24:
487:
370:
5529:
515:, consisting of two identical subunits, each with approximately 400 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of approximately 45 kD. Each subunit is composed of a large and a small domain, as well as a third domain consisting of the N-terminal residues 3-14; these few residues form a strand, which links and stabilizes the two subunits of the dimer. The large domain, which includes residues 48-325, binds the PLP cofactor via an
546:. In the first half-reaction, amino acid 1 (e.g., L-Asp) reacts with the enzyme-PLP complex to generate ketoacid 1 (oxaloacetate) and the modified enzyme-PMP. In the second half-reaction, ketoacid 2 (α-ketoglutarate) reacts with enzyme-PMP to produce amino acid 2 (L-Glu), regenerating the original enzyme-PLP in the process. Formation of a racemic product (D-Glu) is very rare.
554:
541:
Aspartate transaminase, as with all transaminases, operates via dual substrate recognition; that is, it is able to recognize and selectively bind two amino acids (Asp and Glu) with different side-chains. In either case, the transaminase reaction consists of two similar half-reactions that constitute
385:(PMP) form. The amino group transfer catalyzed by this enzyme is crucial in both amino acid degradation and biosynthesis. In amino acid degradation, following the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate, glutamate subsequently undergoes oxidative deamination to form
4926:
4921:
284:) that was first described by Arthur Karmen and colleagues in 1954. AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an α-amino group between aspartate and glutamate and, as such, is an important enzyme in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the
1426:
Goldberg JM, Kirsch JF (April 1996). "The reaction catalyzed by
Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase has multiple partially rate-determining steps, while that catalyzed by the Y225F mutant is dominated by ketimine hydrolysis".
549:
The specific steps for the half-reaction of Enzyme-PLP + aspartate ⇌ Enzyme-PMP + oxaloacetate are as follows (see figure); the other half-reaction (not shown) proceeds in the reverse manner, with α-ketoglutarate as the substrate.
5173:
5059:
4984:
4956:
5178:
5064:
909:
Aminotransferase clearance is carried out within the liver by sinusoidal cells. The half-life in the circulation is about 47 hours for ALT, about 17 hours for total AST and, on average, 87 hours for mitochondrial
4903:
5153:
5275:
4972:
1652:
Inoue K, Kuramitsu S, Okamoto A, Hirotsu K, Higuchi T, Kagamiyama H (August 1991). "Site-directed mutagenesis of
Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase: role of Tyr70 in the catalytic processes".
573:
Transaldimination: The internal aldimine then becomes an external aldimine when the ε-amino group of Lys258 is displaced by the amino group of aspartate. This transaldimination reaction occurs via a
624:
cells. The difference is that ALT is found predominantly in the liver, with clinically negligible quantities found in the kidneys, heart, and skeletal muscle, while AST is found in the liver, heart (
1240:
Kamitori S, Hirotsu K, Higuchi T, Kondo K, Inoue K, Kuramitsu S, et al. (September 1988). "Three-dimensional structure of aspartate aminotransferase from
Escherichia coli at 2.8 A resolution".
490:
Structure of the aspartate transaminase dimer from chicken heart mitochondria. The large and small domains are coloured blue and red, respectively with the N-terminal residues highlighted in green.
4844:
925:
Kirsch JF, Eichele G, Ford GC, Vincent MG, Jansonius JN, Gehring H, Christen P (April 1984). "Mechanism of action of aspartate aminotransferase proposed on the basis of its spatial structure".
526:
The two independent active sites are positioned near the interface between the two domains. Within each active site, a couple arginine residues are responsible for the enzyme's specificity for
651:
AST was defined as a biochemical marker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in 1954. However, the use of AST for such a diagnosis is now redundant and has been superseded by the
1623:
Kondo K, Wakabayashi S, Yagi T, Kagamiyama H (July 1984). "The complete amino acid sequence of aspartate aminotransferase from
Escherichia coli: sequence comparison with pig isoenzymes".
4999:
5119:
523:. The small domain consists of residues 15-47 and 326-410 and represents a flexible region that shifts the enzyme from an "open" to a "closed" conformation upon substrate binding.
1280:
Danishefsky AT, Onnufer JJ, Petsko GA, Ringe D (February 1991). "Activity and structure of the active-site mutants R386Y and R386F of
Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase".
1075:
Okamoto A, Kato R, Masui R, Yamagishi A, Oshima T, Kuramitsu S (January 1996). "An aspartate aminotransferase from an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8".
5014:
5280:
4837:
3821:
2536:
5265:
5050:
206:
2912:
5312:
5392:
4830:
658:
Laboratory tests should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example reference ranges are shown below:
507:
studies have been performed to determine the structure of aspartate transaminase from various sources, including chicken mitochondria, pig heart cytosol, and
5099:
4964:
3514:
577:
by the deprotonated amino group of Asp and proceeds through a tetrahedral intermediate. As this point, the carboxylate groups of Asp are stabilized by the
5289:
3538:
3494:
3009:
1594:
Kuramitsu S, Okuno S, Ogawa T, Ogawa H, Kagamiyama H (April 1985). "Aspartate aminotransferase of
Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the aspC gene".
587:
formation: The hydrogen attached to the a-carbon of Asp is then abstracted (Lys258 is thought to be the proton acceptor) to form a quinonoid intermediate.
1164:
McPhalen CA, Vincent MG, Jansonius JN (May 1992). "X-ray structure refinement and comparison of three forms of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase".
377:
As a prototypical transaminase, AST relies on PLP (Vitamin B6) as a cofactor to transfer the amino group from aspartate or glutamate to the corresponding
5503:
533:
In terms of secondary structure, AST contains both α and β elements. Each domain has a central sheet of β-strands with α-helices packed on either side.
438:
These isoenzymes are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral AST via gene duplication, and they share a sequence homology of approximately 45%.
