192:. Originally a community theatre, the Playhouse boasted at its peak capacity six stages, each featuring a new production every two weeks, making it, for most of the early 20th century, the world's most prolific theatrical production organization. This palatial venue was, at the time of its construction in 1925, the largest theatre complex west of Chicago. The organization was able to complete many projects beyond the scope of professional companies, thanks to volunteer labor, widespread community support and the directorship of
154:, an original member of the Chicago Little Theatre, expanded the movement to include children, founding the Chicago Junior League Theatre for Children in 1921. Gerstenberg was also producer and president of The Playwrights' Theatre of Chicago, 1922–1945. She was active in the Alice Gerstenberg Experimental Theatre Workshop in the 1950s and the Alice Gerstenberg Theatre in the 1960s, which helped to cultivate the legacy of the Little Theatre Movement of the early 20th century.
162:
the syndicates. A wide variety of experimental groups, clubs, and settlement houses undertook to reform the theater, bringing more inwardly directed plays to a wider public audience. New forms of drama, some influenced by or parodying the new science of psychoanalysis, began to be presented in smaller venues, many converted from other uses into makeshift theatres. The new groups began to experiment with new forms of storytelling, acting styles, dialogue, and
82:"to control competition and prices." This group, which included all major producers, "effectively stifled dramatic experimentation for many years" in search of greater profits. Nevertheless, by the second decade of the 20th century, pure melodrama, with its typed characters and exaggerated plots, had become the province of motion pictures.
255:
estate when this conversation occurred, and from the beginning it attracted a film industry crowd. It served as a showcase for young talent, as a place for stars of the silent era to demonstrate their voices for talking pictures, and as an elegant way to transition from stage to film by being seen by
161:
and the
Chicago Little Theatre; these events often being cited as the official start of the Little Theatre Movement in the United States. Continuing to react against commercialism, amateur companies began to write and produce their own works as well as new plays from Europe that had been ignored by
1828:
The Little
Theatre Movement's focus was on creating fine art, focused not on commercial purposes, but rather, on artistic, historical, or political content. European films were screened often since there were not a lot of alternatives to major Hollywood productions. These theaters appealed to the
69:
had entertained theatre audiences since the mid-19th century, drawing larger and larger audiences. These types of formulaic works could be produced over and over again in splendid halls in big cities and by touring companies in smaller ones. During the last decades of the century, producers and
196:. Notable undertakings of the Pasadena Playhouse include the staging of the entire canon of Shakespeare for the first time on a single stage and a Midsummer Drama Festival showcasing the work of local writers. In 1928, the Playhouse produced the massive theo-philosophical epic
1832:
There was an outstanding increase in Little
Theatres that specifically screened European films from 1926 to 1929. The films were believed to be of "perceived artistic superiority to Hollywood Films," which coined the concept of the European Art Film. Eventually, the term
268:
The Little
Theatre Movement began in the early 20th century and was a result of young theatre practitioners, dramaturges, stage technicians, stage designers, and actors, who were influenced by European Theatre. More specifically, they were interested in the ideas of
35:
developed in the United States around 1912. The Little
Theatre Movement served to provide experimental centers for the dramatic arts, free from the standard production mechanisms used in prominent commercial theaters. In several large cities, beginning with
176:, part of a new stagecraft. Women were pervasive throughout these companies, although their efforts were often belittled, dismissed, or undervalued. Several theaters also sprang up during this period. The Wee Playhouse reading theater in
142:". Nevertheless, Browne and Van Volkenburg's company had, as the first little theatre to use the term, provided the movement with its name and inspired the creation in 1914 of Margaret Anderson's influential Chicago periodical
1840:
The way the term "art film" was used in the United States lead to more critical thinking on film. The Little
Theatre Movement gave birth to the Golden Age of the International Art Film (1950–1960s), when directors like
1783:
By encouraging freedom of expression, staging the works of talented young writers, and choosing plays solely on the basis of artistic merit, the little theatres provided a valuable early opportunity for such playwrights as
1817:, many European films were shown in the United States. However, the 1920s was crucial because European films laid down the foundation for the American independent film culture, also known as the Little Theatre Movement.
