic liver disease. More than 80% of the liver AST activity are contributed by mitochondrial form of the isoenzymes, while the circulating AST in blood are contributed by cytoplasmic form of AST. AST is especially markedly raised in those with
262:. When the total bilirubin level exceeds 17 ÎĽmol/L, it indicates liver disease. When total bilirubin levels exceed 40 ÎĽmol/L, bilirubin deposition at the sclera, skin, and mucous membranes will give these areas a yellow colour, thus it is called
889:(LDH) is found in many body tissues, including the liver. Elevated levels of LDH may indicate liver damage. LDH isotype-1 (or cardiac) is used for estimating damage to cardiac tissue, although troponin and creatine kinase tests are preferred.
707:
becomes lower than the extravascular space. An alternative to albumin measurement is prealbumin, which is better at detecting acute changes (half-life of albumin and prealbumin is about 2 weeks and about 2 days, respectively).
269:
The increase in predominantly unconjugated bilirubin is due to overproduction, reduced hepatic uptake of the unconjugated bilirubin and reduced conjugation of bilirubin. Overproduction can be due to the reabsorption of a
1604:
Nageh T, Sherwood RA, Harris BM, Byrne JA, Thomas MR (2003). "Cardiac troponin T and I and creatine kinase-MB as markers of myocardial injury and predictors of outcome following percutaneous coronary intervention".
664:
In pregnancy conditions GGT activity is reduced in 2nd and 3rd trimesters. In hyperemesis gravidarum, GGT level value can reach 45 IU/L, 17 IU/L in pre-eclampsia, and 35 IU/L in HELPP syndrome.
641:
the hepatitis C patients. GGT can increase by 10 times in alcoholism. GGT can increase by 2 to 3 times in 50% of the patients with non-alcoholic liver disease. When GGT levels is elevated, the
475:. AST can be released from a variety of other tissues and if the elevation is less than two times the normal AST, no further workup needs to be performed if a patient is proceeding to surgery.
608:
In pregnancy conditions such as hyperemesis gravdirum, ALP levels can reach 215 IU/L, meanwhile, in pre-eclampsia, ALP can reach 14 IU/L, and in HELLP syndrome ALP levels can reach 15 IU/L.
545:(impaired bile formation or bile flow obstruction) and would have the feature of prolonged itching. Other causes include: infiltrative liver diseases, granulomatous liver disease, abscess,
394:(inflammation of fatty liver disease) are associated with a rise in ALT. Rise in ALT is also associated with reduced insulin response, reduced glucose tolerance, and increased free
297:
can also cause the rise in conjugated bilirubin. In parenchymal liver disease and incomplete extrahepatic obstruction, the rise in conjugated bilirubin is less than the complete
258:
in red blood cells). The liver is responsible for clearing the blood of unconjugated bilirubin, by 'conjugating' it (modified to make it water-soluble) through an enzyme named
819:. AFP concentration of more than 400 ÎĽg/L is associated with greater tumour size, involvement of both lobes of liver, portal vein invasion and a lower median survival rate.
786:, pregnancy, non-Wilson liver disease and obstructive jaundice. In Wilson disease, the ceruloplasmin level is depressed which lead to copper accumulation in body tissues.
691:
is a protein made specifically by the liver, and can be measured cheaply and easily. It is the main constituent of total protein (the remaining constituents are primarily
1720:
478:
In certain pregnancy related conditions such as hyperemesis gravidarum, AST can reach as high as 73 IU/L, 66 IU/L in pre-eclampsia, and 81 IU/L in HELLP syndrome.
166:). Because some of these tests do not measure function, it is more accurate to call these liver chemistries or liver tests rather than liver function tests.
425:
consumption can reduce the risk of ALT elevation in those who consume alcohol, overweight people, impaired glucose metabolism, and viral hepatitis.
409:
In pregnancy, ALT levels would rise during the second trimester. In one of the studies, measured ALT levels in pregnancy-related conditions such as
1713:
316:, total bilirubin can rise from 20.52 ÎĽmol/L to 143 ÎĽmol/L. In pregnant women, the total bilirubin level is low in all three trimesters.