5329:
5089:
4390:
823:
Ladue JS, Wroblewski F, Karmen A (September 1954). "Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction".
4511:
5507:
5499:
5163:
530:
substrates: Arg386 interacts with the substrate's proximal (α-)carboxylate group, while Arg292 complexes with the distal (side-chain) carboxylate.
5114:
2875:
1731:
1315:
McPhalen CA, Vincent MG, Picot D, Jansonius JN, Lesk AM, Chothia C (September 1992). "Domain closure in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase".
3814:
3099:
2529:
5074:
2809:
225:
5425:
5158:
5094:
3543:
2905:
1201:"Refinement and comparisons of the crystal structures of pig cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase and its complex with 2-methylaspartate"
5022:
5004:
4470:
3807:
3533:
3489:
3339:
3004:
2522:
2212:
1464:"Conformational change in aspartate aminotransferase on substrate binding induces strain in the catalytic group and enhances catalysis"
1551:
5377:
5237:
4492:
4460:
3595:
3104:
2844:
2839:
2207:
5232:
3335:
2780:
2298:
1880:
218:
5219:
4383:
2898:
1966:
5561:
4416:
3056:
1584:
972:
169:
3196:
3019:
1775:
1724:
1028:"Purification and characterization of aspartate aminotransferase from the halophile archaebacterium Haloferax mediterranei"
4181:
519:
linkage to the ε-amino group of Lys258. Other residues in this domain – Asp 222 and Tyr 225 – also interact with PLP via
4520:
4475:
4119:
3709:
3306:
3029:
608:. However, it has been shown that the substrate binding step (transaldimination) drives the catalytic reaction forward.
4880:
3509:
2999:
2662:
2581:
2066:
2001:
4553:
4376:
3504:
3421:
3330:
2011:
1836:
336:
1575:, Vincent (1987). "Structural basis for catalysis by aspartate aminotransferase". In Jurnak FA, McPherson A (eds.).
5037:
4450:
2890:
2337:
2135:
1770:
468:
3034:
991:
Hayashi H, Wada H, Yoshimura T, Esaki N, Soda K (1990). "Recent topics in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzyme studies".
3176:
2504:
2332:
1996:
1717:
628:), skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells. As a result, ALT is a more specific indicator of liver
3568:
3049:
3044:
2819:
2649:
2637:
2586:
2327:
2113:
2071:
163:
145:
393:. In the reverse reaction, aspartate may be synthesized from oxaloacetate, which is a key intermediate in the
5551:
4709:
4320:
4076:
3719:
3714:
3431:
3094:
2658:
593:
formation: The quinonoid is reprotonated, but now at the aldehyde carbon, to form the ketimine intermediate.
150:
5495:
5372:
4871:
2645:
1917:
1859:
1749:
4012:
3974:
3657:
3608:
3075:
1971:
230:
5519:
5367:
5252:
5242:
4465:
4353:
3363:
3079:
2980:
2975:
2145:
2140:
1944:
1810:
138:
4810:
4797:
4784:
4771:
4758:
4745:
4732:
4694:
4455:
3904:
3704:
3699:
3652:
3613:
3258:
2746:
1870:
73:
1521:
Gaze DC (September 2007). "The role of existing and novel cardiac biomarkers for cardioprotection".
1350:
Hirotsu K, Goto M, Okamoto A, Miyahara I (2005). "Dual substrate recognition of aminotransferases".
5458:
5299:
4704:
4658:
4601:
4407:
4054:
3662:
3239:
2741:
2701:
2576:
2061:
1939:
1692:
472:
278:
56:
23:
3581:
3563:
1688:
511:. Overall, the three-dimensional polypeptide structure for all species is quite similar. AST is
166:
5445:
5339:
4606:
4049:
3917:
3882:
3393:
3368:
3296:
3278:
3059:– this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
3039:
2766:
2682:
2593:
2108:
1895:
486:
90:
4822:
1698:
5430:
5069:
4936:
4315:
4064:
4007:
3969:
3573:
3426:
2641:
1760:
1112:"Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases"
382:
3603:
2674:
1704:
4863:
4860:
4627:
4546:
4109:
4086:
4071:
4002:
3775:
3139:
2619:
2477:
2217:
2093:
1929:
1907:
633:
605:
504:
776:"A note on the spectrometric assay of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in human blood serum"
5407:
4699:
4445:
4368:
4307:
4164:
4152:
4129:
4059:
3984:
3852:
3446:
3220:
2953:
2943:
2929:
2790:
2720:
2608:
2318:
2224:
2081:
2030:
1976:
832:
699:
617:
584:
455:
324:
305:
1607:
1547:
1253:
1088:
126:
8:
5463:
5397:
5352:
5270:
4663:
4145:
4140:
4037:
3877:
3590:
3586:
3499:
3384:
3014:
2870:
574:
543:
270:
68:
32:
4948:
2514:
1004:
836:
102:
5420:
4911:
4596:
4501:
3941:
3862:
3632:
3181:
2925:
2761:
2248:
2016:
1890:
1403:
1386:
1052:
1027:
637:
553:
61:
1462:
Hayashi H, Mizuguchi H, Miyahara I, Nakajima Y, Hirotsu K, Kagamiyama H (March 2003).
1136:
1111:
895:
870:
800:
775:
751:
726:
369:
352:
181:
5556:
4247:
4226:
3894:
3889:
3024:
2549:
2238:
2041:
1822:
1669:
1640:
1636:
1611:
1580:
1530:
1485:
1444:
1408:
1367:
1332:
1328:
1297:
1257:
1222:
1181:
1177:
1141:
1092:
1057:
1008:
968:
942:
938:
900:
848:
805:
756:
527:
492:
394:
157:
37:
3799:
2920:
1199:
Rhee S, Silva MM, Hyde CC, Rogers PH, Metzler CM, Metzler DE, Arnone A (July 1997).