1824:
for moral or social dilemmas. The Little
Theatre Movement served to oppose Hollywood and the film industry; they dismissed Hollywood's mass production and creation of films to appeal to the largest possible audience.
304:
in 1919; but in its heyday, dozens of Little
Theatre groups presented alternatives to mainstream commercial theatre. Numerous small companies had flourished, creating environments for diverse voices and viewpoints.
1812:
The 1920s was one of the most critical periods in the United States for the showing of foreign films. Films from several
European countries were exhibited throughout the U.S. It is important to note that prior to
222:
in 1931. It was originally housed at the Wilkes Vine Street
Theatre, and by 1938 had moved to Santa Monica boulevard. This 400-seat theater bore the names of the founder-subscribers on the seat backs. A piece in
206:. The first fully realized production of this play, the cast included 250 primarily local amateur actors, often doubling in roles that required more than three hundred masks and costumes.
337:
magazine dedicated its July issue from 1924 through the 1930s and beyond to "tributary theatres", its name for little theater programs purportedly serving as tributaries for
74:
dealing with social problems, albeit usually on a sensational level. While not yet totally free of melodramatic elements, plays reflecting a style more associated with
292:
Seeking larger audiences and with more complicated production ambitions, by the early 1920s, several leading companies of the movement had turned professional. The
450:(1919), and the Play Workshop (1934) are all notable examples. As in the United States, many of the playwrights who got their start in these theatres—including
135:
627:
2312:
415:, Jasper Deeter's Hedgerow Theater at Moylan Rose Valley in Pennsylvania, the Parrish Players of Stony Creek, Connecticut, and the Little Theater of
180:, New York, traces its origin to Fall 1920 and still holds meetings today, making it probably the oldest continuous reading theater in the country.
2428:
324:, who undertook Realism, an eccentric form of theatre at the time. O'Neill joined the Provincetown Players in 1916; they performed his first play
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219:
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raised funds for it. Even before it opened there were rumors in Hollywood that something from the little theatre movement was on its way.
2409:
2338:
359:
listed the following non-professional and semi-professional theater companies that were interested in staging new plays: Gilmour Brown's
1829:
upper class and radicals who were isolated from Hollywood. Audience members were encouraged to discuss the films after they were shown.
345:, and other centers of professional theater. In 1924, Browne and Volkenburg started the Summer School of the Art of the Theatre at the
593:
2179:
1938:"University of Delaware Library: Playwrights, Production, and Performance: American Theater in the 20th Century > Section 10"
1867:
188:
The movement achieved high-water marks in artistic significance, community involvement, and international recognition with the
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1872:
331:
Other new little theaters started as community theater groups and university drama programs in the United States and Canada.
134:, responding to having often been called the founder of the Little Theatre Movement, instead credited Hull House director
78:
gradually emerged. During a secret meeting in 1895, the owners of most of the theatres across America organized into a
52:, companies formed to produce more intimate, non-commercial, non-profit-centered, and reform-minded entertainments.
439:
2537:
Guzman, Tony (2005). "The Little Theatre Movement: The Institutionalization of the European Art Film in America".
2018:
Martinez, Andrew (1993). "A Mixed Reception for Modernism: The 1913 Armory Show at the Art Institute of Chicago".
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1862:
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2429:"Little Girl, Don't Cry! Hollywood deals harshly with wild-eyed youngsters who want to be slinky heroines"
328:
that year. After moving to New York, they formed the Provincetown Playhouse, which is still in operation.
1821:
1701:
1224:
1204:
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98:. In 1910, Mary founded there the Aldis Playhouse, "a predecessor to the 'little theater' movement". The
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movement of the 1950s as well as to other smaller, non-commercial ventures thereafter. Today's
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1837:" became very loose and society started seeing any film not produced in Hollywood as "art".
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noted that Lloyd's mother, Sarah Elisabeth Fraser, along with Gladys Lloyd Cassell (wife of
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296:, who produced O'Neill's first one-acts, moved to New York in 1916; members of the former
8:
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168:. This experimentation, influenced by European models, ranged from an ultra-detailed
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was founded in 1935 at the height of the movement, and is still active, as is the
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dramatic coach Oliver Hinsdell was a frequent director there in the early years.