1693:
1706:
1254:"Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates: Types, Causes, Clinical Examinations, Preventive Measures and Treatments: A Narrative Review Article"
306:
854:. This test is also called "ProTime INR" and "INR PT". They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in the measure of
675:
1296:
Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Larry
Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (6 February 2018).
636:
GGT is a microsomal enzyme found in hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, renal tubules, pancreas, and intestines. It helps in
645:
level is elevated also. With insulin treatment, the GGT level can reduce. Other causes of elevated GGT are: diabetes mellitus,
369:
Apart from being found in high concentrations in the liver, ALT is found in the kidneys, heart, and muscles. It catalyses the
333:
is the commonest cause of pathological jaundice. Those babies with Rh hemolytic disease, ABO incompatibility with the mother,
1390:
1357:
1031:
1004:
943:
127:
2080:
1408:"Estrogen pharmacology. I. The influence of estradiol and estriol on hepatic disposal of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) in man"
1373:
McComb, Robert B.; Bowers, George N.; Posen, Solomon (1979). "Clinical
Utilization of Alkaline Phosphatase Measurements".
250:
includes both unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct) bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin is a breakdown product of
118:), also referred to as a hepatic panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's
2018:
1561:
17:
1670:
421:
was 149. ALT levels would reduce by greater than 50% in three days after child delivery. Another study also shows that
1305:
387:
334:
898:
330:
374:
liver. It can be due to hepatitis, ischemic liver injury, and toxins that causes liver damage. The ALT levels in
402:. Bright liver syndrome (bright liver on ultrasound suggestive of fatty liver) with raised ALT is suggestive of
337:(G-6-PD) deficiency and minor blood group incompatibility are at increased risk of getting haemolytic jaundice.
832:
47:
654:
293:
The degree of rise in conjugated bilirubin is directly proportional to the degree of hepatocyte injury. Viral
2277:
2219:
1975:
524:
847:
703:, where it is lost through the urine. The consequence of low albumin can be edema since the intravascular
1911:
1873:
1535:
550:
283:
1652:
2252:
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The serum glucose test, abbreviated as "BG" or "Glu", measures the liver's ability to produce glucose (
554:
537:
302:
287:
259:
159:
2282:
1803:
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Prothrombin time (PT) and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and INR are measures of the
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synthesized in the liver. It is the carrier of the copper ion. Its level is increased in infections,
631:
1579:
1953:
1684:
1646:
816:
67:
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1816:
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1963:
1906:
1868:
903:
438:
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410:
350:
139:
1021:
994:
933:
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rises more than in hepatitis A and B. Persistent ALT elevation more than 6 months is known as
146:
are useful biomarkers of liver injury in a patient with some degree of intact liver function.
2008:
1985:
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1901:
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467:
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913:
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163:
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31:
8:
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2044:
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1204:
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1084:
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403:
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of the liver. It can also be found on the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine,
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2125:
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1234:
1180:
1076:
1068:
1027:
1000:
975:
939:
840:
809:
570:
565:, and can reach normal level in 4 months. In contrast, low levels of ALP is found in
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321:
57:
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1496:
1157:
Shivaraj, Gowda; Prakash, B Desai; Vinayak, V Hull; et al. (22 November 2009).
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Johnston DE (1999). "Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests".
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2003:
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835:(INR) can be used as a marker of liver synthetic function as it includes
828:
637:
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542:
375:
81:
97:
1923:
1863:
1850:
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1730:
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Serum NT levels are higher during 2nd and 3rd trimesters in pregnancy.
553:. Mild elevation of ALP can be seen in liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, and
458:
395:
255:
1562:"Liver Function Test: How Often Should you Check Your Liver Function?"
1423:
2085:
2013:
1811:
859:
716:
Other tests are requested alongside LFT to rule out specific causes.
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692:
602:
585:
294:
271:
247:
192:
135:
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The liver is responsible for the production of the vast majority of
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422:
263:
1536:"Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR): MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1049:"ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries"
695:). Albumin levels are decreased in chronic liver disease, such as
584:
ALP activity is significantly increased in the third trimester of
2115:
688:
601:
are only slightly changed or largely unchanged during pregnancy.
131:
1047:
Kwo, Paul Y.; Cohen, Stanley M.; Lim, Joseph K. (January 2017).