327:
of total AST in the circulation approximates 17 hours and, on average, 87 hours for
5435:
5196:
5128:
4642:
4637:
4611:
4539:
4337:
3994:
3749:
2712:
2566:
2051:
1844:
1661:
1632:
1603:
1475:
1436:
1398:
1359:
1324:
1289:
1249:
1212:
1173:
1131:
1123:
1084:
1047:
1039:
1000:
934:
890:
882:
840:
795:
787:
746:
738:
641:
520:
332:
4191:
1127:
632:
than AST, as AST may be elevated also in diseases affecting other organs, such as
5382:
5079:
4689:
4673:
4586:
4330:
4325:
3325:
3201:
3084:
1956:
1849:
1572:
1555:
844:
669:
293:
4196:
185:
5533:
5468:
5143:
5084:
4727:
4668:
4238:
4094:
3867:
3857:
417:
201:
5545:
5476:
5387:
5321:
5138:
5104:
4989:
4916:
4898:
4632:
4591:
4281:
4260:
4174:
4099:
4032:
3686:
3466:
3114:
1740:
1217:
1200:
705:
652:
645:
512:
431:
309:
176:
4581:
4420:
4286:
4255:
4158:
3847:
3771:
3643:
3471:
3089:
2785:
2771:
2693:
2373:
2348:
2006:
1885:
1798:
1534:
1489:
1480:
1463:
1371:
904:
852:
809:
760:
629:
356:
274:
1673:
1644:
1615:
1448:
1412:
1336:
1301:
1261:
1226:
1185:
1096:
1061:
1012:
946:
5362:
5191:
5186:
5168:
5027:
4931:
4893:
4805:
4740:
4576:
4399:
4104:
4044:
3979:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3839:
3451:
3417:
1709:
886:
621:
578:
567:
1665:
1387:"Mechanism of racemization of amino acids by aspartate aminotransferase"
1293:
1145:
475:
405:
Two isoenzymes are present in a wide variety of eukaryotes. In humans:
5133:
4856:
4024:
3964:
3951:
3872:
3831:
3758:
3734:
3553:
3524:
3373:
3066:
2957:
2921:
2629:
2545:
2125:
1787:
625:
597:
366:
L-Aspartate (Asp) + α-ketoglutarate ↔ oxaloacetate + L-glutamate (Glu)
317:
281:
114:
1503:
1440:
1363:
1043:
791:
742:
496:
41:
5357:
5148:
4853:
4779:
4753:
4186:
4114:
3912:
3762:
3623:
3442:
3438:
3413:
3301:
3287:
3273:
3249:
2571:
2056:
449:
360:
348:
313:
600:: Finally, the ketimine is hydrolyzed to form PMP and oxaloacetate.
5528:
5009:
4994:
4403:
4276:
4208:
3959:
3726:
3690:
3677:
3409:
3354:
3230:
3192:
3149:
3118:
2603:
2202:
2076:
590:
563:
516:
386:
378:
570:
linkage with the aldehyde carbon to generate an internal aldimine.
4852:
4216:
3730:
3316:
3211:
3188:
3163:
3154:
2990:
2362:
2357:
2277:
443:
441:
AST has also been found in a number of microorganisms, including
413:
297:
133:
28:
1461:
304:, red blood cells and gall bladder. Serum AST level, serum ALT (
5210:
4792:
4562:
4221:
3480:
3167:
2966:
2933:
2552:
2467:
2462:
2432:
2427:
2307:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
213:
109:
97:
85:
5220:
1622:
1025:
4766:
3344:
2854:
2849:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2178:
2165:
1314:
1279:
421:
301:
289:
285:
4398:
1651:
381:. In the process, the cofactor shuttles between PLP and the
5109:
4480:
4438:
4433:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2597:
1239:
1026:
Muriana FJ, Alvarez-Ossorio MC, Relimpio AM (August 1991).
467:
gene and has also been shown to exhibit the activity of an
427:
409:
390:
121:
4881:
4531:
1349:
2544:
1074:
990:
5038:
1593:
1163:
924:
347:
Aspartate transaminase catalyzes the interconversion of
566:
formation: First, the ε-amino group of Lys258 forms a
864:
862:
5517:
3829:
868:
822:
724:
620:(ALT) in that both enzymes are associated with liver
604:
This mechanism is thought to have multiple partially
3539:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3495:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3010:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
1625:
1198:
859:
581:
groups of the enzyme's Arg386 and Arg 292 residues.
5253:
1579:. Vol. 3. New York: Wiley. pp. 187–285.
962:
869:Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V (February 2005).
3147:
871:"Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians"
725:Karmen A, Wroblewski F, Ladue JS (January 1955).
557:Reaction mechanism for aspartate aminotransferase
5543:
5300:
2876:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
1571:
1109:
373:Reaction catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase
5446:
5340:
3100:Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
2781:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
1384:
31:aspartate aminotransferase bound with coenzyme
5225:Tooltip Glutamine aminohydrolase (glutaminase)
1541:
1425:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1159:
1157:
1155:
958:
956:
4838:
4547:
4384:
3815:
2906:
2530:
1725:
986:
984:
920:
918:
5408:
1455:
1343:
434:isoenzyme is present predominantly in liver.
3544:3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
1419:
1378:
1308:
1268:
1233:
1192:
1152:
953:
5504:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
4886:Tooltip Excitatory amino acid transporters
4845:
4831:
4554:
4540:
4471:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
4391:
4377:
3822:
3808:
3534:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
3490:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
3005:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
2913:
2899:
2537:
2523:
2213:Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
1739:
1732:
1718:
1068:
1019:
981:
915:
22:
3515:Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
1691:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1479:
1402:
1216:
1135:
1103:
1051:
894:
799:
750:
259:(serum) glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
5508:GABA metabolism and transport modulators
5500:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
5043:Tooltip Vesicular glutamate transporters
3105:Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
2208:Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
1577:Biological Macromolecules and Assemblies
1523:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs
648:, musculoskeletal diseases, and trauma.
