256:), ordering Zhang to execute Liu and take over the army. When the messengers informed Zhang, Zhang, who was friendly with Liu, secretly informed Liu, who immediately put the two messengers to death. Liu then called a meeting with all of his officers, declaring that he was set to turn against Li Shidao and follow imperial orders. When some officers hesitated, he executed them, as well as a number of others that soldiers had resented. The other officers were intimidated into submission. At night, they launched a surprise attack on Yun Prefecture, and the Yun Prefecture defenders, believing that Liu was returning on Li Shidao's orders, allowed them in. Liu Wu controlled the city and arrested Li Shidao and his two sons, putting them to death. He then sent messengers to surrender to Tian, but continued to maintain control over Yun Prefecture.
268:
Xianzong was secretly planning to divide Pinglu into three circuits and transferring Liu elsewhere, but was concerned that Liu might resist. He ordered Tian to evaluate the situation, and Tian thus sent messengers to Liu, ostensibly to befriend Liu, but secretly to observe Liu. As Liu was strong and liked arm wrestling, within three days, he was encouraging soldiers to arm wrestle and watching them doing so in excitement. When the Weibo messengers reported this back to Tian, Tian opined to
Emperor Xianzong that Liu, if transferred elsewhere, would not resist. Soon thereafter, Emperor Xianzong issued an edict commissioning Liu as the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern
243:) to defend against Tian. Tian's army repeatedly prevailed over Liu's, and there were accusations by some of Li Shidao's associates that Liu was plotting against him. Li Shidao thus summoned Liu back to Yun Prefecture under the guise of a strategic meeting but planned to execute him. Yet other associates of Li Shidao's counseled that if he put Liu to death without proof of treachery, no one would remain faithful to him. After keeping Liu at Yun Prefecture for 10 days, Li Shidao ordered him to return to Yanggu and gave him gifts to try to secure his loyalty. However, because Liu Wu's son
415:, who was also aware of Liu Chengjie's arrogance and improper activities, suggested to Emperor Muzong that he ordered that Liu Chengjie be executed, to maintain the faith of not only Liu Wu but other military governors who resented eunuch monitors' interference with them. Emperor Muzong, however, declined to do so, but at Pei's further advice ordered Liu Chengjie exiled. Only after receiving such an order did Liu Wu release Liu Chengjie back into imperial custody. Emperor Muzong subsequently gave Liu Wu the honorary title of acting
391:) the prefect of Ci Prefecture (磁州, in modern Handan) to arrest Liu Wu and let Zhang replace him. When Liu Wu found out about this, he encouraged his subordinates to act against Liu Chengjie and Zhang, and in a subsequent mutiny, soldiers killed Zhang and arrested Liu Chengjie, intending to kill him as well. Jia, however, warned Liu Wu:
276:). Liu was surprised and decided to submit—and, as soon as he left the city, Tian, approaching with Weibo and other circuits' troops, met him and gave him the seals of the Yicheng governorship. Liu took with him several colleagues who had unsuccessfully counseled Li Shidao not to resist imperial authority—Li Gongdu (
156:. Liu Quanliang had a storage of money at Luoyang, and Liu Wu broke into it and spent it. Liu Wu also associated with violent young men who killed people and dogs. As a result, Liu Wu was arrested and held at the jail of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region), but the defender of Luoyang Wei Xiaqing (
190:, his horse charged Li Shigu's horse, causing Li Shigu's horse to fall. Li Shigu, in anger, was set to execute him. Liu responded with proud words without fear. Li Shigu was amazed and pardoned him, and found a wife for him. He thereafter was promoted several times, until he became army commander (兵馬使,
267:
Because
Emperor Xianzong had previously issued an edict stating that whoever killed Li Shidao would be conferred all of Li Shidao's titles, Liu Wu believed that he would be given Pinglu's 12 prefectures, and therefore started making personnel changes for the entire circuit. Meanwhile, though, Emperor
331:, fearing the fate of Li Shidao, offered to surrender the circuit's control to the imperial government. Emperor Muzong, as a result, made a number of transfers of military governors around Chengde—transferring Tian to Chengde, Wang Chengyuan to Yicheng, Liu to Zhaoyi Circuit, and
407:
Liu Wu thanked Jia for his honest advice and did not kill Liu
Chengjie, but instead only kept him under arrest. Emperor Muzong ordered Liu Wu to deliver Liu Chengjie to Chang'an, and Liu Wu refused, claiming that if he did, the soldiers would mutiny again. At the advice of the
367:
to take over the circuit, Emperor Muzong made Liu the military governor of Lulong, intending to have him suppress the mutiny, but Liu, fearing the strength of Zhu's troops, declined, suggesting that Zhu be commissioned. Emperor Muzong thus allowed Liu to remain at Zhaoyi.