874:); it is usually the last function to be lost in the setting of
2120:
562:
1688:
1205:"Evaluating Elevated Bilirubin Levels in Asymptomatic Adults"
1156:
593:
390:(NAFLD), fat accumulation in liver during childhood obesity,
119:
1580:"Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1457:"Using albumin and prealbumin to assess nutritional status"
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mitochondrial AST in bloods is highly suggestive of tissue
251:
138:(direct and indirect), and others. The liver transaminases
1679:
1252:
Sana, Ullah; Khaista, Rahman; Mehdi, Hedayati (May 2016).
158:), and some with conditions linked to the biliary tract (
1694:
Further workup of abnormal liver tests: "etiology panel"
1603:
1342:
Handbook of
Clinical Laboratory Testing During Pregnancy
1295:
1728:
1366:
1013:
999:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 288.
611:
1511:"Prealbumin Blood Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1372:
1300:(Twentieth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill LLC.
1023:Family medicine: ambulatory care & prevention
605:levels are significantly decreased in pregnancy.
278:leading to increased red blood cell destruction.
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1020:Mengel, Mark B.; Schwiebert, L. Peter (2005).
588:. This is due to increased synthesis from the
1714:
1405:
1340:Gronowski, Ann M. (2004). "Human Pregnancy".
1322:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1159:"A review on laboratory liver function tests"
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504:
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27:Blood tests indicating the state of the liver
1399:
1095:
935:Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data
1209:Journal of the American Medical Association
1046:
965:
959:
532:(ALP) is an enzyme in the cells lining the
30:"LFTs" redirects here. For other uses, see
1721:
1707:
1298:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
1191:
992:
1645:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1431:
1339:
1269:
1228:
1174:
1026:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 268.
831:factors. In patients with liver disease,
307:multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2)
290:enzyme, affecting bilirubin conjugation.
881:
301:obstruction due to malignant causes. In
309:causes a rise in conjugated bilirubin.
173:
14:
2270:
1202:
925:
592:as well as increased synthesis in the
1702:
1454:
1406:Mueller MN, Kappas A (October 1964).
1203:Lisa B, VanWagner (3 February 2015).
843:(TEG) or thomboelastrometry (ROTEM).
128:activated partial thromboplastin time
1559:
1473:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000511805.83334.df
1291:
1289:
1053:American Journal of Gastroenterology
789:
183:laboratory that performed the test.
140:aspartate transaminase (AST or SGOT)
2019:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1607:International Journal of Cardiology
931:
822:
320:hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn (
24:
719:
186:
144:alanine transaminase (ALT or SGPT)
25:
2304:
1636:
1377:. Springer US. pp. 525–786.
1286:
388:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
335:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
1258:Iranian Journal of Public Health
899:Reference ranges for blood tests
865:
753:
481:
1685:Abnormal Liver Tests Curriculum
1597:
1572:
1553:
1528:
1503:
1448:
1344:. Humana Press. pp. 1–13.
1163:The Pan African Medical Journal
993:McClatchey, Kenneth D. (2002).
657:, hyperthyroidism, obesity and
612:Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
1455:Smith, Susan H. (April 2017).
1245:
1040:
833:international normalized ratio
793:
757:
723:
711:
671:
615:
508:
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13:
1:
1976:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1668:Abnormal Liver Function Tests
1619:10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00105-0
919:
525:Elevated alkaline phosphatase
996:Clinical laboratory medicine
429:Aspartate transaminase (AST)
42:S.G.O.T.(ALT), S.G.P.T.(AST)
7:
1912:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
1874:Total iron-binding capacity
1383:10.1007/978-1-4613-2970-1_9
1350:10.1007/978-1-59259-787-1_1
932:Lee, Mary (10 March 2009).
892:
551:peripheral arterial disease
10:
2309:
2253:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
858:dosage, liver damage, and
807:
771:
699:. It is also decreased in
667:
629:
555:congestive cardiac failure
538:proximal convoluted tubule
522:
505:Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
485:
432:
344:
341:Alanine transaminase (ALT)
288:UDP-glucuronyl-transferase
260:UDP-glucuronyl-transferase
198:Reference range in adults
190:
160:gamma-glutamyl transferase
29:
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1984:
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1680:Overview of liver enzymes
649:, myocardial infarction,
632:Gamma-glutamyltransferase
561:is a benign condition in
94:
80:
66:
56:
46:
41:
1647:Medical Subject Headings
817:hepatocellular carcinoma
1782:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1221:10.1001/jama.2014.12835
876:fulminant liver failure
655:Guillain–Barré syndrome
384:Alcoholic liver disease
284:Crigler–Najjar syndrome
209:Unconjugated bilirubin
179:activity of the liver.