611:
552:
485:
368:
316:for liver health. The tests are part of
16:Enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism
3336:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
1385:Kochhar S, Christen P (February 1992).
1110:Gelfand DH, Steinberg RA (April 1977).
963:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2006).
5544:
3596:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
1967:Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
773:
727:"Transaminase activity in human blood"
312:) are commonly measured clinically as
5080:Amido black 10B (naphthol blue black)
4826:
4535:
4372:
3803:
3057:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans
2894:
2518:
1713:
1705:AST: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1608:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135173
1548:GPnotebook > reference range (AST)
1254:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122464
1089:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021198
780:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
731:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
4461:Kynurenine—oxoglutarate transaminase
3197:Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
1520:
4120:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
3710:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
3307:Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
3030:Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
1881:Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
1468:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1205:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1005:10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.000511
13:
5258:Tooltip Aspartate aminotransferase
3510:3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
3000:3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2767:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
2663:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
2067:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
2002:Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
1564:
1404:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16584.x
967:. W.H. Freeman. pp. 656–660.
14:
5573:
3505:3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
3422:Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
3331:Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
2012:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
1682:
5527:
5305:Tooltip Alanine aminotransferase
4521:Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase
2136:Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
1776:Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
1771:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
1391:European Journal of Biochemistry
469:aromatic-amino-acid transaminase
5451:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
5345:Tooltip Glutamate dehydrogenase
4476:Alanine—glyoxylate transaminase
3177:Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
2791:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
1997:Glutamate aspartate transporter
1514:
1496:
463:, the enzyme is encoded by the
5436:Phosphinothricin (glufosinate)
3591:Homocysteine methyltransferase
3569:Methionine adenosyltransferase
3050:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
3045:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
2638:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2114:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
2072:Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
816:
767:
718:
416:isoenzyme derives mainly from
1:
5496:Receptor/signaling modulators
4077:Comprehensive metabolic panel
3720:Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
3715:Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
3432:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
3095:3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
3035:α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
2659:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
1128:10.1128/JB.130.1.429-440.1977
993:Annual Review of Biochemistry
711:
400:
5562:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
5413:Tooltip Glutamine synthetase
2762:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
1918:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
1637:10.1016/0006-291X(84)90439-X
1329:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90691-C
1317:Journal of Molecular Biology
1178:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90935-D
1166:Journal of Molecular Biology
939:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90333-4
927:Journal of Molecular Biology
845:10.1126/science.120.3117.497
536:
481:
389:ions, which are excreted as
7:
4561:
4013:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3975:Total iron-binding capacity
3658:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
3609:Cystathionine beta synthase
3076:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
1972:Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
693:
342:
10:
5578:
4466:Ornithine aminotransferase
4354:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
3582:regeneration of methionine
3564:generation of homocysteine
3364:Ornithine aminotransferase
3080:Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
2981:Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
2976:Saccharopine dehydrogenase
2582:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
2146:N-Acetylglutamate synthase
2141:Ornithine transcarbamylase
1945:Glycerol phosphate shuttle
1811:monoamine neurotransmitter
308:) level, and their ratio (
251:aspartate aminotransferase
5489:
5444:
5406:
5338:
5298:
5251:
5218:
5209:
5139:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
5105:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
5036:
4960:-CCG-III ((2S,3S,4R)-CCG)
4917:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
4899:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
4879:
4870:
4718:
4710:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4682:
4651:
4620:
4569:
4510:
4491:
4456:Tyrosine aminotransferase
4415:
4346:
4306:
4299:
4269:
4246:
4237:
4207:
4128:
4085:
4023:
3993:
3950:
3903:
3838:
3757:
3747:
3705:Tyrosine aminotransferase
3700:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
3685:
3675:
3653:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
3641:
3622:
3614:Cystathionine gamma-lyase
3552:
3523:
3479:
3464:
3402:
3382:
3353:
3315:
3286:
3271:
3259:L-threonine dehydrogenase
3248:
3229:
3210:
3162:
3138:
3113:
3065:
2989:
2965:
2952:
2940:
2863:
2754:
2747:oxidative phosphorylation
2738:
2710:
2691:
2672:
2627:
2618:
2559:
2500:
2371:
2346:
2316:
2296:
2246:
2237:
2198:
2191:
2174:
2154:
2122:
2090:
2038:
2029:
1985:
1953:
1926:
1904:
1871:oxidative phosphorylation
1867:
1858:
1835:
1807:
1784:
1757:
1748:
1550:Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
774:Karmen A (January 1955).