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312:, to fruition. The Provincetown Players were founded in 1915, by three people:
252:
248:
123:
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2611:
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Comparable theatres were also established in Canada around the same time: the
243:
gossip column pseudonym for an amalgam of California and New York), overheard
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The Theatre We Worked For: The Letters of Eugene O'Neill to Kenneth Macgowan
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listed the following companies in its "National Little Theatre Directory":
244:
215:
111:
31:
was beginning to replace theater as a source of large-scale spectacle, the
2550:
2250:
Composing Ourselves: The Little Theatre Movement and the American Audience
2182:
Composing Ourselves: The Little Theatre Movement and the American Audience
2585:
1814:
1133:
404:
313:
103:
2153:
2140:
Lock, Charles (1988). "Maurice Browne and the Chicago Little Theatre".
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with being the "true founder of the 'American Little Theatre Movement
2313:"Bronze Monikers: Harold Lloyd No. 1 on Seatbacks of Bevhills Midge"
2031:
1977:
1975:
1834:
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1061:
998:
855:
693:
656:
236:
2252:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004,
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1775:
may be also seen as an outgrowth of the Little Theatre Movement.
1673:
772:
617:
Marian Long Stebbins, L. Louise Stephens, and Evaline Uhl Wright
529:
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308:
The Provincetown Players brought the first important playwright,
209:
119:
106:
and Ellen Gates Starr, was the first to perform several plays by
49:
45:
37:
1987:
1972:
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835:
158:
60:
41:
2492:, August 13, 1932, p. n 14: "Must Broadway Take a Back Seat?"
1615:
898:
1999:
403:(under the direction of Walter Sinclair), Little Theater of
157:
In 1912, two theatre groups were formed, the Toy Theatre in
1653:
1302:
812:
28:
263:
90:
Chicago's philanthropists and arts patrons Arthur T. and
371:, the Little Theatre of St. Louis, Frederic McConnell's
2461:
See, for example, "Sixteenth Tributary Theatre Issue",
2056:
Twenty years at Hull-House: with autobiographical notes
94:
established an artists' colony called The Compound in
1962:
1960:
1958:
939:Gertrude Binley Kay, Grover Shaw, Allee Hamilton
251:to be in one of the future plays. They were all at
2443:
1763:Contemporary effect of the Little Theatre Movement
1955:
1767:Little Theatre can be seen as a precursor to the
273:, a German director, the designing techniques of
2665:
462:—went on to anchor early professional theatres.
2504:, July 1939, Sixteenth Tributary Theatre Issue.
1910:"Little theatre | American theatrical movement"
183:
2618:
2513:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2077:
2005:
1993:
1981:
220:Beverly Hills Little Theatre for Professionals
210:Beverly Hills Little Theatre for Professionals
2475:"Southern California Architectural History",
1243:Civic University Theatre Dramatic Activities
431:'s Little Theatre of the Rockies, founded by
285:in Paris, the Freie Bühne in Berlin, and the
172:to, by the early 1920s, a wildly provocative
85:
2284:Contour in Time: The Plays of Eugene O'Neill
391:(under the direction of Prof. E. C. Mabie),
61:Conventional theater in 19th-century America
2619:Watt, Stephen; Richardson, Gary A. (2003).
2439:(4): 108 – via The Internet Archive.
2410:"Film Training School (con't from page 1)"
2339:"Film Training School (con't from page 1)"
2173:
2171:
2371:(4): 50 – via The Internet Archive.
1155:Josephine E. Holmes, Dorothy A. Claverie
2622:American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary
2286:. Oxford University Press. p. 289.
2017:
2168:
2078:Glowacki, Peggy; Hendry, Julia (2004).
2020:Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies
594:University of California at Los Angeles
14:
2666:
2539:Film History: An International Journal
2536:
2381:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2281:
2116:
2052:
264:Little theaters in the 1920s and 1930s
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2522:
2449:
2426:
2354:
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1966:
1873:Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain
1853:became popular in the United States.