2215:Elevated transaminases
1907:Thyroid function tests
1869:Transferrin saturation
1729:Clinical biochemistry
904:Elevated transaminases
815:until 400–500 μg/L in
439:Elevated transaminases
435:Aspartate transaminase
411:hyperemesis gravidarum
351:Elevated transaminases
303:Dubin–Johnson syndrome
122:. These tests include
2009:Lactate dehydrogenase
1971:Basic metabolic panel
1902:ACTH stimulation test
1673:11 April 2012 at the
938:. ASHP. p. 259.
887:Lactate dehydrogenase
882:Lactate dehydrogenase
599:lactate dehydrogenase
541:increased ALP due to
468:myocardial infarction
246:Measurement of total
212:Conjugated bilirubin
2278:Liver function tests
2029:Liver function tests
1884:Transferrin receptor
1653:Liver Function Tests
1643:Liver Function Tests
1375:Alkaline Phosphatase
1065:10.1038/ajg.2016.517
784:rheumatoid arthritis
778:Ceruloplasmin is an
530:Alkaline phosphatase
493:greater than 4.5 in
347:Alanine transaminase
286:have defects in the
174:Standard liver panel
164:alkaline phosphatase
108:Liver function tests
2045:Serum total protein
2040:Human serum albumin
1655:at Lab Tests Online
780:acute phase protein
331:Haemolytic jaundice
329:staining clothes).
199:
18:Liver function test
1817:Arterial blood gas
1560:Kingston, Hannah.
766:200–600 mg/L
701:nephrotic syndrome
659:myotonic dystrophy
647:acute pancreatitis
559:hyperphosphataemia
457:AST exists in two
404:metabolic syndrome
314:acute appendicitis
280:Gilbert's syndrome
197:
2265:
2264:
2261:
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2147:Blood sugar level
2126:Pancreatic lipase
1964:Total cholesterol
1794:Serum osmolal gap
1789:Plasma osmolality
1424:10.1172/JCI105064
1392:978-1-4613-2972-5
1359:978-1-4684-9862-2
1033:978-0-07-142322-9
1006:978-0-683-30751-1
945:978-1-58528-180-0
848:extrinsic pathway
841:thromboelastogram
810:Alpha-fetoprotein
806:
805:
790:Alpha-fetoprotein
770:
769:
736:
735:
686:
685:
628:
627:
571:pernicious anemia
549:of the liver and
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520:
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380:chronic hepatitis
367:
366:
322:neonatal jaundice
244:
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203:Parameters/units
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104:
16:(Redirected from
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2283:Gastroenterology
2237:Hyperproteinemia
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1613:(2–3): 285–293.
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914:Child–Pugh score
823:Coagulation test
797:Reference range
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761:Reference range
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727:Reference range
724:
705:oncotic pressure
682:3.5 to 5.3 g/dL
672:
651:anorexia nervosa
619:Reference range
616:
579:hypophosphatasia
512:Reference range
509:
446:Reference range
443:
413:was 103.5 IU/L,
358:Reference range
355:
305:, a mutation in
299:common bile duct
274:and ineffective
206:Total bilirubin
200:
196:
124:prothrombin time
98:edit on Wikidata
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2225:Hypoproteinemia
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2138:Small molecules
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1675:Wayback Machine
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1584:medlineplus.gov
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1540:medlineplus.gov
1534:
1533:
1529:
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1515:medlineplus.gov
1509:
1508:
1504:
1453:
1449:
1418:(10): 1905–14.