542:what is referred to as a
224:
212:
200:
195:
191:
175:
156:
144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
79:
67:
55:
50:
21:
5459:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
4968:-Serine-O-sulphate (SOS)
4602:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3663:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
3240:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
2742:electron transport chain
2702:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
2577:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
2062:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
1940:Malate-aspartate shuttle
1693:Medical Subject Headings
1218:10.1074/jbc.272.28.17293
5266:2-Amino-3-butenoic acid
5060:6-(4'-Phenylstyryl)-QDC
4944:-3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
3883:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
3394:Glutamate dehydrogenase
3369:Ornithine decarboxylase
3297:Histidine ammonia-lyase
3040:Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
2683:Glutamate dehydrogenase
2594:Succinate dehydrogenase
2587:Succinyl CoA synthetase
2109:Glutamate dehydrogenase
1896:Succinate dehydrogenase
1596:Journal of Biochemistry
1242:Journal of Biochemistry
1116:Journal of Bacteriology
1077:Journal of Biochemistry
1032:The Biochemical Journal
5431:Methionine sulfoximine
5018:-3-Methylglutamic acid
4429:Aspartate transaminase
4316:Elevated transaminases
4008:Thyroid function tests
3970:Transferrin saturation
3830:Clinical biochemistry
3781:Aspartate transaminase
3604:conversion to cysteine
3574:Adenosylhomocysteinase
3427:Glutathione synthetase
2726:Aspartate transaminase
2505:mitochondrial diseases
2104:Aspartate transaminase
1761:fatty acid degradation
1689:Aspartate+Transaminase
1554:7 January 2017 at the
1481:10.1074/jbc.M209235200
606:rate-determining steps
558:
501:
383:pyridoxamine phosphate
374:
243:Aspartate transaminase
4695:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4628:Allosteric regulation
4495:: Oximinotransferases
4110:Lactate dehydrogenase
4072:Basic metabolic panel
4003:ACTH stimulation test
3776:Asparagine synthetase
2944:Essential amino acids
2218:Mitochondrial carrier
2094:anaplerotic reactions
1930:mitochondrial shuttle
1908:pyrimidine metabolism
634:myocardial infarction
612:Clinical significance
556:
505:X-ray crystallography
489:
372:
33:pyridoxal 5-phosphate
5552:Liver function tests
5285:-Methylene-aspartate
4705:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4446:Alanine transaminase
4130:Liver function tests
3985:Transferrin receptor
3447:Glutamine synthetase
3221:Alanine transaminase
2721:Pyruvate carboxylase
2609:Malate dehydrogenase
2225:Translocator protein
2082:Malate dehydrogenase
1977:Aldosterone synthase
887:10.1503/cmaj.1040752
700:Alanine transaminase
618:alanine transaminase
306:alanine transaminase
5398:Pyridoxal phosphate
5100:Chicago sky blue 6B
5065:6-Biphenyl-4-yl-QDC
4146:Serum total protein
4141:Human serum albumin
3587:Methionine synthase
3500:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
3385:alpha-ketoglutarate
3302:Urocanate hydratase
3015:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
2871:Alternative oxidase
2675:α-ketoglutaric acid
1837:Intermembrane space
1666:10.1021/bi00245a019
1294:10.1021/bi00221a035
1211:(28): 17293–17302.
837:1954Sci...120..497L
646:acute renal disease
575:nucleophilic attack
544:ping-pong mechanism
271:pyridoxal phosphate
5421:2-Aminoadipic acid
5290:Hydrazinosuccinate
4664:Enzyme superfamily
4597:Enzyme promiscuity
4502:Oximinotransferase
3918:Arterial blood gas
3633:Threonine aldolase
3182:Serine dehydratase
2926:Protein metabolism
2192:Other/to be sorted
2157:alcohol metabolism
2017:Uncoupling protein
1891:NADH dehydrogenase
1701:- Lab Tests Online
638:acute pancreatitis
616:AST is similar to
559:
502:
375:
5515:
5514:
5485:
5484:
5471:
5205:
5204:
5123:
5120:Erythro-4-methyl-
5054:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4939:
4820:
4819:
4529:
4528:
4451:GABA transaminase
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4295:
4294:
4248:Blood sugar level
4227:Pancreatic lipase
4065:Total cholesterol
3895:Serum osmolal gap
3890:Plasma osmolality
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3743:
3742:
3671:
3670:
3460:
3459:
3267:
3266:
3134:
3133:
3025:HMG-CoA reductase
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2734:
2733:
2550:Citric acid cycle
2512:
2511:
2496:
2495:
2239:Mitochondrial DNA
2233:
2232:
2187:
2186:
2042:citric acid cycle
2025:
2024:
1831:
1830:
1823:Monoamine oxidase
1660:(31): 7796–7801.
1586:978-0-471-85142-4
1474:(11): 9481–9488.
1441:10.1021/bi952138d
1435:(16): 5280–5291.
1364:10.1002/tcr.20042
1044:10.1042/bj2780149
974:978-0-7167-8724-2
831:(3117): 497–499.
792:10.1172/JCI103055
743:10.1172/jci103055
691:
690:
653:cardiac troponins
528:dicarboxylic acid
395:citric acid cycle
240:
239:
236:
235:
139:metabolic pathway
5569:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5469:
5452:
5448:
5414:
5410:
5346:
5342:
5330:Propargylglycine
5324:
5316:
5306:
5302:
5284:
5259:
5255:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5197:Xanthurenic acid
5121:
5090:Benzopurpurin 4B
5052:
5044:
5040:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4937:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4700:Hanes–Woolf plot
4643:Enzyme activator
4638:Enzyme inhibitor
4612:Enzyme catalysis
4556:
4549:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4338:Hyperproteinemia
4304:
4303:
4244:
4243:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3755:
3754:
3683:
3682:
3477:
3476:
3284:
3283:
3160:
3159:
3145:
3144:
2963:
2962:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2752:
2751:
2713:oxaloacetic acid
2625:
2624:
2567:Citrate synthase
2539:
2532:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2376:
2351:
2321:
2301:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2196:
2195:
2159:
2129:
2097:
2052:Citrate synthase
2045:
2036:
2035:
1990:
1960:
1933:
1911:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1845:Adenylate kinase
1816:
1792:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1677:
1648:
1619:
1602:(4): 1259–1262.
1590:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1288:(7): 1980–1985.