445:(Emperor Muzong's son) in Liu Wu's name requested that Liu Congjian be allowed to inherit the command. The officials in the imperial government argued among each other about whether Liu Wu's son Liu Congjian should be allowed to do so, but finally, with the chancellor
538:
Liu
Quanliang served as the military governor of Xuanwu only briefly—in 799, before his death—and Wang Qianxiu served as the military governor of Zhaoyi from 794 until his death in 799, so the events described must have occurred in 799 or shortly after. See
300:)—with him, and invited them to serve under him at Yicheng. Liu's submission to imperial authority was considered the apex of Emperor Xianzong's campaign to end warlordism in his realm, referred to historians as the Yuanhe Restoration (元和中興,
427:
was). It was said that after this incident, Liu Wu became arrogant and no longer obedient of the imperial government, often gathering bandits to serve under his command. In 823, he was further given the honorary chancellor title of
468:
138:), as he valued Liu Wu for Liu Wu's bravery and decisiveness, he made Liu Wu an officer under him, but Liu Wu subsequently committed a crime and fled to Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
213:). It was said that Liu was lenient and simplified the military laws, and as a result the soldiers were happy to be under his command—such that he was referred to as "Father Liu." After
469:
http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%B7q%A9v&reign=%C4_%BE%E4&yy=1&ycanzi=&mm=8&dd=&dcanzi=%A9%B0%A6%A6
308:). Emperor Xianzong created Liu the Prince of Pengcheng and awarded him a mansion and an estate. In spring 820, Liu went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong.
247:
served in Li Shidao's guard corps, he found out about what Li Shidao had originally intended and reported it to Liu Wu, so Liu Wu secretly took precautions.
385:
showed him, was arrogant and often insulted Liu Wu, and allowed his subordinates to disobey the law. He also conspired with Liu Wu's subordinate Zhang Wen (
768:
773:
763:
186:
independence from the imperial government. Liu was not initially well known in the Pinglu army. On one occasion, when the officers were playing
778:
74:
and one of his subordinates, drifted away from the imperial government and ruled Zhaoyi
Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
205:, Li Shidao had Liu command troops to defend against imperial armies' attack, in position at Cao Prefecture (曹州, in modern
732:
728:
724:
684:
665:
629:
604:
544:
526:
510:
382:
758:
409:
37:
712:
700:
585:
569:
492:
250:
In spring 819, Li Shidao became resolved to kill Liu Wu. He sent two messengers to Liu's deputy Zhang Xian (
748:
442:
399:
Li ? How do you know that there are not those in the army who will follow your example, Lord? If
198:
63:
372:
71:
152:), made him an officer. Liu Wu soon became ill and resigned, and he went to the eastern capital
453:
in favor, Liu
Congjian was allowed to inherit the circuit. Liu Wu was given posthumous honors.
312:
67:
332:
8:
753:
420:
103:
707:
695:
564:
487:
311:
Late in 820, by which time
Emperor Xianzong had died and been succeeded by his son
170:
Liu Wu subsequently fled to Pinglu
Circuit (by this point headquartered in modern
130:) served as the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
107:
21:
719:
505:
450:
360:
328:
316:
214:
62:, and subsequent submission to the imperial government, were the high point of
742:
375:
monitor of the army that
Emperor Muzong stationed at Zhaoyi, Liu Chengjie (
320:
244:
226:
55:
17:
381:), because of the favor that both Emperor Muzong and the emperor's mother
235:) directly in winter 818, Liu stationed his army at Yanggu (陽穀, in modern
355:). In 821, after soldiers at Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern
111:
364:
319:
the military governor of
Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern
54:), was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician during the
446:
403:
Li still is aware of this underground, I think he would laugh at you.