102:settlement theatre group, founded by
2479:, Southern California, July 31, 2012
2358:
2139:
2119:Too Late to Lament: An Autobiography
1932:
1930:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1145:New London Players of New Hampshire
383:Little Theater, Dartmouth College's
2402:
2375:
2331:
2300:
2177:
24:
2519:
2349:
554:Placer Junior College Drama Guild
25:
2690:
2648:
1927:
1895:
1868:Le Petit Théâtre (disambiguation)
963:Gloucester School of the Theatre
281:, and the staging methods at the
126:, director and co-founder of the
440:Arts and Letters Club of Toronto
2576:Bryer, Jackson R., ed. (1982).
2495:
2483:
2468:
2455:
2420:
2275:
2263:
2242:
2133:
2110:
1863:Little Theatre (disambiguation)
1205:The Little Theatre of Jamestown
1003:The Michigan Repertory Players
781:Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College
429:University of Northern Colorado
353:. In 1932, Burns Mantle of the
2416:. 8 December 1931. p. 21.
2382:Meehan, Leo (9 January 1932).
2345:. 8 December 1931. p. 21.
2071:
2046:
2011:
1778:
1678:The Bennington Theatre Studio
841:Fort Hays Kansas State College
798:Indiana State Teachers College
13:
1:
1698:The William and Mary Theatre
1501:Franklin and Marshall College
1354:R. C. Hunter, Hortense Moore
590:University Dramatics Society
501:Alabama Polytechnic Institute
351:Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
2490:The Literary Digest Magazine
2427:Hayes, Jeanne (March 1934).
2359:York, Cal (September 1928).
2319:. 30 October 1934. p. 3
1820:Several people disliked the
1307:Cain Park Municipal Theatre
1216:George & Harriet Warren
425:Little Theatre of Alexandria
190:Pasadena Community Playhouse
184:Pasadena Community Playhouse
70:playwrights began to create
7:
2361:"Gossip of All the Studios"
2178:Noe, Marcia (Winter 2005).
1856:
1702:College of William and Mary
1477:Department of Dramatic Art
1457:The Portland Civic Theatre
1225:Rochester Community Players
1187:Theatre and Summer Theatre
718:Mundelein College for Women
518:Alabama College, Montevallo
471:
347:Theatre of the Golden Bough
10:
2695:
2569:
2514:Watt & Richardson 2003
2237:Watt & Richardson 2003
2225:Watt & Richardson 2003
2213:Watt & Richardson 2003
2082:. 34: Arcadia Publishing.
2006:Watt & Richardson 2003
1994:Watt & Richardson 2003
1982:Watt & Richardson 2003
377:Western Reserve University
86:Little Theaters of Chicago
55:
2580:. Yale University Press.
2121:. Gollancz. p. 128.
1110:Omaha Community Playhouse
946:Erskine Drama Department
661:University Civic Theatre
298:Washington Square Players
256:Hollywood talent scouts.
2655:Alice Gerstenberg Papers
2117:Browne, Maurice (1955).
2102:: CS1 maint: location (
1888:
1722:West Virginia University
1449:Ottilie Turnbull Seybolt
1345:Ohio Wesleyan University
1023:Graveraet Dramatic Club
704:Art Institute of Chicago
699:Goodman Memorial Theater
2282:Bogard, Travis (1972).
2059:. New York: Macmillan.
1914:Encyclopædia Britannica
1807:
1648:Frederick Leon Webster
1640:Houston Little Theater
1624:The University of Texas
1536:The Penn State Players
1497:The Green Room Theater
1435:The University Theatre
1415:The Youngstown Players
1177:Mary Virginia Heinlein
1044:University of Minnesota
737:Northwestern University
624:Pacific Little Theatre
534:Dept. of Dramatic Arts
465:The July 1939 issue of
393:University of Minnesota
365:Northwestern University
218:and others founded the
33:Little Theatre Movement
2674:American art movements
2272:United States History.