1277:
1266:
1265:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1023:
1017:
1016:
988:
979:
978:
960:
951:
950:
922:
913:
912:
898:
866:
857:
856:
820:
814:
813:
803:
771:
765:
764:
754:
722:
670:Reference ranges
661:
660:
644:, severe burns,
642:hemolytic anemia
521:hydrogen bonding
499:
337:sinusoidal cells
333:Aminotransferase
273:(PLP)-dependent
253:, also known as
193:
192:
44:
26:
19:
18:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5526:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5481:
5450:
5440:
5412:
5402:
5383:Hexachlorophene
5344:
5334:
5322:
5314:
5304:
5294:
5282:
5257:
5247:
5224:
5201:
5164:Reactive blue 2
5042:
5032:
4885:
4866:
4851:
4821:
4816:
4728:Oxidoreductases
4714:
4690:Enzyme kinetics
4678:
4674:List of enzymes
4647:
4616:
4587:Catalytic triad
4565:
4560:
4530:
4525:
4506:
4487:
4411:
4397:
4367:
4358:
4342:
4331:Hypoalbuminemia
4326:Hypoproteinemia
4291:
4265:
4239:Small molecules
4233:
4203:
4124:
4081:
4019:
3989:
3946:
3936:
3899:
3834:
3828:
3798:
3785:
3739:
3667:
3637:
3618:
3548:
3519:
3470:
3456:
3398:
3378:
3349:
3326:Proline oxidase
3311:
3279:α-ketoglutarate
3277:
3263:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3202:Creatine kinase
3152:
3130:
3109:
3085:Arylformamidase
3061:
2985:
2948:
2946:are in Capitals
2936:
2932:and catabolism
2919:
2889:
2880:
2859:
2801:
2775:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2706:
2687:
2668:
2614:
2555:
2543:
2513:
2508:
2492:
2372:
2367:
2347:
2342:
2317:
2312:
2297:
2292:
2247:
2229:
2183:
2170:
2155:
2150:
2123:
2118:
2091:
2086:
2039:
2021:
1986:
1981:
1957:steroidogenesis
1954:
1949:
1927:
1922:
1905:
1900:
1868:
1854:
1850:Creatine kinase
1827:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1785:
1780:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1685:
1680:
1587:
1567:
1565:Further reading
1562:
1561:
1556:Wayback Machine
1546:
1542:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1460:
1456:
1424:
1420:
1383:
1379:
1352:Chemical Record
1348:
1344:
1313:
1309:
1278:
1269:
1238:
1234:
1197:
1193:
1162:
1153:
1108:
1104:
1073:
1069:
1024:
1020:
989:
982:
975:
961:
954:
923:
916:
867:
860:
821:
817:
772:
768:
723:
719:
714:
702:(ALT/ALAT/SGPT)
696:
614:
539:
491:
484:
456:T. thermophilus
450:H. mediterranei
418:red blood cells
403:
353:α-ketoglutarate
345:
294:skeletal muscle
46:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5537:
5536:
5513:
5512:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Kynurenic acid
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5124:-glutamic acid
5117:
5115:Direct blue 71
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5085:Bafilomycin A1
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4850:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4801:
4788:
4775:
4762:
4749:
4736:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4652:Classification
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Cardiac marker
4091:
4089:
4087:Cardiovascular
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4038:Hemoglobin A1c
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3868:Renal function
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2657:(regulated by
2654:
2653:
2634:
2632:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1860:Inner membrane
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1752:
1750:Outer membrane
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1683:External links
1681:
1679:
1678:
1649:
1620:
1591:
1585:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1529:(9): 711–717.
1513:
1508:www.rnceus.com
1495:
1454:
1418:
1397:(3): 563–569.
1377:
1358:(3): 160–172.
1342:
1323:(1): 197–213.
1307:
1267:
1248:(3): 317–318.
1232:
1191:
1172:(2): 495–517.
1151:
1122:(1): 429–440.
1102:
1083:(1): 135–144.
1067:
1038:(1): 149–154.
1018:
980:
973:
952:
933:(3): 497–525.
914:
881:(3): 367–379.
858:
815:
786:(1): 131–133.
766:
737:(1): 126–131.
716:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
703:
695:
692:
689:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
673:
672:
667:
626:cardiac muscle
613:
610:
602:
601:
594:
588:
582:
571:
538:
535:
483:
480:
436:
435:
425:
402:
399:
344:
341:
339:in the liver.
335:is cleared by
255:AspAT/ASAT/AAT
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
189:
188:
179:
173:
172:
161:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5574:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5488:
5478:
5477:Semicarbazide
5475:
5473:
5472:-Allylglycine
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Palmitoyl-CoA
5391:
5389:
5388:Hydroxylamine
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Maslinic acid
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Enzyme family
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Cooperativity
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Oxyanion hole
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4421:Transaminases
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Hyperuricemia
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4261:Hyperglycemia
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4175:AST/ALT ratio
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:transaminases
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:Troponin test
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Triglycerides
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:Blood glucose
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:PHENYLALANINE
3684:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:propionyl-CoA
3463:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3115:PHENYLALANINE
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:HMG-CoA lyase
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2739:Mitochondrial
2737:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1741:Mitochondrial
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
985:
976:
970:
966:
959:
957:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
911:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
863:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
762:
758:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
717:
707:
706:Transaminases
704:
701:
698:
697:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
656:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
545:
534:
531:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
494:
488:
479:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
451:
446:
445:
439:
433:
432:mitochondrial
429:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
407:
406:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
371:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
334:
330:
329:mitochondrial
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:AST/ALT ratio
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
232:
229:
227:
223:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
178:
177:Gene Ontology
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
115:NiceZyme view
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
49:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5539:
5492:
5491:
5325:-Cycloserine
5179:
5075:Acid red 114
5051:4-Methylene-
5015:
4977:
4941:
4904:
4806:Translocases
4803:
4790:
4777:
4764:
4751:
4741:Transferases
4738:
4725:
4582:Binding site
4428:
4321:Elevated ALP
4287:Hypouricemia
4256:Hypoglycemia
4192:Unconjugated
4169:
4157:
3840:Electrolytes
3780:
3772:Asparaginase
3750:oxaloacetate
3644:succinyl-CoA
3602:
3580:
3562:
3472:succinyl-CoA
3090:Kynureninase
3054:
2942:
2797:
2786:Cytochrome c
2725:
2694:succinyl-CoA
2502:
2349:ATP synthase
2156:
2124:
2103:
2092:
2040:
2007:ATP synthase
1987:
1955:
1928:
1906:
1886:Cytochrome c
1869:
1809:
1799:Kynureninase
1786:
1759:
1657:
1654:Biochemistry
1653:
1631:(1): 62–67.