347:
the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern
335:
the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern
236:
202:
201:
declared a general campaign against Li Shigu's brother and successor
171:
90:
It is not known when Liu Wu was born. His grandfather Liu Zhengchen (
59:
217:
the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern
305:
240:
210:
179:
175:
139:
98:
75:
642:
359:) mutinied and put the imperially-commissioned military governor
356:
348:
344:
340:
153:
131:
115:
412:
336:
269:
218:
143:
79:
441:
Liu Wu died suddenly in 825. A final request to then-reigning
66:'s campaign to end warlordism. During the subsequent reign of
352:
324:
273:
222:
135:
395:
What are you doing, Lord? Are you following the example of
70:, however, Liu, angered by a conspiracy between an imperial
206:
187:
118:
before being poisoned by his own subordinate Wang Xuanzhi (
26:
146:), where the military governor of Zhaoyi, Wang Qianxiu (
165:
124:). During the time that Liu Wu's uncle Liu Quanliang (
102:) of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, then headquartered in modern
114:, but was unable to capture the Yan northern capital
740:
229:and pressured Pinglu's capital Yun Prefecture (
433:
386:
376:
363:under house arrest and supported the officer
295:
289:
283:
277:
251:
230:
157:
147:
125:
119:
91:
58:, whose killing of his superior, the warlord
49:
96:) had served as the Tang military governor (
676:
674:
657:
655:
653:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
596:
594:
44:) (died September 25, 825), formally the
769:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Yicheng Circuit
482:
480:
478:
476:
774:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhaoyi Circuit
764:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lulong Circuit
671:
650:
559:
557:
555:
553:
456:
178:) to serve under the military governor
741:
610:
591:
473:
550:
166:Service under Li Shigu and Li Shidao
110:and combatted the army of the rebel
13:
14:
790:
430:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
779:Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
635:
575:
532:
516:
498:
462:
434:
387:
377:
343:), and also making Tian's son
259:
252:
126:
92:
41:
1:
645:Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian
85:
7:
182:, who ruled the circuit in
10:
795:
15:
304:being Emperor Xianzong's
296:
290:
284:
278:
231:
158:
148:
120:
50:
449:and the powerful eunuch
405:
82:) semi-independently.
759:Tang dynasty generals
393:
457:Notes and references
327:) died. His brother
383:Empress Dowager Guo
294:), and Jia Zhiyan (
46:Prince of Pengcheng
749:8th-century births
421:Three Excellencies
104:Chaoyang, Liaoning
786:
708:New Book of Tang
696:Old Book of Tang
688:
678:
669:
659:
648:
639:
633:
623:
608:
598:
589:
582:Old Book of Tang
579:
573:
565:Old Book of Tang
561:
548:
536:
530:
520:
514:
502:
496:
488:New Book of Tang
484:
471:
466:
443:Emperor Jingzong
437:
436:
419:(司徒, one of the
390:
389:
380:
379:
299:
298:
293:
292:
287:
286:
281:
280:
255:
254:
234:
233:
199:Emperor Xianzong
162:) released him.