1404:
1400:
1393:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1338:
1323:
1308:
1294:
1287:
1250:
1246:
1201:
1192:
1155:
1096:
1045:
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1034:
1018:
1014:
1007:
991:
987:
964:
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948:
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926:
922:
909:Liver disorders
895:
884:
872:gluconeogenesis
868:
825:
812:
792:
776:
756:
722:
720:5' Nucleotidase
714:
676:Reference range
670:
634:
614:
575:zinc deficiency
527:
517:41 to 133 IU/L
507:
499:hyperthyroidism
490:
484:
473:liver cirrhosis
441:
433:Main articles:
431:
392:steatohepatitis
353:
345:Main articles:
343:
324:) and requires
195:
189:
187:Total bilirubin
176:
101:
86:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
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2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
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2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
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2149:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
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2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
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2054:
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2042:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Cardiac marker
1990:
1988:
1986:Cardiovascular
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:Hemoglobin A1c
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
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1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1767:Renal function
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1638:
1637:External links
1635:
1633:
1632:
1596:
1571:
1566:LetsGetChecked
1552:
1527:
1502:
1447:
1398:
1391:
1365:
1358:
1321:
1306:
1285:
1264:(5): 558–568.
1244:
1215:(5): 516–517.
1190:
1094:
1039:
1032:
1012:
1005:
985:
974:(8): 2223–30.
958:
944:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
894:
891:
883:
880:
867:
864:
824:
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808:Main article:
804:
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791:
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772:Main article:
768:
767:
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762:
755:
752:
734:
733:
729:
728:
721:
718:
713:
710:
684:
683:
679:
678:
669:
666:
630:Main article:
626:
625:
621:
620:
613:
610:
567:hypothyroidism
523:Main article:
519:
518:
514:
513:
506:
503:
495:Wilson disease
486:Main article:
483:
480:
453:
452:
448:
447:
430:
427:
419:HELLP syndrome
371:transamination
365:
364:
360:
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342:
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276:erythropoiesis
242:
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191:Main article:
188:
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151:liver diseases
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2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Hyperuricemia
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2160:Hyperglycemia
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2123:
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2109:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:AST/ALT ratio
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:transaminases
2055:
2053:
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2034:
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2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
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2010:
2007:
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2002:
2000:
1999:Troponin test
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
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1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Triglycerides
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:Blood glucose
1930:
1929:
1927:
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1913:
1910:
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1903:
1900:
1899:
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1837:
1830:
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1823:
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1413:
1412:J Clin Invest
1409:
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1309:
1307:9781259644047
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915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
890:
888:
879:
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873:
866:Serum glucose
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
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830:
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811:
801:
800:
796:
795:
787:
785:
781:
775:
774:Ceruloplasmin
765:
764:
760:
759:
754:Ceruloplasmin
751:
748:
745:
741:
732:0 to 15 IU/L
731:
730:
726:
725:
717:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
681:
680:
677:
674:
673:
665:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
633:
624:9 to 85 IU/L
623:
622:
618:
617:
609:
606:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
535:
534:biliary ducts
531:
526:
516:
515:
511:
510:
502:
500:
496:
489:
488:AST/ALT ratio
482:AST/ALT ratio
479:
476:
474:
469:
465:
460:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:pre-eclampsia
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:triglycerides
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
362:
361:
357:
356:
352:
348:
338:
336:
332:
327:
326:light therapy
323:
317:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
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281:
277:
273:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
236:
233:
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229:
225:
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219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
194:
184:
180:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
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117:
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109:
99:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2220:Elevated ALP
2206:
2186:Hypouricemia
2155:Hypoglycemia
2091:Unconjugated
2056:
2028:
1739:Electrolytes
1610:
1606:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1467:(4): 65–66.
1464:
1460:
1450:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1374:
1368:
1341:
1297:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1166:
1162:
1059:(1): 18–35.
1056:
1052:
1042:
1022:
1015:
995:
988:
971:
967:
961:
949:. Retrieved
934:
927:
885:
869:
845:
826:
813:
777:
749:
744:glycoprotein
740:Nucleotidase
737:
715:
687:
663:
643:triglyceride
635:
607:
583:
557:. Transient
528:
491:
477:
456:
408:
368:
318:
311:
292:
268:
245:
181:
177:
168:
156:transaminase
148:
115:
111:
107:
106:
52:K-70 to K-77
36:
2293:Blood tests
2169:Nitrogenous
2004:CPK-MB test
1944:Lipid panel
1879:Transferrin
1827:Bicarbonate
1822:Base excess
1731:blood tests
1663:Mayo Clinic
1589:25 February
1545:25 February
1520:25 February
1461:Nursing2021
852:coagulation
829:coagulation
742:(5NT) is a
712:Other tests
638:glutathione
547:amyloidosis
543:cholestasis
396:fatty acids
376:hepatitis C
254:(a part of
82:MedlinePlus
2288:Hepatology
2272:Categories
2096:Conjugated
1924:Metabolism
1864:Serum iron
1851:Iron tests
1772:Creatinine
1169:(17): 17.