1628:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1576:
1573:Jansonius JN
1543:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1432:
1429:Biochemistry
1428:
1421:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1285:
1282:Biochemistry
1281:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1169:
1165:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1035:
1031:
1021:
996:
992:
965:Biochemistry
964:
930:
926:
908:
878:
874:
828:
824:
818:
783:
779:
769:
734:
730:
720:
665:Patient type
664:
657:
650:
630:inflammation
615:
603:
548:
540:
532:
525:
508:
503:
464:
460:
454:
448:
442:
440:
437:
404:
376:
365:
357:oxaloacetate
346:
328:
322:
318:blood panels
275:transaminase
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
103:BRENDA entry
5363:Chloroquine
5192:Valinomycin
5187:Trypan blue
5169:Rose bengal
5154:NPPB (N144)
5028:WAY-213,613
4932:Kainic acid
4894:Amphetamine
4872:Transporter
4577:Active site
4404:nitrogenous
4400:Transferase
4270:Nitrogenous
4105:CPK-MB test
4045:Lipid panel
3980:Transferrin
3928:Bicarbonate
3923:Base excess
3832:blood tests
3452:Glutaminase
3418:glutathione
3127:(see below)
2803:synthesis:
2620:Anaplerotic
2299:Complex III
622:parenchymal
579:guanidinium
568:Schiff base
430:/mAST, the
412:/cAST, the
91:IntEnz view
51:Identifiers
5546:Categories
5426:JFD01307SC
5159:Ponceau SS
5134:Furosemide
5129:Evans blue
5095:Bumetamide
5055:-glutamate
4864:modulators
4857:metabolism
4780:Isomerases
4754:Hydrolases
4621:Regulation
4197:Conjugated
4025:Metabolism
3965:Serum iron
3952:Iron tests
3873:Creatinine
3759:asparagine
3735:Tyrosinase
3554:METHIONINE
3525:ISOLEUCINE
3374:Agmatinase
3067:TRYPTOPHAN
2958:acetyl-CoA
2922:Metabolism
2798:Coenzyme Q
2772:Coenzyme Q
2630:acetyl-CoA
2546:Metabolism
2319:Complex IV
2126:urea cycle
1814:metabolism
1790:metabolism
1788:tryptophan
999:: 87–110.
712:References
687:6–34 IU/L
679:8–40 IU/L
598:hydrolysis
401:Isoenzymes
314:biomarkers
160:structures
127:KEGG entry
74:9000-97-9
5493:See also:
5358:Bithionol
5313:β-Chloro-
5149:Nigericin
4861:transport
4854:Glutamate
4659:EC number
4187:Bilirubin
4137:Proteins
4115:Myoglobin
3913:Anion gap
3905:Acid-base
3853:Potassium
3763:aspartate
3624:THREONINE
3443:glutamine
3439:glutamate
3414:glutamate
3288:HISTIDINE
3274:glutamate
3250:threonine
2930:synthesis
2572:Aconitase
2503:see also
2249:Complex I
2057:Aconitase
1504:"AST/ALT"
596:Ketimine
585:Quinonoid
562:Internal
537:Mechanism
482:Structure
414:cytosolic
361:glutamate
349:aspartate
325:half-life
80:Databases
5557:EC 2.6.1
5317:-alanine
5023:UCPH-101
5010:Theanine
5005:TFB-TBOA
4995:SYM-2081
4980:-2,4-PDC
4683:Kinetics
4607:Cofactor
4570:Activity
4406:groups (
4300:Proteins
4277:Azotemia
4209:Pancreas
3995:Hormones
3960:Ferritin
3858:Chloride
3727:tyrosine
3691:tyrosine
3678:fumarate
3410:cysteine
3355:arginine
3231:cysteine
3193:creatine
3150:pyruvate
3119:tyrosine
2604:Fumarase
2203:Frataxin
2077:Fumarase
1743:proteins
1552:Archived
1535:17729182
1490:12488449
1372:15889412
905:15684121
853:13195683
810:13221664
761:13221663
694:See also
640:, acute
591:Ketimine
564:aldimine
517:aldimine
476:2.6.1.57
387:ammonium
379:ketoacid
343:Function
277:enzyme (
269:), is a
231:proteins
219:articles
207:articles
164:RCSB PDB
5534:Biology
4793:Ligases
4563:Enzymes
4514:: Other
4217:Amylase
3942:Lactate
3937:content
3863:Calcium
3731:melanin
3340:ALDH4A1
3317:proline
3212:alanine
3189:glycine
3164:glycine
3155:citrate
2991:LEUCINE
2934:enzymes
2776:(CoQ10)
2755:Primary
2611:and ETC
2553:enzymes
2363:MT-ATP8
2358:MT-ATP6
2278:MT-ND4L
1674:1868057
1645:6378205
1616:3897210
1449:8611515
1413:1735441
1337:1522585
1302:1993208
1262:3071527
1227:9211866
1186:1593633
1097:8907187
1062:1909112
1053:1151461
1013:2197992
947:6143829
833:Bibcode
825:Science
513:dimeric
509:E. coli
500:
461:E. coli
444:E. coli
298:kidneys
282:2.6.1.1
186:QuickGO
151:profile
134:MetaCyc
69:CAS no.
62:2.6.1.1
45:
29:Chicken
5520:Portal
5378:GW5074
5238:CB-839
5211:Enzyme
5039:vGluTs
4767:Lyases
4512:2.6.99
4222:Lipase
3848:Sodium
3481:VALINE
3168:serine
2967:LYSINE
2845:COQ10B
2840:COQ10A
2468:MT-TS2
2463:MT-TS1
2433:MT-TL2
2428:MT-TL1
2338:MT-CO3
2333:MT-CO2
2328:MT-CO1
2308:MT-CYB
2288:MT-ND6
2283:MT-ND5
2273:MT-ND4
2268:MT-ND3
2263:MT-ND2
2258:MT-ND1
2031:Matrix
1695:(MeSH)
1672:
1643:
1614:
1583:
1533:
1488:
1447:
1411:
1370:
1335:
1300:
1260:
1225:
1184:
1144:
1137:235221
1134:
1095:
1060:
1050:
1011:
971:
945:
903:
896:545762
893:
851:
808:
801:438594
798:
759:
752:438594
749:
684:Female
453:, and
214:PubMed
196:Search
182:AmiGO
170:PDBsum
110:ExPASy
98:BRENDA
86:IntEnz
57:EC no.