1851:Michelangelo Antonioni
1822:American film industry
1168:Sarah Lawrence College
1099:A. Laurence Mortensen
1070:University of Missouri
1007:University of Michigan
993:Edith Margaret Smaill
864:University of Kentucky
644:Balboa Little Theatre
628:College of the Pacific
413:University of Nebraska
326:Bound East for Cardiff
128:Chicago Little Theatre
2551:10.1353/fih.2005.0020
2388:Motion Picture Herald
2053:Addams, Jane (1912).
1574:The Palmetto Players
1341:The Wesleyan Players
1313:Cleveland Heights, OH
794:The Sycamore Players
684:Steamboat Springs, CO
583:Charles A. Dickinson
538:University of Arizona
448:University of Toronto
363:, Garrett Leverton's
96:Lake Forest, Illinois
27:As the new medium of
2625:. Cengage Learning.
2586:10.2307/j.ctt1xp3t9c
2502:Theatre Arts Monthly
2463:Theatre Arts Monthly
2227:, pp. 339, 352.
1546:Arthur C. Cloetingh
1518:Pittsburgh Playhouse
1439:University of Oregon
1385:University of Toledo
1079:Donovan Rhynsburger
973:Florence Cunningham
916:Herschel L. Bricker
817:Department of Drama
665:University of Denver
607:Department of Drama
524:Walter H. Trumbauer
514:The College Theater
467:Theatre Arts Monthly
407:, Little Theater of
401:University of Denver
395:, Little Theater of
334:Theatre Arts Monthly
294:Provincetown Players
231:), and their friend
132:Ellen Van Volkenburg
80:Theatrical Syndicate
2516:, pp. 338–341.
2239:, pp. 340–341.
2215:, pp. 339–344.
2180:"Dorothy Chansky's
2154:10.3138/md.31.1.106
1996:, pp. 150–151.
1984:, pp. 147–150.
1668:Robert Hyde Wilson
1554:York Little Theatre
1529:Frederick Burleigh
1381:University Theatre
1265:Carolina Playmakers
1247:Syracuse University
1016:Valentine B. Windt
907:University of Maine
830:Sara Sherman Pryor
572:Padua Hills Theatre
497:The Auburn Players
369:Syracuse University
136:Laura Dainty Pelham
2270:Pasadena Playhouse
2248:Chansky, Dorothy.
1802:Robert E. Sherwood
1756:F. Theodore Clark
1688:Francis Fergusson
1664:Salt Lake City, UT
1490:Alice H. Spalding
1408:Paul F. Treichler
1404:Yellow Springs, OH
1285:Greensboro College
1276:Frederick H. Koch
1185:Cornell University
1128:Dartmouth Players
1066:Missouri Workshop
560:Auburn, California
444:Hart House Theatre
389:University of Iowa
385:Laboratory Theatre
361:Pasadena Playhouse
287:Moscow Art Theatre
229:Edward G. Robinson
2679:Theatrical genres
2632:978-1-4130-9631-6
2595:978-0-300-02583-5
2555:Project MUSE
2477:Socalarch History
2293:978-0-19-501573-7
2258:978-0-8093-2574-0
2158:Project MUSE
2089:978-0-7385-3351-3
1790:George S. Kaufman
1773:community theater
1760:
1759:
1734:James B. Lowther
1620:The Curtain Club
1601:Bob Jones College
1542:State College, PA
1481:Allegheny College
1425:Theodore Viehman
984:Wellesley College
980:Theatre Workshop
926:Theatre Workshop
903:The Maine Masque
881:Tulane University
777:The Players Club
755:Drama Department
725:Chicago, Illinois
651:Subert Turbyfill
564:Lillian B. Allen
152:Alice Gerstenberg
145:The Little Review
16:(Redirected from
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1942:www.lib.udel.edu
1934:
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1798:Maxwell Anderson
1745:Lawrence College
1707:Williamsburg, VA
1597:Classic Players
1578:Converse College
1398:Antioch Players
1361:Peabody Players
1317:Dina Rees Evans
1087:Stephens College
860:Guignol Theatre
821:Grinnell College
764:River Forest, IL
688:Charlotte Perry
678:Perry-Mansfield
671:Walter Sinclair
507:Telfair B. Peet
475:State/Territory
472:
433:Helen Langworthy
318:George Cram Cook
253:Estelle Taylor's
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1510:Darrell Larsen
1365:Western College
1297:Elba Henninger
1272:Chapel Hill, NC
1236:Robert Stevens
1138:Warney Bentley
1056:C. Lowell Lees
1052:Minneapolis, MN
930:Emerson College
893:Monroe Lippman
889:New Orleans, LA
843:Little Theatre
803:Terre Haute, IN
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18:Little theatre
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616:
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612:
611:Mills College
609:
606:
604:
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600:Marvin Brody
599:
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582:
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579:Claremont, CA
577:
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563:
561:
558:
556:
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548:
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544:Gordon Davis
543:
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460:W.A. Tremayne
457:
453:
452:Herman Voaden
449:
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418:
417:Dallas, Texas
414:
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311:
306:
303:
302:Theatre Guild
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
283:Théâtre Libre
280:
276:
275:Adolphe Appia
272:
271:Max Reinhardt
261:
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207:
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181:
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174:expressionism
171:
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165:mise-en-scene
160:
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68:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2621:
2604:j.ctt1xp3t9c
2577:
2542:
2538:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2465:, July 1939.