920:References
837:factor VII
802:0-15 ÎĽg/L
459:isoenzymes
451:0-35 IU/L
363:7-56 IU/L
256:hemoglobin
126:(PT/INR),
48:ICD-10-PCS
2086:Bilirubin
2036:Proteins
2014:Myoglobin
1812:Anion gap
1804:Acid-base
1752:Potassium
1481:0360-4039
1316:990065894
1073:0002-9270
860:vitamin K
697:cirrhosis
693:globulins
603:Bilirubin
586:pregnancy
417:was 115,
295:hepatitis
272:haematoma
248:bilirubin
193:Bilirubin
136:bilirubin
2199:Proteins
2176:Azotemia
2108:Pancreas
1894:Hormones
1859:Ferritin
1757:Chloride
1671:Archived
1659:Overview
1627:14659867
1497:45694428
1489:28328780
1442:14236214
1280:27398328
1239:25647209
1185:21532726
1089:23788795
1081:27995906
980:10221307
951:5 August
893:See also
862:status.
856:warfarin
590:placenta
464:necrosis
423:caffeine
264:jaundice
237:< 12
226:0.1–0.4
130:(aPTT),
58:ICD-9-CM
2116:Amylase
1841:Lactate
1836:content
1762:Calcium
1271:4935699
1230:4424929
1176:2984286
689:Albumin
668:Albumin
563:infants
240:< 8
234:2.0–21
231:ÎĽmol/L
223:0.2–0.7
220:0.1–1.0
154:(e.g.,
132:albumin
74:D008111
62:570–573
2121:Lipase
1747:Sodium
1649:(MeSH)
1625:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1440:
1433:289635
1430:
1389:
1356:
1314:
1304:
1278:
1268:
1237:
1227:
1183:
1173:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1030:
1003:
978:
942:
577:, and
217:mg/dL
88:003436
2246:Other
1689:AASLD
1493:S2CID
1085:S2CID
594:liver
149:Most
120:liver
96:[
1777:Urea
1623:PMID
1591:2021
1547:2021
1522:2021
1485:PMID
1477:ISSN
1438:PMID
1387:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1312:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1276:PMID
1235:PMID
1181:PMID
1077:PMID
1069:ISSN
1028:ISBN
1001:ISBN
976:PMID
953:2011
940:ISBN
437:and
398:and
349:and
282:and
252:heme
162:and
142:and
112:LFTs
68:MeSH
2207:LFT
2081:GGT
2069:AST
2064:ALT
2052:ALP
1954:HDL
1949:LDL
1687:at
1661:at
1615:doi
1469:doi
1428:PMC
1420:doi
1379:doi
1346:doi
1266:PMC
1225:PMC
1217:doi
1213:313
1171:PMC
1061:doi
1057:112
850:of
738:5'
497:or
466:in
312:In
116:LFs
114:or
32:LFT
2274::
1832:CO
1621:.
1611:92
1609:.
1582:.
1564:.
1538:.
1513:.
1491:.
1483:.
1475:.
1465:47
1463:.
1459:.
1436:.
1426:.
1416:43
1414:.
1410:.
1385:.
1352:.
1324:^
1310:.
1288:^
1274:.
1262:45
1260:.
1256:.
1233:.
1223:.
1211:.
1207:.
1193:^
1179:.
1165:.
1161:.
1097:^
1083:.
1075:.
1067:.
1055:.
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972:59
970:.
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661:.
653:,
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573:,
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406:.
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266:.
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1524:.
1499:.
1471::
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1422::
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1381::
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1348::
1318:.
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1219::
1187:.
1167:3
1091:.
1063::
1036:.
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982:.
955:.
110:(
100:]
34:.
20:)
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