5233:BPTES
5182:-ACDP
5180:trans
5070:7-CKA
5016:threo
4978:trans
4942:threo
4940:-(-)-
4927:HIP-B
4922:HIP-A
4907:-ACBD
4882:EAATs
4719:Types
4493:2.6.3
4417:2.6.1
4347:Other
3403:Other
3345:PYCR1
3055:(See
2864:Other
2855:PDSS2
2850:PDSS1
2560:Cycle
2488:MT-TY
2483:MT-TW
2478:MT-TV
2473:MT-TT
2458:MT-TR
2453:MT-TQ
2448:MT-TP
2443:MT-TN
2438:MT-TM
2423:MT-TK
2418:MT-TI
2413:MT-TH
2408:MT-TG
2403:MT-TF
2398:MT-TE
2393:MT-TD
2388:MT-TC
2383:MT-TA
2179:PMPCB
2166:ALDH2
1988:other
1146:15983
459:. In
422:heart
331:AST.
302:brain
290:heart
286:liver
249:) or
146:PRIAM
5464:AAOA
5368:EGCG
5353:AAOA
5271:AAOA
5174:SITS
5110:DIDS
5000:TBOA
4985:MPDC
4952:-αAA
4912:DHKA
4859:and
4811:list
4804:EC7
4798:list
4791:EC6
4785:list
4778:EC5
4772:list
4765:EC4
4759:list
4752:EC3
4746:list
4739:EC2
4733:list
4726:EC1
4481:AGXT
4439:GOT2
4434:GOT1
4410:2.6)
3878:Urea
3646:→TCA
3387:→TCA
2835:COQ9
2830:COQ7
2825:COQ6
2820:COQ5
2815:COQ4
2810:COQ3
2805:COQ2
2661:and
2598:SDHA
2374:tRNA
1670:PMID
1641:PMID
1612:PMID
1581:ISBN
1531:PMID
1486:PMID
1445:PMID
1409:PMID
1368:PMID
1333:PMID
1298:PMID
1258:PMID
1223:PMID
1182:PMID
1142:PMID
1093:PMID
1058:PMID
1009:PMID
969:ISBN
943:PMID
910:AST.
901:PMID
875:CMAJ
849:PMID
806:PMID
757:PMID
676:Male
497:7AAT
465:aspC
428:GOT2
420:and
410:GOT1
391:urea
359:and
351:and
323:The
267:SGOT
226:NCBI
167:PDBe
122:KEGG
42:7AAT
5447:GAD
5373:GTP
5341:GDH
5301:ALT
5276:AMB
5254:AST
5243:DON
5221:GAH
4905:cis
4308:LFT
4182:GGT
4170:AST
4165:ALT
4153:ALP
4055:HDL
4050:LDL
2711:to
2692:to
2673:to
2628:to
1699:AST
1662:doi
1633:doi
1629:122
1604:doi
1476:doi
1472:278
1437:doi
1399:doi
1395:203
1360:doi
1325:doi
1321:227
1290:doi
1250:doi
1246:104
1213:doi
1209:272
1174:doi
1170:225
1132:PMC
1124:doi
1120:130
1085:doi
1081:119
1048:PMC
1040:doi
1036:278
1001:doi
935:doi
931:174
891:PMC
883:doi
879:172
841:doi
829:120
796:PMC
788:doi
747:PMC
739:doi
493:PDB
478:).
355:to
263:GOT
257:or
247:AST
202:PMC
158:PDB
38:PDB
5548::
5506:•
5502:•
5498:•
5409:GS
5283:DL
5281:β-
4419::
4408:EC
4402::
3933:CO
3748:G→
3733::
3676:G→
3465:G→
3445::
3420::
3272:G→
3195::
3148:G→
2928:,
2924::
2800:10
2774:10
2650:E3
2648:,
2646:E2
2644:,
2642:E1
2548::
1668:.
1658:30
1656:.
1639:.
1627:.
1610:.
1600:97
1598:.
1525:.
1506:.
1484:.
1470:.
1466:.
1443:.
1433:35
1431:.
1407:.
1393:.
1389:.
1366:.
1354:.
1331:.
1319:.
1296:.
1286:30
1284:.
1270:^
1256:.
1244:.
1221:.
1207:.
1203:.
1180:.
1168:.
1154:^
1140:.
1130:.
1118:.
1114:.
1091:.
1079:.
1056:.
1046:.
1034:.
1030:.
1007:.
997:59
995:.
983:^
955:^
941:.
929:.
917:^
907:.
899:.
889:.
877:.
873:.
861:^
847:.
839:.
827:.
804:.
794:.
784:34
782:.
778:.
755:.
745:.
735:34
733:.
729:.
655:.
636:,
495::
473:EC
447:,
397:.
363:.
320:.
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
279:EC
265:,
184:/
40::
35:.
5522::
5470:L
5323:L
5315:L
5122:L
5053:L
4976:-
4974:L
4966:L
4958:L
4950:L
4938:L
4846:e
4839:t
4832:v
4813:)
4809:(
4800:)
4796:(
4787:)
4783:(
4774:)
4770:(
4761:)
4757:(
4748:)
4744:(
4735:)
4731:(
4555:e
4548:t
4541:v
4392:e
4385:t
4378:v
3935:2
3823:e
3816:t
3809:v
3774:/
3765:→
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