161:
160:
151:
150:
129:
128:
123:
122:
95:
94:
64:Emperor Xianzong
53:
52:
43:
794:
793:
789:
788:
787:
785:
784:
783:
739:
738:
691:
679:
672:
660:
651:
640:
636:
624:
611:
599:
592:
580:
576:
562:
551:
537:
533:
521:
517:
503:
499:
485:
474:
467:
463:
459:
371:Meanwhile, the
265:
168:
108:Anshi Rebellion
88:
31:
12:
11:
5:
792:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
737:
736:
720:Zizhi Tongjian
716:
704:
690:
689:
681:Zizhi Tongjian
670:
662:Zizhi Tongjian
649:
634:
626:Zizhi Tongjian
609:
601:Zizhi Tongjian
590:
574:
549:
541:Zizhi Tongjian
531:
523:Zizhi Tongjian
515:
506:Zizhi Tongjian
497:
472:
460:
458:
455:
451:Wang Shoucheng
361:Zhang Hongjing
329:Wang Chengyuan
317:Wang Chengzong
313:Emperor Muzong
264:
258:
225:) crossed the
215:Tian Hongzheng
197:In 818, after
167:
164:
87:
84:
68:Emperor Muzong
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
791:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
744:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
717:
714:
710:
709:
705:
702:
698:
697:
693:
692:
686:
682:
677:
675:
667:
663:
658:
656:
654:
646:
644:
638:
631:
627:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
606:
602:
597:
595:
587:
583:
578:
571:
567:
566:
560:
558:
556:
554:
546:
542:
535:
528:
524:
519:
512:
508:
507:
501:
494:
490:
489:
483:
481:
479:
477:
470:
465:
461:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
404:
402:
398:
392:
384:
374:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
275:
271:
263:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
163:
155:
145:
141:
137:
133:
117:
113:
109:
106:) during the
105:
101:
100:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
47:
39:
35:
29:
28:
23:
19:
718:
706:
694:
680:
661:
641:
637:
625:
600:
581:
577:
563:
540:
534:
522:
518:
504:
500:
486:
464:
440:
429:
424:
416:
406:
400:
396:
394:
370:
321:Shijiazhuang
310:
301:
266:
261:
249:
245:Liu Congjian
227:Yellow River
196:
191:
183:
169:
97:
89:
56:Tang dynasty
45:
33:
32:
25:
18:Chinese name
647:, vol. 58 .
288:), Guo Hu (
282:), Li Cun (
22:family name
754:825 deaths
743:Categories
410:chancellor
365:Zhu Kerong
86:Background
447:Li Fengji
237:Liaocheng
203:Li Shidao
192:Bingmashi
60:Li Shidao
723:, vols.
713:vol. 214
701:vol. 161
685:vol. 243
666:vol. 242
630:vol. 241
605:vol. 240
586:vol. 124
570:vol. 161
545:vol. 235
511:vol. 218
493:vol. 214
435:同中書門下平章事
306:era name
262:jiedushi
241:Shandong
211:Shandong
184:de facto
180:Li Shigu
176:Shandong
140:Changzhi
99:jiedushi
76:Changzhi
16:In this
643:Bo Yang
357:Beijing
349:Jiaozuo
345:Tian Bu
341:Jiangsu
154:Luoyang
132:Kaifeng
116:Fanyang
38:Chinese
425:Sikong
413:Pei Du
401:Sikong
397:Sikong
373:eunuch
337:Xuzhou
302:Yuanhe
270:Anyang
219:Handan
172:Tai'an
144:Shanxi
80:Shanxi
72:eunuch
40::
34:Liu Wu
20:, the
423:, as
353:Henan
333:Li Su
325:Hebei
274:Henan
223:Hebei
136:Henan
417:Situ
207:Heze
188:polo
733:243
729:242
725:241
527:219
438:).
378:劉承偕
297:賈直言
279:李公度
260:As
194:).
159:韋夏卿
149:王虔休
127:劉全諒
121:王玄志
112:Yan
93:劉正臣
51:彭城王
27:Liu
24:is
745::
731:,
727:,
711:,
699:,
683:,
673:^
664:,
652:^
628:,
612:^
603:,
593:^
584:,
568:,
552:^
543:,
525:,
509:,
491:,
475:^
388:張汶
351:,
339:,
323:,
315:,
291:郭昈
285:李存
272:,
253:張暹
239:,
232:鄆州
221:,
209:,
174:,
142:,
134:,
78:,
42:劉悟
735:.
715:.
703:.
687:.
668:.
632:.
607:.
588:.
572:.
547:.
529:.
513:.
495:.
432:(
48:(
36:(
30:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.