2462:
2457:
2452:, p. 5.
2445:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2390:. p. 28
2387:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2342:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2316:
2283:
2277:
2265:
2249:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2145:
2142:Modern Drama
2141:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2079:
2073:
2055:
2048:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1969:, p. 9.
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1883:Off-Broadway
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1782:
1769:Off-Broadway
1766:
1752:Appleton, WI
1711:Althea Hunt
1658:The Playbox
1645:Houston, TX
1473:Pennsylvania
1463:Portland, OR
1391:Morlin Bell
1350:Delaware, OH
1330:Columbus, OH
1253:Sawyer Falk
1095:Columbia, MO
1075:Columbia, MO
850:Orvis Grout
826:Grinnell, IA
745:Evanston, IL
729:Anne Larkin
466:
464:
442:(1908), the
437:
354:
332:
330:
325:
307:
291:
279:Gordon Craig
267:
245:Franc Dillon
224:
216:Harold Lloyd
213:
197:
194:Gilmor Brown
187:
163:
156:
150:
143:
89:
65:Sensational
64:
32:
26:
1815:World War I
1779:Playwrights
1134:Hanover, NH
405:Akron, Ohio
341:, London's
314:Neith Boyce
300:formed the
104:Jane Addams
2668:Categories
2641:1319189888
2612:1019750544
2450:Bryer 1982
2200:1437903725
2194:(1): 115.
2127:1394136809
2080:Hull-House
1967:Bryer 1982
1794:Elmer Rice
1629:Austin, TX
1444:Eugene, OR
1370:Oxford, OH
1193:Ithaca, NY
952:Boston, MA
935:Boston, MA
640:Canal Zone
550:California
397:Birmingham
170:naturalism
108:Galsworthy
100:Hull House
92:Mary Aldis
72:narratives
67:melodramas
2433:Photoplay
2365:Photoplay
2098:cite book
2065:974456511
1947:April 21,
1919:April 21,
1740:Wisconsin
1593:Tennessee
1039:Minnesota
912:Orono, ME
876:Louisiana
487:Director
435:in 1934.
373:Playhouse
241:Photoplay
233:Sam Hardy
2394:24 March
2323:23 March
2196:ProQuest
1857:See also
1835:art film
1724:Players
1694:Virginia
1561:York, PA
1287:Players
1161:New York
1105:Nebraska
1089:Players
1062:Missouri
1046:Theatre
999:Michigan
883:Theatre
856:Kentucky
739:Theatre
694:Illinois
657:Colorado
478:Company
343:West End
339:Broadway
237:Cal York
2570:Sources
2414:Variety
2343:Variety
2317:Variety
2040:4108763
1674:Vermont
773:Indiana
530:Arizona
493:Alabama
481:School
446:at the
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367:group,
310:O'Neill
225:Variety
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76:realism
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484:City
130:with
112:Ibsen
2637:OCLC
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2590:ISBN
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2254:ISBN
2123:OCLC
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